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Social Exchange Theory

John Thibaut and Harold Kelley

Social Exchange Theory (SET) is based on the notion that people think about their relationships in economic terms.

SET argues that people ases their relationship in term of costs and rewards.

Outcome = reward – costs

Costs : element of relational life with negative value.Reward : elements of relational life with positive valueOutcome : whether people continue in a relationship

or terminate it

Asumsi Teori Pertukaran Sosial mengenai keadaan manusia (human nature):

1. Manusia mencari keuntungan dan menghindari hukuman

2. Manusia sebagai mahluk rasional3. Standar-standar manusia menggunakan evaluasi

biaya dan keuntungan dari waktu ke waktu dan dari orang per orang.

Asumsi Teori Pertukaran Sosial mengenai hubungan manusia:

4. Hubungan manusia saling ketergantungan5. Hubungan manusia sebagai suatu proses

Evaluasi suatu hubungan-The comparison level is a standard representing

what people feel they should receive in the way of rewards and costs from a particular relationship.

-Comparison level for alternatives: how people evaluate a relationship based on what rheir aternatives to the relationship are

Pola Pertukaran-Behavioral sequences: a series of of action

designed to achives a goal-Power: the degree of dependence a person has

on another for outcomes-Behavior control; the power to change

another’s behavior

Struktur PertukaranDirect exchange; an echange where two people

reciprocate costs and rewards

A BGeneralized Exchange; an exchange where

reciprocation involves the social network and isn’t confined to two individuals

A BC

Productive Exchange; an exchange where both partners incur costs and benefits simultaneously

AB

A B

Relational Dialectics Theory1. The monologic approach pictures

contradiction as either/or relationship.A B

2. Dualistic; an approach framing contradiction as two separate entities

A B

3. Dialectic approach; an approach framing contradictions as both/andB3 A2 B1 A4

A3B5A1 B2 B4A5

Assumptions of Relational Dialectics Theory1. Relationships are not linear2. Relational life is characterized by change.3. Contradiction in the fundamental fact of

relational life.4. Communication is central to organizing and

negotiating relational contradiction.

Elements of Dialectics1. Totality: acknowledge the interdependence

of people in a relationship2. Contradiction; the central feature of the

dialectic approach. Two elements that contradict each other.

3. Motion; refers to the processual nature of relationships

Basic Relational Dialetics1. Autonomy and Connection

The dialectic between autonomy and connetion refers to our simultaneous desires to be independent of our significant others and to find intimacy with them.

2. Opennes and ProtectionThe openness and protection dialectic focuses on our conflicting desires first to be open and vulnerable, revealing personal information to our relational partners, and second to be strategic and protective in our communication.

3. Novelty and PredictabilityThe dialectic between novelty and predictability refers the conflict between the comfort of stability and the excitement of change.

4. Contextual Dialecticsa. Interactional dialectics: tensions resulting from

and constructed by communicationb. Contectual dialectics: tension resulting from

the place of the relationship within the culturec. Public and private dialectic: a contextual

dialectic resulting from a private relationship and public life

d. Real and ideal dialectic: a contextual dialectic resulting from the differences between idealized relationhips and lived relationship.

KuisA. Buatlah analisis aplikasi Teori Pertukaran

Sosial (TPS) dalam kontek komunikasi Antarpersona

B. Bagaimana pendapat Saudara penerapan TPS dalam aktivitas manusia melakukan:

1. Kegiatan sosial; memberi sumbangan pada masyarakat yang tertimpa bencana

2. Kegiatan keagamaan; membangun tempat ibadah, dll