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A Select List of Vector-Borne Illnesses in the United States

Type of Canid or Felid 

Disease Agent Microorganism Vector Reservoir  

Monocytic ehrlichiosis2 Ehrlichia canis Intracellular 

bacteria

Ticks, including Rhipicephalus

sanguineus

Unknown

Canine Lyme disease9,a Borrelia burgdorferi Bacteria Ticks, including Ixodes spp Unknown

Granulocytic ehrlichiosis 2,6,b  Anaplasma

 phagocytophilum(formerly Ehrlichia

 phagocytophila and

Ehrlichia equi)

Intracellular 

bacteria

Ticks, including Ixodes spp,

Dermacentor variabilis

Unknown

Canine Rocky Mountain

spotted fever c Rickettsia rickettsii Intracellular 

bacteria

Ticks, including Dermacentor and Amblyomma spp

Domestic canids

Feline bartonellosisd , f  Bartonella henselae  Intracellular 

bacteria

Ingested fleas and flea feces;

ticks possible

 Wild and domestic

felids

Canine bartonellosisd ,e  Bartonella vinsoniisubsp berkhoffii

Intracellular 

bacteria

Ticks and fleas suspected Wild canids

(coyotes)

Canine babesiosise ,g,h Babesia gibsoni Protozoa Ticks, including R. sanguineus Unknown

Feline cytauxzoonosise  Cytauxzoon felis Protozoa Ticks, including D. variabilis  Wild felids

(bobcats)

Canine hepatozoonosisi Hepatozoon

americanum

Protozoa Ingested ticks, including

 Amblyomma maculatum

Unknown

Canine visceral

leishmaniasis j Leishmania infantum Protozoa Sand flies, including

Lutzomyia spp

Domestic canids

Feline hemotropic

mycoplasmosis3Mycoplasma

haemofelis (formerly 

Haemobartonella felis)

Mycoplasma Unknown; ticks, fleas,

mosquitoes are possible but

unproven

Unknown

aLittman MP: Lyme disease: Diagnosis and treatment. Proc 22nd  ACVIM , 2004. Accessed February 2007 at www.vin.com.bBexfield NH, Villiers EJ, Herrtage ME: Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia associated with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 46(11):543–548, 2005.c Kidd L, Hegarty B, Sexton D, Breitschwerdt E: Molecular characterization of Rickettsia rickettsii infecting dogs and people in NorthCarolina, in Hechemy KE, Oteo JA, Raoult DA, et al (eds): Century of Rickettsiology: Emerging, Reemerging Rickettsioses, Molecular Diagnostics and Emerging Veterinary Rickettsioses. Boston, Blackwell, 2006, pp 400–409.d Guptill L: Bartonellosis. Vet Clin Small Anim Pract 33:809–825, 2003.e Birkenheuer A: Three emerging vector-borne diseases in dogs and cats in the United States. Vet Med 100(suppl 5):S2–S10, 2005. f Chomel BB, Kastern RW, Henn JB, Molia S: Bartonella infection in domestic cats and wild felids, in Hechemy KE, Oteo JA, Raoult DA,et al (eds): Century of Rickettsiology: Emerging, Reemerging Rickettsioses, Molecular Diagnostics and Emerging Veterinary Rickettsioses.Boston, Blackwell, 2006, pp 410–415.

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Common Clinical Signs Commonly Used

and Laboratory Findings Diagnostic Tests Pharmacologic Treatment  

Lameness, thrombocytopenia, anemia,

hyperglobulinemia

Serology (antibody detection),

PCR

Doxycycline* 10 mg/kg PO q24h × 28 days

Lameness, malaise, protein-losing

nephropathy 

Serology (antibody detection) Doxycycline 10 mg/kg PO q24h × 28 days

Malaise, fever, lameness Serology (antibody detection),

PCR

Doxycycline* 10 mg/kg PO q24h × 28 days

Subclinical; malaise, fever, lameness,

vasculitis, thrombocytopenia

Serology (antibody detection),

histopathology (skin), PCR

Doxycycline 10 mg/kg PO q12h × 10 days

Subclinical; possible synergistic effects Serology (antibody detection),

blood culture, PCR

Doxycycline,* azithromycin, varying doses

reported, treat 4–6 wk (superior treatment

protocol not established)

Subclinical; lameness, endocarditis,

congestive heart failure; possible

synergistic effects

Serology (antibody detection),

blood culture, PCR

Doxycycline, azithromycin, varying doses

reported; treat 4–6 wk (superior treatment

protocol not established)

Subclinical; anemia, thrombocytopenia;

severe anaphylactic reaction possible

Serology (antibody detection),

cytology, PCR

Imidocarb 6.6 mg/kg IM once, repeat in 14

days, pretreat with atropine (superior 

treatment protocol not established)

Malaise, fever, thrombocytopenia,

anemia, pancytopenia

Cytology (aspirates of lymph nodes,

liver or spleen), histopathology Supportive care, anticoagulants ± imidocarb

(superior treatment protocol not established)

Fever, myositis, lameness, leukocytosis,

anemia

Histopathology (muscle), cytology Triple combination therapy for 2 wk:

Trimethoprim–sulfadiazine (15 mg/kg PO q12h),

clindamycin (10 mg/kg PO q8h), pyrimethamine

(0.25 mg/kg PO q24h), then decoquinate (6%)

1–2 tsp/10 kg mixed in food q12h × 2 y 

Subclinical; malaise, skin lesions,

lameness, hyperglobulinemia

Serology (antibody detection),

cytology, histopathology, PCR

Combination therapy: Sodium stibogluconate

(30 mg/kg IV, SC q24h × 3–4 wk), allopurinol

(15–20 mg/kg PO q 12 h × 3–4 wk; then 20

mg/kg q24h for 1 wk each mo indefinitely)

Anemia Cytology, PCR Doxycycline* 5–10 mg/kg PO q24h × 14–21

days

gBoozer AL, Macintire DK: Canine babesiosis. Vet Clin Small Anim Pract 33:885–904, 2003.hBirkenheuer AJ, Correa MT, Levy MG, Breitschwerdt EB: Geographic distribution of babesiosis among dogs in the United States andassociation with dog bites: 150 cases (2000–2003). JAVMA 227(6):942–947, 2005.i Vincent-Johnson NA: American canine hepatozoonosis. Vet Clin Small Anim Pract 33:905–920, 2003.j Rosypal AC, Zajac AM, Lindsay DS: Canine visceral leishmaniasis and its emergence in the United States. Vet Clin Small AnimPract 33:921–937, 200.

PCR = polymerase chain reaction

*NOTE: Cats should not be given doxycycline in tablet form because it has been associated with esophageal ulceration and stricture.Use liquid or compound into capsule form.