COMPETITIVIDAD E INGENIERIA. ALGUNAS REFLEXIONES Y DESAFIOSALGUNAS REFLEXIONES Y DESAFIOS 

SOBRE LA ENSEÑANZA DE LA INGENIERIA EN MEXICO

Juan Genescá Llongueras.Juan Genescá Llongueras.

Coordinador Académico

PUNTA UNAM, Apodaca, NL

Juan (Joan) GenescaChem. Eng. 1976gDr. Chem. Eng. (1980)Institut Quimic Sarria,Barcelona, (URLl)

Professor Professor of Electrochemistry and CorrosionProfessor

Ph : +52-55-56225234Fax: +52-55-56225225genesca@unam.mxDepartment of MetallurgicalE i i S h l f Ch i t

Professor of Electrochemistry and CorrosionEngineering

National Researcher, level 3, area 7

2004 National University award in teaching

2006 Correspondent member in Mexico, InstitutEngineering. School of Chemistry.Universidad Nacional AutonomaMexico, UNAM04510 Mexico D.F.PUNTA UNAM. PIIT Monterrey

2006 Correspondent member in Mexico, InstitutEstudis Catalans, IECat.

Academic Coordinator PUNTA-UNAM, Monterrey(2011-2014)

Member by election of Evaluation Committee of theNational Research System SNI Conacyt MexicoNational Research System, SNI, Conacyt-Mexico(2010-2012). President of the Committee (2011).Research Interests: Effect of flow on

corrosion, electrochemical techniques forcorrosion monitoring (AC and DC), corrosion(including cathodic protection, atmospheric( g p , pcorrosion, H2S and CO2 corrosion),

1. EL DESAFIO1. EL DESAFIO

Reengineering Engineering Education

Norm Augustine, speaking at Sandia on theg p gsubject of “Reengineering EngineeringEducation ” offered 16 measures or attributesEducation, offered 16 measures, or attributes,that he believes if incorporated intoundergraduate engineering curricula, couldbegin to restore American preeminence in thisbegin to restore American preeminence in thisvital arena. In a nutshell, here are the 16attributes:

1. Foster an understanding of the fundamentals of physics,chemistry, and mathematics, which is the language ofengineering.2. Teach concepts that underpin design and analysis, such asparametric tradeoffs, reliability, maintainability, and testing.3. Address circumstance of losing one-third of engineeringstudents in the first year. Exposure to real-world designprojects is an effective solution.4. Devote a course to examining root causes of spectacularengineering failures. “Nature isn’t belligerent but it’s certainlyunforgiving.”5. Expose students as undergraduates to rudiments of systemsengineering

6 Expose students to concepts of operations analysis and6. Expose students to concepts of operations analysis andsystems analysis, with an emphasis on probability andstatisticsstatistics.7. Foster a working knowledge of biosciences.8 Teach an understanding of basic economics8. Teach an understanding of basic economics.9. Teach engineering ethics.10 Include the study of public policy history and10. Include the study of public policy, history, andgovernment.11 Turn the clock back to the engineering education11. Turn the clock back to the engineering educationof the early 1900s, which included exposure to literature, art,and musicand music.12. Teach students to write and speak coherently.“On-the-job training is no better for learningOn the job training is no better for learningto write than it is for learning neuroscience.”

13. Recognize that we’re in an engineering erabuilt on large teams and teach leadershipbuilt on large teams and teach leadership,followership, compromise, and cooperation.14 S d ll b d b j14. Spend a college year abroad, because projectswill increasingly be international.15. Encourage creativity, imagination, and prudentrisk-taking (the freedom to fail).risk taking (the freedom to fail).16. The balance of teaching and research at our greatuniversities has shifted too close to the research enduniversities has shifted too close to the research endand requires a vernier adjustment to emphasizet hi i l di h di tteaching, including when awarding tenure.

Borrowing heavily from Norm Augustine’s talk on April 14, 2009… on re-engineering engineering… (SPIE conference)

A 16 point agenda to transform engineering educationA 16-point agenda to transform engineering education…

1. Solid understanding of the laws of nature – physics, chemistry, and mathematics (this is apre-requisite to everything else)

2. Concepts of design and analysis, including parametric trade offs. This should include anexperience with developing a piece of hardware – get your hands dirty. This should alsoinclude experience with testing manufacturing reliability maintainabilityinclude experience with testing, manufacturing, reliability, maintainability

3. Timing

4 A course on engineering failures and design errors4. A course on engineering failures and design errors

5. Expose engineering students to the rudiments of systems engineering at theundergraduate level – so much is happening at the interfaces of different science andengineering fields

6. Solid foundation in probability and statistics

7. Rudimentary knowledge of modern bio sciences

Borrowing heavily from Norm Augustine’s talk on April 14, 2009… on re‐engineering engineering… (SPIE conference)

A 16 i t d t t f i i d ti (C ti d)A 16‐point agenda to transform engineering education… (Continued)

8. Solid understanding of economics

9. Engineering ethics

10. Courses in history, public policy, and civics

11. Exposure to liberal arts, music, and literature

12. Communications – Oral and Written

13. Team projects, and working in teams

14 E t lti l lt d t diti d t b d14. Exposure to multiple cultures and traditions – spend a semester abroad

2 PRECISANDO2. PRECISANDO CONCEPTOS

Algunas precisiones sobre I+D+iAlgunas precisiones sobre I D i

Conceptos InnovacionConceptos. InnovacionSe puede considerar a la ciencia como aquella esfera de la actividad humana que• Se puede considerar a la ciencia como aquella esfera de la actividad humana queestá dirigida a la adquisición sistemática, mediante el método científico, de nuevosconocimientos sobre la naturaleza, la sociedad y el pensamiento, que se reflejanen leyes fundamentos y tendencias de desarrollo (CITMA 2001)en leyes, fundamentos y tendencias de desarrollo. (CITMA, 2001).

• La innovación es toda aquella actividad de carácter científico, tecnológico,organizativo financiero o comercial que se lleva a cabo con la finalidad de obtenerorganizativo, financiero o comercial que se lleva a cabo con la finalidad de obtenerproductos, procesos tecnológicos y servicios totalmente nuevos osignificativamente mejorados. Se considera a su vez que una innovación ha sidorealizada si ha sido aplicada. (CITMA, 2001).realizada si ha sido aplicada. (CITMA, 2001).

• Existen dos tipos: innovación de productos e innovación de procesos (métodode producción).p )

• Fuentes de la innovación: impulsadas por el descubrimiento (descubrimientosprevios en ciencia o tecnología) o por la demanda (de mercado, evaluacióngerencial de necesidades).

Conceptos I + DConceptos. I + DL i ti ió d ll (I+D) l t b j ti did• La investigación-desarrollo (I+D) es el trabajo creativo emprendidosistemáticamente para incrementar el acervo de conocimientos, incluidoel conocimiento del hombre, la cultura y la sociedad, y el uso de esteconocimiento para fundamentar el desarrollo de nuevos productos,procesos y servicios. (CITMA, 2001).

• El valor radica cada vez más en los intangibles y especialmente en losnuevos conocimientos tecnológicos, de los cuales, más del 90 por cientose encuentran registrados en las patentes y los proyectos de I+Dse encuentran registrados en las patentes y los proyectos de I Dasociados al desarrollo.

• La base del bienestar es el conocimiento y la capacidad de los países de• La base del bienestar es el conocimiento y la capacidad de los países deconvertir éste, en fuente de desarrollo, de competitividad y equidad, através de procesos no lineales de innovación.

INVERSION EN I+DINVERSION EN I+D

• En los países desarrollados se dedican anualmente 70 milmillones de dólares en investigación científica.

• Cada día se hace más evidente en el ámbito de estos países la• Cada día se hace más evidente en el ámbito de estos países latendencia hacia la descentralización y el fortalecimiento de lasiniciativas locales, regionales y territoriales para lograr eldesarrollo industrial y económico en las políticas de innovación.

• Respecto al financiamiento, en los países desarrollados tienelugar una participación creciente de la industria privada en lalugar una participación creciente de la industria privada en larealización de actividades de I+D. En Japón, EE.UU. y Europa elsector empresarial privado es responsable de la ejecución de,entre 53 y 73.4 por ciento del gasto total en I+D, mientras que lasinstituciones públicas ejecutan entre 18 y 32 por ciento, y lasuniversidades entre 14 y 19 7 por cientouniversidades entre 14 y 19.7 por ciento.

3 CREATIVIDAD INVENCION3. CREATIVIDAD, INVENCION, INNOVACION

Global Innovation IndexGlobal Innovation Index

Rank Country ScoreRank Country Score 38 Chile 38 8438 Chile  38.84  47 Brazil  37.75  47 ra il 37.7558 Argentina  35.36  81 Mexico  30.45 

Global Innovation IndexTertiary graduates in engineeringThe share of all tertiary graduates inThe share of all tertiary graduates in 

manufacturing, engineering, and construction over ll dall tertiary graduates. 

Rank Country Score 22 Chile 49.6822 Chile  49.68  

24 Mexico  49.24  83 Argentina 14 2883 Argentina  14.28  

84 Brazil  13.3  

Global Innovation IndexResearchers

Researchers per million people, head‐counts. Researchers inR&D are professionals engaged in the conception or creationof new knowledge, products, processes, methods, or systemsand in the management of the projects concerned.Postgraduate PhD students (ISCED97 level 6) engaged in R&Dare included.

Rank Country Score 40 Argentina  11.28  

47 Chile  8.57  48 Brazil  8.26  66 Mexico  3.21  

Global Innovation IndexQuality of research institutions

Rank Country ScoreRank Country Score 39 Brazil  53.14  

43 Argentina  51.91  51 Chile  48.87  6 i 6 6956 Mexico  46.69 

Global Innovation IndexGlobal Innovation IndexUniversity/industry collaboration on

R&D 

Rank Country ScoreRank Country Score 32 Brazil  54.91  37 Chile  52.59  

48 Argentina  47.08  53 Mexico 45 453 Mexico  45.4  

Global Innovation IndexScientific and technical journal articlesTh b f i tifi d i i ti lThe number of scientific and engineering articles published in the following fields: physics, biology, 

chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, , g g gy,

and earth and space sciences. Rank Country ScoreRank Country Score 

41 Chile  21.59  46 B il 18 2946 Brazil  18.29  

47 Argentina  18.28  69 Mexico  7.87  

CREATIVITY, INVENTION AND INNOVATION,CREATIVITY, INVENTION ANDINNOVATIONINVENTION AND

CreativityINNOVATIONINVENTION ANDINNOVATION

• Related to the generation of original ideas• Use of techniques such as “brainstorming”Invention• Related to the practical application of original p pp g

ideas• Making prototypesg p ypInnovation• Related to launching valuable solutions for theRelated to launching valuable solutions for the

client• Focused on achieving competitive advantage• Focused on achieving competitive advantage• Based on broad project management

Simple Definition of InnovationSimple Definition of Innovation

Innovation is the first successful commercial use of something new g

by an enterprise

New Trends in InnovationNew Trends in Innovation

OpenI tiInnovation

User-CenteredUser-CenteredInnovation

Co-Design

New Trends in InnovationNew Trends in Innovation

World Evolution

Gamer Generation inthe Companythe Company

External and InternalExternal and InternalInnovation

New Trends in InnovationNew Trends in InnovationEmerging Technologies

Second life + Google Earth= Second Earth

A framework for the strategicmanagement of innovation: Value-management of innovation: Value-

CreationFramework constructionFramework construction

• Worlwide reference point – Best 2006, 2007 & 2008• Business model exported into other businesses• Business model exported into other businesses

El PrioratEl Priorat• French philosophy: “Terroir” / “Clos” o “Mas”

S i l i ti t k P t d b f f i d• Social innovation network. Promoted by a group of friends.• Worldwide recognition

4 LA GRAN OPORTUNIDAD4. LA GRAN OPORTUNIDAD

NUEVAS AREAS DE OPORTUNIDADNUEVAS AREAS DE OPORTUNIDAD PARA LA INGENIERIA

• Ingeniería civil• Ingeniería civil• Ingeniería automotriz• Ingeniería petrolera

INGENIERIA CIVILINGENIERIA CIVIL

• Corrosion Mitigationwill Lift U.S. BridgesC Mik• Congressman MikeConaway, sponsor of theCorrosion Prevention ActCorrosion Prevention Actof 2007 and the BridgeLife Extension Act of2008, included anamendment to H.R. 3999,

hi h dwhich was approved onJuly 24th.

DETERIORO POR CORROSIÓN DE LA DETERIORO POR CORROSIÓN DE LA

PROBLEMÁTICAPROBLEMÁTICA

O O O CO OS ÓO O O CO OS ÓINFRAESTRUCTURA NACIONALINFRAESTRUCTURA NACIONAL

PROBLEMÁTICAPROBLEMÁTICA

6 500 puentes Federales administrados por Servicios6 500 puentes Federales administrados por Servicios 6,500 puentes Federales administrados por Servicios 6,500 puentes Federales administrados por Servicios Técnicos y Conservación de CarreterasTécnicos y Conservación de Carreteras

3,500 puentes administrados por CAPUFE3,500 puentes administrados por CAPUFE

33´́000,000 m000,000 m22 de superficie “desconocida”de superficie “desconocida”

17 estados con puertos y muelles en 11,000 Km. de 17 estados con puertos y muelles en 11,000 Km. de litoraleslitorales

Plan Nacional de Evaluación de Puentes Plan Nacional de Evaluación de Puentes Dañados por Corrosión Dañados por Corrosión –– FASE 3FASE 3a ados po Co os óa ados po Co os ó S 3S 3

Programa de Inspección por Corrosión de Puentes

Plan Nacional de Evaluación de Puentes Plan Nacional de Evaluación de Puentes Dañados por Corrosión Dañados por Corrosión –– FASE 3FASE 3a ados po Co os óa ados po Co os ó S 3S 3

Programa de Inspección por Corrosión de Puentes

C b Di idC b Di idCarbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide

•• The most important The most important greenhouse gasgreenhouse gasgreenhouse gasgreenhouse gas

•• Global concentration Global concentration h i d fh i d fhas increased from has increased from 270 to 350 ppm since 270 to 350 ppm since 1700170017001700

•• Expected 500 ppm by Expected 500 ppm by 20502050

CORROSION COSTS AND CORROSION COSTS AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES IN THE PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES IN THE U.S.U.S.

- total direct annual cost of corrosion = $ 276 billion

- 3.1% of U.S. gross domestic HIGHWAY BRIDGES

$ 8.3 BILLION

product- $ 22.6 billion estimated for

i f t t

37 %

infrastructure- 15% of nations bridges are

structurally deficient due toHAZARDOUS MATERIALS

STORAGE GAS AND LIQUID TRANSMISSION PIPELINES structurally deficient due to

corrosion- $ 8 3 billion needed for bridges

31 %TRANSMISSION PIPELINES

31 %

$ 8.3 billion needed for bridges- $ 3.8 billion to replace- $ 4.5 billion for maint.WATERWAYS AND PORTS 1

%

INFRASTRUCTURE DETERIORATION

- indirect cost = 10 times the corrosion costs

INGENIERIA AUTOMOTRIZINGENIERIA AUTOMOTRIZ

Industria automotriz en Mexico necesita incrementar su competitividad en desarrollo

tecnológico

R kCompetitiveness matrix

100 • Mexico has a favorable cost competitiveness when compared to developed economies, situation that creates an advantage for Mexico to

Remarksp

Costs(1) vs. technological Development(2)

I di

ChinaCosts gap

80

90

Technology gap

gtry to get production from these countries

• However, its technological development is the lowest of all countries considered, situation that does not allow Mexico to compete on higher en

ess

Mexico

India

Czech R.

g p

60

70

p gvalue added production segments

– More OEM industry

– High value components (e.g. software)com

petit

ive

Canada

Brazil

US

Korea

50

60

Mexico should develop its technological capabilities to leverage its cost

Cos

t Germany

Japan

4040 50 60 70 80 90 100

p gcompetitiveness in order to become an

important competitor in high value added production

Technological Development Competitiveness

INGENIERIA PETROLERA. EXPLORACION EN AGUAS

PROFUNDASPROFUNDAS

GRACIASGRACIAS