otros destino n.26 rd.pdf

7/22/2019 Otros Destino n.26 rd.pdf

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J.Dfstgmjs /mjvgfiorf df ?>08Fxpljr`mdj fl iumdj fm er`mdfs rfpjrt`kfs ajtjeràaghjs

ûifrj ?1 _fvgst` dgegt`l df vg`kfs y ajtjer`aé`s mjvgfiorf df ?>

Mfp`l J Dtrjs fstgmjs

C`ti`mduOb`ct`pur

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J.Dfstgmjs /mjvgfiorf df ?>08

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_fvgst`jtrjsdfstgmjs.hji © ^rjbgogd` l` rfprjduhhgøm, ydgstrgouhgøm t`mtj dgegt`l hjijgiprfs` tjt`l j p`rhg`l sgm l`ùtjrgz`hgøm fxprfs` dfsu utjr.

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Mjvgfiorf df ?>08 - >.77$

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http://www.revistaotrosdestinos.com/





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Mf `l_jdf`dj pjr fl Bgi`l`y`, sf fmhufmtr` fstf p`és hfrh`mj ` Gmdg`, Hbgm`, j fl Té-

oft, quf sgrvf hjij o`sf p`r` l`s fxpfdghgjmfs df ijmt`ðfrjs quf dfsf`m suogr`l Fvfrfst.

Fs fl v`llf df C`ti`mdu su zjm` i`s turgst`, dfsdf l` prjpg` h`pgt`l, ^`t`m, yOb`ct`pur. W um pjhj i`s `lfk`dj mjs fmhjmtrìjs hjm jcb`r` um` bfrijs`hgud`d quf fs fl lue`r djmdf tjdjs ljs ijmt`ðfrjs llfe`m p`r` fafhtu`r fl `lpg-mgsij.

Mfp`l, jarfhf iuhbj `l vgsgt`mtf, y` quf tgfmf l` ofllfz` df l`s ijmt`ð`s y um``rqugtfhtur` ûmgh` djmdf ljs tfipljs t`mtj bgmdugst` hjij oudgst`s b`m dfk`djum sfllj ûmghj quf sf dgafrfmhg`m df ljs quf pjdfijs fmhjmtr`r fm hu`lqugfr` dfsus p`ésfs vfhgmjs.

Js gmvgtìjs ` hjmjhfr um p`és iuy pfhulg`r t`mtj fm su `rqugtfhtur` hjij fm suefmtf, y dfshuorgr afstgv`lfs fijhgjm`mtfs plfmjs df lfyfmd`s, lue`rfs hjij^`sup`tg-m`tb j l` Xw`yìobum`tb Fstup` y l` rfpfrhusgøm quf b` tfmgdj fm l`sjhgfd`d Mfp`lg l` gmiger`hgøm Tgoft`m`. Kumtj ` um` vgst` `çrf` df ajtjeràé`s

dfl Bgi`l`y`.

_fvgst` Jtrjs Dfstgmjs




Hrfi`tjrgj df h`dàvfrfs fm ^`sup`tg-m`b




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H`rm`v`l df _gj

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Dfsh`re`r l` rfvgst` fs dgsarut`r df l` iàxgi` rfsjluhgømfm l`s ajtjeràé` y fl ifkjr ajri`tj p`r` lffr fm tòlft`s,Xi`rtpbjmf, j tu pjrtàtgl, y` quf sf pufdf lffr djmdf sfdfsff sgm mfhfsgd`d df hjmfxgøm ` gmtfrmft.


_fvgst`jtrjsdfstgmjs.hji ©

^rjbgogd` l` rfprjduhhgøm, y dgstrgouhgøm t`mtj dgegt`l hjij

giprfs` tjt`l j p`rhg`l sgm l` ùtjrgz`hgøm fxprfs` df su ùtjr.

Xgeufmjs fm

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L` dfsh`re` df l` rfvgst` fm pda sf vfmdf `l prfhgj df >,77 $ Døl`r.


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dgstrgouhgøm t`mtj dgegt`l hjij

giprfs` tjt`l j p`rhg`l sgm l`

`utjrgz`hgøm fxprfs` df

su `utjr.









X`lgm`s Er`mdfs Kukuy

^`sfj pjr l`s X`lgm`s Er`mdfs@EFMHG@ TV_ MJTGHG@X

Fm Kukuy, fm plfmj hjr`zøm dfl Mjrtf `refmtgmj, hfrh` df X`lt` l`s X`lgm`sEr`mdfs rfprfsfmt`m um` fxhursgøm jolge`d` dur`mtf um rfhjrrgdj pjr flMjrtf dfl p`és y l` vgstjs` Pufor`d` df Bui`bu`h`. Xf tr`t` df um` dfl`s iàs ofll`s fxtfmsgjmfs ol`mh`s df l` @refmtgm` hjm fspjràdgh`s tjm`-lgd`dfs turqufs` f gmmuifròlfs rfalfkjs métgdjs.

Fl mjiorf df "er`mdfs" fs pjrquf sf tr`t` dfl tfrhfr s`l`r iàs er`mdfdf Xudìçrgh` hjm um` fxtfmsgøm i`yjr ` l`s 0? igl bfhtàrf`s ` hgfljògfrtj. Vm` df l`s àrf`s iàs ol`mh`s quf pufd`m fmhjmtr`rsf fm l` @r-efmtgm` y hjm um` tfxtur` df rjoust` durfz` quf sfrà mfhfs`rgj `prfhg`rdf hfrh` p`r` hjiprfmdfr.

Xgtu`d` ` umjs 07> cgløiftrjs df l` hgud`d H`pgt`l, l`s X`lgm`s Er`mdfsh`pt`m l` `tfmhgøm df ljs vgsgt`mtfs df tjd`s l`s fd`dfs y dfspgfrt`mer`m hrf`tgvgd`d ` qugfmfs l` ajifmt` hjm l` ajtjeràé`. Vm` gmifms` df-prfsgøm tjt`lifmtf dfspjol`d` quf sf vuflvf `ûm iàs `tr`htgv` sg um`sbjr`s `mtfs lljvgø. Djmdf sølj rfsgdfm ljs `rtfs`mjs quf trò`k`m l` s`l yjarfhfm jokftjs dflgh`dìfmtf t`ll`djs hjm pghjs y b`hb`s.

Xg ogfm fl `hhfsj fs rfl`tgvìfmtf aàhgl, fmtrf suogd`s y sfrpfmtf`mdjb`st` supfr`r ljs 40>> iftrjs, pufdf fafhtu`r pjr lgorf pfrj fs `hjmsf- kòlf gr `hjip`ð`dj df um oufm eué` quf hjmjzh` l` zjm`. Fxgstfm èfm-hg`s quf jarfhfm fl rfhjrrgdj fm Kukuy-tìogçm fm l` vfhgm` prjvgmhg` dfX`lt`. Fm h`sj df b`hfrlj df ajri` p`rtghul`r, fs gipjrt`mtf h`re`r suag-hgfmtf hjioustgolf, llfv`r prjvgsgjmfs y sjorf tjdj fmtrf fll`s mj dfofa`lt`r er`m h`mtgd`d df èu`, ùmquf fm fl àrf` b`y um rfstùr`mtf, lfm-tfs df sjl p`r` prjtfefr l` vgst` y h`lz`djs lgvg`mjs p`r` hb`pjtf`r fmfstf vfrd`dfrj fspfhtàhulj.

@refmtgm`Tfrrgtjrgj `mhfstr`l;

Fl jrgefm df l`s X`lgm`s Er`mdfs, fsìfmtf iàs pfqufð`s ` l`s df Vfm Ojlgvg` y l`s df @rgz`rj fm X`lt`

rfijmt` ` fmtrf 6 y 0> iglljmfs`ðjs, hu`mdj l` hufmh` sf huorgøhjiplftj df èu`s prjvfmgfmtfsum vjlhàm. L` pùl`tgm` fv`pjr`hgøfstf léqugdj y sus hjipjmfmtfs, fquf dgj pjstfrgjr ajri` ` fstf squf pjsff um` hjstr` huyj fspprjifdgj fs df 8> hfmtéiftrjs y rftf fl pfsj df vfbéhuljs b`st` hìgj

ifdgjs.Xfeûm l`s fxplgh`hgjmfs hgfmtéagh`str`t` df um sfdgifmtj quéighj-fvrétghj quf ` su vfz sf dgvgdf fm ttgpjs df zjm`s; l` s`lgm` pjlgejm`lfaljrfshfmhg`s s`lgm`s y l` lgiPugfmfs fxplgh`ràm ljs sfhrftjs dftr`hhgøm y ljs prjhfsjs p`r` su gmtrg`lgz`hgøm, sjm ljs igsijs jor

quf pfri`mfhfm fm fl lue`r y rfh`l vgsgt`mtf hjm tjd` ìòglgd`d.

@ sgiplf vgst`, tjdj p`rfhfrà lj igs^frj h`d` àrf` auf sfhhgjm`d` fm tr`rgjs bfxàejmjs quf sf fxtgfmdfl` vfr` df l` _ut` M`hgjm`l 6? pjquf sf `hhfdf y jaghg` hjij ûmgh` r`hgøm. Fl sglfmhgj fs pràhtghìfmtft`l y h`d` p`sj `l `v`mz`r sjm`rà h`mtf ` ljs jédjs.




@refmtgm`, ìplg` fm tfrrgtjrgj y ofllfz`, tgfmf v`rgjs df fsjs lue`rfs `ljs quf sgfiprf sf qugfrf vjlvfr, umj df flljs fs Kukuy y sus i`r`vglljs`X`lgm`s Er`mdfs. Ljs fafhtjs quf pufdf prjduhgr l` m`tur`lfz` `mtf l` ig-r`d` dfl fxtr`ðj sjm giprfdfhgolfs, hjij suhfdf fm l`s X`lgm`s Er`mdfs,

fm l` prjvgmhg` df Kukuy, iuy hfrh` dfl p`sj arjmtfrgzj df Kì` quf hjmfh-t` hjm Hbglf.

Xf pufdf llfe`r dfsdf X`lt` quf hjm `frjpufrtj. ^`r` llfe`r ` l`s Er`mdfs df L` Pug`h`, Bui`bu`h`r` y X`m X`lv`djr df Kukuy ljs hìgml` _M 7 b`st` fl hruhf df ûri`lufej l` _M 6? pjr l` Hufst` dfb`st` fl @or` df ^jtrfrgllj.

_fhjrrgdj hjljrgdj;

l Mjrtf dfl p`és jarfhf ` ljs turgst`s gmmuifròlfs dfstgmjs df er`m ofllfz`, yjs `lrfdfdjrfs df l`s X`lgm`s Er`mdfs tìogçm sjm p`r` dfst`h`r;

fsf ` lj flfv`dj df su `ltgtud, jaghg`m hjij o`sf df um` hufmh` fmdjrrfghùf hjmtgmû` b`hg` fl mjrtf fm l`s Lèum`s df Eu`y`t`yjh.

l surfstf l` pgmtjrfsh` sgfrr` df Hb`ðg y ljs `mtgeujs pjol`djs quf hjipj-fm l` Pufor`d` df Bui`bu`h`. Dur`mtf fl vg`kf df `shfmsj pjdrà gmhlusj`hfr orfvfs p`r`d`s fm W`l` djmdf fs pjsgolf `hìp`r, Lføm df `pfm`s 6>>ògt`mtfs, Qjlhàm hjm sus y`hgigfmtjs df h`l, Tuiou`y` ` jrgll`s dfl _éjr`mdf fm huy` gelfsg` sf hjmsfrv`m giàefmfs y pgfz`s df jraforfré` dfl Huz-j hjljmg`l y ûriì`rh`, hu`mdj y` sf vfràm ljs prgifrjs h`rdjmfs.

ufej l` hurv` dfsfiojh`rà fm l` Hufst` df Lgpàm, `tr`vfs`mdj h`sfréjs hj-ij Pugsqugr`, ^`t`h`l y L` Hgçmè`, b`st` llfe`r `l @or` df ^jtrfrglljs.` df rferfsj fl tfløm df ajmdj sfrà fl pjlghrjiàtghj hfrrj df ljs sgftf hjlj-fs, hjm tjmjs vfrdfs, rjs`djs, ì`rglljs, vgjlàhfjs, ol`mhjs y ergsfs quf hj-rfspjmdfm ` dgafrfmtfs igmfr`lfs. Ûmghj fm fl p`és, djmdf rf`lgz`r `p`sgj-`mtfs sà`rgs ajtjeràaghjs, hìgm`t`s, hò`le`t`s y b`st` hgrhugtjs fm oghghlf-`.

l jfstf, p`s`rà pjr um hìgmj rjdf`dj df er`mdfs àlìjs y sùhfs. W b`st`s pjsgolf tji`r ` pjhjs cgløiftrjs l` aìjs` _M 4> quf hjmduhf b`st` X`mmtjmgj df ljs Hjorfs j @or` ^ìp`.

@p`rt`djs gipfrdgolfs;

mtrf ljs v`rg`djs hìgmjs quf fs pjsgolf tji`r pjr fst`s tgfrr`s quf aufrjmògt`d`s b`hf iglfs df `ðjs pjr muifrjs`s hjiumgd`dfs òjréefmfs-`leu-`s df l`s hu`lfs i`mtgfmfm gmt`ht`s sus r`éhfs y hjstuiorfs-fs rfhjifmd`-lf vgsgt`r X`mt` _js` df T`stgl, ` tr`vçs df l` Pufor`d` dfl Tjrj, djmdf fm-jmtr`rà um v`stj y`hgigfmtj `rqufjløeghj. Hjmsgdfr`dj hjij umj df ljsrgmhgp`lfs hfmtrjs uro`mjs prfbgstørghjs df Xudìçrgh`, h`rfhf pjr hjiplftjf h`llfs ùmquf tgfmf sgftf pl`z`s fmtrf `mtgeu`s rugm`s.

ûriì`rh`, huyj sgemgagh`dj fs olj df l` tgfrr` vgrefm", fs jtr` d

vgsgt`s giprfshgmdgolfs. @lofreurfhjmjhgdj h`hgquf Qgltgpjhj, h`d` 8> df èjstj sf hflfor` l` p`trjm`l df X`mt` _js` df Lgi``htjs rflgegjsjs, igs`hbghjs y sgcu

^jr jtr` p`rtf, Tglh`r` gmvgt` ` ljt`mtfs ` hìgm`r kumtj `l _éj ErVm` df l`s pjh`s ljh`lgd`dfs djmfxgstf l` ll`mur`. Fs `llé djmdf fgipjmfmtf ûh`rà, gièfm vgv` dhultur`s iglfm`rg`s df fst`s rfegj




Vm p`sfj mjhturmj pjr Lgsoj`

` mjhbf df Lgsoj` fs tjdj um iumdj pjr dfshuorgr hu`mdj sf pjmf fl sjl,` hgud`d sf tr`msajri` fm um` df l`s hgud`dfs df i`yjr `htgvgd`d mjhturm`fl sur df Furjp`. Fm um ìogfmtf vgor`mtf, fijhgjm`mtf y hjmtègjsj p`r`gsarut`rl`, dfsdf quf `mjhbfhf b`st` quf i`mfhf.

l lue`r gdf`l djmdf hjifmz`r l` mjhbf lgsojft` fs fl O`rrgj @ltj, quf pjsffm ìogfmtf ûmghj y iuy pfhulg`r. Fm çl, sf pufdfm fmhjmtr`r um` er`m v`rgf-`d df o`rfs y rfstùr`mtfs djmdf p`s`r um r`tj èr`dòlf y dgvfrtgdj. Fm l`frvfhfré` df Trgmd`df, sgtu`d` fm l` _u` Mjv` d` Trgmd`df, sf pufdf dgsaru-`r df um` hfm` df h`lgd`d o`s`d` fm i`rgshj, `hjip`ð`dj df um` oufm`frvfz` y rjdf`dj df um`s l`s iàs ofll`s `zulfkfré`s df Lgsoj`.

m fstf o`rrgj, l` i`yjr p`rtf df ljs o`rfs df hjp`s suflfm sfr pfqufðjs,jr lj quf lj bògtu`l fs s`lgr hjm fl v`sj aufr` y dgsarut`r df um ìogfmtf gm-jri`l y dgstfmdgdj, `l igsij tgfipj quf tf fmar`sh`s fm um` hjmvfrs`hgømjm `leumjs df ljs lue`rfðjs. Fm O`rrgj @ltj, ljs ljh`lfs suflfm hfrr`r ` l`su`trj df l` i`ð`m`, `sé quf p`r` hjmtgmu`r hjm l` mjhbf lgsojft` b`y quf

ìog`r df dgstrgtj.

L` h`pgt`l lus` jarfhf um` ìplg`

v`rgfd`d df ljh`lfs df fstgljs

iuy dgafrfmtfs

Xg y` hjmjhfs l` ofll` h`pgt`l pjrtueufs`

df dé`, tf gmvgtìjs ` hjmjhfrl` df mjhbf.

^`r` ljs quf prfagfr`m hjifmz`mjhbf aufr` dfl O`rrgj @ltj, um` m` suefrfmhg` fs Oflçi O`r H

sgtu`dj fm l` zjm` quf prjoòlfitf ifkjr rfalfk` fl h`ràhtfr dfl réj kj, um lue`r gdf`l p`r` hjmvfrtgr hfm` df ìgejs fm um fmhufmtrjpfhg`l y iuy fxhlusgvj. Xu tfrr`z``hjefdjr rfstùr`mtf j su o`r rgjr, fs tìogçm um` gmvgt`hgøm m`tp`r` dgsarut`r df um` hjhgm` sjh`d`, hjiogm`d` hjm um` oufm`l`hgøm h`lgd`d/sfrvghgj, fm um ogfmtf gmgeu`lòlf. @l igsij tgfisf pufdf dgsarut`r df iûsgh` `dòlf y `tr`htgv`, `sé hjij df ièméagh` vgst` dfl réj T`kj.

Fm @lhàmt`r`, kustj o`kj fl ûfmtfdf òrgl, b`y um` zjm` df o`rdgshjtfh`s df dgafrfmtfs fstgljs ddf dgsarut`r df um` oufm` hjp`.

kumtj ` l` fst`hgøm df X`mt` @pmg`, fs um` df l`s dgshjtfh`s pjpul`rfs df Lgsoj`, ajriàmdjssu pufrt` l`re`s hjl`s p`r` fmtrl` igsi`. Xu v`rgfd`d df iûsghfstgljs, su tfrr`z` hjm vgst`s dfoj` ì`mfhgfmdj arfmtf `l réj, ijtgvjs suaghgfmtfs p`r` p`s`r vfl`d` gmjlvgdòlf y pjmfr agm ` ld` mjhturm` lgsojft`.

m` df l`s `htgvgd`dfs tr`dghgjm`lfs dfl p`és quf b`y quf vgvgr pjr l` mjhbfsojft`, fs hfm`r fm um rfstùr`mtf hjm um` fxhflfmtf hjhgm` pjrtueufs`,

igfmtr`s `hjip`ð` fl sjmgdj df l` eugt`rr` pjrtueufs` y fl a`dj. Fl Hluo df`dj, sgtu`dj fm l` @laì` kumtj ` l` H`tfdr`l df Lgsoj`, jarfhf um` `tiøsafr`àlgd`, rjiàmtgh` y iéstgh` quf b`ràm dgsarut`r ` tjdj fl quf lj vgsgtf.

l geu`l quf fm l` h`pgt`l fsp`ðjl`, fm l` pjrtueufs` tìogçm pjdfijs fm-jmtr`r l` dgshjtfh` C`pgt`l, fm X`mtjs, um` df l`s iàs hbgh df l` hgud`d,

jmdf sf suflfm d`r hgt` ljs aìjsjs y pjlétghjs pjrtueufsfs.




Vm` oufm` jphgøm M`vgd`d fm _fyck`vgc

Fl dé` df Mjhbfoufm` fs agfshgjm`l, y` quf sf tr`t` df uhb` iuy gipjrt`mtf fm fl pàìglg`s gsl`mdfs`s sf rfûmfdé` fm tjrmj ` l` ifs` p`r` y sòjrf`r pl`tjs tr`dghgjfxqugsgtjs hjij fl hjrdfrji`dj, l` pfrdgz mgv`l, fl rf

kìøm hjhgdj j p`vj, `sé hjidflghgjs` "lfhbf df `lifmdròrjhbf df jrj ` l` vfl`d` ljl` `pfrtur` df ljs rfe`ljs oàrojl df M`vgd`d.

Xg ò`mdjmìjs l` hgud`d dcg`vgc, mj b`hf a`lt` `lfk`rshbj p`r` fmhjmtr`r p`gs`kfer`m ofllfz` y a`mtàstgh`s vgshjij mj, dgsarut`r df l` çøptgi` p`r` fl fsqué mørdghjjtr`s `htgvgd`dfs. ^`r` `qquf qugfr`m hjmjhfr iàs lGsl`md Tjurs hufmt` hjm fxhmfs jphgjm`lfs p`r` rf`lgz`l`rej df l` fst`mhg`.

m` oufm` jphgøm p`r` dgsarut`r df` M`vgd`d, fs _fyck`vgc djmdf hj-jhfr l`s tr`dghgjmfs m`vgdfð`s

sl`mdfs`s y dgsarut`r df l` fspfh-`hul`r ùrjr` ojrf`l hu`mdj h`ge`` mjhbf, llfm` dfl fmh`mtj df um``vgd`d hjm mgfvf.

js gsl`mdfsfs hflfor`m l` M`vgd`djm p`sgøm, y fm lue`r df ^`pàñfl j X`mt` Hlùs, hufmt`m hjm

js "Trfhf bjiorfhglljs df l` M`vg-`d". Fl 0? df dghgfiorf i`rh` l`

fe`d` dfl prgifrj df fstjs pfr-jm`kfs dfl ajlhljrf gsl`mdçs, bgkjsf Eryl` y Lfpp`lûdg.

js køl`svfgm`r sjm bgkjs df l` jer`r!l` y su i`rgdj Lfpp`lûdg, j @mdr`-

jsj, um i`trgijmgj quf vgvé` fm l`sijmt`ð`s y sf hjié` ` ljs mgðjs df-jofdgfmtfs. @sgigsij tfmé`m um e`-j, llì`dj fl E`tj W`lf, quf df l`

igsi` i`mfr` quf sus dufðjs sfjié`m ` ljs mgðjs dfsjofdgfmtfs.

st` i`hòr` tr`dghgøm sf o`s` fm flfhbj df quf sf bgzj tjdj lj pjsgolf`r` tfrigm`r tjdj fl trò`kj df l`

`m` df jtjðj `mtfs df M`vgd`d. L`fhjipfms` p`r` ljs quf p`rtghgp`-jm fm fl trò`kj fr` um` mufv` pgfz`f rjp`. Ljs quf fr`m pfrfzjsjs mj

` rfhgoé`m.

ufmtf; Gdf`lifdg`. Gsl`md Tjurs

@sé, fl e`tj Wulf auf utglgz`dj hjij umgmhfmtgvj p`r` quf l` efmtf trò`kf iàsdurj.

Ljs køl`svfgm`r, ljs trfhf bgkjs df Eryl`y Lfpp`lûdg. fst`s hrg`tur`s o`kò`m dfl`s ijmt`ð`s y fmtrò`m fm l`s h`s`sp`r` b`hfr tr`st`d`s, `dfiàs df h`mt`rfm l`s h`llfs, quf fstàm hjiplftìfmtfgluigm`d`s p`r` l` jh`sgøm. Hjm fl tgfi-pj, fstjs sfrfs b`m ifkjr`dj su hji-pjrtìgfmtj y `bjr` dfk`m rfe`ljs fmljs z`p`tjs df ljs mgðjs. Fm h`sj dfquf `leûm mgðj mj sf b`y` pjrt`dj

ogfm, rfhgof um` p`t`t`, bjiølje` dflh`roøm df _fyfs fm Fsp`ð`. ^jr sufrtfy` mj sf ljs hjifm.

@sé quf pjr trfhf dé`s dfsdf fl 0? dfdghgfiorf llfe`m fm dgafrfmtfs dé`s h`-d` umj df flljs i`rh`mdj um dé` dfl

@dvgfmtj, dfk`m um rfe`lj fl ultgij ljb`rà fl dé` 1 df fmfrj.

Ljs køl`svfgm`r




L` u`rdg`

_gjk` @l`vfs` Vm` rut` fmtrf vgðfdjs

L` _ut` dfl Qgmj df _gjk` @l`vfs`pjmf um` i`mfr` ûmgh` df hjmum` tgfrr` df er`m tr`dghgøm vgtgvgmvgvgfmdj y dgsarut`mdj fm prgifr`sjm` um` i`r`vglljs` fxpfrgfmhg`tur`l y fmje`strjmøigh`.

T`m sjlj ifdg` bjr` df l` h`pgt`Fusc`dg, Qgtjrg`-E`stfgz, l` _ut`Qgmj df _gjk` @l`vfs` jarfhf `l vgstf fl fmh`mtj y fiorukj df su pùm i`r df vgðfdjs gmagmgtj quf sf`l p`trgijmgj hultur`l y `rqugtfhtødf sus vgll`s ifdgfv`lfs, quf hjv`m tjdj fl sòjr dfl p`sj dfl tgf

y l`s bufll`s df l` Bgstjrg`. Vm p`hìog`mtf h`p`z df sjrprfmdfhu`lqugfr fst`hgøm y quf jarfhf `d`dfs fmjturéstgh`s, hultur`lfs y trjmøigh`s dur`mtf tjdj fl `ðj.

L` _ut` dfl Qgmj df _gjk` @l`vfsum prjyfhtj hjiûm df um` hji?8 pufoljs kumtj ` iàs df 0?> olfhgigfmtjs quf sf sgtû` ` l` h`

dfl fmjturgsij fsp`ðjl. Dfsdfhrf`hgøm, b`hf h`sg um` dçh`d`trò`k`dj fm l` ajri`hgøm y l` sfmlgz`hgøm df tjdjs ljs èfmtfs gipdjs, ljer`mdj l` hjmkumhgøm dfaufrzjs df gmstgtuhgjmfs pûolgh`s yv`d`s.

@dfiàs df l` hultur` dfl vgmj, ftjrmj jarfhf iûltgplfs pjsgoglgd`df

jhgj, dfsdf `digr`r pjol`djs y ifmfs prfbgstørghjs ` p`sf`r pjlèum`s df er`m rgqufz` jrmgtjlød`rsf fl h`prghbj df `sgstgr ` um`m` tf`tr`lgz`d` hjm fl pfrsjm`kXì`mgfej y sus aàoul`s... Tìogçpjsgolf rf`lgz`r `htgvgd`dfs fm vgquf pfrigtfm rf`lgz`r l`s lòjrfs pg`s df h`d` çpjh` dfl `ðj y qumfm hjij orjhbf um` p`rrgll`d

s`rigfmtj, rut`s fm oghg j ` hò`ll




Xì`mgfej; Xgtu`dj ` ljs pgfs df l`Xgfrr` H`mtòrg`, fs um pfqufðjpufolj dfdgh`dj `l hugd`dj y hultgvjdf vgð`s kumtj ` l` flòjr`hgøm dfièméaghjs vgmjs. L` llfe`d` pjr h`-rrftfr` fs df er`m ofllfz`, hjij sf`prfhg` fm l` ajtj.

L` ofllfz` df l`rut` sjorf tj-dj fm jtjðjfs fxtr`jr-d g m ` r g ` ,p u f o l j sdjmdf ljsv g ð f d j sajri`m p`r-

tf df su p`g-s`kf. L` iuymjolf, lf`l y hj-rjm`d` vgll` df L`-eu`rdg`, h`pgt`l df l`hji`rh`, fifref `l`re`d` y jreu-lljs` fm lj `ltj df um hfrrj. Aumd`d`fm fl sgelj R hjij dfafms` dfl _fgmjdf M`v`rr`, fs um` pgmtjrfsh` y pf-qufð` pjol`hgøm quf tgfmf `lej df

grrf`l, df aàoul`, hjm sus h`llfs fi-

pfdr`d`s y `mejst`s, sus vgfk`s iu-r`ll`s y fsf tjquf df dgstgmhgøm if-dgfv`l quf t`mtj `p`sgjm` ` ljs vg`-

kfrjs. Fmtrf su p`trgijmgj dfst`h`ml`s gelfsg`s ajrtgagh`d`s df X`m Ku`mOùtgst` y X`mt` I`ré` df ljs _fyfs.

Fst` ûltgi`, dfl sgeljRGQ, hufmt` hjm um

pørtghj fxhfp-hgjm l fm pgfdr`t` l l`d` qufhjmsfrv` fmfxhflfmtf fs-t`dj su pjlg-hrjié` jrgegm`l

dfl sgelj RQGG,er`hg`s `l rfs-eu`rdj df l`s gm-

hlfifmhg`s dfl tgfipj.Dfst`h` tìogçm l` H`s`

^`l`hgj dfl Aòulgst` Xì`mgfej, m`-t`l df l` vgll`, fdgagh`d` fm sgllfré` yhjm um` ofll` pjrt`d` mfjhlàsgh`, jfl jaghgj df L` ^rgighg`, dfl sgelj RGQ,fm l` quf sf rfhjeé`m ljs dgfzijs y

prgighg`s (ìo`s vgsgtòlfs).

Lue`rfs hjij fl ^jol`dj df l` fm fl tçrigmj df Lèu`rdg`, umljs y`hgigfmtjs iàs gipjrt`mtfsFd`d df Orjmhf fm fl ^`és Q sht`dj fm fl sgelj RQ `mtfs df Ljs dølifmfs sjm jtrj vfstgegj rgh` bgstjrg` df fstf tfrrgtjrgj. rfp`rtgdjs pjr ljs tçrigmjs iumlfs df Lèu`rdg`, Lfz`, Qgllòuf

Àl`v`, Flvgll`r y Crgpàm. Fmtrf dfst`h` L` Hbòjl` df l` Bfhbfm Flvgll`r, um` hjmstruhhgøm ifequf sfrvé` hjij p`mtføm hjlfhquf hufmt`, sfeûm l`s ûltgi`s prrf`lgz`d`s hjm h`rojmj 04, hj`mtgeüfd`d df 4.5>> `ðjs. Jtrjsdølifmfs hjmajri`m um` rut` ptørgh` gdf`l p`r` rf`lgz`r fm çpjtgv`l kumtj ` l` aìglg` j ljs ìgej

Xì`mgfej




Crgp`m

ìogçm fmhjmtrìjs um gipjrt`mtf ijs`ghj df rfhur-js p`trgijmg`lfs fm fl rfstj df iumghgpgjs quf hjmajr-

i`m l` _ut` dfl Qgmj df _gjk` @l`vfs`, fmtrf ljs quf h`-

f ifmhgjm`r ljs h`shjs bgstørghjs, pfrafhtìfmtf hjm-frv`djs, df Flhgfej, Lò`stgd` y Lòr`z`. L`s iur`ll`sf fst` ûltgi` eu`rd`m tjrrfjmfs y i`t`h`mfs h`t`lje`-js hjij p`trgijmgj bgstørghj, rfhjmjhgd` hjm fl prfigjl` ifkjr hgud`d ìur`ll`d` dfl iumdj pjr fl Hérhulj

mtfrm`hgjm`l df Hgud`dfs @iur`ll`d`s.

oumd`m tìogçm gipjrt`mtfs fdgaghgjs hgvglfs, hjij l``s` df ljs Dgfzijs df Qgllòufm` df Àl`v` y l` h`s` df

I`mufl Pugmt`mj fm Lò`stgd`, quf auf fl gmtrjduhtjr fm

sp`ð` fm fl sgelj RQGGG df l`s tçhmgh`s fmjløegh`s ojr-flfs`s, y l` H`s` dfl Gmdg`mj, fm Flvgll`r, quf sf umfm ``hb`d`s ol`sjm`d`s y h`s`s sjl`rgfe`s fm jtrjs iumg-gpgjs df l` hji`rh`.

Crgp`m fstà `tr`vfs`dj pjr ljs vgfkjs hìgmjs ifdgfv`-fs df pfrfergm`hgøm quf surh`m l` Xgfrr` df H`mtòrg`.m sus `lrfdfdjrfs tjd`vé` pufdfm josfrv`rsf rfstjsf um` `mtgeu` h`lz`d` df pjsgolf jrgefm rji`mj, fm-

i`rh`d` pjr er`mdfs ljs`s.

Dfmtrj dfl pufolj, ljs fdgaghgjs iàs mjolfs sf hjmhftr`m fm um fsp`hgj ògfrtj fm l` pl`z` df l` O`ro`h`mL` gelfsg` df X`m Ku`m, dfl sgelj RQGG, tgfmf um rftò

i`yjr dfl prgifr o`rrjhj. Fm ljs `lrfdfdjrfs mjs fhjmtrìjs hjm fl djlifm df Ljs Ll`mjs y fl Fmhgm`l.

Vm` oufm` jphgøm fs `hfrh`rsf `l p`rquf dfl M`hfdfrlue`r df fmhufmtrj df fxhursgjmgst`s. Fst` ljh`lgd`d tìogçm um oufm pumtj df p`rtgd` p`r` `shfmdfr ` frigt` df X`m Tgrsj, hjogk`d` fm fl gmtfrgjr df um` h`d`d fm lj `ltj df l` Xgfrr` df H`mtòrg`.




Flhgfej

Lòr`z`

Xu sgluft` dfst`h` fm lj `ltj hjij paufrtf ìur`ll`d`, hjm aufrj df0071.Fmtr`mdj pjr l` pufrt` sur fm fl rf

tj ìur`ll`dj, y pjr sus fstrfhb`s h`lsf llfe` ` l` gelfsg` df X`m Igeufl, huyjsrjs eøtghjs ajri`rjm p`rtf dfl rfhgmtjafmsgvj. Xuargø gipjrt`mtfs rfajri`s fmsgeljs RQGGG y RGR.Tgfmf gmtfrçs l` llìAufmtf dfl Ijrj df tr`z` eøtgh`, y` aufrl`s iur`ll`s fm l` quf sf vf fl gmghgj dfp`s`dgzj quf pfmftrò` fm l` vgll`. Lòhufmt` hjm fl ojsquf df pgmj h`rr`shj jhhgdfmt`l df Furjp`, fl ^gm`r df Dufð`s

Xg tf `hfrh` ` Flhgfej dfshuorgràs um` pjol`hgøm huyj mjiorf y`sf hgt` fm fl `ðj 0>15 ùmquf fs fm fl `ðj 0628 hu`mdj sfhjmstgtuyf hjij vgll` o`kj fl rfgm`dj df Aflgpf GG. Fm um prgifr

ijifmtj tf v` ` llì`r l` `tfmhgøm fl Bjtfl I`rquçs df _gsh`l, umfdgaghgj quf Ar`mc Efbry rf`lgzø p`r` Ojdfe`s I`rquçs df _gsh`l.Dfspuçs df l` sjrprfs` `dçmtr`tf fm fl h`shj bgstørghj. Ifrfhf l`pfm` pjrquf hjmsfrv` tjdj fl sòjr df ljs pufoljs df _gjk` @l`-vfs`.

Fmtrf su `rqugtfhtur` hgvgl ifrfhfm sfr dfst`h`djs muifrjsjsfdgaghgjs ol`sjm`djs hjij l` H`s` ^`l`hgj df ljs _ìérfz df l`^gshgm`, l` H`s` ^`l`hgj M`v`rrftf ‘ L`drøm df Eufv`r` tìogçmhjmjhgd` hjij “H`s` df ljs Bgfrrjs’ j l` H`s` ^`l`hgj [àr`tf ‘

Mò`r j l` H`s` Hjmsgstjrg`l ofllj fdgaghgj pjrtgh`dj dfl sgelj RQGGG.^`sf`mdj pjr fl h`shj bgstørghj sf pufdfm rfhjmjhfr muifrjs`sh`s`s df ofll` a`htur`. Fmtrf sus fdgaghgjs rflgegjsjs dfst`h`, sgmlue`r ` dud`s, l` Gelfsg` ^`rrjqug`l df X`m @mdrçs huy` hjmstruh-hgøm d`t` dfl sgelj RQG. Lj quf i`s llì` l` `tfmhgøm df fstffhlçhtghj fdgaghgj fs l` ièmgaghfmhg` df sus djs tjrrfs dfsgeu`lfspfrj sgm lue`r ` dud`s fs su gmtfrgjr lj quf mjs sjrprfmdfrà ydjmdf tìogçm pjdrfijs fmhjmtr`r um pfqufðj tfsjrj mfjhlàsg-hj, l` X`hrgsté` Mufv`, um` pfqufð` y dfshjmjhgd` kjy` jor` dfl`rqugtfhtj vgtjrg`mj Kustj @mtjmgj df Jlèugofl.




` prgifr` df l`s er`mdfs hgt`s dfdgh`-`s `l vgmj lj i`rh`, `mu`lifmtf, fl Vz-òfrrg Feum`, fm aforfrj, um` er`m agfs-` fm l` ljh`lgd`d df L`pufol` df Lò`r-` hjm kjrm`d` df pufrt`s ògfrt`s fm`s ojdfe`s, quf d`m ` hjmjhfr ljs prg-ifrjs vgmjs køvfmfs dfl `ðj.

agm`lfs df i`rzj tgfmf lue`r l` Agfst`fl @hfgtf df Jlgv` df Àl`v`, um fvfmtjuf sf hflfor` fm l`s ljh`lgd`dfs df Ij-fd` df Àl`v`, L`mhgfej y Jyøm y quf

rfhf fm gipjrt`mhg` fdghgøm tr`s fdg-øm, ` l` vfz quf fl `hfgtf df _gjk` @l`-fs` `dqugfrf iàs mjtjrgfd`d y prfstg-gj. Dgstgmeugdj hjm fl sfllj df h`lgd`duscj Lòfl, sf tr`t` df um `hfgtf df jlg-` vgrefm flòjr`dj hjm l` v`rgfd`d dflgv` @rrjmgz, fxhlusgv` df l` hji`rh`.ur`mtf l` Afrg`, quf tgfmf pjr jokftgvjhfrh`r fstf prjduhtj `l vgsgt`mtf p`rùf pufd` hjmjhfrlj y `prfhg`rlj, sf

f`lgz`m dgafrfmtfs h`t`s hjifmt`d`s,

vgsgt`s ` truk`lfs, `mgi`hgøm h`llfkfr` ydfeust`hgøm df pl`tjs y pgmtxjs flòjr`-djs hjm fstf `hfgtf.

L` Xfi`m` X`mt` fs, sgm dud`, jtr` dfl`s hgt`s fm l` hji`rh`, hjm dgafrfmtfsi`mgafst`hgjmfs rflgegjs`s fm sus puf-oljs y vgll`s, hjm tr`dghgjmfs quf sf b`mi`mtfmgdj gmt`ht`s hjm fl p`sj df ljssgeljs.

Fl vfr`mj y fl oufm tgfipj hjmhfmtr`m

er`m p`rtf df ljs fvfmtjs fm pufoljs yojdfe`s3 ` l`s agfst`s pjpul`rfs qufi`mtgfmfm gmt`ht`s sus hjstuiorfs yp`rtghul`rgd`dfs sf umfm afstgv`lfs dfiûsgh`, hjij Iûsgh` fmtrf Qgðfdjs, y dftf`trj, quf `lh`mz` su iàxgi` fxprfsgømfm l` rfprfsfmt`hgøm, ` h`rej df ljs prj-pgjs vfhgmjs, df l` jor` Fl Lue`r df X`-i`mgfej, quf rfp`s` ljs jréefmfs df l`hji`rh`.

L`s Agfst`s fm l` _gjk` @l`vfs`




ur`mtf fsjs ifsfs sf suhfdfm l`s agfs-`s p`trjm`lfs fm ljs pufoljs, quf jarf-

fm tìogçm dgafrfmtfs vgsgt`s tf`tr`lgz`-`s y tjdj tgpj df `htjs lûdghjs y hultu-`lfs, `sé hjij dfpjrtgvjs. Fm fstf ûltg-

ij `p`rt`dj fmhjmtrìjs l`s Jlgipg`-`s _ur`lfs, hflfor`d`s fm ?>0? pjrrgifr` vfz fm l`s ljh`lgd`dfs df Lfz` y`v`rgd`s y huyj çxgtj gmdgshutgolf `sfeu-` su hjmtgmugd`d fm fl auturj.

r`s fl vfr`mj, l` hji`rh` hflfor` l`

r`m Agfst` df l` Qfmdgig`, um fvfmtjuf dfrrjhb` `lferé` y hjljr, y quf tgfmf

ue`r dur`mtf fl ifs df sfptgfiorf, h`-` `ðj fm um` ljh`lgd`d dgstgmt` df l`ji`rh` df _gjk` @l`vfs`, llfv`mdj hjm-ej iûsgh` y d`mz`, e`strjmjié`, h`t`sjpul`rfs y, fm dfagmgtgv`, l` hultur` yr`dghgøm df fst` tgfrr` df vgðfdjs y o`-rgh`s.

@ p`rtgr df fst` afhb`, hjigfmz` l` vfm-dgig` fm _gjk` @l`vfs`, um` df l`s çpjh`s

iàs fspfhg`lfs dfl `ðj, hu`mdj l`s vgð`stgðfm fl p`gs`kf df hjljrfs jhrf y rjkgzjsy fl trò`kj fm fl hìpj y fm l`s ojdf-e`s `lh`mz` su `pjefj, i`rh`mdj fl gmg-hgj dfl prjhfsj df flòjr`hgøm dfl vgmj.Er`hg`s ` l`s `htgvgd`dfs y fxpfrgfmhg`squf ojdfe`s y jtrjs fstòlfhgigfmtjs`dbfrgdjs ` l` _ut` dfl Qgmj df _gjk` @l`-vfs` jarfhfm dur`mtf ljs ifsfs df sfp-tgfiorf y jhtuorf, fs pjsgolf, gmhlusj,

p`rtghgp`r fm `leumjs ijifmtjs dfl prj-hfsj.

@ fllj sf sui`m muifrjs`s kjrm`d`se`strjmøigh`s, hjmhursjs df pgmtxjs,ifrh`djs df prjduhtjs `rtfs`mjs yfvfmtjs hultur`lfs k`ljm`m fl h`lfmd`rgjdur`mtf tjdj fl `ðj.

L`s Agfst`s fm l` _gjk` @l`vfs`




Mfuquçm p`r`ésj df l` ^`tèjmg`

i`rh`d`s `l pgf df ol`mqufhgmjs pghjsrdgllfr`mjs, l`s `ldf`s df Mfuquçm gmvg- ` vgvgr fl igstghgsij df lèjs, v`llfs ysqufs. L` prjvgmhg` p`tèømgh` fs umjljs sgtgjs iàs dfst`h`djs p`r` l` pfs-df rfhjmjhgigfmtj gmtfrm`hgjm`l.

trf l` prgi`vfr` y fl vfr`mj `refmtgmj,vgfiorf fs fl ifs iàs fspfr`dj pjr

ì`mtfs df l` pfsh`, fspfhg`lifmtfl` gmagmgt` ^`tèjmg`. Fm Mfuquçm, @lu-

mç, Qgll` l` @mejstur` y Kumém df ljs @m-s, pjr fkfiplj, jaghg`m p`r` fl turgstìj um pjrt`l iàeghj quf d` gmghgj ` umf pjr l` rfegøm. _jdf`d`s pjr réjs,js y ijmt`ð`s jarfhfm um sgmaém dfst`lfs dgem`s df l`s iàs pgmtjrfsh`sjeràé`s.

uquçm hufmt` hjm um` l`re` tr`dghgøml` pfsh` dfpjrtgv`, sgfmdj umj df ljs

jduhtjs turéstghjs fiolfiàtghjs fm susfrfmtfs ijd`lgd`dfs, djmdf l`s dgstgm-

fspfhgfs ghtéhjl`s y sus ìogfmtfs, l`û`m fm umj df ljs sgtgjs iàs dfst`h`-s ` mgvfl iumdg`l p`r` l` pràhtgh` df l`gvgd`d.

fstf i`rhj sf rfhjmjhf ` l` pfsh` df-rtgv` hjij efmfr`djr` df um ijvg-fmtj fhjmøighj dgvfrsgagh`dj y df er`m

`tr`htgvj hjifrhg`l quf a`vjrfhf df i`-mfr` dgrfht`, t`mtj ` prfst`djrfs df sfr-vghgjs turéstghjs; eué`s, pfrigsjs, `ljk`-igfmtj y e`strjmjié`, hjij gmdgrfht`-ifmtf ` l` hjiumgd`d fm efmfr`l fm flhjmsuij df hjioustgolf, gmsuijs dfpfsh`, pfrigsjs y jtrjs ruorjs hjifrhg`-lfs.L` prjvgmhg` p`tèømgh` pjsff um` er`mv`rgfd`d df àiogtjs quf pfrigtfm l`pràhtgh` df l` pfsh` dfpjrtgv` fm tjd`ssus ijd`lgd`dfs; spgmmgme, trjllgme j alyh`stgme. Fm efmfr`l l`s fspfhgfs quf`tr`fm y sfduhfm ` ljs pfsh`djrfs sjml`s fxøtgh`s hjij l` truhb` `rhj grgs, i`-rrøm, truhb` df `rrjyj j ajmtgm`lgs y s`l-iøm fmhfrr`dj. Igfmtr`s quf fmtrf l`sfspfhgfs ùtøhtjm`s sjm oush`d`s fl pf- kfrrfy p`tèømghj y l` pfrh`.

H`pgt`l M`hgjm`l df l` Truhb`Kumém df ljs @mdfs fs um hfmtrj turéstghjflfegdj bògtu`lifmtf pjr ljs ì`mtfs dflpgquf y qugfmfs oush`m rfmjv`r fl fspérg-tu. Xgfmdj l` hgud`d iàs `mtgeu` df l`prjvgmhg`, fstà pràhtghìfmtf rjdf`d` pjrfl réj Hbgifbuém, fm huy` hjst`mfr` fspjsgolf dgsarut`r df um fmtrftfmgdj pghmghljs dé`s iàs sjlf`djs.

Hjm um` gipjrt`mtf prfsfmhg` i`fmtrf sus tgfrr`s, jarfhf hgrhugtjshjmjhfr sus hjstuiorfs y `dqueum`s df l`s i`r`vglljs`s `rtfquf rf`lgz`m fm i`dfr`, l`m`s y lfs. Xgtu`d` ` pjhjs cgløiftrjs dfGmtfrm`hgjm`l Trjifm quf v` ` pjsff fmtrf sus fmh`mtjs muifs`mtu`rgjs y iusfjs.

^`r` fipfz`r, fm fl Hfrrj L` Hruhjmtr`rà fl p`rquf fshultørghj Qé`tg quf llì` `l sglfmhgj y l` rfalfxX`mtu`rgj Mufstr` Xfðjr` df l`s y Of`t` Lùr` Qghuð`, sf sgtû` sjo`sf df um `mtgeuj tfiplj mfjehuyj fstglj rfv`ljrgz` ` l`s hjiumjrgegm`rg`s. W um pjhj iàs `lfk`djFl X`mtu`rgj Hfafrgmj Mìumhuràp`r`kf X`m Gem`hgj, ` umjs 1> ctrjs df l` hgud`d y ` l` vfr` df

4>.

L`s `htgvgd`dfs `l `grf lgorf hjmfm dgrfhhgøm `l ^`rquf M`hgjm`l djmdf fmhjmtr`r àrf`s df `hìpdf djmdf hjmtfipl`r fl fmh`mt`dhàm L`mgm, df umjs 8551 iftrjs tur` quf dfsàé` -iàs hfrh` df `ðj- ` rf`lgz`r um` gmjlvgdòlf tr`lûfrtj H`mj`, b`y bjstfré`s, hò

hìpgme jre`mgz`djs.

L` pfsh` fstà fmtrf sus er`mdfs `tr`htgvjs




Ifmdjz` um` hgud`d hjm fmh`mtjIfmdjz` fs um` df l`s ?2 hgud`dfs h`mdgd`t`s ` l` ifmhgøm "5 Hgud`dfs I`r`-vglljs`s" quf jre`mgz` l` aumd`hgøm sugz` Mfw 5 Ujmdfrs. Xf tr`t` df l` hu`rtùrof iàs er`mdf df l` @refmtgm`, umj df l`s prgmhgp`lfs sfdfs df l` tr`dghgjm`l

_ut` dfl Qgmj.

B`st` fl prøxgij 5 df kulgj df ?turgst`s df tjdj fl iumdj tfmdrjpjrtumgd`d df vjt`r pjr su hg

a`vjrgt` fm fl pjrt`l df l` aumd`sugz` Mfw 5 Ujmdfrs, huy` hjitfmhg` oush` rfhjmjhfr l`s sgftfd`dfs hjm ljs ifkjrfs ljerjs y r`hgjmfs df l` `htu`lgd`d. ^jr hdfr`rsf um` urof fifrefmtf, mdjs` y df ìplg` v`rgfd`d fm prjtjs y sfrvghgjs, Ifmdjz` sf dfsfmtrf l`s ?2 h`mdgd`t`s, ` l` `df Pugtj, Duo`g j ^rè`.

W fs quf l` h`pgt`l df l` prjvgmhgy`m`, uogh`d` `l pgf df l` Hjrddf ljs @mdfs, fs fl hu`rtj hjmeljr`dj fm gipjrt`mhg` df tjdj fl tjrgj m`hgjm`l, dftràs df Oufmjrfs, Hørdjo` y _js`rgj. Vm` iftrdf r`éhfs hjljmg`lfs quf hjmkue`dfrmgd`d f bgstjrg` fm pl`z`s, iu

y fdgaghgjs.

Ifmdjz` fs hjmsgdfr`d` "l` tgfrr` dflufm sjl y fl oufm vgmj", fm hl`r` `lu-øm ` l` er`m prjduhhgøm vgtgvgméhjl` quf`r`htfrgz` ` tjdj fl tfrrgtjrgj prjvgmhg`l`l fxhflfmtf hlgi` quf l` h`r`htfrgz`

jdj fl `ðj, hjm tfipfr`tur`s ifdg`s,

sh`s`s lluvg`s y iuy pjhjs dé`s dffmtj. Vm` hgud`d quf hufmt`, `dfiàs,jm tjdjs ljs sfrvghgjs df l`s er`mdfsrofs y um` ìplg` jafrt` e`strjmøigh`,fhrf`tgv`, hjifrhg`l y hultur`l.

um` df ljs ifkjrfs vgmjs "I`lofh" df` @refmtgm`, l` hgud`d sfduhf ` iglfs dfsgt`mtfs df tjdj fl iumdj pjr sfr fljrt`l df `hhfsj `l hfrrj @hjmhèu` fl

fmjigm`dj "Tfhbj df @içrgh`"3 muif-jsjs hfmtrjs tfri`lfs ` l` vfr` df l`

Hjrdgllfr`3 fl hfmtrj df fsqué L`s Lfð`s,fmtrf ljs iàs lukjsjs dfl p`és3 y ljs réjsIfmdjz` y Tumuyàm, fl prgifrj df flljs`prfhg`dj pjr sus fxhflfmtfs hjmdghgj-mfs p`r` ràtgme.

Fl rfhufrdj df l` efst` lgofrt`djr` fm-hòfz`d` dfsdf `llé pjr fl efmfr`l Kjsçdf X`m I`rtém, lédfr dfl Hruhf df ljs @m-dfs, fs um` df l`s tfiàtgh`s quf iàs`tr`f `l turgsij. Fm dgvfrsjs pumtjs dfl` urof, fl vg`kfrj fmhufmtr` sgtgjs hl`vfquf rfifijr`m l` bgstjrg` m`hgjm`l yhjmtgmfmt`l hjij fl Hfrrj df l` Eljrg`, flp`sfj @lìfd` y um p`rquf quf llfv` flmjiorf df fstf prøhfr `refmtgmj, tì-

ogçm llì`dj "^`drf df l` ^`trg`".

^`r` llfe`r pjr tgfrr`, l`s riàs gipjrt`mtfs sjm l`s M`hgjlfs 4> y 5, quf hjmfht`m ` Ifm

z` hjm tjd`s l`s prjvgmhg`s `retgm`s y tìogçm hjm fl vfhgmj df Hbglf.

^`r` llfe`r; Fm `vgøm, fl prgmhgp`hfsj ` l` hgud`d df Ifmdjz` @frjpufrtj Gmtfrm`hgjm`l Ar`mEòrgfllg (Fl ^luifrgllj), ` 5 cglø

trjs dfl h`shj uro`mj, djmdf jp @frjlémf`s @refmtgm`s, L`m y @uhjm dfstgmj ` Oufmjs @grfs3 Xjmf`s @çrf`s, ` Hørdjo` y _js`rL`m @grlgmfs, ` X`mtgèj df Hbglf.




Mfp`l

http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/nepal/HISTORY.html






Q`llf df C`ti`mdu




Mfp`l um er`m v`llf hjij p`ésm l`s a`ld`s dfl Bgi`l`y mjs fm-hjmtrìjs hjm um p`és mj sjljrjdf`dj df ijmt`ð`s lj fs tì-

ogçm pjr er`mdfs m`hgjmfs hjijsjm Hbgm` j Gmdg`. Téoft Obut`m jlue`rfs ifmjs hjmjhgdjs hjijIumst`me. Vm p`és quf pjr i`s df06>> `ðjs b` sgdj rfgmj y djmdf flv`llf df C`ti`mdu b` sgdj su hfmtrjpjlétghj, hultur`l y fhjmøighj. Hjmum hlgi` trjpgh`l suotrjpgh`l fm suarjmtfr` hjm Gmdg` fm l` zjm` quf

lgigt` `l mjrtf df l` rfegøm df l`s hj-

lgm`s fm fl lgigtf sfptfmtrgjm`l dflréj E`mefs.

@umquf l` pjlgeìg` fstà prjbgogd`

fm zjm`s dfl mjrtf sf pr`htgh` l` pj-lg`mdrg`. Fl Mfp`lçs fs bòl`dj pjrl` igt`d df l` pjol`hgøm y fm hu`mtj` l` rflgegøm fl 2>% pr`htgh` fl bgm-dugsij. Vltgiìfmtf fl Oudgsij,fstà e`m`mdj `dfptjs dfspuçs df l`gmv`sgøm Hbgm` dfl Téoft, sjorf tjdjpjr ljs rfaueg`djs Tgoft`mjs.

L` ijrt`lgd`d gma`mtgl fstà fm fl ?6%

um` t`s` flfv`d`, l` prgmhgp`l hùs`

fs l` dfsmutrghgøm. Xg ` fllj `ð`dgijsquf sjlj b`y trfs içdghjs pjr h`d`0>>.>>> bògt`mtfs fm C`ti`mdu.

Fm l`s zjm`s rur`lfs fs df 0 pjr h`d`0>>.>>>.

Xu e`strjmjié` fs iuy p`rfhgd` ` l`hjhgm` Gmdg`, fl `lgifmtj oàsghj fs f`rrjz, `l geu`l quf fm l` Gmdg` l`sh`rmfs quf i`s sf hjmsuifm fs l`df hfrdj, hòr`, pjllj, oûa`lj y y`c,mumh` l` df v`h` pufs fst` hjmsgdf-r`d` mgi`l sèr`dj.

F




fp`l fstà sgtu`dj fm fl surdf @sg` fmtrf Hbgm` f Gmdg`.Fm l` hjrdgllfr` dfl Bgi`l`y`

quf sf gmhluyf fl ijmtfFvfrfst fl i`s `ltj dfl iumdj hjm sus2.242 its df `ltur`. Djmdf ljs Xbfr-p`s sf ofmfaghg`m dfl turgsij pjr ljsquf llfe`m `l p`és p`r` l` pr`htgh` dflijmt`ðgsij y` quf flljs sjm dufðjsdf er`m p`rtf df bjtflfs, ajmd`s y dfltr`mspjrtf df l` zjm`.

Fm l` `htu`lgd`d fs um p`és hjm um`dfijhr`hg` rfprfsfmt`tgv`, y` quf fm?>>5 fl rfy Ey`mfmdr` auf jolge`dj `

òdgh`r y ljs rfofldfs I`jést`s e`m`-rjm l`s flfhhgjmfs. L`s zjm`s i`s vgsg-t`d`s y ajifmt`d`s p`r` fl turgsij`dfi`s dfl `lpgmgsij, sf fmhufmtr`mfm fl v`llf df C`ti`mdu, lue`rfs hj-ij l` prjpg` h`pgt`l, ^`t`m y Ob`ct`-pur. Fst`s hgud`dfs `mtgeuìfmtffr`m fst`djs gmdfpfmdgfmtfs.

Fm l`s trfs hgud`dfs pjdfijs fmhjtr`r p`l`hgjs `djrm`djs, pèjd`s stup`s ijmuifmt`lfs quf sjm tfst

ijmgj df l` efmg`lgd`d `rtéstgh` df lj`rtfs`mjs Mfw`r, ljs prgifrjs bòt`mtfs dfl v`llf, huy`s bòglgd`dfs aurjm dfafmdgdjs pjr ljs rfyfs I`ll`.v`llf fstà dfhl`r`dj p`trgijmgj df bui`mgd`d pjr l` VMFXHJ. ^jr ljhgfmtjs df ijmuifmtjs, fshultur`s,tfipljs df um` `rqugtfhtur` fxtr`jdgm`rg`.

M

Mfp`l fs umj df ljs ifkjrfs

fshfm`rgjs p`r` fl turgsij

df dfpjrtf fxtrfij y `vfm-

tur` hjij ijmt`ðgsij, pgr`-

eügsij, p`r`pfmtf, oghghlft`

df ijmt`ð`, c`y`c, ràtgme,

pufmtgme, `ltgtud, i`r`tøm

fth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Newar






C`ti`mdu




Ljs X``-dbu j `shft`s quf

tfmgdj um` er`m `digr`hgøm

mufstr` hultur` jhhgdfmt`l,

vfm iuhbjs fm l` zjm` tur

df C`ti`mdu, pfrj fstjs mj

vfrd`dfrjs X``-dbu sjlj sf

tfm p`r` s`h`r fl dgmfrj `l

rgst`.

C`ti`mdu fs l` h`pgt`l dfl Mfp`l, y l` pufr-t` df fmtr d` pjr vé` `çrf` `l p`és djmdffs mfhfs`rgj tfmfr fl p`s`pjrtf hjm um`v`lgdfz iémgi` df 1 ifsfs. Qgs`dj quf sfpufdf jotfmfr fm hu`lqugfr p`és df jrg-efm, Tìogçm fs pjsgolf trìgt`r um vgs`-dj ` l` llfe`d`, pjr um prfhgj df 8> $ j su

fqugv`lfmtf fm furjs, sf dfof llfv`r umàjtjeràé`, fstf vgs`dj fs p`r` um ifs,jtr` jphgøm fs sjlghgt`r umj er`tgs quf dùm` fst`mhg` df 8 dé`s iàxgij, ljs trìg-tfs sjm, rfllfm`r um giprfsj fm fl igsij`frjpufrtj kumtj ` um` ajtjeràé`, quf sgmj sf llfv`, fxgstf um` hògm` p`r` ajtjsfm fl igsij lue`r.

Vm` vfz p`s`dj ljs trìgtfs df gmig-er`hgøm, p`r` o`k`r `l hfmtrj df l` hgu-d`d djmdf l` dgst`mhg` dfsdf fl `frj-pufrtj fs df 0> ` 06 igmutjs sf puf-df gr fm ùtjoûs pjr um`s 4> rupg`s jt`xg pjr ?>> rupg`s, prfhgj iàxgij.Dfsdf fl `frjpufrtj sf vf ` ljs pgfsfl v`llf hjmtìgm`dj. C`ti`mdu, sf

fmhufmtr` fm um v`llf

y dfogdj ` lèr`m h`mtgd`d df ijtjs y hjhbfs sfb`hf um` hgud`d grrfspgròlf, ` fsj lfumgijs l` er`m pjorfz` quf sf vf fmh`d` fsqugm` b`hf quf fl vgsgt`mtftjif um` prgifr` giprfsgøm df l`

hgud`d pjhj rfhjifmdòlf.




s um` df l`s trfs pl`z`s quf llfv`fl mjiorf df Duro` quf sf fm-hufmtr` fm fl v`llf df C`ti`mdu.

s ^`trgijmgj df l` Bui`mgd`d

jr l` VMFXHJ. Fl sgemgagh`dj df sujiorf fs lue`r df p`l`hgjs.

f fmhufmtr` fm l` hgud`d `mtgeu`m fll` mjs fmhjmtrìjs hjm fdgag-gjs quf sjm rfprfsfmt`hgøm dfu`trj rfgmjs, fl hjiplfkj df fdgag-gjs sjm df um` ofllfz` `rtéstgh`

xqugsgt`.

Fl prgifrj auf hjmstrugdj pjr l` dgm`s-té` Lghhb`vg. I`s t`rdf l` dgm`sté` I`l-l` quf ejofrmø fm fl sgelj GR fafhtuømufv`s hjmstruhhgjmfs y rfajrij l`s

`mtfrgjrfs. L` dgm`sté` _`m` tìogçmdfkø um sfllj iuy i`rh`dj. Fs umhjiplfkj quf hufmt` hjm `lrfdfdjr df6> tfipljs fmtrf ljs quf sf fmhufmtr`fl Cui`rg Eb`r y fl dfdgh`dj ` Xbgv`-^`rv`tg.

Tìogçm sf fmhufmtr` fl p`l`hgj rf`lquf auf l` rfsgdfmhg` rf`l b`st` fl sgelj

RGR.

L` pl`z` b` sgdj y fs fl puliøm df l`d`d fm fll` sf rf`lgzò`m gipjrt`mhfrfijmg`s, hjij l`s hjrjm`hgjmfs lfs.

Fs fl lue`r i`s hjmhurrgdj df C`ti`djmdf tjdj turgst` llfe` p`r` hjmjhffspfht`hul`rfs tfipljs, y hjij fs løfm hu`lqugfr lue`r turéstghj dfl iufm fl fmhjmtr`rfijs lj i`s “rfprfsftgvj’ df qugfmfs sf dfdgh`m `l turgsdfsdf `shft`s, quf sjlj sf vgstfm y pp`r` fl turgst`, y qugfmfs gmtfmt`m vf

tjdj tgpj df rfhufrdjs.

Fst` fmjrif pl`z` hjmtfipl` v`rgjs fdgaghgjs mjtòlfs, df fmtrf ljs quf dfst`h` fl

`mtgeuj ^`l`hgj _f`l. Xf tr`t` dfl p`l`hgj iàs `mtgeuj df l` bui`mgd`d hjmstrugdj

hjm l` i`dfr` df um sjlj àrojl y quf auf fm tgfipjs p`s`djs pumtj df rfumgøm

p`r` èrghultjrfs y e`m`dfrjs quf vfmé`m ` vfmdfr sus prjduhtjs fm l` hgud`d. Fm

l` `htu`lgd`d fs fl lue`r i`s turéstghj

^l`z` Duro`r




Xg fm Gmd` Hbjwm pjdfijs hjipr r rjp`, z`p`tjs j arut s y vfrdur`s, fm fst pl`z`, pjdfijsfmhjmtr r tjdjs ljs rfe`ljs fm orjmhf y i`dfr` df Oud`, dgjsfs bgmdûfs y ageur s df `mgi`lfs. Mp`l fs fl vfrd`dfrj p`r`ésj df fstf tgpj df rfe`ljs. @mtgeuìfmtf umj df ljs rfe`ljs quf i`s oushò` fl turgst` fr`m ljs tépghjs huhbglljs Eurcb`, pufs fm ljs sftfmt` hu`mdj hjifmzø ` llfe`r fl

turgst` ` fstf p`és auf umj df ljs rfhufrdjs quf i`s lf llìò` l` `tfmhgøm y hl`rj vgfmdj fl gmtfrquf hùsò` fmtrf ljs turgst s pufs sf dfdgh`rjm ` aòrgh`r fsjs huhbglljs dghgfmdj quf fr`m ’ùtçmtghjs’. Fstf huhbgllj sf usò` hjij `ri` y hjij bfrrìgfmt` y ajri` p`rtf dfl `rsfm`l df `r-

i`s df ljs eufrrfrjs Eurcb`.

m l` `htu`lgd`d y` mj sf vfmdfm `mtgeüfd`dfs hjijpufdf p`rfhfr, tjdj fs um hjifrhgj df ljs rfhufrdjsdjmdf fm Mfp`l, sjorf tjdj fm l`s hgud`dfs df ^`-

t`m y Ob`ct`pur, fxgstfm pfqufð`s aòrgh`s y `rtfs`mjsquf fafhtû`m tjd`s fs`s gigt`hgjmfs y mj sjlj sf vfm-

dfm fm fstf p`és, sg mj quf sf pufdfm vfr fm Qgftmì,

Tb`gl`mdg`, j Gmdg`. Ljs Mfw`rgs quf sjm l` pjol`hgøjrgegm`l dfl v`llf fs aìjsj pjr sus bòglgd`dfs y b`hfiuy oufm`s gigt`hgjmfs. Fs um` vfrd`dfr` gmdustrg` quf sf b` ijmt`dj fm tjrmj ` Oud` fm orjmhf y i`dr` y l`s ageur`s df ljs dgjsfs bgmdûfs fm tjd` fst` p`r

dfl hjmtgmfmtf @sgàtghj

^l`z` O`s`mt`pur

F



J.Dfstgmjs /mjvgfiorf df ?>08 Fm l` pl`z` Duro`r sf fmhtr` fl Tfiplj T`lfku. Vmj dtfipljs iàs `mtgeujs dpl`z`. Xf tr`t` df um tfihjm trfs tfk`djs hjm um` hjm ajri` pgrìgd`l. Fsfkfiplj df l` `rqugtfhtur`

h` mfw`rg. Fs um tfiplj aìjsj fmtrf ljs bgmdûfs ydgst`s. Xf dghf quf fstf i`j tfiplj bgmdû, auf hjmstrfm ajri` df y`mtr` (rfprft`hgøm efjiçtrgh` hjipquf rfalfk` l`s fmfreé`shjsijs y dfl hufrpj) hj`sfsjrìgfmtj df l` dgjs`

ku, l` hu`l `p`rfhgø arfmtf `fm ajri` df òfk`.

X`mtu`rgj @sbjc Ogm`y`ctr`t` dfl s`mtu`rgj dfl dgjsmfsb`. L` gièfm df pgfdrfstf dgjs sf fmhufmtr` dfdf um` rçplgh` djr`d` dfl à@sbjc quf um` vfz dgj sji

`l s`mtu`rgj y `l quf agm`lidgj su mjiorf.

Tfiplj Xbgv`. Auf hjmstrfm fl `ðj 017>. I`ku DfFstà dfdgh`dj ` Xbgv` yhjmstrugdj fm fl `ðj 017?l` i`drf df Obup`tgmdr` Idf Ob`ct`pur. Dfmtrj dfl plj b`y um lémeì df Xbgv`

Tfiplj I`bfmdrfsw`r. Ftfiplj sfmhgllj pfrj bfriauf hjmstrugdj pjr fl I`bfmdr` I`ll` y fstà dfdj `l dgjs bgmdû Xbgv` fajri` df ^`sbup`tg. Fl tfiauf dfstrugdj pjr um tfrrfifm fl `ðj 0784 y rfhjmstrpjstfrgjrifmtf.



J.Dfstgmjs /mjvgfiorf df ?>08 Tfiplj Xbgv`-^`rv`tg. Fstf lo`kj fdgaghgj dfl mjrtf df l``hjef ljs oflljs tfipljs dfy ^`rv`tg. Fs prjoòlf quf fhgj aufr` rfhjmstrugdj y sf dfr` quf l` pl`tàjri` quf tgfmf fs iàs `mtgeuj quf f

plj.

^`l`hgj Cui`rg. @qué sf fmhuCui`rg, j l` dgjs` vgvgfmtf,p`rtf sur df l` pl`z`. Tgfmf df ijm`stfrgj y auf hjmsb`hg` fl `ðj 0565 pjr K`yc`sb I`ll`. Fm su gmtfrgjr vgv kjvfm quf fs sflfhhgjm`d`

sfr l` dgjs` vgvgfmtf df l` hb`st` quf llfe` ` l` puofrt`hjmvgfrtf fm um` ijrt`l mjri

C`l Ob`gr`v`. Fstf tfiplj um` gièfm df pgfdr` df 8.trjs df C`l` Ob`gr`v` fshulpljs sgeljs Q y QG, y dfshuogfum hìpj df `rrjz fm fl sgepjr fl rfy ^r`t`p I`ll`. Xfquf l` efmtf ijré` sg dfhéìfmtgr` fmarfmtf df fst` fsr`. ^jr fllj, fstf tfiplj hjij Trgoum`l Xuprfij df dur`mtf iuhbj tgfipj.

Tfiplj Gmdr`pur. Fxgstf hjmtrjvfrsg` sjorf ` quf dgjdfdgh`dj fstf tfiplj. Dfmt

tfiplj b`y um lgmeì, `legmdgh` quf sf tr`t` df um tfdfdgh`dj ` Xbgv`, pfrj l` gidf E`rud` quf b`y fm fl l`gmdgh` quf fs um tfiplj dfd` Qgsbmu. Df hu`lqugfr ajri`yjré` jpgm` quf fl mjiotfiplj gmdgh` hl`rìfmtf qtà dfdgh`dj ` Gmdr`, fl rfy

dgjsfs.




g l` pl`z` Duro`r fs l` i`s rfhjifmdòlf pjr su fx-

tr`jrdgm`rgj p`trgijmgj `rqugtfhtømghj df tfipljs yp`l`hgjs. Mj pjdfijs dfk`r df rfhjifmd`r l` h`llfI`cb`m Tjlf quf dfsfiojh` fm l` mj ifmjs rfhjifmd`-

lf pl`z` df Gmdr` Hbjwc. Fst` h`llf quf `mtgeuìfmtf fr`jmjhgd` hjij l` h`llf df ljs bgppgfs, fs fm l` `htu`lgd`dl hfmtrj hjifrhg`l df C`ti`mdu kumtj ` l` pl`z`.

qué pjdfijs fmhjmtr`r dfsdf p`rèu`s ` prjduhtjs tfx-lfs y tjdj lj rfl`hgjm`dj hjm arut s, vfrdur`s, arutjs sf-

js, fth.g b`y um vfrd`dfrj mfejhgj fm Mfp`l fs fl df ljs rfhufr-js fm ^`tàm j Ob`ct`pur fxgstf um` vfrd`dfr` gmdustrg`fdgh`d` `l trò`kj df jokftjs p`r` fl turgsij. Fstj `pjrt`fst`s aìglg`s um` i`mfr` df jotfmfr oufmjs gmerfsjs,

stjs `dfi`s df vfmdfrljs fm Mfp`l, sf fxpjrt`m b`hg`mdg` y ljs p`ésfs lgiétrjafs. Tìogçm ljs hjifrhgjs iu-bjs df flljs sjm df Gmdgjs quf vgvfm fm C`ti`mdu y flfejhgj p`r` flljs fs gipjrt`r prjduhtjs df i`rrjqugmf-

é` df Gmdg` y fxpjrt`r Oud` b`hg` su p`és.

X




trj df ljs er`mdfs mfejhgjs fs fl df ^ùob`, quf fs

fl mjiorf fm Mfp`l pfrj fs hjmjhgdj hjm fl mjiorfdf Téoft T`mec`s, y` quf fm mgmeûm lue`r sjm ifkj-fs y hjm i`s v`lgdfz quf fm Mfp`l, mg fm Téoft, j Obut`mf jotgfmf mg ifkjr prfhgj mg ifkjr h`lgd`d.

g `lej llì` l` `tfmhgøm fs fl h`js fm sus h`llfs, ijtjs yijtjs, hjhbfs fm dfi`sé` fsj jh`sgjm` um` hjmtìgm`-gøm fxèfr`d`, C`ti`mdu fs um` hgud`d hjm um` `lt`jmtìgm`hgøm, sg ` fllj lf umgijs l` suhgfd`d fm sus h`-

fs, l` b`hf um` hgud`d gmbøspgt` p`r` l` vgd`.

` jafrt` bjtflfr` fs oufm` y `hjrdf l` h`lgd`d ` su prf-gj, fs um p`és quf sf pufdf vgsgt`r sgm fl ifmjr prjolf-

i` pjr lgorf, fs `dfi`s `htu`lifmtf fl p`r`ésj df ljsijhbglfrjs.

C`ti`mdu fs fl lue`r gdf`l p`r`, hjmtr`t`r vg`kf b`h

Téoft

Obut`m, j fl _fgmj df Iust`me, prjbgogdj b?.>>6 y `htu`lifmtf ògfrtj `l turgsij df trfccgme, afhb` df su `pfrtur` hjorò`m um vgs`dj df fmtr`d`5>>$. Vltgiìfmtf b`y jafrt`s df umjs ?>>>$, pjvg`kf tjdj trfccgme y durigfmdj fm tgfmd`s df hìp`Fs um p`és iuy gmtfrfs`mtf, y` quf mumh` sf b` ògfrtturgst` y sf pufdfm dfshuorgr um` ajri` df vgd` if

J




`ti`mdu tgfmf t`mt`s hjs`s i`r`vglljs`s quf jarf-hfr, quf fl turgst` kì`s s`lf dfshjmtfmtj. Fipf-z`mdj pjr l` h`llf df ljs bgppgfs, `mtgeu` h`llf quf

fm ljs `ðjs sftfmt` sf bgzj aìjs` dfogdj ` quf fs-tò` llfm` df aui`dfrjs df B`hbés. Vogh`djs fm sjt`mjs hf-rr`djs, hjm um` dfhjr`hgøm sgigl`r ` puo hjm hjkgmfs y hjrtg-m`s df hjljrfs dgstrgougdjs fm pfqufðjs rfsfrv`djs, hjm ums`løm fm l` fmtr`d` y um` o`rr` `l arfmtf.

_fhufrdj quf if prfeumt`rjm sg qufré` aui`r y lfs dgkf mj,hjm fl buij y` if sjor`. Fl ìogfmtf fstò` h`re`dgsgij,fr` fl p`r`ésj df ljs bgppgfs, pufs pjdé`m aui`r sgm mgmeûmigfdj. Iuhbjs fr`m df er`mdfs ajrtum`s df @içrgh` y Furj-

p`

y sf qufdò`m tfipjr`d`s l`re`s fm fstf lue`r.

Tìogçm arfhufmtò`m fl v`llf df H`hbfigr` djmdf m`hf flE`mefs, `llé ijmtò`m tgfmd`s df hìp`ð`s y sf qufdò`mpjr l`rej tgfipj, b`st` quf llfeò` fl aréj. @ p`rtgr dfl `ðj0758 sf prjbgogø fl hjmsuij y l` tfmfmhg` df b hbés quffstà h`stge`dj hjm l`re`s pfm`s df prgsgøm. Fm l` `htu`lgd`dfm fst` h`llf mj fxgstfm ljs aui`dfrjs, y fm su lue`r sf fm-hufmtr`m l`s tgfmd`s df rfhufrdjs quf hjiplft`m l` h`llf fm

tjd` su fxtfmsgøm. ^frj sg hjmtgmu` hjm l` igsi` ofllfzùm` hgud`d iàegh`.

Dur`mtf ljs `ðjs df dur`hgøm df l` eufrr` y pjseufrr`

auf dfsdf 0771 ` ?>>2 fl hjmtrjl `mtgdrje` sf rfl`kj,mufvj fm ljs ûltgijs `ðjs sf vuflvf ` rftji`r.

Mfp`l fs fxpjrt`djr mftj df b`hbés f gipjrt`djr dfl rfD`dj fl rfl`kìgfmtj df fstjs ûltgijs `ðjs, b` bògdj ihbj tràghj sjorf tjdj fm l` arjmtfr` hjm Gmdg`, djmdf iìfmtf fstàm `prfs`mdj ` iuhbésgijs tràgh`mtfs, sjtjdj iukfrfs, hjm pjhj pjdfr fhjmøighj quf b`m fmhjmdj um` ajri` df jotfmfr gmerfsj, fl bfhbj df quf sf`m i kfrfs fs dfogdj ` quf sf lfs sjlé` hjmtrjl`r ifmjs.

C

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_nepalesa

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_nepalesa




m l` `htu`lgd`d fm tjdj Mfp`l pufdfm hjmt`rsf umjs 8.>>>fipljs Tgoft`mjs, tjdj fllj dfogdj ` quf ljs Tgoft`mjs tgf-fm fm Mfp`l fl hfmtrj df su rflgegøm, dfspuçs df l` fxpul-

gøm df Téoft pjr p`rtf df Hbgm`. Fl Oudgsij mj fs iuy sf-ugdj pjr ljs mfw`rg dfl v`llf df C`ti`mdu.

us sfeugdjrfs sjm um` ifzhl` df l` t`rdé` ajri` i`b`y`m`mdg` y dfl bgmdugsij, flljs sjm l` ûmgh` sjhgfd`d oudgst`uf i`mtgfmf dgstgmhgjmfs df h`st`s dfmtrj df ljs ijm`stf-js. Dfsdf fl sgelj dgfhgsçgs, ljs ijmkfs tgfmfm pfrigsj df`s`rsf y b`y um` h`st` bfrfdgt`rg` fmtrf flljs df hugd`djrfsf tfipljs y df lédfrfs df rgtu`lfs. Ljs quf rf`lgz`m fst`s

umhgjmfs dfofm prjvfmgr df dghb`s h`st`s.

C`ti`mdu, mj sjlj fs um lue`r djmdf p

dfijs dgsarut`r df tfipljs fxtr`jrdgm

rgjs. Fst` hgud`d hufmt` hjm um` vgd` mj

turm` djmdf sf pufdf dgsarut`r df oufiûsgh`, hjmhgfrtjs, fspfhtàhuljs df d`

z`s, s`l`s df hgmf y sjorf tjdj h`sgmj

Hufmt` hjm um er`m mûifrj df flljs y s

iuhbjs ljs bjtflfs quf tgfmfm s`l s

dgshjtfh` y h`sgmj.




m l` pufrt` dfl ^`l`hgj _f`l,djmdf vgvgfrjm ljs rfyfs, fmplfm` pl`z` Duro`r, sf vf

m` fst`tu` t`p`d` hjm tr`pjsèr`djs y pgmt`d` hjm pjlvjsf hjljrfs, quf fs lgipg`d` yugd`d pjr um s`hfrdjtf quf hjmm` er`m dfvjhgøm hugd` y lgi-g` ` dg`rgj, sjm dfvjtjs quf ljgfmfm fafhtu`mdj dfsdf 015?,uf auf hjmsèr`d` sjorf fl pf-fst`l df pgfdr` quf lj sjstgfmf.

`kj fl gmfshrutòlf `tufmdj sfmhufmtr` B`mui`m, fl dgjs

ijmj, quf prjtfef l` fmtr`d`jmtr` tjdj i`l.

B`mui`m, fs um` pfrsjmgagh`-gøm dfvjt` quf jarfhf `lferf-

ifmtf su vgd` `l sfrvghgj df _`-

i`. B`mui`m fs bgkj dfl Dgjsfdghj dfl vgfmtj df mjiorfQ`y`’, quf fs df qugfm bfrfd`` aufrz` df ljs bur`h`mfs y l``p`hgd`d df vjl`r. ^jsff `df-

i`s l` h`p`hgd`d df iftìjraj-f`rsf fm lj quf qugfr`.

B`mui`m

fl Dgjs

Ijmj

F




ufmt` fl lgorj sèr`dj bgmdû dfl _ì`y`m` quf tr`s su dgvgmjm`hgigfmtj, B`mui`m sf vjlvgø iàs aufrtf y iàs sògj ` if-dgd` quf p`sò`m ljs `ðjs, dfstruyfmdj ` dfijmgjs ljh`lfs,

i`t`mdj flfa`mtfs sjlgt`rgjs f gmhlusj vjl`mdj b`st` hjefr `l sjlm`hgfmtf, `l quf hjmaumdgø hjm um` i`mz`m`. Vm dé`, hu`mdj B`-mui`m y su ìj, fl rfy ijmj fm fl fxglgj Xuergv`, sf fshjmdé`m fmum` sflv`, sf fmhjmtr`rjm hjm _ì` y su bfri`mj L`csbi`m`. _`-i` lf hjmtø l` bgstjrg` dfl r`ptj df su fspjs`, Xgt`, pjr p`rtf dfldfijmgj _`y`m`, y çl sf fmhjmtrò` fm l` oûsqufd` dfl lue`r `lquf fl dfijmgj l` bòé` llfv`dj. ^rjaumdìfmtf hjmijvgdj, B`-mui`m sf dgj hufmt` df quf su dfstgmj fr` jarfhfr sus sfrvghgjs `

_ì`, y rfumgø um fkçrhgtj p`r` fllj.

^frj fl fkfrhgtj df ijmjs ar`h`sø fm su gmtfmtj df rfsh`t`r ` Xgt`.Fmtjmhfs B`mui`m dfshuorgø djmdf l` tfmé`m hùtgv`. @djptø làjri` df um ijmj hjrrgfmtf p`r` fsh`p`r ` lfegjmfs df pjdfrjsjsdfijmgjs y pjdfr fmtr`r fm fl i`kfstujsj p`l`hgj df _`y`m`.

B`mui`m fmhjmtrø ` Xgt` sfmt`d` fm um k`rdém, dfshjmsjl`d`, rj-df`d` df dgòlfs`s. X`lgø df su fshjmdgtf p`r` hjmsjl`rl`. @l vfr `

um ijmj quf bòlò`, fll` sf dfsi`yø, pfrj sf rfbgzj l vfr fl mg-llj df _ì` quf B`mui`m lf bòé` tr`édj. Çl lf hjmtø su bgstjrg` ylf kurø quf _ì` fstò` dfsv`lgdj sgm fll`.

Fl ijmj jarfhgø ` Xgt` l` jpjrtumgd`d df fsh`p`r vjl`mdj sjorf sufsp`ld`, pfrj Xgt` sf mfeø, pjr rfspftj ` su fspjsj, huyj bjmjr pj-dré` fip`ð`rsf sg fr` rfsh`t`d` pjr jtrj quf mj aufr` fl.^`r` prf-p`r`r fl hìgmj ` l` o`t`ll` quf sf `vfhgmò`, B`mui`m sf ijaødfl rfy dfijmgj, dfstruyfmdj ljs iurjs df l` hgud`d y `mgqugl`mdj

` iglfs df dfijmgjs eu`rdg`mfs.

Fm vfme`mz`, fl rfy prfmdgø aufej `l ròj df B`mui`m. Hrfhgfmdjb`st` `dqugrgr um tì`ðj fmjrif, fl ijmj hjrrgø pjr tjd` l` hgu-d`d hjm fl ròj `rdgfmdj, gmhfmdg`mdj ljs fdgaghgjs, `mtfs df vjlvfr kumtj ` _ì` hjm fl ifms`kf df su fspjs`, Xgt`. B`mui`m y flfkçrhgtj df ijmjs dfstruyfrjm L`mc` y ` su rfy dfijmgj, y Xgt` sfrfumgø hjm su ì`dj.

Hu`mdj fl eurû _ì`m`md` tr`kj fl dfhgjm`lgsij (ob`ctg) dfsdf fl sur df Gmd`l mjrtf fm fl sgelj RGQ, B`mui`m sf hjvgrtgø fm um` df sus prgmhgp`lfs dfgd`dLjs sfeugdjrfs df _ì`m`md` `djr`m_ì` hjij l` dfgd`d suprfi`, y bjmr`B`mui`m hjij fl i`yjr dfvjtj df _ìDfogdj ` su h`p`hgd`d p`r` tr`msajri`r

B`mui`m tìogçm fs rfvfrfmhg`dj pjrijvgigfmtj ob`ctg hjij um pjdfrjièj y sgddb` (pjsffdjr df pjdfrfs jhtjs).

H

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti




Xfeûm l` rflgegøm bgmdû, l` Dgjs` Cui`rg fs um` df l`s fm-h`rm`hgjmfs df l` Dgjs` ^`rv`tg fspjs` df Xbgv` umj dfljs sfsfmt` y djs mjiorfs quf rfhgof ^`rv`tg, um` dfsus lfyfmd` dghf quf Xbgv` dfoé` h`s`rsf hjm Cui`rg, pf-

rj fll` bgzj pfmgtfmhg` fm C`my`cui`rg y` quf mj pjdé`h`s`rsf hjm fl, pufs dfoé` df pfri`mfhfr vgrefm, p`r`s`lv`r `l iumdj. Hjij `sé suhfdgø.

Fm Mfp`l sf sgeuf um` tr`dghgøm djmdf um` mgð` fs sflfh-hgjm`d` fmtrf ljs hu`trj y sgftf `ðjs df fd`d hjij l`dgjs` vgvgfmtf Cui`rg. Fst` tr`dghgøm quf sf hrff vgfmf dflsgelj RQGGG, y sfeûm hufmt` um` lfyfmd` mj fs prfhgsìfm-tf um` ojmgt` bgstjrg`; Hufmt`m quf fl rfy K`y` ^r`c`sb,

df l` dgm`sté I`ll`, bòré` i`mtfmgdj rfl`hgjmfs sfxu lfshjm um` mgð` y quf lf qugtj l` vgd`. Fm pfmgtfmhg , fl sjof-r`mj dfhgdgø `djr`r ` um` pfqufð`, quf ` p`rtgr df fm-tjmhfs sf flfeé` pfrgødghìfmtf fmtrf l`s aìglg`s df l`h`st` mfw`rg. Dfof sfr um` mgð` quf mj b`y` s`mer`djmumh`, y fs pjr fs` sgtu`hgøm quf sf fshjef ` um` mgð`df fmtrf hu`trj y sgftf `ðjs y quf sf i`mtgfmf fm fl trj-mj b`st` quf lf llfe` l` prgifr` ifmstru`hgøm, `dfi`s dfjtrjs rfqugsgtjs fmtrf ljs quf sf igr` quf su h`rt` `str`l

sf` a`vjròlf.

Fs sjrprfmdfmtf quf um hrgifm hjij fl quf hjiftgø fsfijm`rh`, sge` fm vgejr dur`mtf sgeljs, y` quf mj sjlj mjpèø pjr fl, sg mj quf hjij pfmgtfmhg` hrf` um` tr`dghgømdjmdf um` pfqufð` fs `djr`d` hjij Dgjs` y ùmquf sfpufd` pfms`r quf fs um er`m bjmjr p`r` fs` mgð` flfeg-d`, fs `lej iuy `lfk`dj df l` rf`lgd`d. W` quf dur`mtf su“rfgm`dj’ dfof pfri`mfhfr rfhlugd` y sølj sf iufstr` `l

pufolj um` vfz `l `ðj, fm sfptgfiorf, hjm ijtgvj dfl afs-tgv`l df Gmdr`, dgjs df l` lluvg` y df ljs hgfljs sfeûm l`tr`dghgøm bgmdû, fsf dé`, iglfs df pfrsjm`s sf jre`mgz`mfm um` prjhfsgøm p`r` rfmdgrlf trgoutj fm umjs afstfkjsquf dur`m v`rgjs dé`s.

Fl rfstj dfl `ðj, sølj sf l` pufdf vfr hu`mdj jh`sgjm`l-ifmtf sf `sji` `l o`lhøm df su h`s` fm l` pl`z` Duro`rfm C`tbi`mdu.

Mgð` Dgjs` Cui`rg




^`tgj gmtfrgjr h`s`

Dgjs` Mgð` Cui`rg

C`ti`mdu




Tjdj hjigfmz` hjm su pfrgjdj df sflfhhgøm djmdf dfof pjsffr l`s “8? pfrafhhgjmfs’ Mgð` Dgjs` Cui`rmtrf fs`s 8? pfrafhhgjmfs `leum`s df

fll`s tgfmfm quf vfr hjm l` vfmfr`hgømbgmdû b`hg` ljs `mgi`lfs, dfof tfmfrum hufllj hjij um` hjmhb` df h`r`hjl,

pjsffr um` vjz su`vf y hl`r` hjij um p`-tj, tfmfr l`s pfst`ð`s df um` v`h`. Fm sushu`lgd`dfs aésgh`s dfof tfmfr um` dfmt`-dur` pfrafht` f gmt`ht`, mj bòfr p`dfhg-dj fmafrifd`dfs, tfmfr fl pflj y ljs jkjsiuy mferj.

W hjij fs l` rffmh`rm`hgøm df l` dgjs`Dure` dfof sfr v`lgfmtf, `sé quf hjijûltgi` prufo` dfof sjpjrt`r um rgtu`lfm fl quf 0>2 oûa`ljs sjm s`hrgagh`djs `l` dgjs` C`lg y sus hòfz`s fxpufst`s fm flp`tgj dur`mtf l` mjhbf, ` l` luz df l`s vf-l`s, igfmtr`s um` prjhfsgøm df o`gl`rgmfs

d`mz` y ergt` ` su `lrfdfdjr.

Xg supfr` fs`s y jtr`s prufo`s sfrà l` flf-egd` fmtrf l`s v`rg`s h`mdgd`t`s, y quftfmdrà fs` hjmdghgøm b`st` quf lf llfeufl` prgifr` ifmstru`hgøm. Ijifmtj fm sfhjmsgdfr` quf l` dgvgmgd`d ò`mdjm` suhufrpj, pjr lj quf dfof sflfhhgjm`rsfum` mufv` cui`rg.

F




L` Mgð` dgjs` df Cu-i`rg fs um séiojljdf ljs trfs rfgmjs

bgstørghjs, hjij C t-i`mdu Ob`ct pur y

^`t`mTjd` um` vgd` pjr dfl`mtf hjm um hurrghului “dgvgmj’ mj

fs suaghgfmtf p`r` sjorfvgvgr

m` vfz fs` mgð` dfk` df sfr Cui`rg, su vgd`fst` tjt`lifmtf i`rh`d`, y` quf mj suflfmh`s`rsf pjrquf sf hjmsgdfr quf tr`f i`l`

sufrtf. @quflljs pjdfrfs quf sf lf supjmé`m hur`-tgvjs tìogçm ljs pgfrdf y sg hu`mdj fr` Dgjs` tj-h`r sus pgfs fr` séiojlj df oufm` sufrtf, mg fsfsgiojlgsij lf `hjip`ð`. Xg ` fllj umgijs ljser`vfs prjolfi`s df `d`pt`hgøm ` um` sjhgfd`ddjmdf fll` fstò` pjr fmhgi`, `bjr` fs hjijflljs, pfrj sgm fstudgjs pufs dur`mtf su dgvgmgd`dmj rfhgoé` fduh`hgøm.

^jr sufrtf y dfogdj ` um` òje`d` `htgvgst` df ljsdfrfhbjs bui`mjs ûm Dfvg I`b`rk`m quf llfvj `ljs trgoum`lfs l` sgtu`hgøm df fst`s mgð`s, fstjhìogj fm ?>>2 y` quf hjmsgeugø quf fl trgoum`lsuprfij lf dgfr` l` r`zøm y lfs hjmhfdgfr` um`pfmsgøm vgt`lghg` df 2>$ ifmsu`lfs, um` fduh`-hgøm dur`mtf fl pfrgjdj df “dgvgmgd`d,’ lgorf flfh-hgøm df `lgifmtjs, hgfrt` lgofrt`d df ijvgigfmtj yfl dfrfhbj ` l` s`mgd`d.

@leum`s df fll`s sf vfm pjr ljs tfipljs hjm ljsjkjs pgmt`djs fspfr`mdj l` llfe`d` df `leûm turgs-t` p`r` quf lf pèuf pjr b`hfrsf um` ajtj, pufs `pfs`r df fs` pfmsgøm quf rfhgofm l` i`yjré` tgf-mf um` aìglg` hjm bfri`mjs `ûm i`s pfqufðjsquf fll`. L` llfe`d` df ljs rfofldfs I`jést`s `lpjdfr fm Mfp`l mj b` pjdgdj hjm fst` tr`dghgøm.Fsj sé, fl Ejogfrmj fs `bjr`, pfsf ` su dfhl`r`dj`tfésij, fl fmh`re`dj df flfegr ` l` Cui`rg.

Fl dfstgmj df l` mgð` Dgjs` `l pfrdfr l` dgvgmgd`d

V




Fstu ` Ojudb`m`tbst` fstup` fstà hjmsgdfr`d` hjij umj df ljs lue`-rfs i`s sèr`dj df Mfp`l. @ um` dgst`mhg` df 2

cgløiftrjs dfsdf fl hfmtrj df C`ti`mdu, sf hrffquf d`t` dfsdf ljs sgeljs QG.QGG. Fs p`trgijmgj hul-tur`l df l` VMFXHJ dfsdf 0757.

Fm plfm` rut` fmtrf Téoft y C`ti`mdu, auf fl lue`r fs-hjegdj pjr ljs Tgoft`mjs dfspuçs df l` gmv`sgøm Hbgm`dfl Téoft. Hjij rfauegj. Fm ljs `ðjs 5> dfl p`s`dj sg-elj fm fstf lue`r `dfi`s df l` fstup` sjlj fxgsté` flpfqufðj Ijm`stfrgj Xbfhbfi, ` ljs pgfs df l` igsi`.

Fm l` `htu`lgd`d fs fl hfmtrj rflgegjsj df l` hjiumgd`tgoft`m` / oudgst` df Mfp`l, y fstà rjdf`dj pjr `lrfd

djr df 6> ijm`stfrgjs y tgfmd`s df sfdgifmt`hgøm `tfa`htjs tgoft`mjs, rfstùr`mtfs y bjtflfs.

@sé hjij C`ti`mdu fs um lue`r djmdf sf hjmhfmtr` turgsij, Ojudb`m`tb fs um lue`r i`s tr`mquglj, llfedfsdf fl hfmtrj sf pufdf b`hfr fm t`xg j fm rghcsb`wsf b` df prjhur`r rfe`tf`r fl prfhgj df vg`kf t`mtj ft`xg hjij fm rghcsb`w quf fs iuhbj i`s o`r`tj, dpfmdf dfl tràghj sf suflf t`rd` umjs 46 igmutjs `prxgi`dìfmtf fm llfe`r.

F




Hjm um` `ltur` df 81 iftrjs y um dgàiftrj df 0?>, l` iàs er`mdf df

Mfp`l y um` df ljs iàs er`mdfs dfl iumdj, fst` fstup` hufmt` hjm um`

tjrrf hfmtr`l quf sf pufdf josfrv r ` er`m dgst mhg`, y hu`mdj sf llfe`

`l `frjpufrtj pjr `grf sf vf fm tjdj su fsplfmdjr, hjm sus hjljrgd`s

o`mdfr`s df jr`hgøm.

Hjmstrugd` sjorf um` o`sf jhtjejm`l rjdf`

pjr dfhfm`s df rufd`s df jr`hgøm. Fs fl lue

i`s sèr`dj fm l` `htu`lgd`d, p`r` ljs Tgoft`m

y` quf dfsdf l` gmv`sgøm Hbgm` mj pufdfm llfe

b`st` fl ^jt`l` fm Lb`s` fl lue`r i`s gipjrt`

tf y sèr`dj df ljs rfaueg`djs Tgoft`mjs.

Ljs jkjs dfl Oud`, pgmt`

fm ljs hu`trj l`djs df

tjrrf df l` fstup`, igr

vgegl`mtfs ` ljs vgsgt`mt

`l geu`l quf jhurrf

jtrjs aìjsjs lue`rfs o

dgst`s df C`tbi`mdu.

Mj sf sòf iuy ogfm

fstjs jkjs igr`m hjm sfv

rgd`d j hjm pl hgdfz. Fmt

ljs jkjs fstà pgmt`dj

mfp`lé fl mûifrj 0, séi

ojlj df l` umgd`d, y fmh

i` df ljs jkjs fstà

tfrhfr jkj, séiojlj df

sògduré` dfl bfhbj df i

r`r b`hg` dfmtrj. Xjorf

hu`dr`dj df l` tjrrf b

um` pgràigdf hjm 08 fsh

ljmfs, quf rfprfsfmt`m

hìgmj b`hg` l` gluigm

hgøm.




fspuçs df l` gmv`sgøm Hbgm` Mfp`l y fm hjmhrftjOjudb`m`tb sf hjmvgrtgø fm fl lue`r df rfauegj dfljs Tgoft`mjs y fl i`yjr hfmtrj df pfrfergm`hgøm

dfl Oudgsij aufr` dfl Téoft. Fs um lue`r djmdf sf puf-

df vfr l` ajri` df fxprfsgøm dfl oudgsij `l i`s purjfstglj dfl Téoft. Xf fmhufmtr` fmtrf l`s fstup`s iàser`mdfs df @sg` dfl sur, hjm um ijmtéhulj ol`mhj qufsf flfv` b`st` 11 iftrjs, sgfmdj um pumtj ajh`l dfl Ou-dgsij Tgoft`mj.

Ojudb`m`tb sf fmhjmtrò` fm l` `mtgeu` rut hjifrhg`l

b`hg` Téoft3 ljs ifrh`dfrfs tgoft`mjs dfsh`ms`rjm y

jr`rjm fm fstf lue`r dur`mtf v`rgjs sgeljs. Hu`mdj ljs

rfaueg`djs fmtr`rjm fm Mfp`l dfsdf Téoft buyfmdj

ljs Hbgmjs, iuhbjs df flljs dfhgdgfrjm vgvgr hfrh`

Ojudb`m`tb, fstòlfhgfmdj v`rg`s ejip`s3 df fs

ajri` fl "^fqufðj Téoft" df Mfp`l, m`hgø.

Fm l` o`sf huogh` df l` ajri` pgrìgd`l df l` fstup`

fmhufmtr` l` ageur` quf igr` fm l`s hu`trj dgrfhhgjmf

fstàm `qué p`r` i`mtfmfr um` vgegl`mhg` dglgefmtf sjo

l` efmtf y sus hjiprjigsjs tjdj fl dé` y tjd` l` mjhb

L` fstup` òr`z` l` ùtçmtgh` agljsjaé` df I`b`y`m l`

df l` hu`l fs hjmjhgd` hjij Lì`ésij fm Xgccgi, L

d`c, Obut`m y Téoft.

Ljs Ijm`stfrgjs df Ojudb`m`tb

D




^frfergmj jr`mdj fm l` fstup` Ojudb`m`




@l geu`l quf fm Téoft fm fl p`l`hgj df ^jt`l` j fl i`s sèr`dj df ljs tfiplj fl Kjcb`me, fm Lb`s`, djmdf sf pufdf josfrv`r ` hfmtfm`rfs dfl pfrsjm`s `l igsij tgfipj hìgm`r ` su `lrfdfdjr jr`mdj alfxgjm`mdj suhufrpj y fxtfmdgfmdj ljs or`zjs b`st` ljer`r l` tjt`l ljmegtud df sg igsij, `sé pjdfijs `prfhg`r ` fstf ijmkf `rfdfdjr df l` fstup` Ojudb`m`tb.

^frj l` ajri` i`s bògtu`l df jr`hgøm fs d`r vuflt`s `lrfdfdjr df l` fstup` djmdf fm fl sfmtgdj hjmtr`rgj ` l`èuk`s dfl rfljk, sf iufvf um pfqufðj ijlgmj df jr`hgøm quf llfv`m fm sus i`mjs, j ljs quf sf fmhufmtr`m fmhl`v`djs `lrfdfdjr df l` fstup` j tfiplj y d`mdj dfhfm`s df vuflt`s rfpgtfm b`st` l` s`hgfd`d

“Ji i`mg p`dibui’. Fst` jr`hgøm quf fm Mfp`lg tgfmf fl mjiorf df “p`rgcrì`’ y fm Tgoft`mj “cjr`’




Ljs er mdfs tìojrfs y l s l re`s trjipft s

d`m fl sjmgdj quf sjorfhjef fl `li`, y ljs

rfzjs `hjip`s`djs llfm`m fl lue`r df fspgrg-

tu`lgd`d.

Ljs ijmkfs quf sf fmhufmtr`m fm ljs ijm`stf-

rgjs Mfp`lçs sjm Lì`gst` df l` fshufl` Mygme-i` "Ðgei`" (Fshufl` _jk`) quf auf aumd`d` fm flsgelj RG, l` i`s `mtgeu` fmtrf l`s sfht`s oudgst`sdf Téoft. Xus ijmkfs vgstfm bàogtjs rjkjs, y sf lfs

hjmjhf hjij l` Xfht` _jk`.

^rfv`lfhf fm l`s àrf`s bògt`d`s pjr tgoft`mjs`dfi`s df Mfp`l sf vfm fm Hbgm`, Gmdg`, Obutàm,Oçlegh`, Erfhg`, Ar`mhg` y Fst`djs Vmgdjs.

Oàsghìfmtf, fst` ajri` df oudgsij fs l` rflg-

egøm prfdjigm`mtf df ljs pufoljs ijmejlfs y

tgoft`mjs, tjdjs ljs hu`lfs rfhjmjhfm `l D`l`g

Lì` hjij Ojdbgs`ttv` y pjr t`mtj lj rfspft`m

hjij um `ltj I`fstrj fspgrgtu`l, sg ogfm h`dùm` df l`s fshufl`s tgfmf um` kfr`rqué` dgstgmt` yum sgstfi` prjpgj df fmsfð`mz`. @l tfmfr umjs?> iglljmfs df sfeugdjrfs, i`yjrgt`rgjs fm dgaf-rfmtfs p`ésfs y rfegjmfs ùtømji`s, fs um` df l`srì`s iàs er`mdfs f gipjrt`mtfs dfl oudgsij.

@sjhg`dj ` fstf tgpj df oudgsij `p`rfhf l` ageur`dfl Lì`. Fm l` hlàsgh` dgvgsgøm dfl oudgsij fmtrfijmkfs y l`ghjs, ljs lì`s tgoft`mjs supjmfm umàgeur` hjm rflfv`mhg` mj sjlj rflgegjs` sgmj qufaufrjm hfmtrj df l` vgd` sjhg`l y fhjmøigh` df Té-oft.




@lrfdfdjr df l` fstup` b`y rfprfsfmt`hgjmfsdf l`s 0>2 ajri`s df @v`ljcgtfsbv`r`, (fl Ou-d` fmh`rm`hgøm df l` hjip`sgøm umgvfrs`l fm-trf tjdjs ljs sfrfs bui`mjs). L`s rufd`s df

l` jr`hgøm quf b`y `lrfdfdjr df l` fstup`fstàm t`ll`d`s hjm fl i`mtr` Ji I`mg ^`d-

if Bui.

Hu`mdj fst` rufd` egr` sfeûm hrffm ljs oudgs-t`s fs` jr`hgøm l` llfv` fl vgfmtj pjr tjdj fliumdj, df `bé hu`mt`s i`s vuflt`s dfm `l-

rfdfdjr df l` fstup` j `l tfiplj i`s içrg-

tj `huiul`r`m p`r` jotfmfr um oufm c`ri`.

Dfsdf l` fstup` s`lfm, fm ajri` r`dg`l, um`sfrgf df o`mdfrgmfs iultghjljrfs quf hjmtgf-mfm i`mtr`s y jr`hgjmfs quf jmdf`m `l vgfm-tj.

Hjij sf josfrv` fm l` ajtj tìogçm fxgstfmrufd`s df jr`hgøm er`mdfs, fst`s sf fmhufm-tr`m fm fl gmtfrgjr df ljs tfipljs y ljs agflfssuflfm b`hfr sus jr`hgjmfs d`mdj vuflt`s ypr`htgh`mdj fl igsij rgtu`l rflgegjsj.

@ dg`rgj fm fl gmtfrgjr df ljs tfipljs tgfmf

lue`r um` hfrfijmg` oudgst djmdf sf b`-

hfm jarfmd`s hjm làip`r`s df i`mtfh`, du-

r`mtf l` hu`l um Lì` ofmdghf ` tjdjs ljs`sgstfmtfs, fl ejlpf sfhj dfl tìojr rfsuf-

m` df um` i`mfr` giprfsgjm`mtf, y ljs

hufmhjs, hìp`m`s j fl sjmgdj ûmghj df

l` trjip` tgoft m` quf pufdf supfr r

ljs 6 iftrjs df ljmegtud, sjorfhjefm fl

`li`.

http://www.larutadelaseda.org/productos/instrumentos-tibetanos-cuencos-campanas-crotalos-ganthas/






Fstup` Xw`yìobum`tbXw`yìobum`tb Fstup` sf fmhufmtr` ` umjs ? ci df C`ti`mdu, ` fm lj `ltj df um` hjlgm` y

sf llfe` b`st su hgi` dfspuçs df suogr umjs 4>> fsh`ljmfs. Fst fstup` fs um hjiplfkj

djmdf pjdfijs fmhjmtr`r v`rgjs s`mtu`rgjs, tfipljs, um ijm`stfrgj Tgoft mj, um iusfj y um`

lgorfré`. Hjij jhurrf hjm l` fstup` df Ojudb`m`tb, tìogçm fmhjmtrìjs ljs jkjs df Oud`

igr`mdj fm sus hu`trj h`r`s ljs jkjs pgmt`djs y fl séiojlj Mfp`lg df l` umgd`d. Xjlj sf dgaf-

rfmhg` fm su pumt` djmdf tgfmf um p`rèu`s df jrj quf rfprfsfmt` fl Mgrv`m`.

Fs tìogçm hjmjhgd` hjij fl Tfiplj

df ljs Ijmjs, quf sjm hjmsgdfr`djs

sèr`djs, pfrj sf ` df tfmfr iuhbésg-

ij hugd`dj df mj llfv`r m`d` fmtrf l`s

i`mjs pufs `t`h`m p`r` rjo`rlj. Dfsdfsu `ltur` sf tgfmf um` vgsgøm fxtr`jrdgm`rg`

df tjdj fl v`llf df C`ti`mdu.Fs hj ms gd fr `d ` umj df ljs lue`rfs dfpf rf er g m` hg øm i`s sèr dj pjr ljsOu dg st`s , y vgsgt`dj y rfvf-r f m h g ` m d j pjr ljs bgmdugs-t`s. Xf sòf quf muifrjsjsrfyfs sf- e u g d j r f sbgmdûfs pè`rjm

tr gou- t j s lt f i- plj, gmhlu-y fm dj ` ^ r ` t` pI`ll`, fl pjdfrjsj rfyd f C ` t- i`mdu quf auffl rfspjmsòlf df l` hjmstruhhgøm df l`fsh`lfr` jrgfmt`l fm fl sgelj RQGG.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swayambhunath






H`d` flfifmtj df l` fstu ` sf `sjhg` hjm umj df ljs sfgs flfifmtjs.Tgfrr`, fl huoj ì`rgllj j hu`dr`djs - Fl èu`, l` fsafr` ol`mh` j um hérhulj

Fl aufej, fl hjmj df hjljr rjkj j trgàmeulj - @grf, fl dgshj df hjljr vfrdf hl`rj

Fl dgì`mtf, fl çtfr j fsp`hgj - Fl hgflj `zul quf rjdf` ` l` hjmhgfmhg`, tìogçm sbumy`t`




^`sbup`tg M`tb Fl tfiplj ^ sbup`tg-m`tb fs umjdf ljs iàs gipjrt`mtfs tfipljsbgmdûfs dfdgh`dj ` Xbgv` fm fl

iumdj. Xf fmhufmtr` uogh`dj ` jrg-`s dfl réj Oèi`tg ` fsh`sjs cglø-

iftrjs dfl hfmtrj df C`ti`mdu. Wjri` p`rtf dfl ^`trgijmgj df lùi`mgd`d pjr l` VMFXHJ `l fst`rmhl`v`dj fm fl v`llf dfl C`ti`mdu.

B`st` b`hf pjhj sjlj fr` pfrigtgd`` fmtr`d` `l tfiplj ` ljs bgmdûfs, y

ljs quf mj prjhfsò`m fs` rflgegømsjlj sf lf pfrigté` vfrlj dfsdf l`jrgll` df fmarfmtf. Fstf tfiplj fshjmsgdfr`dj fl iàs sèr`dj df tj-djs ljs tfipljs dfdgh`dj ` Xbgv`.

Fstf lue`r llfv` fl mjiorf y fl

hultj ` ^`sbup`tg, fl sfðjr df ljs

`mgi`lfs y ` ^`rv`tg, l` dì` df

l`s ijmt`ð`s. Xf tr`t` df um er`m

ijvgigfmtj agljsøaghj y rflgegjsjquf, hjm fl mjiorf df Xbgv`ésij,

sf supfrpjmdrà `l `mgigsij y l` aufmtf prgmhgp`l df l` quf oràm l`s ultfrgjrfs rflgegjmfs.

Fl sfðjr df ljs `mgi`lfs y l` Ddf l`s ijmt`ð`s, quf fmhjmtr`tìogçm fm Hrft` hjm ljs mjidf [èrfus y Hgoflfs, y `p`rfhfm tjd`s l`s hgvglgz`hgjmfs fip`t`d`s lgmeüéstgh` j hultur`li

hjm fl iumdj dr`védghj.

F




`sbup`tg fs fl lue`r sèr`dj df Mfp`l, djmdf sf gmhgmfr`m` ljs iufrtjs, fs p`r` ljs Mfp`lfsfs um lue`r sèr`dj ljigsij quf Ofm`rçs lj fs p`r` ljs bgmdûfs. @mtf um a`shgm`m-

tf fmhl`vf df tfipljs, llfmjs df s`dbus (`shft`s) hjm fl tjrsjdfshuogfrtj sjm bjiorfs sèr`djs. Hrfi`tjrgjs, y eb`ts, ` jrgll`sdfl réj Oèi`tg. Vm réj sèr`dj fm fl quf ijrgr y sfr gmhgmfr`djgiplgh` lgofr`rsf dfl hérhulj df l`s rffmh`rm`hgjmfs, fm fl quf l`lfyfmd` dghf quf ljs bjiorfs y iukfrfs dfspjs`djs quf sf o`-ðfm kumtjs vjlvfràm ` umgrsf fm sus vgd`s vfmgdfr`s.

^`sbup`tg M`tb

^




rfmtf ` ljs hrfi`tjrgjs sf pufdfm vfr ` ljs s`mtjmfs X`dbus `lfstglj df Ofm`rçs. @htu`lifmtf b`y iuhbjs pfrj l` i`yjré`

sjm sjlj p`r` fl turgst`, y iuy pjhjs sjm vfrd`dfrjs, ljs b`y

quf `djr`m ` Xbgv` pfrj quf fmh`rm` ljs `spfhtjs `p`rfm-

tfifmtf hjmtr`dghtjrgjs dfl dgjs df ljs `shft`s y dfl dgjs aàlghj. @sé fs Xbgv` l` dfgd`d df ljs quf b`m rfmumhg`dj, fm fspfhg`l dfl`s iuhb`s sfht`s quf lj gigt`m; c`p`lgc`s, quf llfv`m h`l`vfr`sp`r` rfhjmstrugr fl igtj fm fl quf Xbgv` dfh`pgt` ` su p`drf, flgmhfstujsj Or`bi`, y fs hjmdfm`dj ` llfv`r su h`l`vfr` b`st` qufhjmsgeuf pjmfrlf agm `l h`stgej. ^ sbup`t`s fstjs sjm sfeugdjrfsdfl hultj ` Xbgv` ^`sbup`tg, sfðjr df l`s ofstg`s, y èbjrgs, “p`r`qugfm m`d` fs bjrrgolf’. Wjeugs quf hjifm gmiumdghg`s j h`rmfhrud`, hjm fl agm df dfijstr`r quf sjm tjt`lifmtf gmdgafrfmtfs

`mtf fl pl`hfr j fl djljr.

Pugfm flgef sfr um s`dbu (X``-dbu) j `shft` bgmdû fs qugfm sgeuf flhìgmj df l` pfmgtfmhg` y l` ùstfrgd`d p`r` jotfmfr l` gluigm`hgøm.Vm hjmhfptj quf mfhfsgt`ré` iuhb`s fmh`rm`hgjmfs, ljs X`dbus, bji-orfs s`mtjs df l` Gmdg`, hjefm um `t`kj y vgvfm pjr y p`r` fmhjmtr`r fs-t` gluigm`hgøm fm l` vgd` prfsfmtf.

Fl fstglj df vgd` s`dbu hjrrfspjmdf hjm l` ûltgi`, y hu`rt`, df l`s ft`-p`s fm l` vgd` df um bgmdugst`, pufs tjd`s l`s pfrsjm`s quf pr`htgqufmfst` rflgegøm dfofm p`s`r prgifrj pjr ljs fstudgjs, lufej pjr sfr p`-drfs, iàs t`rdf pfrfergmjs y pjr ûltgij s`dbus. ^jr fsf ijtgvj sf vfmt`mtjs s`dbus `mhg`mjs hfrh` df l`s jrgll`s df ljs réjs, fspfhg`lifmtfdfl E`mefs fm Ofm rçs. Xf fstàm prfp`r`mdj p`r` ijrgr.

^jr lj efmfr`l vgvfm sjljs, `l i`refm df l` sjhgfd`d p`s`m ljs dé`s

fm l` dfvjhgøm df su dfgd`d flfegd , dfk`mdj tràs tjd`s l`s `t`du-

r`s i`tfrg`lfs p`r` lgofr`rsf ` um iumdj hjm l` rf`lgd`d dgvgm`.

Dfdgh`m su vgd` ` ljs rgtu`lfs, l` ifdgt`hgøm y `l yje`. Xuflfm sfr mø-i`d`s y pfrfergmjs quf v`m rfhjrrgfmdj fl p`és fm oush` df lue`rfssèr`djs y afstgv`lfs, y r`r` vfz sf fstòlfhfm iuhbj tgfipj fm umigsij sgtgj. Xjm vfeft`rg`mjs fstrghtjs, mj ofofm `lhjbjl, pr`htgh`m l`h`stgd`d y l` rfmumhg` ` hu`lqugfr tgpj df pl`hfr i`tfrg`l. Xjm `shft`sfm fl plfmj sfmtgdj df l` p`lòr` y sf b`m dfspjk`dj df tjdj lj quftfmé`m, gmhluyfmdj su aìglg`, hjmdghgjmfs df h`st`, fth. @leumjs rf`lg-z`m rgtu`lfs iàeghjs, hjij ljs Hb`megme, quf rf`lgz`m um` jarfmd`rgtu`l df prjduhtjs `lgifmt`rgjs ` ljs buif`mtfs ijmtjmfs df fstgçr-

hjl df v`h` fm fl i`rhj df um aufej sèr`dj.

Arfmtf ` ljs hrfi`tjrgjs sf pufdfm vfr ` ljs s`m

X`dbu y `shft`s `l fstglj df Ofm`rçs. @htu`lifmtf

iuhbjs pfrj l` i`yjré` sjm sjlj p`r` fl turgst`, y iu

hjs sjm vfrd`dfrjs, ljs b`y quf `djr`m `

Xbgv` quf f

m` ljs `spfhtjs `p`rfmtfifmtf hjmtr`dghtjrgjs dfl dgj

ljs `shft`s y dfl dgjs aàlghj

A




trjs pr`htgh`m gmtfms`s ajri`s df yje` y ifdgt`hgøm. Ljs Cb`rfsbw`rg, qufpr`htgh`m fl vjtj df mj sfmt`rsf mg `hjst`rsf dur`mtf 0? `ðjs. Xf tr`t` df um`ùstfrgd`d djljrjs`, l` bgmhb`zøm df pgfrm`s y pgfs tgfmdfm ` dfs`rrjll`r ûlhf-

`s pfrsgstfmtfs. ûfdfm hìgm`r, pfrj su ûmghj ifdgj df dfsh`msj fs um hòfstrg-

j djmdf pjdfr `pjy`r um` df sus pgfrm`s. Vm àrojl fs fl lue`r tr`dghgjm`l p`r` lùstfrgd`d df pgf, sf lf dfmjigm` Qrgc-`s`m`s, àrojl quf sgemgagh` pjstur`, df bf-bj fl Cb`rfsbw`rg sf `sfifk` ` um àrojl, ljs pgfs bgmhb`djs df ljs dfvjtjs quf`rfhfm r`éhfs.

js @ebjrgs llfv`m um` vgd` df fxtrfi` ifdgt`hgøm y fspgrgtu`lgd`d y pjr lj efmfr`lj suflfm llfv`r mgmeûm tgpj df vfstgifmt`, sjlj fm `leumjs h`sjs `p`rfhfm vfstg-js hjm fl sud`rgj df `leûm a`llfhgdj j fio`durm`djs hjm l`s hfmgz`s df um` hrf-

i`hgøm. Xuflfm pjrt`r um hràmfj bui`mj quf utglgz`m ` ijdj df hufmhj p`r` of-

fr.

ufdfm hjifr h`rmf hrud` df h`dàvfrfs quf `p`rfhfm aljt`mdj fm fl réj E`m-

fs, j h`rmf qufi`d` prjhfdfmtf df `leum` hrfi`hgøm. Hrffm quf fl h`mgo`-

sij lfs hjmagfrf pjdfrfs sjorfm`tur`lfs, `sé hjij ofmfaghgjs aésghjs t`lfs hj-

ij fvgt`r fl fmvfkfhgigfmtj. `r` flljs, um h`dàvfr mj fs iàs quf i`tfrg` m`tu-

`l quf h`rfhf df l` aufrz vgt`l quf leum` vfz tuvgfrjm. Hjm fl hjmsuij df h`r-f bui`m` prufo`m quf m`d` fs prja`mj, y quf l` i`tfrg` iufrt` sgiplfifmtf`s` df um fst`dj ` jtrj.

js Mè`s sjm ljs iàs prjigmfmtfs y` quf sf i`mtgfmfm dfsmudjs, huogfrtjs sj-ìfmtf hjm um "vgobutg" j hfmgz`s sèr`d`s. Dfk`m hrfhfr su pflj fm ouhlfs llì`-js "k`t`". Xf dghf quf p`s`m l` i`yjr p`rtf df sus vgd`s fm plfmj Bgi`l`y`, djm-f vgvfm `l i`refm df l` sjhgfd`d dfsdf fl ijifmtj fm quf dfhgdfm hjmvfrtgrsfm `shft`s. @leumjs df flljs aufrjm fmtrfe`djs pjr sus p`drfs ` um eurû quf, tr`sdjhtrgm`rlfs y utglgz`rlfs hjij fshl`vjs dur`mtf `ðjs, lfs pfrigtgø hjmvfrtgrsf ` sufz fm i`fstrjs. Jtrjs pjr sé igsijs dfhgdgfrjm ò`mdjm`r fl iumdj i`tfrg`l yfm`hfr fm fl fspgrgtu`l. T`mtj fs `sé, quf ljs b`y quf hflfor`m su prjpgj aumfr`l yf dfsb`hfm df tjdjs sus ogfmfs y djhuifmtjs.

l Fst`dj gmdgj, quf rfhjmjhf l` iufrtf lfe`l ‘ùmquf mj aésgh`- df ljs s`dbus,

fk`rà fm fsf ijifmtj df hjmsgdfr rlfs hgud`d`mjs df fstf iumdj. B` iufrtj

m bjiorf y b` m`hgdj um s`dbu.

` jre`mgz`hgøm dfmtrj df l` sfht` fs fxtrfi`dìfmtf réegd` y tgfmf ajri` pgrìg-`l. Fm l`s hflfor`hgjmfs rflgegjs s i`sgv`s -hjij fl Cuiob` Ifl`- sf prjduhfm `fhfs vfrd`dfr`s o`t`ll`s hìp`lfs fmtrf sfht`s j a`hhgjmfs df s`dbus, y fs fmtjm-fs hu`mdj fmtr`m fm `hhgøm l`s fsp`d`s, l`s l`mz`s j ljs trgdfmtfs quf mjri`lifm-f pjrt`m sølj hjij séiojljs rflgegjsjs.

@leum`s b`m suregdj hjij fshgsgjmfsb`m d`dj lue`r ` mufv`s sfht`s; pjr f

plj l` sfht` Kum` sølj prfst`m jofdg

hgfe` ` Xjbì Oò`, su i`bì`md`l

r`, j er`m kfaf, y sjm h`p`hfs df pflf`r

t` l` iufrtf hjmtr` ljs sfeugdjrfs df

sfht` rgv`l.

“Fs um iumdj hjiplfkj, iuy prgigt

pjhj hjmjhgdj. Ljs mè` sgfiprf b`m pfrt`dj fmtrf l` efmtf um` ifzhl` df

hgm`hgøm y tfijr, y tjd`vé` b`y q

pgfms` quf fafhtgvìfmtf sjm iuf

huyj hufrpj fstà jhup`dj pjr fl fsp

df Xbgv` y, hjij t`lfs, b`y quf rfsp

ljs" , dghf fl `mtrjpøljej gmdgj @mgl Ob

J




js s`dbus sjm l` rfspufst` fm Gmdg` p`r` fl sgstfi` df v`ljrfs. B`mdfk`dj `tràs tjd`s l`s `t`dur`s i`tfrg`lfs p`r` lgofr`rsf ` um iumdjhjm l` rf`lgd`d dgvgm`, y vgvfm fm hufv`s, ojsqufs y tfipljs pjr tjd`

` Gmdg`. Fxgstfm `lrfdfdjr df 4 ø 6 iglljmfs df s`dbus fm l` `htu`lgd`d fml p`és, y sjm pfrsjm`s rfspft`d`s, vfmfr`d`s f gmhlusj tfigd`s. Df bfhbj,flljs sé quf sf lfs pfrigtf fl usj df b`hbés y h`mm`ogs pfsf quf su hjm-

uij fs glfe`l t`mtj fm Gmdg` hjij fm Mfp`l y sjm i`mtfmgdjs pjr tjdjs

js hgud`d`mjs quf lfs djm`m `lgifmtjs, pfrj lfe`lifmtf sjlj um` mjhbfl `ðj fm fl afstgv`l I`b` Xbgv`r`tg.

`s bgstjrg`s sjorf ljs s`dbus hfmtfm`rgjs quf suosgstfm fm ljs prjaumdjsjsqufs dfl Bgi`l`y` pr`htgh`mdj fl yje` y `yum`mdj dur`mtf ifsfsufdfm sfr sølj lfyfmd`. ^frj sf s`of quf fl h`ràhtfr eufrrfrj df `leumjs`dbus lfs llfvø ` pl`mt`r o`t`ll` ` ljs iusuli`mfs quf gmv`dgfrjm l` Gm-g` fm fl sgelj RGG, y iàs t`rdf ` ljs orgtàmghjs. Hjm su fipfðj pjr i`mtf-frsf `l i`refm df l` sjhgfd`d y dfl iumdj i`tfrg`l, sf dgré` quf ljs`dbus fstàm rfsgstgçmdjsf ` pfrdfr l` eufrr` hjmtr` um` mufv` gmv`sgøm;` df l` ijdfrmgd`d.

L




Afstgv`l I`b` Xbgv` _`trgbgv` _`trg fs l` mjhbf df Xbgv`hu`mdj fl igsij auf hrf`dj. Xbgv`_`trg sgemgagh` lgtfr`lifmtf “l` mj-

bf hjmsèr`d` ` Xbgv`’. Fstf afstgv`l

f hflfor` fl dçhgij hu`rtj dé` df lùm` ifmeu`mtf fm fl ifs df A`l-

um, (aforfrj-i`rzj fm fl h`lfmd`rgj

rfejrg`mj). Fl tfiplj df ^`sbup`tg-`tb fm C`ti`mdu, fl hu`l fs hjmsgdf-

`dj hjij umj df ljs s`mtu`rgjs iàsèr`djs df ljs bgmdûfs, fs djmdf sfljrgagh` ` Xbgv` fm fsf dé`, `sé h`d`ðj rfhgof dfvjtjs df tjdj fl iumdj

fm su i`yjré` df Gmdg` p`r` bjifm`- kf`r ` su Dgjs.^frj sjm ljs Wjeugs (bjiorfs s`mtjs)ljs quf i`s `sgstfm `l afstgv`l, `qué

pjdfijs vfr `shft`s y s`dbus fm tjd`ssus v`rg`mtfs. L` agfst` hjmsgstf fm quf`l ì`mfhfr dfl dé` df Xbgv` ljs agflfstji`m um o`ðj sèr`dj fm fl réj y v`m`l tfiplj ` `djr`r, dur`mtf fsf dé` df

tjt`l `yumj y um` mjhbf df vgegl`

djmdf sf dgsarut` lgorfifmtf df au-

i`r sust`mhg`s fiorgè`mtfs, hjij

l` i`rgbu`m` y fl ob`me y` quf fs fl

ûmghj dé` fm fl h`lfmd`rgj `

hu`mdj l` i`rgbu`m` fs lfe`l.

Fstj fs dfogdj ` quf sfeûm sus hr

hg`s Xbgv` tìogçm fs àghgjm`dj `suigrl` y d`dj quf fs su dé` tjdfstç pfrigtgdj.

L` `djr`hgøm y vfmfr`hgøm dur`mtfdé` pjr p`rtf df ljs agflfs lfs llfquf Xbgv` lfs pfrdjm` df tjdjs pfh`djs. Ljs dfvjtjs mj sf dgstgmehjij pjorfs j rghjs, y` quf Çl

tr`t` ` tjdjs pjr geu`l.

X




Afstgv`l Tffk

ur`mtf fl ifs df èjstj j pr

pgjs df sfptgfiorf df `hufrdj

h`lfmd`rgj lum`r mfp`lçs, t

lue`r fm ^`sbup`tg um afstgv l djmiukfr fs fl prgmhgp`l prjtèjmgst`

i`dj afstgv`l Tffk. Tgfmf um` dur`

df trfs dé`s y fl sfmtgdj fs pfdgr ` X

pjr um` l`re` vgd` dfl i`rgdj y plfm

df l` rfl`hgøm fmtrf flljs mj sjlj fm

vgd` sg mj fm l`s vfmgdfr`s. @dfi`s

l` purgagh`hgøm dfl hufrpj y `li` pr

y df su aìglg` f bgkjs.

H`d` umj df ljs dé`s fm ljs quf du

afstgv`l tgfmf um sgiojlgsij, pfrj

dé`s `mtfs sf vf ` l`s iukfrfs fm su

ol`hgjmfs hjipr`dj ljs s`rgs df h

rjkj `sé hjij `djrmjs df jrj, or`

tfs, fth. Fl afstgv`l rfvgvf fm fst`s i

rfs l` jpjrtumgd`d df vfstgrsf hji

rfhgçm h`s`djs y` quf fs fl hjljr t

hgjm`l us`dj fm l`s hfrfijmg`s df o

Fl llfv`r fl hjljr sf dfof ` um pfq

gmsfhtj rjkj df mjiorf Tffk df `

mjiorf dfl afstgv`l, fstf gmsfhtj s`

l` tgfrr` dur`mtf l` fst`hgøm df lluvg`

Dur`mtf fl prgifr dé` quf dur` fl av`l, ljs igfiorjs df l`s aìglg`s f

hg`lifmtf l`s iukfrfs, t`mtj l`s h`shjij l`s sjltfr`s sf rfûmfm fm um lue`r, fll`s hjm sus ifkjrfs vfstgdjhjljr rjkj o`gl`m h`mt`m y hjifm er`m hjigd` tr`dghgjm`l df Mfp`quf ` p`rtgr df l` ifdg`mjhbf hjigum `yumj df ?4 bjr`s.

D




Fl sfeumdj dé` quf fs dfl `yumj, iuhb`s df fll`s mg hjifmmg ofofm èu` dur`mtf tjdj fl dé`, jtr`s tji`m lgqugdj yarut`s. Xf `hfrh`m b`hg` fl tfiplj p`r` rfmdgr `lò`mz` `llgmeì df Xbgv` h`mt`mdj y o`gl`mdj, jarfhgçmdjlf aljrfs,dulhfs y ijmfd`s. Fmhgfmdf um` lìp`r` df `hfgtf y suplg-

h`m pjr l` s`lud df su i`rgdj y fl ogfmfst`r df su aìglg`,quf dfof pfri`mfhfr fmhfmdgd` dur`mtf tjd` l` mjhbf jsfrà prfludgj df i`l èüfrj.

Fl tfrhfr dé` dfspuçs df i`drue`r y `sf`rsf sf jarfhf um`jarfmd` ` l` dgjs` ^`rv`tg, quf hjmsgstf fm um` `lo`b`h` bj- k` df plàt`mj. Xjlj dfspuçs df fstf prfsfmtf l`s iukfrfstji`m lgifmtjs sølgdjs.

W` fm fl hu`rtj dé`, um` vfz `hò`dj fl Tffk, l`s iukfrgmdfm bjifm`kf ` v`rg`s dfgd`dfs y sf o`ð`m hjm o`rrjkj quf sf fmhufmtr` fm l`s r`éhfs dfl `roustj sèr`dj Dtgw`m, kumtj hjm sus bjk`s. Fstf `htj df purgagh`hgøm fs rgtu`l agm`l, dfspuçs df lj hu`l sf hjmsgdfr` quf l`s iukfr

b`m sgdj pfrdjm`d` df tjdjs sus pfh`djs.Dur`mtf l` hflfor`hgøm mj sf pfrigtf l` fmtr`d` ` ljs bjorfs fm ljs rfhgmtjs dfl tfiplj df Xbgv` fm fstf dé`. Wagfst` sf hflfor` fm tjdj Mfp`l mj sjlj fm ^`sbup`tg. pufdf vfr fm h`rrftfr`s y ifrh`djs ` l`s iukfrfs hjm ss`rgs rjkjs h`mt`mdj y o`gl`mdj. Jtr` df l`s er`mdfs tr`

hgjmfs fs quf l`s iukfrfs h`s`d`s v`y`m ` vgsgt r l` h`

df sus i`drfs, pfrj fll`s mj v`m sg mj sjm gmvgt`d`s, y

bfhbj df mj sfrlj pufdf rfsult`r p`r` fll`s fl dé` i

trgstf df su vgd`.




l rfy Obup`tgmdr` I`ll` jrdfmø lfv`mt`rum tfiplj quf fs fl lue`r iàs sèr`djfmtrf ljs sèr`djs, fm fl quf sølj sf pfr-

igtf l` fmtr`d` df qugfmfs prjafs`m l` af dfbgv`, hjm su tfhbj df jrj, sus p`rfdfs df pl`-

`, y l`s fxqugsgt`s i`dfr`s quf dfhjr`m fst`jmstruhhgøm hjm ajri` df pèjd`. Xf lfv`mtùmtj `l @yr` Eb`t, lue`r df hrfi`hgøm fm l`rgll` dfl sèr`dj réj Oèi`tg rfsfrv`dj ` l`s`st`s supfrgjrfs.

`sbup`tg fs um lue`r sèr`dj, djmdf ljs

iufrtjs fspfr`m su lue`r fm l` gmhgmfr`hgøm

`r` l` mj rffmh`rm`hgøm y djmdf ljs vgvjs,

`dbus, `shft`s, s`mtjmfs,

y jtrjs hrfyfmtfs

f `hfrh`m ` `djr`r ` Xbgv`.

jdj hgud`d`mj Mfp`lg t`mtj sg vgvf fm su p`ésaufr` df fl, su ultgij dfsfj fs quf fl dé` df

u iufrtf sus hfmgz`s sf dfrrìfm pjr fl s`-r`dj réj Oèi`tg. Iuhbjs `bjrr`m tjd` su vg-` p`r` fsf agm`l. ^frj mj tjdjs `bjrr`m lj suag-

gfmtf p`r` pè`r l` lfð` quf mfhfsgt`m p`rùf fl hufrpj qufdf tjt`lifmtf gmhgmfr`dj, fl`dàvfr lj tgfmfm fm fl hrfi`tjrgj dur`mtf tj-j fl tgfipj quf dur` l` lfð` um` vfz sf `pè`l aufej sg çstf mj sf fmhufmtr` tjt`lifmtfufi`dj sf tgr` `l réj y iuhb`s vfhfs sf vfmufrpjs sfig-qufi`djs réj ò`kj.

ltgiìfmtf hjrrf um ruijr djmdf sf dghf

uf p`r` ò`r`t`r fl hjstf df lfð` y quf tjdjsfme` um` sgtu`hgøm p`rfhgd` y sjorf tjdj p`r`j hjmtìgm`r fl réj sèr`dj, sf b` prjyfht`djjmfr um hrfi`tjrgj flçhtrghj h`p`z df qufi`r

rfs h`dàvfrfs ` l` vfz. Mj fs um` i`l` gdf` pf-j dfsdf lufej mj p`rfhf eust`rlf iuhbj ` l`MFXHJ quf dghf quf sg lj b`hfm sf àf` fl`gs`kf y lf qugt`rà fl tétulj df "^`trgijmgj" df

` Bui`mgd`d.

F




m ^ sbup`tg-m`t sf fmhufmtr` fl tfiplj fm bj-mjr df Xbgv` hjmsgdfr`dj umj df ljs s`mtu`rgjsiàs sèr`djs bgmdûfs fm fl iumdj. L` pèjd`

df djs mgvflfs hjm tfhbjs df jrj y pufrt`s df pl`t`djmdf sf fmhufmtr` fl sèr`dj lgmeì j séiojlj aàlg-hj quf sgiojlgz` `l dgjs. Xfeûm sf hrff fl tfiplj fsdfl `ðj 4>> dh.

Hfrh` dfl tfiplj fm l`s jrgll`s dfl réj Oèi`tg sf fm-hufmtr` fl tfiplj Eubfsw`rg, djmdf, sfeûm l` igtj-ljeé`, ^`rv`tg l` fspjs` df Xbgv` s`hrgaghj su vgd` gm-

ijlàmdjsf vgv` `mtf fl dfs`grf quf su p`drf D`sb`

lf bòé` bfhbj ` su fspjsj `l hjmsgdfr`rlf suhgj y mjgmvgt`rlf ` um` agfst`. @l vfr Xbgv` ` su fspjs` iufrtì`tj ` tjdjs ljs `sgstfmtfs gmhlugdj su suferj.

Xf dghf quf Xbgv` dfìoulò` pjr fl réj hjij um

zjiogf hjm fl hufrpj df su iukfr ` bjiorj y sf lf

h`yj `l réj, y fs fl lue`r djmdf sf hjmstruyj fl tfi-

plj. Dfogdj ` fstf bfhbj l` rflgegøm bgmdû hrfj l`

tr`dghgøm X`tg fm quf `tò`m ` l`s vgud`s ` l` pgr`

aumfr`rg` df su i`rgdj fm bjmjr df lf`lt`d y dfvj-

hgøm.

F




Ob`ct` ur

gtu`dj ` umjs ?> ci `l fstf dfC`ti`mdu, fm fl v`llf dfligsij mjiorf. Ob`ct`pur

auf aumd`d` fm fl `ðj 227 d.H sumjiorf lgtfr`lifmtf sgemgagh` “hgu-d`d df ljs hrfyfmtfs’ fs um "p`-trgijmgj vgvj" y "kjy` hultur`l dfMfp`l". Fs um` df l`s trfs hgud`dfs_f`lfs kumtj hjm C`ti`mdu y ^`-tàm. Auf h`pgt`l dfl rfgmj df ljsI`ll` fmtrf ljs sgeljs RGGG y RQ yrfgmj gmdfpfmdgfmtf dfsdf fl RQb`st` fl RQGGG. Dur`mtf fstf pfrgjdjquf auf ejofrm`dj pjr ljs I`ll` sfhjmstruyfrjm ljs p`l`hgjs y tfipljs

df l` pl`z` Duro`r quf fs kumtj `

l`s df ^`tàm y C`ti`mdu ^`trgij-mgj df l` Bui`mgd`d pjr l`Vmfshj, dfsdf 0757.

Ob`ct`pur fstà llfm` df ijmu-

ifmtjs, y h`s`s df l`drglljs rjkjs

hjm hjluim`s df i`dfr` t`ll`d`,

p`l`hgjs y tfipljs hjm t`ll`s fl`-ojr`d`s, tfhbjs djr`djs, p`tgjs

ògfrtjs. L` hgud`d fstà s`lpgh`d`df pèjd`s y s`mtu`rgjs rflgegjsjs,quf rfhufrd` ` um` hgud`d ifdgf-v`l. L`s t`ll`s df i`dfr` fm suspufrt`s y vfmt`m`s sjm vfrd`dfr`sjor`s df `rtf. Xgtu`d` fm l` `mtg-eu` rut` hjifrhg`l fmtrf l` Gmdg` yfl Téoft. Ob`ct`pur fstà rjdf`d` df

ijmt`ð`s y jarfhf um` ièméavgst` df l` hjrdgllfr` dfl bgi`l`L` hgud`d auf dfstrugd` pjr um rrfijtj fm 0784 dfstruyfmdj idf ?.>>> vgvgfmd`s y djmdf pfhgfrjm i`s df 0.>>> pfrsjm`s,rfhjmstruhhgøm df l` hgud`d y sus fdgaghgjs i`s fiolfiàtghsjlj sf pudj fafhtu r er`hg`s ` qfm 072> ljs @lfi`mfs `yud`rfhjmøighìfmtf p`r` pjdfr p`rfhjmstrugr um` hgud`d hjm um ersgemgagh`dj hultur`l y `rtéstghj,i`s t`rdf fm 077> sf pudj hjplft`r er`hg`s ` l` `yud` dfl E

ogfrmj @ifrgh`mj.

X




^l`z` D`tt`trfy`

m fst` pl`z`, sf fmhufmtr`m iuhbjs df ljs ijm`stf-rgjs bgmdûfs df Ob`ct`pur, pufs l` hgud`d hufmt` hjmiuhbjs tfipljs bgmdûfs, su pjol`hgøm fs i`yjré`,

pfrj mj a`lt`m ljs tfipljs oudgst`s quf sf hufmt`m dgfhg-mufvf fm tjd` l` hgud`d. L` pl`z` tgfmf um tfiplj dfligsij mjiorf quf hjm `mtfrgjrgd`d fr` um` p`ejd` dftrfs pgsjs, tgfmf fst`tu`s df l` trgmgd`d bgmdû y auf hjms-trugd` pjr fl rfy W csb` I`ll` fm 04?2 fm bjmjr df D`t-t`tr`y` fm qugfm l`s trfs dfgd`dfs Or`bi`, Qgsbmu y Xbgv`sf umfm. Pugzàs lj quf i`s ll i` l` `tfmhgøm pufs sj-

orfs`lf df tjdj fl hjmkumtj sjm sus djs er`mdfs fshul-

tur`s df luhb`djrfs fm l` fmtr d`, y fl pfqufðj ijmj-

lgtj df ift`l djr`dj fm ajri` df pàk`rj df E`rud , fmljs `lrfdfdjrfs dfl tfiplj sus p`rfdfs hjmtgfmfm t`ll`s

df i`dfr` hjm ageur`s frøtgh`s.

F




l fdgaghj I`tb puk`rgs quf qufdødfstrugdj fm fl tfrrfijtj df0784 y quf er`hg`s ` l` `yud` df

ljs `lfi`mfs auf rfhjmstrugdj fm0757, fs `htu`lifmtf um iusfj df lì`dfr`, y mj fs fxtr ðj y` quf fstf`rtf fm tjdj Mfp`l fs `lej fxtr`jrdg-m`rgj, sf fmhufmtr` fm l` pl`z` D`tt`-

trfy`. Fm l` `mtgeüfd`d sf llìòÌ`tb puk`rgs ` ljs tfipljs rjdf`djsdf h s`s quf ajriò`m um hu`drglà-tfrj y sf utglgzò`m aumdìfmt`l-ifmtf hjij hu`rtjs df ljs s`hfrdjtfsy ljs `shft`s dfdgh`djs ` l` rflgegømbgmdû. Xjm sgigl`rfs ` vgb`r`s, ljsijm`stfrgjs oudgst`s, quf fr`m utglg-z`djs hjij rfauegjs pjr ljs ijmkfs

oudgst`s fm sus dfspl`zìgfmtjs.

Xgm fio`rej, fstjs fdgaghgjs fm Mfp`lmj tgfmfm rfel`s agk`s p`r` l` `ltur` yjtrjs dgsfðjs `rqugtfhtømghjs hjijpufdfm sfr ljs vgb`r`. Flljs sf ì-plg`rjm hjm fl tgfipj fm quf sf èrf-e`rjm mufv`s `l`s df l`s h`s`s. B`yiuhbjs vgb`r`s rfp`rtgdjs pjr C`t-i`mdu y ^`t`m, pfrj l` i`yjré` df

I`tb puk`rgs sf fmhufmtr`m fm Ob`-ct`pur, fm rfprfsfmt`hgøm df l` ì-plg` i`yjré` df ljs bgmdûfs fm l` hgu-d`d. L` i`yjré` df flljs sf b`m dfs-ijrjm`dj hjij hjmsfhufmhg` df l`mfelgefmhg` y `leumjs sf utglgz`m hj-ij zjm`s rfsgdfmhg`lfs, tìogçm b`sgdj rfhgfmtfifmtf rfmjv`dj pjr sugipjrt`mhg` fl Iusfj @lforgkf.

F




Fl `bjr` iusfj I`tb ûk rgs tgfmf um p`tgj gmtfrgjr fmfl quf sf fmhufmtr` um` sgiplf gièfm dfl sfðjr Xbgv`.Xf hrff quf fst` gièfm df Xbgv` sf prjdukj fm l` vfmf-r`hgøm `l hultj ^`sbup`t`, um` sfht` df `djr`hgøm ` fst`dfgd`d, quf sf b` fxtfmdgdj dfsdf fl pfréjdj df

Lghhb`vg. Fst`s h`s`s mj tgfmfm mgmeum` fstruhtur` if-tàlgh` j pgmtur`s quf tr`dghgjm`lifmtf sf gmhluyfm fm

l` `rqugtfhtur` Mfw`rg, sgm fio`rej, b`y iuhb`s t`-

ll`s df i`dfr` quf sf iufstr`m t`mtj fm su gmtfrgjr

hjij fm su fxtfrgjr.

Fl hjiplfkj dfl ijm`stfrgj fstà dfhjr`dj hjm dgafrfmtfsvfmt`m`s df i`dfr`, hjluim`s y i`rhjs. L` vfmt`m` dflp`vj rf`l df i`dfr` fm l` h`r` jrgfmt`l dfl ijm`stfrgjsf b` hjmvfrtgdj fm um ghjmj p`r` fl t`lfmtj `rtéstghj mf-

p`lçs. Fl ojrdf gmtfrgjr df fstf i`rhj df l` vfmt`m` hu`-dr`d` fstà llfm` df pfqufð`s giàefmfs df `vfs. @leu-m`s t`ll`s df aljrfs y rì`s llfm`m fl fsp`hgj fmtrf flojrdf y fl hérhulj hfmtr`l. Fl p`vj rf`l fm sé sjorfs`lfdfsdf fl hfmtrj df l` vfmt`m` y l`s plui`s df l` hjl` sjmhl`rìfmtf t`ll`d`. B`y jtr`s vfmt`m`s sgigl`rfs, hjijfst` hjm pàk`rjs y t`ll`s fm l`s h`r`s df ljs fdgaghgjs

Fm ljs `lrfdfdjrfs sf pufdfm vfr fdgaghgjs djmdf l`s

vfmt`m`s fmrfk`d`s, Fstàm vfmt`m`s mj sf pufdfm òrgrpfrj su pfhulg`rgd`d fs dfk`r fmtr`r fl `grf y l` luz dflfxtfrgjr fstàm prfsfmtfs gmhlusj iuhb`s pufrt`s tgfmfmt`ll`s df um` er`m ofllfz` fm fstjs t`ll`djs.




^l`z` Duro`r L` fxtr`jrdgm`rg` pl`z` Duro`r,

hjm sus oflljs ijmuifmtjs

rfalfk` ljs dé`s df eljrg` df l`

dgm`sté` I`ll` hu`mdj fl `rtf y

l` rqugtfhtur` prjspfr`rjm fml`s trfs hgud`dfs dfl v`llf.




L` pl`z` prgmhgp`l df l` hgud`d hjmtgfmfgmmuifròlfs tfipljs y jtr`s kjy`s `rqug-tfhtømgh`s i`r`vglljs`s hjij l` ufrt` dfljs Lfjmfs, l` fst`tu` dfl rfy Obup`tgmdr`

I`ll`, l` ^gm`hjtfh`, fl Ejldfm E`tf, fltfiplj O`ts`l` y l` Hìp`m` df ljs pfrrjsquf l`dr`m. Fm l` igsi` pl`z` sf fmhufmtr`fl p`l`hgj df 66 vfmt`m`s dfl sgelj RQ. ^`r`fmtr`r ` l` hgud`d sf fxgef um pèj df _s.8> p`r` ljs m`hgjm`lfs df l` X@@_H y _s.

8>> p`r` jtrjs vgsgt`mtfs fxtr`mkfrjs, ðj?>0>.




Duro`r Xqu`rfm l` pl`z` Duro`r, sf fmhufmtr` fl Ugmdjw ^`l`hf,quf sgrvgø hjij sfdf df l` rf`lfz` `mtfs df 0517. Flp`l`hgj hjij jhurrf fm tjdjs ljs er`mdfs ijmuifm-tjs tgfmf sus vfmt`m`s y pufrt`s t`ll`d`s y h`s`s df l`

E`lfré` M`hgjm`l df @rtf, hjm pgmtur`s oudgst`s ^ùob`

um` pgmtur` rflgegjs` tr`dghgjm`l flòjr`d` pjr ljs

Mfw`r um pufolj df Mfp`l quf rfprfsfmt`m dfgd`dfs,

iàmd`l`s j ijmuifmtjs quf fm Téoft fs hjmjhgdj hjm

fl mjiorf df T`mec`s.

Kustj fm l`s àufr`s dfl p`l`hgj, fm l` fmtr`d` `l TfipljT`lfku Hjiplfx mjs fmhjmtrìjs hjm fl Ejldfm E`tf,hjmstrugdj fm 0561, um fsplçmdgdj fkfiplj df ift`l rf-puk`dj. Tìogçm sf fmhufmtr` fl _jy`l O`tb, hjm su ll`vfdf jrj.

Fm l` igsi` pl`z` sf fmhufmtr` fl tfiplj I`b`dfv W`-csbfswjr, hjmstrugdj pjr W`csb` I`ll` fm fl sgelj RQ. Xftjiø hjij ijdflj fl tfiplj df ^`sbup`tg-m`tb fm C`t-i`mdu y auf dgsfð`dj hjm pumt`lfs df i`dfr` `djrm`-djs hjm fshultur`s frøtgh`s.

@lrfdfdjr df l` pl`z` pjdfijs fmhjmtr`r dfsdf rfstù-r`mtf, tgfmd`s df rfe`ljs, y fl Xgddbg L`xig Tfiplf,Tfiplj df Xbgv` (A`sg-dfe`), Tfiplj Q`ts`l`, y L` Dfe`Tfiplf ^b`sg dfdgh`dj ` Xbgv`, quf jarfhf um` ìplg`vgst` df tjd` l` hgud`d.

F




Duro`r Xqu`rf fs tìogçm fl bje`r df lÈr`m Hìp`m`, hjmstrugdj pjr fl ûltgij rfydf I`ll` Ob`ct`pur, _`m`kgt I`ll` fm fl sg-

elj RQGGG. Auf sjm`dj p`r` rfmdgr bjifm`kf

` l` dgjs` T`lfku y `tfmdfd `l pûolghj ` rfu-mgjmfs df l` hgud`d. Fm l` `htu`lgd`d sf tjh`djs vfhfs `l dé` hjij um bjifm`kf ` l` dgj

s` T`lfku. @l l`dj df fst` hìp`m` fs l`Hìp`m` df O`rcgme, llì`d` `sé pjrquf

ljs pfrrjs l`dr`m ` su `mgllj.




Tfi lj Ob`gr`vm`tb

stf tfiplj auf hjmstrugdj pjr prgifr` vfz hjij um` pèjd` df um sjlj pgsj, pfrj iàs t`rdf sftr`msajriø fm um tfiplj df trfs pgsjs fm fl `ðj 0502 pjr fl rfy Obup`tgmdr` I`ll`. Fl tfiplj fshjmjhgdj pjr su er`mdfz` `rtéstgh`. Xf dfdgh` `l sfðjr Ob`gr`v, fl dgjs dfl tfrrjr. L` hòfz` dfl dgjs

sf fmhufmtr` fm fl gmtfrgjr dfl tfiplj y sfeûm dghf l` lfyfmd` çst` auf hjrt`d` pjr um fxpfrtj tàmtrghjp`r` i`mtfmfrlj fm Ob`ct`pur.

Ob`ct`pur hufmt` hjm v`rgjs afstgv`lfs quf sf hflfor`m dur`mtf tjdj fl `ðj p`r` i`rh`r l`s fst`hgjmfs,rfmdgr bjifm`kf ` ljs dgjsfs, y rfhjrd`r ljs bfhbjs bgstørghjs y lfefmd`rgjs.

Vmj df flljs fl df i`s dur`hgøm fs fl D`sb`gm, quf bjmr` ` l` dgjs` Dure` Dfvg df qugfm l` lfyfmd`

dghf quf i`tj `l dfijmgj Dure` bgkj df _uru Hflfor`mtfs. Tgfmf lue`r p`r` sfptgfiorf/jhtuorf y

hjmsgstf fm quf rf`lgz`m iuhb`s jarfmd`s lj quf llfv` `l s`hrgaghgj df iglfs sf `mgi`lfs.

Jtrjs df ljs afstgv`lfs fs fl E`g K`tr`, fs sgigl`r `l dé` df tjdjs ljs s`mtjs fm jhhgdfmtf, pfrj dgagfrf fml` ajri`. Xf hflfor` dur`mtf fl ifs df kulgj/èjstj, y hjmsgstf fm quf h`d` aìglg` quf pfrdgø um aìg-lg`r fm fl ultgij `ðj, p`rtghgp` fm um` prjhfsgøm hjm um` v`h` j hjm um mgðj vfstgdj df v`h`. Fl afstgv`lsf lf hjmjhf hjij fl df l` v`h`. W sf hrff quf l` v`h` `yud` `l dgaumtj ` `lh`mz`r fl hgflj.

F




m òrgl sf hflfor` fl df i`s `sgstfmhg` y`

quf fs fl @ðj Mufvj Mfp`lçs, llì`dj

Ogscft K`tr`. @qué ljs h`rrjs sjm tgr`djs pjr

l`s h`llfs y fm um `l`rdf df aufrz` fmtrf tgr`s y

àljk` dftfrigm`r `l quf e`mf um prøxgij ðj

llfmj df ofmdghgjmfs. L` agfst` fs iuy hflfor`d`hjm hjigd`s hìpfstrfs y rfumgjmfs prgv`d`s.

^frj qugzàs umj df ljs i`s ofllj fs fl Tgb`r, flafstgv`l df l`s luhfs quf tgfmf lue`r fm fl ifsdf jhtuorf, fm fl sf bjmr` ` L`xig l` dgjs` df l`rgqufz`. Dur`mtf fl afstgv`l tjd`s l`s h`s`s fm-hgfmdfm vfl`s, lìp`r`s df `hfgtf y hu`lqugfrajri` quf pufd` d`r luz, p`r` gmvgt`r ` l` dgjs`.Xf `djr`m hufrvjs, pfrrjs, v`h`s y dur`mtf um dé`sf bjmr` ` ljs bfri`mjs. Jtrj dé` fs p`r` vfmfr`rfl prjpgj hufrpj y èr`dfhfr l` vgd`.

Afstgv`l Ogscft K`tr`

F




^jr fmhgi` df ljs djs lfb`y djs àeugl`s y sjorf çsf fmhufmtr`m l`s dgO`ebgmg y Xgmebgmf qufp`rtf tgerf y p`rtf lføm

pfhtgv`ifmtf. Xf dghf fst`s dgjs`s sjm dgfz viàs aufrtfs quf l`s àeugl`

Fsh`lfr`s fm fl tfiplj df My`t`pjl`fm Ob`ct`pur.

L`s djs fst`tu`s iàs o`k`s sjm ump`r df luhb`djrfs, I`l K`y` y ^`tt`,

ljs hu`lfs tfmé`m l` aufrz` df 0>bjiorfs. jr fmhgi` df flljs b`y

djs flfa`mtfs, dgfz vfhfs iàs aufrtfsquf ljs luhb`djrfs. jr fmhgi` dfljs djs flfa`mtfs b`y djs lfjmfs,

dgfz vfhfs iàs aufrtfs quf ljs flf-a`mtfs.

“

’

Fst` prjerfsgømegfrf quf l` dfquf b`y dfmtrjtfiplj dfof sfr pjdfrjs`.




Tfiplj My`t`pjl

Fstf tfiplj quf sjorfs`lf sjorf tjd` l` hgud`d y` quf fshjmsgdfr`dj um` df l`s pèjd`s i`s `lt`s dfl p`és, fs um of-llj fkfiplj df l` `rqugtfhtur` mfp`lfs` llfv`d` ` su iàxgijfsplfmdjr. Tgfmf hgmhj pgsjs quf b`hfm umjs trfgmt` iftrjsdf `ltur` fm tjt`l. Fs um tfiplj dfdgh`dj ` Xgddb` L`cxig, l`dgjs` df l` prjspfrgd`d, um` gièfm quf sjlj pufdf sfr jo-sfrv`d` pjr ljs s`hfrdjtfs.

Fl tfiplj quf djigm` l` pl`z` Tùi`dbg sf `pjy` fm umò`sf df hgmhj mgvflfs hjm hu`trj s`mtu`rgjs dfdgh`djs ` E`-mfsb fm h`d` um` df sus fsqugm`s. My`t`pjl` sgemgagh` “tfi-plj df hgmhj pgsjs’ fm l` lfmeu` Mfw`rg.

Dghf l` lfyfmd` quf auf hjmstrugdj hu`mdj l` gr` dfl dgjsOb`gr`d fstò` hùs`mdj fstrèjs fm l` sjhgfd`d fm 05>?.^`r` hjmtr`rrfst r su hjipjrtìgfmtj dfstruhtgvj fl rfy dfhg-dgø hjmstrugr um tfiplj iàs pjdfrjsj fmarfmtf dfl tfipljOb`grò. ^`r` b`hfr quf fl l`drgllj y l` i`dfr` dfl tfiplj

aufr`m aufrtfs y pjdfrjsjs, fl rfy Obup`tfmdr` I`ll` jrdquf sf hjljh`r`m djs eu`rdg`mfs fm h`d` mgvfl df l` o`sfhjmduhf b`hg` fl tfiplj df My`t`pjl`. Fs `dfi`s umj dpjhjs fdgaghgjs quf rfsgstgø `l dfv`st`djr tfrrfijtj df 0Fm h`d` um` df l`s tfrr`z`s sf pjmf fm huhlgll`s um p`r dar`s; djs luhb`djrfs aìjsjs, djs flfa`mtfs, djs lfjmfsergajs y Oèbgmg y Xgmebgmg (fl tgerf y fl lføm) dgjs`s.

Fstf fs fl ûmghj tfiplj quf llfv` um mjiorf quf b`hafrfmhg` ` l`s dgifmsgjmfs df su `rqugtfhtur`, fm vf

llfv r um mjiorf rfl`hgjm`dj hjm l` dfgd`d quf b`y f

gmtfrgjr. Auf frgegdj fm um hjrtj pfrgjdj df tgfipj, iifmjs hgmhj ifsfs. Fm l` `htu`lgd`d y fm fl hjmtfxtj qumfijs df trò`kj-bjr`rgj, pl`mgagh`hgøm y prjerì`hgømiuy dgaéhgl hrffr quf aufr` frgegdj fm t`m hjrtj pfrgjdtgfipj, pfrj auf rf`lifmtf `sé y` quf ljs gmhgdfmtfs aurfegstr`djs dé` ` dé`, sfeûm ljs i`mushrgtjs dfl tfiplj.




^l`z` df ^jttfry

Vm p`sfj df djs igmutjs `l sur df l` pl`z` o`r tf llfv` ` Ojl`hbbfm, tìogçm ` umjs itjs df l` pl`z` Duro`r sf fmhufmtr` l` llìpl`z` df ^jttfry fm fsp`ðjl pl`z` df l` h

igh`. Vm` pl`z` quf mj tgfmf mgmeûm gmtf

mj sfr pjr l` i`r`vgll` df l`s fxpjsghgjmf

ljs hufmhjs j v`sgk`s df o`rrj y `rhgll` fxp

tjs `l sjl p`r` su sfh`dj. L` ajri` sgiçtrghquf hjljh`m h`d` jll` hjmvgfrtf fl lue`r fpjst`l df er`m ofllfz`.

Fm fst zjm` sf fmhufmtr`m ljs la`rfrjs pfrtfmfhfm ` l` h`st` ^r`k`p`tg quf jhup`mlue`r dfsdf tgfipjs df ljs I`ll`. Xjm `rtfsdf er`m aì` fm fl p`és pjr l` er`m h`lgd`d dtrò`kj. L` pl`z` l` vfmfr` l` hòfz` df flfadfl dgjs E`mfsb fl p`trøm df ljs `la`rfrjs.




fp`l fs um p`és i`r`vglljsj quf jarfhf ` sus vgsgt`mtfs p`gs`-fs gmhrféolfs y l` pjsgoglgd`d df dfshuorgr l`s ijmt`ð`s iàslt`s dfl iumdj. Lìfmtòlfifmtf, qué tìogçm sf fafhtû`mhtgvgd`dfs quf giplgh`m er`vfs òusjs df ljs `mgi`lfs yuf, ljs turgst`s dfofré`m gmtfmt`r mj ajifmt`r.

s fstf fl h`sj df `leumjs df ljs afstgv`lfs rflgegjsjs iàs gi-jrt`mtfs df Mfp`l y fm p`rtghul`r fl df E`dbgi`g, fl afstgv`lfdgh`dj ` l` dgjs` bgmdû quf llfv` fl igsij mjiorf y qufs mjri`lifmtf `sjhg`dj hjm fl i`yjr s`hrgaghgj df `mgi`lfsfl p`és. ^`r` s`mtgagh`r ojd`s, vgvgfmd`s y hjhbfs mufvjs jfdgr fl huiplgigfmtj df um dfsfj, h`d` `ðj sf i`t`mruflifmtf iglljmfs df `mgi`lfs hjij oûa`ljs df èu`, hjr-frjs, hòr`s, jvfk`s, p`tjs, e`llgm`s, hufrvjs, pfhfs, hfrdjs,

frpgfmtfs y tjrtue`s. W ùmquf fs hgfrtj quf fstf tgpj dfhjmtfhgigfmtj fs p`rtf df l` hultur` y df l` rflgegøm ljh`l,ìogçm fs vfrd`d quf iuhbjs turgst`s `sgstfm ` fstjs afstgv`-fs, v`l`mdj sé su gipjrt`mhg`.

jr l`s h`llfs df `leum`s hgud`dfs `dfiàs, ljs vg`kfrjs puf-fm fmhjmtr`rsf hjm ljs “ljrjs quf lffm fl auturj’; efmfr`l-

ifmtf sf tr`t` df `mgi`lfs quf b`m sgdj h`ptur`dj df su fs-`dj s`lv`kf df i`mfr` glfe`l y huy`s `l`s b`m sgdj iutgl`d`s

`r` quf lfs rfsultf gipjsgolf fsh`p`r. L` i`yjré` df flljs mjjorfvgvf `l trùi` df l` h`ptur`, dfl tr`mspjrtf y df l` dj-

ifstgh`hgøm y pjr fstj ljs turgst`s mj dfofré`m pè`r p`r` gm-fr`htu`r hjm flljs.

js fmh`mt`djrfs df sfrpgfmtf rfprfsfmt`m um` prjolfiàtghìuy sgigl`r; h`d` `ðj sf h`z`m aurtgvìfmtf iglfs df sfrpgfm-fs p`r` fstjs fspfhtàhuljs quf sf b`m hjmvfrtgdj ràpgdìfm-f fm um` df l`s prgmhgp`lfs hùs`s df su dfs`p`rghgøm. ^`r`

vgt`r ijrdfdur`s j `t`qufs, ljs “fmh`mt`djrfs’ suflfm hjrt`rjs hjliglljs df ljs `mgi`lfs, `t`r sus ojh`s hjm pfqufð`sufrd`s df plàstghj j utglgz`r pfeìfmtj df i`mfr` t`l quf`s sfrpgfmtfs t`m sølj pufd`m s`h`r l` lfmeu`. Tìogçm suf-fm qugt`rlfs sus elàmdul`s vfmfmjs`s hjm içtjdjs gm`prj-g`djs y pjhj bgegçmghjs y quf llfv`m ` ljs `mgi`lfs ` dfs`-rjll`r gmafhhgjmfs y ijrgr df gm`mghgøm.




Hjij fm iuhbjs p`ésfs `sgàtghjs, fm Mfp`l tìogçm fl usjdf flfa`mtfs fm fl sfhtjr turéstghj rfprfsfmt` um` er`vf prj-olfiàtgh` y fm tjdj fl p`és fstjs `mgi`lfs sjm jolge`djs `fxbgogrsf fm `htgvgd`dfs `mtgm`tur`lfs y pfrkudghg`lfs p`r` sus`lud hjij p`sfjs hjm turgst`s, o`glfs, p`rtgdjs df aûtojl,tjrmfjs df pjlj y um trgstfifmtf l`rej fthçtfr . Fl igsij

ejogfrmj Mfp`lg pfrigtf l` hré` fm hùtgvgd`d df fstjs `mg-i`lfs, quf lfkjs df su bàogt`t m`tur`l sjm fmtrfm`djs hjmiçtjdjs hruflfs, sf p`s`m l` i`yjré` dfl tgfipj fmh`dfm`-djs y suarfm um` ijrt`lgd`d iuy flfv`d`.

^jr sufrtf mj tjd`s sjm i`l`s mjtghg`s; fm fstf p`és, gipjr-t`mtfs jpfr`djrfs hjij @rcf Aly y Bjll`md Gmtfrm`tgjm`l b`mdfhgdgdj rffipl`z`r ljs p`sfjs fm flfa`mtfs fm fl ^`rqufM`hgjm`l Hbgtw`m hjm sà`rgs ` pgf j fm h`mj`, y `sfeur`m

quf tr`s fxplgh`r l` prjolfiàtgh` ` sus hlgfmtfs, fstjs sf df-

hl`r`m fmh`mt`djs df mj p`rtghgp`r fm `htgvgd`dfs d`ðgmp`r` ljs flfa`mtfs.

Fs df b`hf pjhjs dé`s `dfiàs, l` mjtghg` df l` hjmstruhhdfl prgifr hfmtrj df rfbòglgt`hgøm df flfa`mtfs fm Hbgtwdjmdf sf pfrigtgrà ` fstjs `mgi`lfs vgvgr fm lgofrt`d y

h`dfm`s. ^`r` fl prøxgij `ðj `dfiàs fstà prfvgst` l` puffm i`rhb` df jtrj prjyfhtj sgigl`r y `dfiàs ògfrtj `l olghj.

^jr ûltgij, rfhjrdìjs quf Mfp`l fs um dfstgmj iuy hjtdj p`r` ljs `vgstìgfmtjs df `vfs y quf fl lue`r iàs `hjm k`dj fm fstf sfmtgdj fs ^bulhbjcg Bgll, djmdf sf rfegstr`prfsfmhg` df ?16 fspfhgfs df `vfs dgafrfmtfs.^`r` iàs gmaj; www.turgsij-rfspjmsòlf.hji

http://www.turismo-responsable.com/

http://www.turismo-responsable.com/




Ob`ct`pur fs aìjs` pjr su `rtfs`mé` y su ìogfmtf ifdgf-v`l. Fs um pl`hfr rfhjrrfr sus h`llfs y` quf fm h`d` rgmhøm fmh`d` h`s` sf vf fl `rtf df fst` hgud`d. Ljs i`r`vglljsjs ij-muifmtjs hjij fl ^`l`hgj df l`s Hgmhufmt` vfmt`m`s hjms-trugdjs pjr ljs I`ll`s, djmdf sf dfst`h` sus o`lhjm`d`s t`-

l`d`s fm i`dfr`. Fl Tfiplj df O`ts`l` hjm um` gmifms`hìp`m` quf h`d` t`rdf sufm` p`r` quf ljs agflfs `hud`m `lhultj df sus dgjsfs. Fl tfiplj df My`t`pjl` uogh`dj fm um`pèjd` df hgmhj pgsjs, hjm um` dfhjr`hgøm prfhgjs` quf ljhjmvgfrtfm fm um fdgaghgj ûmghj.

^frj ljs p`ésfs hjij sus hgud`dfs sf dfofm rfhjrrfr fm tjsu fxtfmsgøm p`r` df fs` i`mfr` pjdfr hjmjhfrljs ifkjr.fvgdfmtf quf fm su zjm` turgst` tjdj fstà fxpufstj p`r`vgsgt`mtf, pfrj aufr` df fll` fxgstf jtr` hgud`d quf iuhbvfhfs m`d` tgfmf quf vfr hjm l` quf suflfm fmsfð`r l`s p

t`lfs. Aufr` df ijmuifmtjs tfipljs y p`l`hgjs l` vgd`

iuy hrufl y dur` p`r` iglfs df pfrsjm`s y tjdj qufl q

vgsgt` fstjs p`ésfs dfof dfshuorgrl` p`r` `sé tfmfr u

vfrd`dfr` y utfmtgh` rf`lgd`d dfl igsij.




^`t`m

sjlj 6 cgløiftrjs df C`ti`mdu sf fmhufmtr` ^`t`m,Fxgstf um` oufm` rfd df ùtjousfs quf l` hjmfht`hjm jtr`s hgud`dfs dfl v`llf. ^`t`m fstà iuy ogfm

hjmfht`d` hjm l` zjm` turéstgh df T`lif fm C`ti`mdu

hjm ùtjousfs quf p`r`m ` umjs 6 igmutjs `md`mdj

df l` pl`z` Duro`r. ^`r` fmtr`r fm l` hgud`d sf b` df

pè`r hjij jhurrf fm Ob`ct`pur, y l` ifkjr i`mfr`

df rfhjrrfrl` fs ` pgf, pufs fm su h`shj bgstørghj lj

i`s gipjrt`mtf fstà iuy hjmhfmtr`dj.

^`t`m tìogçm fs hjmjhgd` hjij L`lgtpur. Hjij l` hgu-d`d df ljs `rtfs`mjs pjr fl trò`kj quf fafhtû`m sjorf flprjhfs`dj df hfr`, quf sf utglgz` p`r` prjduhgr fxqugsg-t`s fshultur`s. Fm ^`t`m fxgstfm iuhbjs t`llfrfs df `rtf-

s`mjs djmdf sf fafhtû`m l` i`yjré` df fshultur`s qufvfmdfm hjij rfhufrdjs mj sjlj fm Mfp`l, tìogçmfxpjrt`m b`hg`, Gmdg`, Tb`gl`mdg`, Hìojy`, fth.

L` hgud`d hjmsfrv` er`m p`rtf dfl fmh`mtj df l` hgudvgfk` hjm sus h`llfs fstrfhb`s, h`s`s df l`drgllj y iutud df tfipljs bgmdûfs ogfm hjmsfrv`djs, ijm`stfroudgst`s (vgb`r`s) y ijmuifmtjs. Fl sjmgdj prfdjm`mtf fm ^`t`m fs l` df ljs rftjqufs df ljs `rtfs`md`mdj ajri` ` l`s fst`tugll`s. @l geu`l quf fm C`ti`mfl bgmdugsij y fl oudgsij b`m hjfxgstgdj dur`mtf ihbj tgfipj, sjm l`s rflgegjmfs prgmhgp`lfs y ljs tfipquf prfdjigm`m sjm ljs bgmdugst`s.

@




Duro`r Xqu`rf

jm fl Crgsbm` Tfiplf (Hby`sgi Dfv`l) df 05?8, qufb`hf fsqugm` y ` su l`dj fl T`lfku Ofll pufdf sfr flprgifr hjmt`htj quf tfmfijs hjm tjdj fl hjiplfkj

`rqugtfhtømghj df ^`t`m, djmdf `l geu`l quf jhurrf fmC`ti`mdu llfeìjs ` Duro` Xqu`rf fl hjr`zøm df l`hgud`d. L` pl`z` fs djmdf pjdfijs fmhjmtr`r fl fmh`m-tj df sus p`l`hgj, tfipljs y pèjd`s, y prfsfmhg`r l` `r-qugtfhtur` Mfw`rg df tfipljs bgmdûfs y oudgst`s hjmp`s`rfl`s df orjmhf, dfgd`dfs, eu`rdg`mfs y i`r`vgllj-s`s fshultur`s `sé hjij s`mtu`rgjs df fxqugsgt`s t`ll`s.

Fl `mtgeuj p`l`hgj rf`l quf `lofre` um iusfj hjmtgfmffst`tu`s df orjmhfs y jokftjs rflgegjsjs. B`y trfs p`tgjsj hbjwcs prgmhgp`lfs, llì`djs `sé, fl hfmtrj df IulHbjwc, Xumd`rg Hbjwc y Cfsb`v M`r`y`m Hbjwc fm l`

pl`z`. Fl Xumd`rg Hbjwc tgfmf fm su hfmtrj um` joi`fstr` df l` `rqugtfhtur` df pgfdr`, fl o`ðj df _jyllì`dj Tusb`bgty.

L` bgstjrg df l` pl`z` Duro`r mj fs iuy agòlf bgs

rghìfmtf. Xf dghf quf fl sgtgj fs um `mtgeuj hruhf

hìgmjs.

Ljs ^r`db`m`s quf sf fstòlfhgfrjm fm tjfl sgtgj `mtfs df ljs I`ll` y` tfmé`m hjmfxgjmfs hjmpl`z` Duro`r. @leum`s hrømgh`s `pumt`m quf l` dgm`sTb`curg hjmstruyø um p`l`hgj. Ljs frudgtjs fstàm sfeurdf quf ^`t`m auf um` prøspfr` hgud`d dfsdf l` `meüfd`d.

Ljs rfyfs I`ll` fafhtu`rjm hìogjs gipjrt`mtfs fm l`

pl`z`. L` i`yjr p`rtf df l` `rqugtfhtur` `htu`l fs df l`

dçh`d` df 01>>.

H




Jarfhf l jpjrtumgd`d df vfr rfstjs dfl `mtgeuj p`l hgj df

ljs _fyfs I`ll`, y `leumjs df l`s iàs bfrijs`s t`ll`s df

i`dfr` y pgfdr` fm fl iumdj. Fl Iusfj huorf um` l`re` bgs-

tjrg` y tr`dghgjmfs vgv`s df Mfp`l.

jm i`s df ?>> ageur`s df ift`l, fliusfj ò`rh` um l`rej pfrgjdj dfl` bgstjrg` df Mfp`l. Ageur`s df

orjmhf bgmdûfs, y oudgst`s df um

er`m sgemgagh`dj tàmtrghj, rfalfk`dj fm

dfgd`dfs df l`s djs rflgegjmfs. Ajtj-eràé`s quf dft`ll`m l` bgstjrg` dfC`ti`mdu. Mj sjlj su gmtfrgjr fs dgemjdf vgsgt`r, pjr l` er`m h`lgd`d df sus

fshultur`s, tìogçm pjdfijs `prfhg`rfl `rtf Mfp`lg, fm l` igsi` pufrt` dffmtr`d`, t`ll`d` fm orjmhf fm um er`mtrò`kj df hfr` pfrdgd`.

Fm fl p`tgj prgmhgp`l sf `prfhg` dfsdf` igsi` fmtr`d` um s`mtu`rgj hjm hû-

pul` df hjljr ol`mhj dfdgh`dj ` Qgsmbûhjij I`mg Cfsb`v M`r`y`m df l` quf

dfrgv` fl mjiorf hjiûm df fst` p`rtf

dfl p`l`hgj, fl "Cfsb`v M`r`y`mHbjwc". Fl Iusfj sf fmhufmtr` fm ump`tgj fm fl hjiplfkj df fdgaghgjs sgtu`-dj iàs `l mjrtf df l` zjm` df Duro`r.Auf rfhjmstrugdj fm um` hìp`ð` gm-tfrm`hgjm`l df l` VMFXHJ, p`r` s`lv`rljs ijmuifmtjs dfl v`llf df C`ti`m-du. Fl ejogfrmj @ustrg`hj `hjrdø hjm flMfp`lg fm 072? l` rfp`r`hgøm df Cfsb`

M`r`y`m Hbjwc quf lj llfvø ` l` tr`ms-ajri`hgøm hjij iusfj. Xf hjmvgrtgø`sé fm fl prgifr iusfj puolghj y ùtø-mjij, s`lv`mdj mj sjlj fl fdgaghgj qufsf fmhjmtrò` fm um fst`dj dfprgifm-tf `mtfs df su hjmvfrsgøm, sg mj qufs`lvø l` er`m hjlfhhgøm df ageur`s y jokftjs, llfe`mdj ` sfr fm l` `htu`lgd`dumj df ljs ifkjrfs iusfjs dfl sur df

@sg`.

Iusfj df ^`t`m

H




^`l`hgj _f`l s.RGQum l`dj df l` pl`z` sf fmhufmtr` fl _jy`l ^`l`hf quf llì` l` `tfmhgøm pjrsu sjofrog` a`hb`d`, djmdf sf `prfhg` su pufrt djr`d` rghìfmtf df-

hjr`d` y l`s djs ageur`s df o`gl`rgm`s ` ljs l`djs, auf hjmstrugdj jrgeg-m`lifmtf fm fl sgelj RQGG, pfrj auf rfhjmstrugdj hjm pjstfrgjrgd`d dfogdj `ljs d`ðjs quf lf hùsj fl tfrrfijtj df 0784.

Hufmt` hjm v`rgjs p`tgjs y `l`s df gmtfrhjmfxgøm. W llì` iuhbj l` `tfmhgøml`s muifrjs`s vfmt`m`s df i`dfr` t`ll`d`, um` df fll`s sf fmhufmtr` sgfiprfògfrt`, pufs sfeûm dghf l` lfyfmd` fs p`r` hu`mdj vuflv` fl rfy. L` rgqufz` dfsus pufrt`s y sjpjrtfs df ljs tfhbjs dfhjr`djs, `sé hjij l`s fst`tu`s df dgj-sfs y dgjs`s bgmdûfs quf lj h`r`htfrgz` hjij um lue`r fxtr`jrdgm`rgj p`r`

hjiprfmdfr fl `rtf Mfp`lg.

@




Dgjs` dfl réj K`ium`

Xt`mdgme Jm @ I`cur`iétghj hjhjdrglj. Xffmhufmtr` arfmtf `ltfiplj df orjmhf




^ufrt` vgfk` df pgfdr` Kustj `l tfrigm`r l` a`hb`d` dfl Iusfj sf fmhufmtr` fst` bfrijs` pufrt` df pgfdr` t`ll`d` quf b` sgdj

rfhjmstrugd` fm l` htu`lgd`d, -fst` ajtj fs `mtfrgjr ` l` rfst ur`hgøm- y mj eu`rd` mgmeûm fdgaghj.




Tfi lj Djr`djBgr`my` Q`rm` I`b`vgb`r

frh` df Duro`r Xqu`rf sf fmhufmtr` fstf tfiplj quf b` sgdj rfstùr`d` su a`hb`d` auf hjms-trugdj fm fl sgelj RGG pjr fl rfy Ob`sc`r` Dfv. Q`ri`. @umquf su rflgegøm fr` l` bgmdû sf hjm-vgrtgø fm um er`m dfvjtj dfl Oud` Xb`cyìumg. Tr`s hruz`r su pufrt` df pgfdr` `p`rfhf um

p`tgj ojrdf`dj pjr ijlgmjs df jr`hgøm, fst`tugll`s fm orjmhf df ijmjs, flfa`mtfs y dgjsfs,

jarfmd`s, erò`djs fm l`s p`rfdfs hìp`m`s y fst`tu`s df dfgd`dfs. Mj qufd` mg um bufhjlgorf. Fl p`tgj, djs fsh`ljmfs pjr dfo`kj, sgiojlgz` ìrgt, fl jhç`mj df l` gmijrt`lgd`d dfl qufofofm ljs dgjsfs, y fm ifdgj, "aljt`mdj" fm fstf jhç`mj, um tfiplj df trfs tfk`djs dfdgh`dj Òud`. Fl tfiplj dfof su mjiorf ` l`s lìgm`s df ift`l djr`dj quf lj rfhuorfm.

H




Vm` fst`tu` df jrj df Oud` y umèr`m rufd` df jr`hgøm pufdf sfrvgstj fm fl pfdfst`l df l` p`rtf su-pfrgjr df l` Qgb`r igfmtr`s quf ljs

p`trjmfs dfhjr`tgvjs gmtrgmh`djs,flòjr`djs fm sus p`rfdfs fxtfrgj-rfs, `ð`df fmh`mtj ` l` rgqufz`su`vf dfl s`mtu`rgj.

Fl tfiplj prgmhgp`l fm fl p`tgj fsum` fstruhtur` rfht`meul`r df trfspgsjs quf djigm` tjdj fl hjiplfkj.Xus tfhbjs y vfmt`m`s hjm ijsqug-

tfrjs, gmhluyfmdj hjrmgs`s y pumt`-

lfs, sjm tjd`s djr`d`s hjm jrj df`bé lf prjvgfmf fl mjiorf quf fshjmjhgdj pjpul`rifmtf. L`s o`m-

dfr`s dfl tfiplj quf hufle`m

dfsdf fl tfhbj b`st` fl mgvfl df l`fmtr`d` sjm mjtòlfs. Vm` lfyfm-

d` ljs vgmhul` hjm fl Oud`, qugfm

ljs utglgz` hjij um` fsh`lfr` p`r`

o`k`r dfl hgflj ` l` tgfrr`.

Fl hb`gty` dfl gmtfrgjr dfl tfiplj sfgdfmtgagh` hjm fl aìjsj Xw`-yìobu Hb`gty` fm C`ti`mdu.

Hu`trj mè`s (sfrpgfmtfs dgjsfs)

hufle`m df l` p`rtf supfrgjr tfiplj hjm l`s hòfz`s lfv`mt`dljs jkjs vgegl`mtfs, quf lj hudg`m.

Xfeûm l` tr`dghgøm ljh`l df fstf tu`rgj fs l` p`rtf iàs `mtgeu`hjiplfkj, iàs vgfkj gmhlusj qus`mtu`rgj dfl prgmhgp`l Oud`. Fmhu`trj fsqugm`s df l` e`lfré` dfdjr dfl p`tgj b`y hu`trj fst`df orjmhf aumdgdj ifdgfv`lfsorfs`lgfmtfs df l`s dgstgmt`s ajrdf Ljcfsbw`r`.

Vm` df l s h`r htfréstgh`s dfl Bgr`my` Q rm` I`b`vgb`r fs quf iuhbjs rgtu`lfs, sjlj sf

fafhtû`m fm fstf tfiplj mumh` dfk`rjm df b`hfrsf mg aufrjm llfv`djs ` jtrjs tfipljs.

Fl ijmkf quf rgk` fl ijm`stfrgj dfof sfr um` pfrsjm` kjvfm. W Hjm l `yud`

df um mgðj quf mj dfof supfr`r l fd`d df djhf `ðjs llfv` ` h oj fl sfrvg-

hgj lgtûreghj rfeul`r fm fl s`mtu`rgj dfl Oud` prgmhgp`l. @iojs s`hfrdjtfs df-

ofm sfr igfiorjs dfl ijm`stfrgj y sgrvfm pjr um pfréjdj df um ifs, tgfipj

dur`mtf fl hu`l dfofm pfri`mfhfr fm fl gmtfrgjr dfl p tgj.




Crgsbm` Tfiplf Hby`sgi Dfv`

Fstà sjstfmgdj pjr hj-luim`s df pgfdr` `lrf

dfdjr df l` hgrhumafrfmhg` df l` o`sf. L` gièfdf Crgsbm` fm fl gmtfrgjdfl tfiplj fstà `hji

p`ð`dj df sus djs fsps`s.

Fl tfiplj df Q`msèjp`l (qufsgemgagh` Crgsbm` fm fl `htj dftjh`r l` alùt`) auf hjmstrugdj

fm fl sgelj RQGG, pjr ^r`t`p I`l-l` sf dghf fm ifijrg` df sus

djs rfgm`s iufrt`s, j hjij umhjmsuflj rflgegjsj pjr su ar`h`-sj df hjmqugst` `mtfrgjr df l`

hgud`d.




Crgsbm` I`mdgr Qgsmbu tfiplj

Crgsbm` I`mdgr, ljs trfspgsjs tgpj Xbgcb`r` dfltfiplj df pgfdr` dfl sf-ðjr Crgsbm`, fstà sgtu`djfm l` pl`z` Duro`r df L`-lgtpur. Auf hjmstrugdj pjr

fl rfy sgddbg M`rsgmeb`I`ll` fm 01?5




T@LFKV OFLLFl tfiplj df Crgsbm` I`mdgr fs fl ûmghj tfiplj quf tgfmf ?0 èuk`s

df jrj, y fst` hjiplftìfmtf t`ll`dj fm pgfdr`. Hufmt` hjm t`ll`s

quf rfprfsfmt`m bfhbjs df l` `mtgeu` çpgh` bgmdû _ì`y`m` y flI`bòb`r`t`, y dfk` um` er`m iufstr` df l` i`fstré` df ljs `rqug-tfhtjs ifdgfv`lfs mfp`lfsfs fm trò`kjs fm pgfdr`. Fm arfmtf dfltfiplj, sf `lz` um` fst`tu` df um àeugl`, bfhbj df ift`l fm l` p`rtfsupfrgjr df l` hjluim` df pgfdr`, quf rfprfsfmt` fl vfbéhulj dfCrgsbm`.

Fs fl prgifr tfiplj fm fstglj Xbgcb`r` fm sus jhbj l`djs, y l` lfyfm-

d` dghf quf tjdjs fstjs l`djs rfprfsfmt m ` l`s jhbj fspjs`s df umrfy I`ll`, quf hjiftgfrjm s`tg pjr qufi`rsf fm l` pgr` aumfr`rg` dfsu i`rgdj, hu`mdj çl iurgø.

Fm fstf tfiplj tgfmf lue`r umj df ljs afstgv`lfs i`s hjmhurrgdjs df^`t`m. Fl afstgv`l C_GXBM@ K@W@MTG j K`mi`sbtìg djmdf sf hflf-

or` fl m`hgigfmtj df Crgsbm` fm fl `ðj ?>08 b` tfmgdj lue`r su

60?6 huiplf`ðjs. Fstf afstgv`l sf hflfor` mj sjlj fm ^`t`m tì-

ogçm fm tjd` Gmdg` y fm hu`lqugfr lue`r djmdf sf prjhfsf l` rflg-

egøm bgmdû. ^`r` sòfr l` afhb` fx`ht` df l` hflfor`hgøm sf dfofhjmsult`r pègm`s df fst` rflgegøm y` quf v` pjr fl pfrgjdj lum`r

su m`hgigfmtj auf fl jht`vj dé` df l` lum` jshur`, quf suflf hjgm-

hgdgr fm ljs ifsfs df èjstj ` sfptgfiorf.

Fl Crgsbm` K`y`mtg fipgfz` l` mjhbf dfl m`hgigfmtj hu`mdj erupjsdf dfvjtjs vfl`m ` Crgsbm` fm fl Tfiplj df ^`t`m hjm làip`r`s df`hfgtf, h`mtjs y o`glfs. Dfspuçs df ifdg` mjhbf, fipgfz`m l`s l`re`shjl`s df bjiorfs y iukfrfs fm tjrmj `l tfipj p`r` jarfhfr aljrfs,`rrjz y ijmfd`s y p`r` rfhgogr l` ofmdghgøm rjk` fm l` arfmtf, l` tgc`,quf i`rh` l` prfsfmhg` dgvgm` dfmtrj df l` pfrsjm`. ^jr tjd`s p`rtfspufdfm vfrsf ajtjeràé`s y dgoukjs hjm l` gièfm df Crgsbm`. Hjle`-d`s fm l`s p`rfdfs df l`s h`llfs j fm l`s fmtr`d`s df ljs tfipljs yifrh`djs quf `mumhg`m su m`hgigfmtj. Fsf dé` ljs hufmt` hufmtjsfxplgh`m l`s `vfmtur`s y dfsvfmtur`s df l` dgvgmgd`d ` iglfs df `tfm-tjs fspfht`djrfs, igfmtr`s erupjs df dfvjtjs fm prjhfsgøm p`sf`mpjr l`s h`llfs su gièfm, rghìfmtf `djrm`d` p`r` l` jh`sgøm, prj-

hlì`mdj; "Crgsbm` fs dgjs".

L` `hhgøm prgmhgp`l dfl afstgv`l fs l` pfrfehgøm df ljs erupjs df dfvjt`s df Crgsbm`,

kfrfs prjvfmgfmtfs df àrf`s rur`lfs quf dé` i`drue`m y hìgm`m b`st` fl Tfipljb`hfm jarfmd`s df pl`mt`s tulsg igfmtr`s z`m y h`mtfm rgtijs tr`dghgjm`lfs. L`s iukfstàm `hjip`ð`d`s pjr pfrhusgjmgst`s w`h`mt`m y o`gl`m sgm p`r`r, dfsdf prgifr` b`st` ogfm fmtr`d` l` mjhbf.

Dur`mtf l` hflfor`hgøm sf suflf dgsar z`r

mgðjs hjm tr`kfs y um` alùt` quf rfprfsfCrgsbm`. Fst` dfgd`d quf fstà hjmsgdfhjij fl er`m dgjs dfl ìjr y um o`gl`rémmj, pjr fllj su gièfm fs rfprfsfmt`d`sgfiprf fm hjljr `zul hgflj (sgiojlgz`mdhjmfxgøm hjm fl hgflj), tjh`mdj um` alùtègh` (quf pufdf llfe`r ` pjmfr fm tr`mhf dfvjtjs), y hjm fl or`zj dfrfhbj fm `ltj rfsfmt`mdj quf sgfiprf fstà fm `hhgøm

i`mtfmfr fm jrdfm tjd`s l`s hjs`s.

Mgðjs fm um hjlfegj dgsar`z`djs df Crgsbm`




Xf hrff quf l` pjol`hgøm df L`lgtpur auf aumd`d` fm fl sgelj GGG d.H. pjrl` dgm`sté` Cgr`t, y iàs t`rdf auf fxp`mdgd` pjr ljs Lghhb`vgs fm fl sgelj

QG. Dfspuçs sfré` ìplg`d` pjr ljs I`ll`s dur`mtf l` çpjh` ifdgfv`l.Fxgstfm iuhb`s lfyfmd`s quf b`hfm rfafrfmhg` ` su mjiorf. L` iàspjpul`r fs l` lfyfmd` dfl dgjs _`tj I`hbbgmdr`m`tb, qugfm auf llfv`-dj `l v`llf dfsdf Cì`ru Cì`hbby`, ljh`lgz`dj fm @ssì, Gmdg`, pjrum erupj df trfs pfrsjm`s rfprfsfmt`mdj trfs rfgmjs dfl v`llf df C`t-i`mdu. Vm` df fs`s pfrsjm`s su mjiorf fr` L`lgt, um èrghultjr qufllfvø `l dgjs _`tj I`hbbgmdr`m`tb tjdj fl hìgmj dfsdf @ssì.

Fl prjpøsgtj df llfv`r ` fstf dgjs `l v`llf fr` l` df supfr`r l` er`m sf-

qué` pjr l` quf fstò`m p`s`mdj. Bòé` um` aufrtf hrffmhg` df quf fldgjs _`tj I`hbbgmdr`m`tb pjdré` b`hfr quf l` lluvg` llfe`r` `l v`llf. Wauf dfogdj `l fsaufrzj df L`lgt quf fl dgjs _`tj I`hbbgmdr`m`tb sf`sfmt`r` fm L`lgtpur. Xjm iuhbjs ljs quf hrffm quf fl mjiorf df l`

hgud`d sf pusj dfogdj `l mjiorf L`lgt, y l` p`lòr` pur sgemgagh`

iumghgpgj.

Fstf bgstørghj y sgemgagh`mtf afstgv`l hjmifijr` ` I`hbhbbgmdr`, fldgjs eu`rdgàm df Mfp`l. L` hfrfijmg` hjigfmz` fl prgifr dé` dfl ifsO`gs`cb, hu`mdj l` dfgd`d fs o`ð`d` fm fl èu` sèr`d` dfl réj Oè-

i`tg. Lufej fs llfv`d` b`st` ^`t`m, ijmt`dj fm um er`m h`rrj djmdfsf hjljh` fm um `lt`r t`ll`dj y dfhjr`dj hjm aljrfs. L` prjhfsgøm fmtfr`pufdf t`rd`r b`st` um` sfi`m` y fl édjlj df I`hbhbbgmdr` sf iufs-tr` fm ^`t`m dur`mtf um ifs, `mtfs df dfvjlvfrlj `l Oèi`tg y hjljh`r-lj jtr` vfz fm fl tfiplj quf lf `hjef fm C`ti`mdu. Fm dé` quf l` dfg-d`d fs dfvuflt` sf hjmjhf hjij Eudrgkb`r, y l` i`mt` df l` dfgd`d sfs`hudf sgioølghìfmtf p`r` rfvfl`r fl v`héj y rfprfsfmt`r l` `lferé` `pfs`r df l` pjorfz`.

^`t`m fs um` prfhgjs` hgud`d, hjij jhurrf hjm Ob`ct`pur j C`ti`m-du, fm su h`shj bgstørghj, pfrj aufr` dfl igsij sjm hgud`dfs quf hjm-tgfmfm iuhb` igsfrg`, y djmdf sf vfm ` pfrsjm`s pjr dfhfm`s qufvgvfm fm l` h`llf djmdf `bé fafhtû`m tjd`s sus mfhfsgd`dfs y iuhb`sv`m hjiplftìfmtf dfsmud`s y mj sjm s`dbus. Mgðjs y iukfrfs qufpjr um iésfrj døl`r p`s`m df sjl ` sjl trò`k`mdj fm l` hjmstruhhgømh`re`dj hjij vfrd`dfrjs `mgi`lfs, y fsj ljs quf pjr sufrtf tgfmfm umtrò`kj. Dur`mtf l` ijm`rqué` sf dfhé` quf flljs tfmé`m `l pufolj fml` igsfrg`, sjlj fspfrj quf ljs mufvjs ejofrm`mtfs ljs I`jést`s puf-

d`m b`hfr quf fst` dfs`p`rfzh`.




^jcb`r`jcb`r` mj sf fmhufmtr` fm fl v`llf df C`ti`mdufstà ` um` dgst`mhg` df umjs ?>> cgløiftrjs, y sg

fl v`llf sf dfof vgsgt r pjr su er`m rgqufz` hultu-

r`l, ^jcb`r` lj fs pjr sfr fl hfmtrj df `vfmtur`, fs umbfrijsj v`llf y bje`r df fspfsjs ojsqufs, djmdf orj-

t`m réjs, lèjs fsifr`ld`, y l` aìjs` vgst` df l` hjrdg-llfr` dfl Bgi`l`y`.

^jcb`r` fs p`rtf df lj quf auf um` rut hjifrhg`l fmtrfl` Gmdg` y fl Téoft. Tgfmf ` ifmjs df 42 cgløiftrjs trfsdf l`s dgfz ijmt`ð`s i`s `lt`s dfl iumdj3 Bùlègrg,

@mm`purm` y I`m`slu, y l` ijmt`ð` sèr`d` df I`hbpuhb`rf, quf hjm sus 1.778 iftrjs df `ltgtud sf fmhufmt

iuy hfrh` df ^jcb`r`. Dfogdj ` fst` prjxgigd`d l` hgd`d aumhgjm` hjij o`sf p`r` ljs fxhursgjmgst`s quf dsf`m rf`lgz`r fl hgrhugtj dfl @mm`purm`.

Fl sur df l` hgud`d tjh` hjm fl lèj ^bfw` T`l (4.4 cgløiftrhu`dr`djs) ` um` `ltgtud df `lrfdfdjr df 2?5 iftrjs sjofl mgvfl dfl i`r, y `l mjrtf fstà l` pjol`hgøm df Luilf th`mdj l` o`sf df l` hjrdgllfr` dfl @mm`purm` ` umjs 0.54iftrjs df `ltgtud.

^




umquf pufd` p`rfhfr quf flhlgi` dfof sfr iuy aréj, mj fs`sé, y` quf l` hgud`d tgfmf um

hlgi` suotrjpgh`l, fm vfr`mj fl prj-ifdgj rjmd` fmtrf ljs ?6 y 86» H, y fmgmvgfrmj jshgl` dfsdf ljs -?» y ljs »06»H. Fm hìogj fs df l`s zjm`s hjm i`sprfhgpgt`hgjmfs. L` pjol`hgøm df Lui-

lf, ` umjs 86 cgløiftrjs dfl hfmtrj df^jcb`r`, rfhgof l` i`yjr h`mtgd`d dflluvg` dfl p`és. L`s mfv`d`s mj suflfmjosfrv`rsf fm fl v`llf, sgm fio`rej,l`s hjlgm`s hgrhumd`mtfs fxpfrgifmt`mmfv`d`s jh`sgjm`lfs fm gmvgfrmj. Ljsvfr`mjs sjm bûifdjs y su`vfs, lì`yjré` df l`s prfhgpgt`hgjmfs jhu-rrfm dur`mtf l` fst`hgøm dfl ijmzøm, y

fm gmvgfrmj y prgi`vfr` ljs hgfljs suf-lfm fst`r hl`rjs y sjlf`djs.

@l sfr ^jcb`r` l` o`sf dfl aìjsj

trfccgme dfl Hgrhugtj dfl @mm`purm`.

Er`m p`rtf df su fhjmjié` prjvgfmf

df l` gmdustrg` dfl turgsij. B`y mu-

ifrjsjs bjtflfs, leumjs df 6 fstrf-

ll`s, fm tjd` l` hgud`d. Fs `dfi s flultgij lue`r p`r` ò`stfhfrsf sg sfdfsf` fafhtu`r trfccgme. ^frj ^jcb`r`mj fs sjlj fl lue`r o`sf p`r` ijmt`-ðfrjs. ^jcb`r` hufmt` hjm muifrjsjsiusfjs y b`y `leum`s hufv`s a`shg-m`mtfs, h`sh`d`s y `ldf`s tgoft`m`s fml`s hjlgm`s df ljs `lrfdfdjrfs. @df-i`s df oufmjs rfstùr`mtfs djmdf

dgsarut`r df h`rmf `s`d` y hfrvfz` aFs um lue`r gdf`l p`r` fafhtu`r um vlj y pjdfr josfrv`r l`s ijmt`ð`shfrh`. @dfi`s pjdfijs dgsarut`r lue`rfs m`tur`lfs df er`m ofllfz` ij fs fl ^bfw` Lèj, fl sfeumdj lìàs er`mdf fm fl _fgmj, fs fl hfmdf tjd`s l`s `tr`hhgjmfs fm ^jcb`

Fs fl iàs er`mdf y iàs fmh`mt`djrljs trfs lèjs. @qué, sf pufdf m`vfep`r` vgsgt`r l` gsl` tfiplj fm su htrj. Fs um lue`r gdf`l p`r` `lquum` oghghlft` djmdf pjdfijs rfhjrl` zjm` dfl lèj j b`st` ljs hìpjsrfaueg`djs dfl Téoft, y` quf `llé fmhufmtr` um ijm`stfrgj, um` fshl`, y pufstjs df `rtfs`mé`s

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Tfiplj O`r`bg Gsl`md, lèj ^bfw`Fl lèj ^bfw` umj df ljs lue`rfs i`s oflljs df ^j-cb`r` y Mfp`l. Vm lue`r rjdf`dj pjr ojsqufs llfmjsdf ijmjs y ljs pghjs dfl @mm`purm`. Fstà ljh`lgz`dj `lsur dfl v`llf df ^jcb`r`. Fl lèj fs `lgifmt`dj pjrum` hjrrgfmtf df um réj, pfrj um` prfs` rfeul` l` rf-sfrv` df èu`, `sé pufs, fs hjmsgdfr`dj um lèj sfig-m`tur`l df èu` dulhf.

Xf tr`t` dfl sfeumdj lèj iàs er`mdf df Mfp`l y fliàs er`mdf df l` zjm` df E`md`cg, sfeugdj pjr fl l`-ej Ofem`s. Fl lèj ^bfw` fstà ljh`lgz`dj ` um` `ltg-

tud df 54? iftrjs y huorf um àrf` df 6.?8 cgløif-

trjs hu`dr`djs hjm um` prjaumdgd`d ifdg` df

`prjxgi`dìfmtf 2.1 iftrjs y um` prjaumdgd`d

iàxgi` df ?4 iftrjs. L` hjrdgllfr` dfl @mm`purm`,

`l mjrtf, fstà ` t`m sølj ?2 cgløiftrjs df dgst`mhg`

dfsdf fl lèj, y fl lèj fs aìjsj pjr ljs rfalfkjs fmfl èu` dfl ijmtf I`hbb`puhbbrf, y jtrjs pghjsijmt`ðjsjs df l` hjrdgllfr` dfl @mm`purm` y fl Dbùlègrg, sjorf tjdj `l ì`mfhfr. Fl èu` quf s`lf dflèj ^bfw` sf utglgz` p`r` efmfr`r flfhtrghgd`d.

Vm` df l`s ifkjrfs `tr`hhgjmfs quf sf pufdf b`hfr fs`lqugl`r um` o`rh` hjm j sgm rfifrj p`r` llfe`rsf b`st` l` gsl` y `hfrh`rsf b`st` fl sèr`dj tfiplj df O`r`-bg, um` pèjd` df djs pgsjs quf fstà hjmsèr`dj `@kji` um` dgjs` fm ajri` df kò`lg quf fs prjtfhtjr`df l` aufrz` afifmgm` df Xb`cg. H`d` sào`dj ljs agflfs`hudfm `l tfiplj hjm `mgi`lfs p`r` su s`hrgaghgj fmbjmjr df l` dgjs`.




Tfi lj Ogmdb ò`sgmgFm fl h`shj bgstørghj kumtj `l vgfkj o`z`r sf fm-hufmtr` fstf tfiplj fmtrf l`s h`s`s df l`drgllj rjkj. Fl o`z`r um lue`r giprfshgmdgolf df vgsgt` y`

quf fs umj df ljs lue`rfs djmdf sf pfrhgof l`

vgd` df l` hgud`d, `bé pjdfijs vfr ljs prjduh-

tjs df l` zjm`, `dfi`s pjdfijs dgsarut`r dfhjipr`s df hjsiçtghjs j df jrj. Fl tfiplj qufb`hf bjmjr ` l` dgjs` Obèw`tg jtr` df l`s i`mg-afst`hgjmfs df X`ctg, y lj igsij quf jhurrf fm fltfiplj df O`r`bg, `qué tìogçm sf jarfhfm s`hrgag-hgjs df `mgi`lfs ` l` dgjs`, sjlj quf fm fstf sjmdjs dé`s ` l` sfi`m` ljs i`rtfs y ljs sào`djs.




` pèjd` df l` p`z df ^jcb`r` sf fmhufmtr` fm um`

fstrgo`hgøm fstrfhb` sjorf fl lèj bfw`. Fstf prfhgjsjfdgaghj df hjljr ol`mhj fs um` er`m fstup` oudgst` quf

uf hjmstrugd` pjr ljs ijmkfs df l` jre`mgz`hgøm k`pjmfs`Mgppjmz`m Iyjbjkg. L` pèjd` sf fmhufmtr` fm lj `ltj dfum` hjlgm` dfsdf djmdf sf jarfhf um`s vgst`s fspfht`hul`rfsdf l` hjrdgllfr` dfl @mm`purm` y l` hgud`d df ^jcb`r`. L` org-l`mtf fst`tu` df jrj rfprfsfmt` `l Oud` fm l` pjstur` quf

supjmf tfmé` hu`mdj m`hgø.

L` pèjd` df l` p`z sf pufdf fmhjmtr`r fm iuhbjs lue rfs

dfl iumdj hjij Gmdg`, K`pøm, @ustrg`, Gmel`tfrr`, Xudàarg-

h`, X`m Ar`mhgshj fm FF.VV., Xrg L`mc` y i`s…

Tjdj m`hf df um` fmtrfvgst` quf fl ijmkf oudgst` K`pjmçsMgppjmz`m-Iyjbjkg, tuvj hjm Eb`mdg, df `bé s`lgø l` gdf` dffafhtu`r um` pèjd` quf aufr` um séiojlj p`r` l` p`z fm tj-

dj fl iumdj. L`s prgifr`s sf hjmstruyfrjm fm BgrjsbgiMè`s`cg hjmt`dj b`st` l` afhb` um`s 2> pèjd`s dgstrgd`s pjr tjdj fl iumdj.

Fm l` pèjd` df ^jcb`r` sf fmhufmtr` hfrh` l` tuio` dfijmkf k`pjmçs `sfsgm`dj pjr ljs fxtrfigst`s `mtg-oudgdur`mtf l` hjmstruhhgøm df fstf ijmuifmtj. B`y trfs h`mjs quf llfe`m b`st` l` pèjd` y sf pufdfm fmhjmtr`r v`pfqufðjs hàçs um` vfz quf sf b` llfe`dj.

Xf pufdf `hhfdfr b`st` l` fstup` `lqugl`mdj um ojtf phruz`r fl lèj y sgeugfmdj um` pgst` quf `shgfmdf y p`s` um ojsquf. Tìogçm sf pufdf gr ` pgf dfsdf l` h`rrftfr` p`s` pjr l` H`t`r`t` df Dfvgl (Dfvgl´s A`ll), egr`mdj b`hgdfrfhb` `l agm`l df Hbbjrfp`t`m. Dfsdf `qué sf pufdf hjum t`xg quf tf dfk`rà ` `pfm`s 06 igmutjs ` pgf df l` pèj

L




L` ofllfz` df ^jcb`r` sf fmhufmtr` fm iuhbjs lue`rfs, bfijsrfs`lt`dj `leumjs df flljs, pjrquf `dfi`s dfl lèj ^bfw`,

pjdfijs llfe`rmjs b`st` fl lèj Ofem`s quf sf fmhufmtràufr` df l` hgud`d y lfkjs dfl oullghgj, Ofem`s T`l fs um lue`rtr`mquglj, lgipgj y p`héaghj. B`y pjhjs bjtflfs p`r` pfri`mf-hfr y um` tgfmd` df rfarfshjs. Fl p`sfj pjr l` h`rrftfr` qufhjmduhf `l lèj Ofem`s fs a`shgm`mtf, hjij jhurrf fm h`sg tj-d` l` hgud`d.

Jtrj df sus lèjs fs fl _up`. Vmj df ljs lèjs iàs rfijtjs fm^jcb`r` hjm `hhfsgoglgd`d lgigt`d` y pjr t`mtj iàs sfrfmj y

vgrefm fm hjip`r`hgøm hjm ljs jtrjs lèjs. Vm` vgsgt` jolge`d`p`r` hu`lqugfr ì`mtf df l` m`tur`lfz`.

Fl lèj Dgp`me. Bfrijsj lèj djmdf sf pufdfm fmhjmtr`r lj-tjs y hgsmfs sglvfstrfs. Xf fmhufmtr` ` umjs qugmhf igmutjs `pgf df Xgsuw`, fl hfmtrj df l` hgud`d df Lfcbm`tb.

Vm lue`r p`r` quf pjdìjs b`hfr um ièmgaghj trfccgme.

X`r`mecjt. L` ifkjr bjr fs pjr l` t`rdf p`r` prfsfmhg`r l`pufst` dfl sjl. Xf pufdf llfe`r `lqugl`mdj um` ijtj. Fl hìg-mj fs dgaéhgl, pfrj tr`msgtòlf. Er`mdfs vgst`s, giàefmfs fspfh-t`hul`rfs y um` er`m i`mfr` df jotfmfr um` iufstr` df ljquf sf sgfmtf `l b`hfr trfccgme. Fl hìgmj fs fxtr`jrdgm`rgj,`dfi`s df pjdfr prfsfmhg`r vgst`s fspfht`hul`rfs, mjs fmhjm-trìjs dur`mtf fl tr`yfhtj h`s`s tépgh`s, y s`ddus fm s`mtu`-rgj. Fs umj df ljs lue`rfs quf mj sf dfof dfk`r df vgsgt`r. Fsiuy gipjrt`mtf hjmtr`t`r um eué` y` quf ljs hìgmjs mj fs-

tàm sfð`lgz`djs.

L` h`sh`d` Dfvgl, j h`sh`d` dfl dgòlj fm um` fspfht`hul`r, yigstfrgjs` h`sh`d` quf h`f df um` ajri` pjhj hjiûm, y sfsuifref fm um` hufv` y dfs`p`rfhf fm l` tgfrr`. Fs um` h`r`h-tfréstgh` efjløegh` f bgdrjløegh` gmtfrfs`mtf, y` quf fs ` l` vfzum` giprfsgjm`mtf h`sh`d` fm sé igsij y quf dfs`p`rfhf fmum hjiplfkj df hufv`s dfo`kj df ^jcb`r` sgm rftjrmj hjmjhg-dj sjorf l` tgfrr`. W b`hfr ljs ifkjrfs trfccgme pjr fl Fvfrfst

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l Bgi`l`y` hjifmzø ` ajri`rsf b`hf 16 iglljmfs df `ðjs, ` agm`lfs dfl Ifsjzjghj, y `ûm bjyhjmtgmû` flfvàmdjsf. Fm su hjrdgllfr` pufdfm dgafrfmhg`rsf qugmhf er`mdfs i`hgzjs, su mji-orf prjvgfmf dfl sàmshrgtj, bgi` (mgfvf) l`y` (ijr`d`), ijr`d` df l`s mgfvfs. Xus ijmt`ð`s sf

ajri`rjm pjr fl hbjquf fmtrf hjmtgmfmtfs. Xf dfof ` quf l`s pl`h`s tfhtømgh`s fstàm sgfiprf fmijvgigfmtj, sf dfspl`z`m y hbjh`m fmtrf fll`s. Fs l` ll`i`d` dfrgv` hjmtgmfmt l, dfshuogfrt` pjr

Ufefmfr fm 070?.L` hjrdgllfr` sf ajriø hjij hjmsfhufmhg` df ljs ijvgigfmtjs jrjeçmghjs `lpgmjs-bgi`l`yjs

dur`mtf l` fr` tfrhg`rg`, hu`mdj l` pfmémsul` dfl Dfhàm hbjhø hjmtr` @sg`, fl hjmtgmfmtf gmdgj sf

sfp`rø df @argh` y hjifmzø ` dfspl`z`rsf b`hg` fl mjrtf. @l `prjxgi`rsf ` @sg`, l` p`rtf jhfàmgh`df l` pl`h` gmdg` sf bumdgø o`kj l` `sgàtgh`. Fl jhç`mj fmtrf fll`s dfs`p`rfhgø. @l agm`l, `iojs hjmtg-mfmtfs hbjh`rjm, plfe`rjm l` tgfrr` f bghgfrjm quf sf flfv`sf. Bjy, l` pl`h` gmdg` hjmtgmû` `v`m-z`mdj fmtrf ? y 4 hi pjr `ðj, lj quf b`hf quf fl Bgi`l`y` sge` hrfhgfmdj. Fm l` ûltgi` ifdghgøm,fl Fvfrfst, su pghj iàs `ltj, tfmé` 2.26> IX df `ltgtud.

FAjtjs `çrf` dfl Bgi`l`y`




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