omni cbw product presentation
TRANSCRIPT
OMNI SOLUTIONSHeadquartered in Madison WI
Charlotte ndash Atlanta ndash Dallas ndash Chicago ndashLos Angeles ndash Hong Kong - Shanghai
Experienced Industry Professionals
National Distribution
Local Support
CBW Process Water Treatment System
Water Inlet
Oxidative Gas Injection Point
Water Outlet
Advanced Oxidative Gas Generator
Counter Flow Mixing Design
Germicidal UV Irradiation Lamp
INSTALLATION SCHEMATIC
Counter Flow Mixing Design
Advanced Oxidative Gas UV Generator
Water Outlet
Water Inlet
Venturi Manifold Oxidative Gas Injection Point
Germicidal UV Irradiation Lamp
Ambient Air In
Oxidative Gas Supply Line
SYSTEM BENEFITS AND FEATURESbull Best Available Technologybull Modular and Scalablebull 999 Bacteria Reductionbull Low Maintenancebull Alarming Functionsbull Chemical Freebull On Demand
bull No Harmful Byproductsbull Reduction in COD and BODbull Peace of Mindbull No Chemicals to Store of Shipbull User Friendlybull Green Technologybull Proven Technology Performance
ADVANCED OXIDATION GAS UV GENERATOR SPECS
Patents Pending
ADVANCED OXIDATION GAS GENERATOR BENEFITS
bull 187 ndash 254 nm wave lengths
bull Produces O3 (ozone) H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) OH (hydroxyl radicals)
bull Low power consumption
bull Low maintenance
bull 8760 hour lamp life
bull Superior Disinfection
Patents Pending
UV WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM SPECS
UV WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM BENEFITS
bull Chemical Free
bull Addresses broad range of pathogens
bull NSF Standard 55 Class A Certified
bull 254 nm wave length
bull Low power consumption
bull Low maintenance
bull 8760 hour lamp life
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSAdvanced oxidation processes (abbreviation AOPs) in a broad sense are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic (and sometimes inorganic) materials in water and water by oxidation through reactions with hydroxyl radicals (middotOH) In real-world
applications of wastewater treatment however this term usually refers more specifically to a subset of such chemical processes that employ ozone (O3) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) andor UV
light One such type of process is called in situ chemical oxidation
Generally speaking chemistry in AOPs could be essentially divided into three parts
1Formation of middotOH
2Initial attacks on target molecules by middotOH and their breakdown to fragments
3Subsequent attacks by middotOH until ultimate mineralization
The mechanism of middotOH production (Part 1) highly depends on the sort of AOP technique that is used For example ozonation
UVH2O2 and photocatalytic oxidation rely on different mechanisms of middotOH generation
UVH2O2
H2O2 + UV rarr 2middotOH (homolytic bond cleavage of the O-O bond of H2O2 leads to formation of 2middotOH radicals)
Ozone based AOP
O3 + HOminus rarr HO2minus + O2 (reaction between O3 and a hydroxyl ion leads to the formation of H2O2 (in charged form))
O3 + HO2minus rarr HO2middot + O3
minusmiddot (a second O3 molecule reacts with the HO2minus to produce the ozonide radical)
O3minusmiddot + H+ rarr HO3middot (this radical gives to middotOH upon protonation)
HO3middot rarr middotOH + O2
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS
AOPs hold several advantages that are unparalleled in the field of water treatment
1 They can effectively eliminate organic compounds in aqueous phase rather than collecting or
transferring pollutants into another phase
2 Due to the remarkable reactivity of middotOH it virtually reacts with almost every aqueous pollutant without
discriminating AOPs are therefore applicable in many if not all scenarios where many organic
contaminants must be removed at the same time
3 Some heavy metals can also be removed in forms of precipitated M(OH)x
4 In some AOPs designs disinfection can also be achieved which makes these AOPs an integrated
solution to some water quality problems
5 Since the complete reduction product of middotOH is H2O AOPs theoretically do not introduce any new
hazardous substances into the water
RELATIVE STRENTH OF OXIDIZERSOXIDIZING AGENT EOP(Mv) EOP VS CI2
Fluorine 306 225Hydroxyl Radical 280 205Atomic Oxygen 242 178Ozone 208 152Hydrogen Peroxide 178 130Hypochlorite 149 110Chlorine 136 100Chlorine Dioxide 127 093Oxygen (molecular) 123 090
HYDROXYL RADICALSNames
IUPAC nameHydroxyl radical
Systematic IUPAC nameOxidanyl[1]
(substitutive)Hydridooxygen(bull)
[1](additive)
Other namesHydroxyHydroxyl
λ1-Oxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 3352-57-6
ChEBI CHEBI29191
ChemSpider 138477
Gmelin Reference 105
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG C16844
PubChem 157350
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula HO
Molar mass 1701 gmiddotmolminus1
Thermochemistry
Std molarentropy (S
o298)
18371 J Kminus1
molminus1
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH
o298)
3899 kJ molminus1
Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 degC [77 degF] 100 kPa)
Infobox references
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical bullOH is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OHminus) Hydroxyl
radicals are highly reactive (easily becoming hydroxyl groups) and consequently
short-lived however they form an important part of radical chemistry Most notably
hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydro peroxides (ROOH)
or in atmospheric chemistry by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water It is
also an important radical formed in radiation chemistry since it leads to the formation
of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen which can enhance corrosion and SCC in coolant
systems subjected to radioactive environments Hydroxyl radicals are also produced
during UV-light dissociation of H2O2 (suggested in 1879) and likely in Fenton
chemistry where trace amounts of reduced transition metals catalyze peroxide-
mediated oxidations of organic compounds
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the detergent of the troposphere because it
reacts with many pollutants decomposing them through cracking often acting as the first
step to their removal It also has an important role in eliminating some greenhouse gases like
methane and ozone The rate of reaction with the hydroxyl radical often determines how long
many pollutants last in the atmosphere if they do not undergo photolysis or are rained out
For instance methane which reacts relatively slowly with hydroxyl radical has an average
lifetime of gt5 years and many CFCs have lifetimes of 50 years or more Pollutants such as
larger hydrocarbons can have very short average lifetimes of less than a few hours
The first reaction with many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the removal of a hydrogen
atom forming water and an alkyl radical (Rbull)bullOH + RH rarr H2O + Rbull
The alkyl radical will typically react rapidly with oxygen forming a peroxy radical
Rbull + O2 rarr RObull2
The fate of this radical in the troposphere is dependent on factors such as the amount of
sunlight pollution in the atmosphere and the nature of the alkyl radical that formed it
OZONENames
IUPAC nameTrioxygen
Identifiers
CAS Number 10028-15-6
ChEBI CHEBI25812
ChemSpider 23208
EC Number 233ndash069ndash2
Gmelin Reference 1101
IUPHARBPS 6297
Jmol 3D model Interactive imageInteractive image
MeSH Ozone
PubChem 24823
RTECS number RS8225000
UNII 66H7ZZK23N
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula O3
Molar mass 4800 gmiddotmolminus1
Appearance colorless to pale blue gas[1]
Odor pungent[1]
Density 2144 mg cmminus3
(at 0 degC)
Melting point minus1922 degC minus3139 degF 810 K
Boiling point minus112 degC minus170 degF 161 K
Solubility in water 105 g Lminus1
(at 0 degC)
Solubility very soluble in CCl4 sulfuric acid
Vapor pressure gt1 atm (20 degC)[1]
Refractive index(nD) 12226 (liquid) 100052 (gas STP 546 nm mdash note high dispersion)
[2]
Structure
Space group C2v
Coordination geometry Digonal
Molecular shape Dihedral
Hybridisation sp2
for O1
Dipole moment 053 D
OZONEOzone (systematically named 1λ13λ1-
trioxidane and catena-trioxygen) or trioxygen is an
inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O
3 It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell It is
an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than
the diatomic allotrope O2 breaking down in the lower
atmosphere to normal dioxygen Ozone is formed from
dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also
atmospheric electrical discharges and is present in low
concentrations throughout the Earths
atmosphere (stratosphere) In total ozone makes up only 06 ppm of the atmosphere
OZONEbull OZONE IS THREE OXYGEN MOLECULES O3
bull IT IS 150 STRONGER THAN CHLORINE REACTS OVER 3000 TIMES FASTER
bull LEAVES NO HARMFUL BYPRODUCTS
bull OVER 90 OF BOTTLED WATER IS PURIFIED WITH OZONE
bull BEEN USED FOR OVER 100 YEARS IN WATER TREATMENT
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
CBW Process Water Treatment System
Water Inlet
Oxidative Gas Injection Point
Water Outlet
Advanced Oxidative Gas Generator
Counter Flow Mixing Design
Germicidal UV Irradiation Lamp
INSTALLATION SCHEMATIC
Counter Flow Mixing Design
Advanced Oxidative Gas UV Generator
Water Outlet
Water Inlet
Venturi Manifold Oxidative Gas Injection Point
Germicidal UV Irradiation Lamp
Ambient Air In
Oxidative Gas Supply Line
SYSTEM BENEFITS AND FEATURESbull Best Available Technologybull Modular and Scalablebull 999 Bacteria Reductionbull Low Maintenancebull Alarming Functionsbull Chemical Freebull On Demand
bull No Harmful Byproductsbull Reduction in COD and BODbull Peace of Mindbull No Chemicals to Store of Shipbull User Friendlybull Green Technologybull Proven Technology Performance
ADVANCED OXIDATION GAS UV GENERATOR SPECS
Patents Pending
ADVANCED OXIDATION GAS GENERATOR BENEFITS
bull 187 ndash 254 nm wave lengths
bull Produces O3 (ozone) H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) OH (hydroxyl radicals)
bull Low power consumption
bull Low maintenance
bull 8760 hour lamp life
bull Superior Disinfection
Patents Pending
UV WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM SPECS
UV WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM BENEFITS
bull Chemical Free
bull Addresses broad range of pathogens
bull NSF Standard 55 Class A Certified
bull 254 nm wave length
bull Low power consumption
bull Low maintenance
bull 8760 hour lamp life
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSAdvanced oxidation processes (abbreviation AOPs) in a broad sense are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic (and sometimes inorganic) materials in water and water by oxidation through reactions with hydroxyl radicals (middotOH) In real-world
applications of wastewater treatment however this term usually refers more specifically to a subset of such chemical processes that employ ozone (O3) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) andor UV
light One such type of process is called in situ chemical oxidation
Generally speaking chemistry in AOPs could be essentially divided into three parts
1Formation of middotOH
2Initial attacks on target molecules by middotOH and their breakdown to fragments
3Subsequent attacks by middotOH until ultimate mineralization
The mechanism of middotOH production (Part 1) highly depends on the sort of AOP technique that is used For example ozonation
UVH2O2 and photocatalytic oxidation rely on different mechanisms of middotOH generation
UVH2O2
H2O2 + UV rarr 2middotOH (homolytic bond cleavage of the O-O bond of H2O2 leads to formation of 2middotOH radicals)
Ozone based AOP
O3 + HOminus rarr HO2minus + O2 (reaction between O3 and a hydroxyl ion leads to the formation of H2O2 (in charged form))
O3 + HO2minus rarr HO2middot + O3
minusmiddot (a second O3 molecule reacts with the HO2minus to produce the ozonide radical)
O3minusmiddot + H+ rarr HO3middot (this radical gives to middotOH upon protonation)
HO3middot rarr middotOH + O2
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS
AOPs hold several advantages that are unparalleled in the field of water treatment
1 They can effectively eliminate organic compounds in aqueous phase rather than collecting or
transferring pollutants into another phase
2 Due to the remarkable reactivity of middotOH it virtually reacts with almost every aqueous pollutant without
discriminating AOPs are therefore applicable in many if not all scenarios where many organic
contaminants must be removed at the same time
3 Some heavy metals can also be removed in forms of precipitated M(OH)x
4 In some AOPs designs disinfection can also be achieved which makes these AOPs an integrated
solution to some water quality problems
5 Since the complete reduction product of middotOH is H2O AOPs theoretically do not introduce any new
hazardous substances into the water
RELATIVE STRENTH OF OXIDIZERSOXIDIZING AGENT EOP(Mv) EOP VS CI2
Fluorine 306 225Hydroxyl Radical 280 205Atomic Oxygen 242 178Ozone 208 152Hydrogen Peroxide 178 130Hypochlorite 149 110Chlorine 136 100Chlorine Dioxide 127 093Oxygen (molecular) 123 090
HYDROXYL RADICALSNames
IUPAC nameHydroxyl radical
Systematic IUPAC nameOxidanyl[1]
(substitutive)Hydridooxygen(bull)
[1](additive)
Other namesHydroxyHydroxyl
λ1-Oxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 3352-57-6
ChEBI CHEBI29191
ChemSpider 138477
Gmelin Reference 105
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG C16844
PubChem 157350
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula HO
Molar mass 1701 gmiddotmolminus1
Thermochemistry
Std molarentropy (S
o298)
18371 J Kminus1
molminus1
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH
o298)
3899 kJ molminus1
Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 degC [77 degF] 100 kPa)
Infobox references
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical bullOH is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OHminus) Hydroxyl
radicals are highly reactive (easily becoming hydroxyl groups) and consequently
short-lived however they form an important part of radical chemistry Most notably
hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydro peroxides (ROOH)
or in atmospheric chemistry by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water It is
also an important radical formed in radiation chemistry since it leads to the formation
of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen which can enhance corrosion and SCC in coolant
systems subjected to radioactive environments Hydroxyl radicals are also produced
during UV-light dissociation of H2O2 (suggested in 1879) and likely in Fenton
chemistry where trace amounts of reduced transition metals catalyze peroxide-
mediated oxidations of organic compounds
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the detergent of the troposphere because it
reacts with many pollutants decomposing them through cracking often acting as the first
step to their removal It also has an important role in eliminating some greenhouse gases like
methane and ozone The rate of reaction with the hydroxyl radical often determines how long
many pollutants last in the atmosphere if they do not undergo photolysis or are rained out
For instance methane which reacts relatively slowly with hydroxyl radical has an average
lifetime of gt5 years and many CFCs have lifetimes of 50 years or more Pollutants such as
larger hydrocarbons can have very short average lifetimes of less than a few hours
The first reaction with many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the removal of a hydrogen
atom forming water and an alkyl radical (Rbull)bullOH + RH rarr H2O + Rbull
The alkyl radical will typically react rapidly with oxygen forming a peroxy radical
Rbull + O2 rarr RObull2
The fate of this radical in the troposphere is dependent on factors such as the amount of
sunlight pollution in the atmosphere and the nature of the alkyl radical that formed it
OZONENames
IUPAC nameTrioxygen
Identifiers
CAS Number 10028-15-6
ChEBI CHEBI25812
ChemSpider 23208
EC Number 233ndash069ndash2
Gmelin Reference 1101
IUPHARBPS 6297
Jmol 3D model Interactive imageInteractive image
MeSH Ozone
PubChem 24823
RTECS number RS8225000
UNII 66H7ZZK23N
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula O3
Molar mass 4800 gmiddotmolminus1
Appearance colorless to pale blue gas[1]
Odor pungent[1]
Density 2144 mg cmminus3
(at 0 degC)
Melting point minus1922 degC minus3139 degF 810 K
Boiling point minus112 degC minus170 degF 161 K
Solubility in water 105 g Lminus1
(at 0 degC)
Solubility very soluble in CCl4 sulfuric acid
Vapor pressure gt1 atm (20 degC)[1]
Refractive index(nD) 12226 (liquid) 100052 (gas STP 546 nm mdash note high dispersion)
[2]
Structure
Space group C2v
Coordination geometry Digonal
Molecular shape Dihedral
Hybridisation sp2
for O1
Dipole moment 053 D
OZONEOzone (systematically named 1λ13λ1-
trioxidane and catena-trioxygen) or trioxygen is an
inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O
3 It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell It is
an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than
the diatomic allotrope O2 breaking down in the lower
atmosphere to normal dioxygen Ozone is formed from
dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also
atmospheric electrical discharges and is present in low
concentrations throughout the Earths
atmosphere (stratosphere) In total ozone makes up only 06 ppm of the atmosphere
OZONEbull OZONE IS THREE OXYGEN MOLECULES O3
bull IT IS 150 STRONGER THAN CHLORINE REACTS OVER 3000 TIMES FASTER
bull LEAVES NO HARMFUL BYPRODUCTS
bull OVER 90 OF BOTTLED WATER IS PURIFIED WITH OZONE
bull BEEN USED FOR OVER 100 YEARS IN WATER TREATMENT
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
INSTALLATION SCHEMATIC
Counter Flow Mixing Design
Advanced Oxidative Gas UV Generator
Water Outlet
Water Inlet
Venturi Manifold Oxidative Gas Injection Point
Germicidal UV Irradiation Lamp
Ambient Air In
Oxidative Gas Supply Line
SYSTEM BENEFITS AND FEATURESbull Best Available Technologybull Modular and Scalablebull 999 Bacteria Reductionbull Low Maintenancebull Alarming Functionsbull Chemical Freebull On Demand
bull No Harmful Byproductsbull Reduction in COD and BODbull Peace of Mindbull No Chemicals to Store of Shipbull User Friendlybull Green Technologybull Proven Technology Performance
ADVANCED OXIDATION GAS UV GENERATOR SPECS
Patents Pending
ADVANCED OXIDATION GAS GENERATOR BENEFITS
bull 187 ndash 254 nm wave lengths
bull Produces O3 (ozone) H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) OH (hydroxyl radicals)
bull Low power consumption
bull Low maintenance
bull 8760 hour lamp life
bull Superior Disinfection
Patents Pending
UV WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM SPECS
UV WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM BENEFITS
bull Chemical Free
bull Addresses broad range of pathogens
bull NSF Standard 55 Class A Certified
bull 254 nm wave length
bull Low power consumption
bull Low maintenance
bull 8760 hour lamp life
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSAdvanced oxidation processes (abbreviation AOPs) in a broad sense are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic (and sometimes inorganic) materials in water and water by oxidation through reactions with hydroxyl radicals (middotOH) In real-world
applications of wastewater treatment however this term usually refers more specifically to a subset of such chemical processes that employ ozone (O3) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) andor UV
light One such type of process is called in situ chemical oxidation
Generally speaking chemistry in AOPs could be essentially divided into three parts
1Formation of middotOH
2Initial attacks on target molecules by middotOH and their breakdown to fragments
3Subsequent attacks by middotOH until ultimate mineralization
The mechanism of middotOH production (Part 1) highly depends on the sort of AOP technique that is used For example ozonation
UVH2O2 and photocatalytic oxidation rely on different mechanisms of middotOH generation
UVH2O2
H2O2 + UV rarr 2middotOH (homolytic bond cleavage of the O-O bond of H2O2 leads to formation of 2middotOH radicals)
Ozone based AOP
O3 + HOminus rarr HO2minus + O2 (reaction between O3 and a hydroxyl ion leads to the formation of H2O2 (in charged form))
O3 + HO2minus rarr HO2middot + O3
minusmiddot (a second O3 molecule reacts with the HO2minus to produce the ozonide radical)
O3minusmiddot + H+ rarr HO3middot (this radical gives to middotOH upon protonation)
HO3middot rarr middotOH + O2
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS
AOPs hold several advantages that are unparalleled in the field of water treatment
1 They can effectively eliminate organic compounds in aqueous phase rather than collecting or
transferring pollutants into another phase
2 Due to the remarkable reactivity of middotOH it virtually reacts with almost every aqueous pollutant without
discriminating AOPs are therefore applicable in many if not all scenarios where many organic
contaminants must be removed at the same time
3 Some heavy metals can also be removed in forms of precipitated M(OH)x
4 In some AOPs designs disinfection can also be achieved which makes these AOPs an integrated
solution to some water quality problems
5 Since the complete reduction product of middotOH is H2O AOPs theoretically do not introduce any new
hazardous substances into the water
RELATIVE STRENTH OF OXIDIZERSOXIDIZING AGENT EOP(Mv) EOP VS CI2
Fluorine 306 225Hydroxyl Radical 280 205Atomic Oxygen 242 178Ozone 208 152Hydrogen Peroxide 178 130Hypochlorite 149 110Chlorine 136 100Chlorine Dioxide 127 093Oxygen (molecular) 123 090
HYDROXYL RADICALSNames
IUPAC nameHydroxyl radical
Systematic IUPAC nameOxidanyl[1]
(substitutive)Hydridooxygen(bull)
[1](additive)
Other namesHydroxyHydroxyl
λ1-Oxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 3352-57-6
ChEBI CHEBI29191
ChemSpider 138477
Gmelin Reference 105
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG C16844
PubChem 157350
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula HO
Molar mass 1701 gmiddotmolminus1
Thermochemistry
Std molarentropy (S
o298)
18371 J Kminus1
molminus1
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH
o298)
3899 kJ molminus1
Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 degC [77 degF] 100 kPa)
Infobox references
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical bullOH is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OHminus) Hydroxyl
radicals are highly reactive (easily becoming hydroxyl groups) and consequently
short-lived however they form an important part of radical chemistry Most notably
hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydro peroxides (ROOH)
or in atmospheric chemistry by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water It is
also an important radical formed in radiation chemistry since it leads to the formation
of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen which can enhance corrosion and SCC in coolant
systems subjected to radioactive environments Hydroxyl radicals are also produced
during UV-light dissociation of H2O2 (suggested in 1879) and likely in Fenton
chemistry where trace amounts of reduced transition metals catalyze peroxide-
mediated oxidations of organic compounds
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the detergent of the troposphere because it
reacts with many pollutants decomposing them through cracking often acting as the first
step to their removal It also has an important role in eliminating some greenhouse gases like
methane and ozone The rate of reaction with the hydroxyl radical often determines how long
many pollutants last in the atmosphere if they do not undergo photolysis or are rained out
For instance methane which reacts relatively slowly with hydroxyl radical has an average
lifetime of gt5 years and many CFCs have lifetimes of 50 years or more Pollutants such as
larger hydrocarbons can have very short average lifetimes of less than a few hours
The first reaction with many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the removal of a hydrogen
atom forming water and an alkyl radical (Rbull)bullOH + RH rarr H2O + Rbull
The alkyl radical will typically react rapidly with oxygen forming a peroxy radical
Rbull + O2 rarr RObull2
The fate of this radical in the troposphere is dependent on factors such as the amount of
sunlight pollution in the atmosphere and the nature of the alkyl radical that formed it
OZONENames
IUPAC nameTrioxygen
Identifiers
CAS Number 10028-15-6
ChEBI CHEBI25812
ChemSpider 23208
EC Number 233ndash069ndash2
Gmelin Reference 1101
IUPHARBPS 6297
Jmol 3D model Interactive imageInteractive image
MeSH Ozone
PubChem 24823
RTECS number RS8225000
UNII 66H7ZZK23N
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula O3
Molar mass 4800 gmiddotmolminus1
Appearance colorless to pale blue gas[1]
Odor pungent[1]
Density 2144 mg cmminus3
(at 0 degC)
Melting point minus1922 degC minus3139 degF 810 K
Boiling point minus112 degC minus170 degF 161 K
Solubility in water 105 g Lminus1
(at 0 degC)
Solubility very soluble in CCl4 sulfuric acid
Vapor pressure gt1 atm (20 degC)[1]
Refractive index(nD) 12226 (liquid) 100052 (gas STP 546 nm mdash note high dispersion)
[2]
Structure
Space group C2v
Coordination geometry Digonal
Molecular shape Dihedral
Hybridisation sp2
for O1
Dipole moment 053 D
OZONEOzone (systematically named 1λ13λ1-
trioxidane and catena-trioxygen) or trioxygen is an
inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O
3 It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell It is
an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than
the diatomic allotrope O2 breaking down in the lower
atmosphere to normal dioxygen Ozone is formed from
dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also
atmospheric electrical discharges and is present in low
concentrations throughout the Earths
atmosphere (stratosphere) In total ozone makes up only 06 ppm of the atmosphere
OZONEbull OZONE IS THREE OXYGEN MOLECULES O3
bull IT IS 150 STRONGER THAN CHLORINE REACTS OVER 3000 TIMES FASTER
bull LEAVES NO HARMFUL BYPRODUCTS
bull OVER 90 OF BOTTLED WATER IS PURIFIED WITH OZONE
bull BEEN USED FOR OVER 100 YEARS IN WATER TREATMENT
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
SYSTEM BENEFITS AND FEATURESbull Best Available Technologybull Modular and Scalablebull 999 Bacteria Reductionbull Low Maintenancebull Alarming Functionsbull Chemical Freebull On Demand
bull No Harmful Byproductsbull Reduction in COD and BODbull Peace of Mindbull No Chemicals to Store of Shipbull User Friendlybull Green Technologybull Proven Technology Performance
ADVANCED OXIDATION GAS UV GENERATOR SPECS
Patents Pending
ADVANCED OXIDATION GAS GENERATOR BENEFITS
bull 187 ndash 254 nm wave lengths
bull Produces O3 (ozone) H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) OH (hydroxyl radicals)
bull Low power consumption
bull Low maintenance
bull 8760 hour lamp life
bull Superior Disinfection
Patents Pending
UV WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM SPECS
UV WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM BENEFITS
bull Chemical Free
bull Addresses broad range of pathogens
bull NSF Standard 55 Class A Certified
bull 254 nm wave length
bull Low power consumption
bull Low maintenance
bull 8760 hour lamp life
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSAdvanced oxidation processes (abbreviation AOPs) in a broad sense are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic (and sometimes inorganic) materials in water and water by oxidation through reactions with hydroxyl radicals (middotOH) In real-world
applications of wastewater treatment however this term usually refers more specifically to a subset of such chemical processes that employ ozone (O3) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) andor UV
light One such type of process is called in situ chemical oxidation
Generally speaking chemistry in AOPs could be essentially divided into three parts
1Formation of middotOH
2Initial attacks on target molecules by middotOH and their breakdown to fragments
3Subsequent attacks by middotOH until ultimate mineralization
The mechanism of middotOH production (Part 1) highly depends on the sort of AOP technique that is used For example ozonation
UVH2O2 and photocatalytic oxidation rely on different mechanisms of middotOH generation
UVH2O2
H2O2 + UV rarr 2middotOH (homolytic bond cleavage of the O-O bond of H2O2 leads to formation of 2middotOH radicals)
Ozone based AOP
O3 + HOminus rarr HO2minus + O2 (reaction between O3 and a hydroxyl ion leads to the formation of H2O2 (in charged form))
O3 + HO2minus rarr HO2middot + O3
minusmiddot (a second O3 molecule reacts with the HO2minus to produce the ozonide radical)
O3minusmiddot + H+ rarr HO3middot (this radical gives to middotOH upon protonation)
HO3middot rarr middotOH + O2
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS
AOPs hold several advantages that are unparalleled in the field of water treatment
1 They can effectively eliminate organic compounds in aqueous phase rather than collecting or
transferring pollutants into another phase
2 Due to the remarkable reactivity of middotOH it virtually reacts with almost every aqueous pollutant without
discriminating AOPs are therefore applicable in many if not all scenarios where many organic
contaminants must be removed at the same time
3 Some heavy metals can also be removed in forms of precipitated M(OH)x
4 In some AOPs designs disinfection can also be achieved which makes these AOPs an integrated
solution to some water quality problems
5 Since the complete reduction product of middotOH is H2O AOPs theoretically do not introduce any new
hazardous substances into the water
RELATIVE STRENTH OF OXIDIZERSOXIDIZING AGENT EOP(Mv) EOP VS CI2
Fluorine 306 225Hydroxyl Radical 280 205Atomic Oxygen 242 178Ozone 208 152Hydrogen Peroxide 178 130Hypochlorite 149 110Chlorine 136 100Chlorine Dioxide 127 093Oxygen (molecular) 123 090
HYDROXYL RADICALSNames
IUPAC nameHydroxyl radical
Systematic IUPAC nameOxidanyl[1]
(substitutive)Hydridooxygen(bull)
[1](additive)
Other namesHydroxyHydroxyl
λ1-Oxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 3352-57-6
ChEBI CHEBI29191
ChemSpider 138477
Gmelin Reference 105
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG C16844
PubChem 157350
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula HO
Molar mass 1701 gmiddotmolminus1
Thermochemistry
Std molarentropy (S
o298)
18371 J Kminus1
molminus1
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH
o298)
3899 kJ molminus1
Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 degC [77 degF] 100 kPa)
Infobox references
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical bullOH is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OHminus) Hydroxyl
radicals are highly reactive (easily becoming hydroxyl groups) and consequently
short-lived however they form an important part of radical chemistry Most notably
hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydro peroxides (ROOH)
or in atmospheric chemistry by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water It is
also an important radical formed in radiation chemistry since it leads to the formation
of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen which can enhance corrosion and SCC in coolant
systems subjected to radioactive environments Hydroxyl radicals are also produced
during UV-light dissociation of H2O2 (suggested in 1879) and likely in Fenton
chemistry where trace amounts of reduced transition metals catalyze peroxide-
mediated oxidations of organic compounds
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the detergent of the troposphere because it
reacts with many pollutants decomposing them through cracking often acting as the first
step to their removal It also has an important role in eliminating some greenhouse gases like
methane and ozone The rate of reaction with the hydroxyl radical often determines how long
many pollutants last in the atmosphere if they do not undergo photolysis or are rained out
For instance methane which reacts relatively slowly with hydroxyl radical has an average
lifetime of gt5 years and many CFCs have lifetimes of 50 years or more Pollutants such as
larger hydrocarbons can have very short average lifetimes of less than a few hours
The first reaction with many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the removal of a hydrogen
atom forming water and an alkyl radical (Rbull)bullOH + RH rarr H2O + Rbull
The alkyl radical will typically react rapidly with oxygen forming a peroxy radical
Rbull + O2 rarr RObull2
The fate of this radical in the troposphere is dependent on factors such as the amount of
sunlight pollution in the atmosphere and the nature of the alkyl radical that formed it
OZONENames
IUPAC nameTrioxygen
Identifiers
CAS Number 10028-15-6
ChEBI CHEBI25812
ChemSpider 23208
EC Number 233ndash069ndash2
Gmelin Reference 1101
IUPHARBPS 6297
Jmol 3D model Interactive imageInteractive image
MeSH Ozone
PubChem 24823
RTECS number RS8225000
UNII 66H7ZZK23N
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula O3
Molar mass 4800 gmiddotmolminus1
Appearance colorless to pale blue gas[1]
Odor pungent[1]
Density 2144 mg cmminus3
(at 0 degC)
Melting point minus1922 degC minus3139 degF 810 K
Boiling point minus112 degC minus170 degF 161 K
Solubility in water 105 g Lminus1
(at 0 degC)
Solubility very soluble in CCl4 sulfuric acid
Vapor pressure gt1 atm (20 degC)[1]
Refractive index(nD) 12226 (liquid) 100052 (gas STP 546 nm mdash note high dispersion)
[2]
Structure
Space group C2v
Coordination geometry Digonal
Molecular shape Dihedral
Hybridisation sp2
for O1
Dipole moment 053 D
OZONEOzone (systematically named 1λ13λ1-
trioxidane and catena-trioxygen) or trioxygen is an
inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O
3 It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell It is
an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than
the diatomic allotrope O2 breaking down in the lower
atmosphere to normal dioxygen Ozone is formed from
dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also
atmospheric electrical discharges and is present in low
concentrations throughout the Earths
atmosphere (stratosphere) In total ozone makes up only 06 ppm of the atmosphere
OZONEbull OZONE IS THREE OXYGEN MOLECULES O3
bull IT IS 150 STRONGER THAN CHLORINE REACTS OVER 3000 TIMES FASTER
bull LEAVES NO HARMFUL BYPRODUCTS
bull OVER 90 OF BOTTLED WATER IS PURIFIED WITH OZONE
bull BEEN USED FOR OVER 100 YEARS IN WATER TREATMENT
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
ADVANCED OXIDATION GAS UV GENERATOR SPECS
Patents Pending
ADVANCED OXIDATION GAS GENERATOR BENEFITS
bull 187 ndash 254 nm wave lengths
bull Produces O3 (ozone) H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) OH (hydroxyl radicals)
bull Low power consumption
bull Low maintenance
bull 8760 hour lamp life
bull Superior Disinfection
Patents Pending
UV WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM SPECS
UV WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM BENEFITS
bull Chemical Free
bull Addresses broad range of pathogens
bull NSF Standard 55 Class A Certified
bull 254 nm wave length
bull Low power consumption
bull Low maintenance
bull 8760 hour lamp life
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSAdvanced oxidation processes (abbreviation AOPs) in a broad sense are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic (and sometimes inorganic) materials in water and water by oxidation through reactions with hydroxyl radicals (middotOH) In real-world
applications of wastewater treatment however this term usually refers more specifically to a subset of such chemical processes that employ ozone (O3) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) andor UV
light One such type of process is called in situ chemical oxidation
Generally speaking chemistry in AOPs could be essentially divided into three parts
1Formation of middotOH
2Initial attacks on target molecules by middotOH and their breakdown to fragments
3Subsequent attacks by middotOH until ultimate mineralization
The mechanism of middotOH production (Part 1) highly depends on the sort of AOP technique that is used For example ozonation
UVH2O2 and photocatalytic oxidation rely on different mechanisms of middotOH generation
UVH2O2
H2O2 + UV rarr 2middotOH (homolytic bond cleavage of the O-O bond of H2O2 leads to formation of 2middotOH radicals)
Ozone based AOP
O3 + HOminus rarr HO2minus + O2 (reaction between O3 and a hydroxyl ion leads to the formation of H2O2 (in charged form))
O3 + HO2minus rarr HO2middot + O3
minusmiddot (a second O3 molecule reacts with the HO2minus to produce the ozonide radical)
O3minusmiddot + H+ rarr HO3middot (this radical gives to middotOH upon protonation)
HO3middot rarr middotOH + O2
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS
AOPs hold several advantages that are unparalleled in the field of water treatment
1 They can effectively eliminate organic compounds in aqueous phase rather than collecting or
transferring pollutants into another phase
2 Due to the remarkable reactivity of middotOH it virtually reacts with almost every aqueous pollutant without
discriminating AOPs are therefore applicable in many if not all scenarios where many organic
contaminants must be removed at the same time
3 Some heavy metals can also be removed in forms of precipitated M(OH)x
4 In some AOPs designs disinfection can also be achieved which makes these AOPs an integrated
solution to some water quality problems
5 Since the complete reduction product of middotOH is H2O AOPs theoretically do not introduce any new
hazardous substances into the water
RELATIVE STRENTH OF OXIDIZERSOXIDIZING AGENT EOP(Mv) EOP VS CI2
Fluorine 306 225Hydroxyl Radical 280 205Atomic Oxygen 242 178Ozone 208 152Hydrogen Peroxide 178 130Hypochlorite 149 110Chlorine 136 100Chlorine Dioxide 127 093Oxygen (molecular) 123 090
HYDROXYL RADICALSNames
IUPAC nameHydroxyl radical
Systematic IUPAC nameOxidanyl[1]
(substitutive)Hydridooxygen(bull)
[1](additive)
Other namesHydroxyHydroxyl
λ1-Oxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 3352-57-6
ChEBI CHEBI29191
ChemSpider 138477
Gmelin Reference 105
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG C16844
PubChem 157350
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula HO
Molar mass 1701 gmiddotmolminus1
Thermochemistry
Std molarentropy (S
o298)
18371 J Kminus1
molminus1
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH
o298)
3899 kJ molminus1
Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 degC [77 degF] 100 kPa)
Infobox references
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical bullOH is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OHminus) Hydroxyl
radicals are highly reactive (easily becoming hydroxyl groups) and consequently
short-lived however they form an important part of radical chemistry Most notably
hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydro peroxides (ROOH)
or in atmospheric chemistry by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water It is
also an important radical formed in radiation chemistry since it leads to the formation
of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen which can enhance corrosion and SCC in coolant
systems subjected to radioactive environments Hydroxyl radicals are also produced
during UV-light dissociation of H2O2 (suggested in 1879) and likely in Fenton
chemistry where trace amounts of reduced transition metals catalyze peroxide-
mediated oxidations of organic compounds
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the detergent of the troposphere because it
reacts with many pollutants decomposing them through cracking often acting as the first
step to their removal It also has an important role in eliminating some greenhouse gases like
methane and ozone The rate of reaction with the hydroxyl radical often determines how long
many pollutants last in the atmosphere if they do not undergo photolysis or are rained out
For instance methane which reacts relatively slowly with hydroxyl radical has an average
lifetime of gt5 years and many CFCs have lifetimes of 50 years or more Pollutants such as
larger hydrocarbons can have very short average lifetimes of less than a few hours
The first reaction with many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the removal of a hydrogen
atom forming water and an alkyl radical (Rbull)bullOH + RH rarr H2O + Rbull
The alkyl radical will typically react rapidly with oxygen forming a peroxy radical
Rbull + O2 rarr RObull2
The fate of this radical in the troposphere is dependent on factors such as the amount of
sunlight pollution in the atmosphere and the nature of the alkyl radical that formed it
OZONENames
IUPAC nameTrioxygen
Identifiers
CAS Number 10028-15-6
ChEBI CHEBI25812
ChemSpider 23208
EC Number 233ndash069ndash2
Gmelin Reference 1101
IUPHARBPS 6297
Jmol 3D model Interactive imageInteractive image
MeSH Ozone
PubChem 24823
RTECS number RS8225000
UNII 66H7ZZK23N
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula O3
Molar mass 4800 gmiddotmolminus1
Appearance colorless to pale blue gas[1]
Odor pungent[1]
Density 2144 mg cmminus3
(at 0 degC)
Melting point minus1922 degC minus3139 degF 810 K
Boiling point minus112 degC minus170 degF 161 K
Solubility in water 105 g Lminus1
(at 0 degC)
Solubility very soluble in CCl4 sulfuric acid
Vapor pressure gt1 atm (20 degC)[1]
Refractive index(nD) 12226 (liquid) 100052 (gas STP 546 nm mdash note high dispersion)
[2]
Structure
Space group C2v
Coordination geometry Digonal
Molecular shape Dihedral
Hybridisation sp2
for O1
Dipole moment 053 D
OZONEOzone (systematically named 1λ13λ1-
trioxidane and catena-trioxygen) or trioxygen is an
inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O
3 It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell It is
an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than
the diatomic allotrope O2 breaking down in the lower
atmosphere to normal dioxygen Ozone is formed from
dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also
atmospheric electrical discharges and is present in low
concentrations throughout the Earths
atmosphere (stratosphere) In total ozone makes up only 06 ppm of the atmosphere
OZONEbull OZONE IS THREE OXYGEN MOLECULES O3
bull IT IS 150 STRONGER THAN CHLORINE REACTS OVER 3000 TIMES FASTER
bull LEAVES NO HARMFUL BYPRODUCTS
bull OVER 90 OF BOTTLED WATER IS PURIFIED WITH OZONE
bull BEEN USED FOR OVER 100 YEARS IN WATER TREATMENT
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
ADVANCED OXIDATION GAS GENERATOR BENEFITS
bull 187 ndash 254 nm wave lengths
bull Produces O3 (ozone) H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) OH (hydroxyl radicals)
bull Low power consumption
bull Low maintenance
bull 8760 hour lamp life
bull Superior Disinfection
Patents Pending
UV WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM SPECS
UV WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM BENEFITS
bull Chemical Free
bull Addresses broad range of pathogens
bull NSF Standard 55 Class A Certified
bull 254 nm wave length
bull Low power consumption
bull Low maintenance
bull 8760 hour lamp life
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSAdvanced oxidation processes (abbreviation AOPs) in a broad sense are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic (and sometimes inorganic) materials in water and water by oxidation through reactions with hydroxyl radicals (middotOH) In real-world
applications of wastewater treatment however this term usually refers more specifically to a subset of such chemical processes that employ ozone (O3) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) andor UV
light One such type of process is called in situ chemical oxidation
Generally speaking chemistry in AOPs could be essentially divided into three parts
1Formation of middotOH
2Initial attacks on target molecules by middotOH and their breakdown to fragments
3Subsequent attacks by middotOH until ultimate mineralization
The mechanism of middotOH production (Part 1) highly depends on the sort of AOP technique that is used For example ozonation
UVH2O2 and photocatalytic oxidation rely on different mechanisms of middotOH generation
UVH2O2
H2O2 + UV rarr 2middotOH (homolytic bond cleavage of the O-O bond of H2O2 leads to formation of 2middotOH radicals)
Ozone based AOP
O3 + HOminus rarr HO2minus + O2 (reaction between O3 and a hydroxyl ion leads to the formation of H2O2 (in charged form))
O3 + HO2minus rarr HO2middot + O3
minusmiddot (a second O3 molecule reacts with the HO2minus to produce the ozonide radical)
O3minusmiddot + H+ rarr HO3middot (this radical gives to middotOH upon protonation)
HO3middot rarr middotOH + O2
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS
AOPs hold several advantages that are unparalleled in the field of water treatment
1 They can effectively eliminate organic compounds in aqueous phase rather than collecting or
transferring pollutants into another phase
2 Due to the remarkable reactivity of middotOH it virtually reacts with almost every aqueous pollutant without
discriminating AOPs are therefore applicable in many if not all scenarios where many organic
contaminants must be removed at the same time
3 Some heavy metals can also be removed in forms of precipitated M(OH)x
4 In some AOPs designs disinfection can also be achieved which makes these AOPs an integrated
solution to some water quality problems
5 Since the complete reduction product of middotOH is H2O AOPs theoretically do not introduce any new
hazardous substances into the water
RELATIVE STRENTH OF OXIDIZERSOXIDIZING AGENT EOP(Mv) EOP VS CI2
Fluorine 306 225Hydroxyl Radical 280 205Atomic Oxygen 242 178Ozone 208 152Hydrogen Peroxide 178 130Hypochlorite 149 110Chlorine 136 100Chlorine Dioxide 127 093Oxygen (molecular) 123 090
HYDROXYL RADICALSNames
IUPAC nameHydroxyl radical
Systematic IUPAC nameOxidanyl[1]
(substitutive)Hydridooxygen(bull)
[1](additive)
Other namesHydroxyHydroxyl
λ1-Oxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 3352-57-6
ChEBI CHEBI29191
ChemSpider 138477
Gmelin Reference 105
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG C16844
PubChem 157350
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula HO
Molar mass 1701 gmiddotmolminus1
Thermochemistry
Std molarentropy (S
o298)
18371 J Kminus1
molminus1
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH
o298)
3899 kJ molminus1
Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 degC [77 degF] 100 kPa)
Infobox references
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical bullOH is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OHminus) Hydroxyl
radicals are highly reactive (easily becoming hydroxyl groups) and consequently
short-lived however they form an important part of radical chemistry Most notably
hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydro peroxides (ROOH)
or in atmospheric chemistry by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water It is
also an important radical formed in radiation chemistry since it leads to the formation
of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen which can enhance corrosion and SCC in coolant
systems subjected to radioactive environments Hydroxyl radicals are also produced
during UV-light dissociation of H2O2 (suggested in 1879) and likely in Fenton
chemistry where trace amounts of reduced transition metals catalyze peroxide-
mediated oxidations of organic compounds
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the detergent of the troposphere because it
reacts with many pollutants decomposing them through cracking often acting as the first
step to their removal It also has an important role in eliminating some greenhouse gases like
methane and ozone The rate of reaction with the hydroxyl radical often determines how long
many pollutants last in the atmosphere if they do not undergo photolysis or are rained out
For instance methane which reacts relatively slowly with hydroxyl radical has an average
lifetime of gt5 years and many CFCs have lifetimes of 50 years or more Pollutants such as
larger hydrocarbons can have very short average lifetimes of less than a few hours
The first reaction with many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the removal of a hydrogen
atom forming water and an alkyl radical (Rbull)bullOH + RH rarr H2O + Rbull
The alkyl radical will typically react rapidly with oxygen forming a peroxy radical
Rbull + O2 rarr RObull2
The fate of this radical in the troposphere is dependent on factors such as the amount of
sunlight pollution in the atmosphere and the nature of the alkyl radical that formed it
OZONENames
IUPAC nameTrioxygen
Identifiers
CAS Number 10028-15-6
ChEBI CHEBI25812
ChemSpider 23208
EC Number 233ndash069ndash2
Gmelin Reference 1101
IUPHARBPS 6297
Jmol 3D model Interactive imageInteractive image
MeSH Ozone
PubChem 24823
RTECS number RS8225000
UNII 66H7ZZK23N
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula O3
Molar mass 4800 gmiddotmolminus1
Appearance colorless to pale blue gas[1]
Odor pungent[1]
Density 2144 mg cmminus3
(at 0 degC)
Melting point minus1922 degC minus3139 degF 810 K
Boiling point minus112 degC minus170 degF 161 K
Solubility in water 105 g Lminus1
(at 0 degC)
Solubility very soluble in CCl4 sulfuric acid
Vapor pressure gt1 atm (20 degC)[1]
Refractive index(nD) 12226 (liquid) 100052 (gas STP 546 nm mdash note high dispersion)
[2]
Structure
Space group C2v
Coordination geometry Digonal
Molecular shape Dihedral
Hybridisation sp2
for O1
Dipole moment 053 D
OZONEOzone (systematically named 1λ13λ1-
trioxidane and catena-trioxygen) or trioxygen is an
inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O
3 It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell It is
an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than
the diatomic allotrope O2 breaking down in the lower
atmosphere to normal dioxygen Ozone is formed from
dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also
atmospheric electrical discharges and is present in low
concentrations throughout the Earths
atmosphere (stratosphere) In total ozone makes up only 06 ppm of the atmosphere
OZONEbull OZONE IS THREE OXYGEN MOLECULES O3
bull IT IS 150 STRONGER THAN CHLORINE REACTS OVER 3000 TIMES FASTER
bull LEAVES NO HARMFUL BYPRODUCTS
bull OVER 90 OF BOTTLED WATER IS PURIFIED WITH OZONE
bull BEEN USED FOR OVER 100 YEARS IN WATER TREATMENT
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
UV WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM SPECS
UV WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM BENEFITS
bull Chemical Free
bull Addresses broad range of pathogens
bull NSF Standard 55 Class A Certified
bull 254 nm wave length
bull Low power consumption
bull Low maintenance
bull 8760 hour lamp life
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSAdvanced oxidation processes (abbreviation AOPs) in a broad sense are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic (and sometimes inorganic) materials in water and water by oxidation through reactions with hydroxyl radicals (middotOH) In real-world
applications of wastewater treatment however this term usually refers more specifically to a subset of such chemical processes that employ ozone (O3) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) andor UV
light One such type of process is called in situ chemical oxidation
Generally speaking chemistry in AOPs could be essentially divided into three parts
1Formation of middotOH
2Initial attacks on target molecules by middotOH and their breakdown to fragments
3Subsequent attacks by middotOH until ultimate mineralization
The mechanism of middotOH production (Part 1) highly depends on the sort of AOP technique that is used For example ozonation
UVH2O2 and photocatalytic oxidation rely on different mechanisms of middotOH generation
UVH2O2
H2O2 + UV rarr 2middotOH (homolytic bond cleavage of the O-O bond of H2O2 leads to formation of 2middotOH radicals)
Ozone based AOP
O3 + HOminus rarr HO2minus + O2 (reaction between O3 and a hydroxyl ion leads to the formation of H2O2 (in charged form))
O3 + HO2minus rarr HO2middot + O3
minusmiddot (a second O3 molecule reacts with the HO2minus to produce the ozonide radical)
O3minusmiddot + H+ rarr HO3middot (this radical gives to middotOH upon protonation)
HO3middot rarr middotOH + O2
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS
AOPs hold several advantages that are unparalleled in the field of water treatment
1 They can effectively eliminate organic compounds in aqueous phase rather than collecting or
transferring pollutants into another phase
2 Due to the remarkable reactivity of middotOH it virtually reacts with almost every aqueous pollutant without
discriminating AOPs are therefore applicable in many if not all scenarios where many organic
contaminants must be removed at the same time
3 Some heavy metals can also be removed in forms of precipitated M(OH)x
4 In some AOPs designs disinfection can also be achieved which makes these AOPs an integrated
solution to some water quality problems
5 Since the complete reduction product of middotOH is H2O AOPs theoretically do not introduce any new
hazardous substances into the water
RELATIVE STRENTH OF OXIDIZERSOXIDIZING AGENT EOP(Mv) EOP VS CI2
Fluorine 306 225Hydroxyl Radical 280 205Atomic Oxygen 242 178Ozone 208 152Hydrogen Peroxide 178 130Hypochlorite 149 110Chlorine 136 100Chlorine Dioxide 127 093Oxygen (molecular) 123 090
HYDROXYL RADICALSNames
IUPAC nameHydroxyl radical
Systematic IUPAC nameOxidanyl[1]
(substitutive)Hydridooxygen(bull)
[1](additive)
Other namesHydroxyHydroxyl
λ1-Oxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 3352-57-6
ChEBI CHEBI29191
ChemSpider 138477
Gmelin Reference 105
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG C16844
PubChem 157350
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula HO
Molar mass 1701 gmiddotmolminus1
Thermochemistry
Std molarentropy (S
o298)
18371 J Kminus1
molminus1
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH
o298)
3899 kJ molminus1
Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 degC [77 degF] 100 kPa)
Infobox references
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical bullOH is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OHminus) Hydroxyl
radicals are highly reactive (easily becoming hydroxyl groups) and consequently
short-lived however they form an important part of radical chemistry Most notably
hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydro peroxides (ROOH)
or in atmospheric chemistry by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water It is
also an important radical formed in radiation chemistry since it leads to the formation
of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen which can enhance corrosion and SCC in coolant
systems subjected to radioactive environments Hydroxyl radicals are also produced
during UV-light dissociation of H2O2 (suggested in 1879) and likely in Fenton
chemistry where trace amounts of reduced transition metals catalyze peroxide-
mediated oxidations of organic compounds
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the detergent of the troposphere because it
reacts with many pollutants decomposing them through cracking often acting as the first
step to their removal It also has an important role in eliminating some greenhouse gases like
methane and ozone The rate of reaction with the hydroxyl radical often determines how long
many pollutants last in the atmosphere if they do not undergo photolysis or are rained out
For instance methane which reacts relatively slowly with hydroxyl radical has an average
lifetime of gt5 years and many CFCs have lifetimes of 50 years or more Pollutants such as
larger hydrocarbons can have very short average lifetimes of less than a few hours
The first reaction with many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the removal of a hydrogen
atom forming water and an alkyl radical (Rbull)bullOH + RH rarr H2O + Rbull
The alkyl radical will typically react rapidly with oxygen forming a peroxy radical
Rbull + O2 rarr RObull2
The fate of this radical in the troposphere is dependent on factors such as the amount of
sunlight pollution in the atmosphere and the nature of the alkyl radical that formed it
OZONENames
IUPAC nameTrioxygen
Identifiers
CAS Number 10028-15-6
ChEBI CHEBI25812
ChemSpider 23208
EC Number 233ndash069ndash2
Gmelin Reference 1101
IUPHARBPS 6297
Jmol 3D model Interactive imageInteractive image
MeSH Ozone
PubChem 24823
RTECS number RS8225000
UNII 66H7ZZK23N
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula O3
Molar mass 4800 gmiddotmolminus1
Appearance colorless to pale blue gas[1]
Odor pungent[1]
Density 2144 mg cmminus3
(at 0 degC)
Melting point minus1922 degC minus3139 degF 810 K
Boiling point minus112 degC minus170 degF 161 K
Solubility in water 105 g Lminus1
(at 0 degC)
Solubility very soluble in CCl4 sulfuric acid
Vapor pressure gt1 atm (20 degC)[1]
Refractive index(nD) 12226 (liquid) 100052 (gas STP 546 nm mdash note high dispersion)
[2]
Structure
Space group C2v
Coordination geometry Digonal
Molecular shape Dihedral
Hybridisation sp2
for O1
Dipole moment 053 D
OZONEOzone (systematically named 1λ13λ1-
trioxidane and catena-trioxygen) or trioxygen is an
inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O
3 It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell It is
an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than
the diatomic allotrope O2 breaking down in the lower
atmosphere to normal dioxygen Ozone is formed from
dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also
atmospheric electrical discharges and is present in low
concentrations throughout the Earths
atmosphere (stratosphere) In total ozone makes up only 06 ppm of the atmosphere
OZONEbull OZONE IS THREE OXYGEN MOLECULES O3
bull IT IS 150 STRONGER THAN CHLORINE REACTS OVER 3000 TIMES FASTER
bull LEAVES NO HARMFUL BYPRODUCTS
bull OVER 90 OF BOTTLED WATER IS PURIFIED WITH OZONE
bull BEEN USED FOR OVER 100 YEARS IN WATER TREATMENT
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
UV WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM BENEFITS
bull Chemical Free
bull Addresses broad range of pathogens
bull NSF Standard 55 Class A Certified
bull 254 nm wave length
bull Low power consumption
bull Low maintenance
bull 8760 hour lamp life
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSAdvanced oxidation processes (abbreviation AOPs) in a broad sense are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic (and sometimes inorganic) materials in water and water by oxidation through reactions with hydroxyl radicals (middotOH) In real-world
applications of wastewater treatment however this term usually refers more specifically to a subset of such chemical processes that employ ozone (O3) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) andor UV
light One such type of process is called in situ chemical oxidation
Generally speaking chemistry in AOPs could be essentially divided into three parts
1Formation of middotOH
2Initial attacks on target molecules by middotOH and their breakdown to fragments
3Subsequent attacks by middotOH until ultimate mineralization
The mechanism of middotOH production (Part 1) highly depends on the sort of AOP technique that is used For example ozonation
UVH2O2 and photocatalytic oxidation rely on different mechanisms of middotOH generation
UVH2O2
H2O2 + UV rarr 2middotOH (homolytic bond cleavage of the O-O bond of H2O2 leads to formation of 2middotOH radicals)
Ozone based AOP
O3 + HOminus rarr HO2minus + O2 (reaction between O3 and a hydroxyl ion leads to the formation of H2O2 (in charged form))
O3 + HO2minus rarr HO2middot + O3
minusmiddot (a second O3 molecule reacts with the HO2minus to produce the ozonide radical)
O3minusmiddot + H+ rarr HO3middot (this radical gives to middotOH upon protonation)
HO3middot rarr middotOH + O2
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS
AOPs hold several advantages that are unparalleled in the field of water treatment
1 They can effectively eliminate organic compounds in aqueous phase rather than collecting or
transferring pollutants into another phase
2 Due to the remarkable reactivity of middotOH it virtually reacts with almost every aqueous pollutant without
discriminating AOPs are therefore applicable in many if not all scenarios where many organic
contaminants must be removed at the same time
3 Some heavy metals can also be removed in forms of precipitated M(OH)x
4 In some AOPs designs disinfection can also be achieved which makes these AOPs an integrated
solution to some water quality problems
5 Since the complete reduction product of middotOH is H2O AOPs theoretically do not introduce any new
hazardous substances into the water
RELATIVE STRENTH OF OXIDIZERSOXIDIZING AGENT EOP(Mv) EOP VS CI2
Fluorine 306 225Hydroxyl Radical 280 205Atomic Oxygen 242 178Ozone 208 152Hydrogen Peroxide 178 130Hypochlorite 149 110Chlorine 136 100Chlorine Dioxide 127 093Oxygen (molecular) 123 090
HYDROXYL RADICALSNames
IUPAC nameHydroxyl radical
Systematic IUPAC nameOxidanyl[1]
(substitutive)Hydridooxygen(bull)
[1](additive)
Other namesHydroxyHydroxyl
λ1-Oxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 3352-57-6
ChEBI CHEBI29191
ChemSpider 138477
Gmelin Reference 105
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG C16844
PubChem 157350
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula HO
Molar mass 1701 gmiddotmolminus1
Thermochemistry
Std molarentropy (S
o298)
18371 J Kminus1
molminus1
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH
o298)
3899 kJ molminus1
Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 degC [77 degF] 100 kPa)
Infobox references
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical bullOH is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OHminus) Hydroxyl
radicals are highly reactive (easily becoming hydroxyl groups) and consequently
short-lived however they form an important part of radical chemistry Most notably
hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydro peroxides (ROOH)
or in atmospheric chemistry by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water It is
also an important radical formed in radiation chemistry since it leads to the formation
of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen which can enhance corrosion and SCC in coolant
systems subjected to radioactive environments Hydroxyl radicals are also produced
during UV-light dissociation of H2O2 (suggested in 1879) and likely in Fenton
chemistry where trace amounts of reduced transition metals catalyze peroxide-
mediated oxidations of organic compounds
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the detergent of the troposphere because it
reacts with many pollutants decomposing them through cracking often acting as the first
step to their removal It also has an important role in eliminating some greenhouse gases like
methane and ozone The rate of reaction with the hydroxyl radical often determines how long
many pollutants last in the atmosphere if they do not undergo photolysis or are rained out
For instance methane which reacts relatively slowly with hydroxyl radical has an average
lifetime of gt5 years and many CFCs have lifetimes of 50 years or more Pollutants such as
larger hydrocarbons can have very short average lifetimes of less than a few hours
The first reaction with many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the removal of a hydrogen
atom forming water and an alkyl radical (Rbull)bullOH + RH rarr H2O + Rbull
The alkyl radical will typically react rapidly with oxygen forming a peroxy radical
Rbull + O2 rarr RObull2
The fate of this radical in the troposphere is dependent on factors such as the amount of
sunlight pollution in the atmosphere and the nature of the alkyl radical that formed it
OZONENames
IUPAC nameTrioxygen
Identifiers
CAS Number 10028-15-6
ChEBI CHEBI25812
ChemSpider 23208
EC Number 233ndash069ndash2
Gmelin Reference 1101
IUPHARBPS 6297
Jmol 3D model Interactive imageInteractive image
MeSH Ozone
PubChem 24823
RTECS number RS8225000
UNII 66H7ZZK23N
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula O3
Molar mass 4800 gmiddotmolminus1
Appearance colorless to pale blue gas[1]
Odor pungent[1]
Density 2144 mg cmminus3
(at 0 degC)
Melting point minus1922 degC minus3139 degF 810 K
Boiling point minus112 degC minus170 degF 161 K
Solubility in water 105 g Lminus1
(at 0 degC)
Solubility very soluble in CCl4 sulfuric acid
Vapor pressure gt1 atm (20 degC)[1]
Refractive index(nD) 12226 (liquid) 100052 (gas STP 546 nm mdash note high dispersion)
[2]
Structure
Space group C2v
Coordination geometry Digonal
Molecular shape Dihedral
Hybridisation sp2
for O1
Dipole moment 053 D
OZONEOzone (systematically named 1λ13λ1-
trioxidane and catena-trioxygen) or trioxygen is an
inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O
3 It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell It is
an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than
the diatomic allotrope O2 breaking down in the lower
atmosphere to normal dioxygen Ozone is formed from
dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also
atmospheric electrical discharges and is present in low
concentrations throughout the Earths
atmosphere (stratosphere) In total ozone makes up only 06 ppm of the atmosphere
OZONEbull OZONE IS THREE OXYGEN MOLECULES O3
bull IT IS 150 STRONGER THAN CHLORINE REACTS OVER 3000 TIMES FASTER
bull LEAVES NO HARMFUL BYPRODUCTS
bull OVER 90 OF BOTTLED WATER IS PURIFIED WITH OZONE
bull BEEN USED FOR OVER 100 YEARS IN WATER TREATMENT
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSAdvanced oxidation processes (abbreviation AOPs) in a broad sense are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic (and sometimes inorganic) materials in water and water by oxidation through reactions with hydroxyl radicals (middotOH) In real-world
applications of wastewater treatment however this term usually refers more specifically to a subset of such chemical processes that employ ozone (O3) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) andor UV
light One such type of process is called in situ chemical oxidation
Generally speaking chemistry in AOPs could be essentially divided into three parts
1Formation of middotOH
2Initial attacks on target molecules by middotOH and their breakdown to fragments
3Subsequent attacks by middotOH until ultimate mineralization
The mechanism of middotOH production (Part 1) highly depends on the sort of AOP technique that is used For example ozonation
UVH2O2 and photocatalytic oxidation rely on different mechanisms of middotOH generation
UVH2O2
H2O2 + UV rarr 2middotOH (homolytic bond cleavage of the O-O bond of H2O2 leads to formation of 2middotOH radicals)
Ozone based AOP
O3 + HOminus rarr HO2minus + O2 (reaction between O3 and a hydroxyl ion leads to the formation of H2O2 (in charged form))
O3 + HO2minus rarr HO2middot + O3
minusmiddot (a second O3 molecule reacts with the HO2minus to produce the ozonide radical)
O3minusmiddot + H+ rarr HO3middot (this radical gives to middotOH upon protonation)
HO3middot rarr middotOH + O2
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS
AOPs hold several advantages that are unparalleled in the field of water treatment
1 They can effectively eliminate organic compounds in aqueous phase rather than collecting or
transferring pollutants into another phase
2 Due to the remarkable reactivity of middotOH it virtually reacts with almost every aqueous pollutant without
discriminating AOPs are therefore applicable in many if not all scenarios where many organic
contaminants must be removed at the same time
3 Some heavy metals can also be removed in forms of precipitated M(OH)x
4 In some AOPs designs disinfection can also be achieved which makes these AOPs an integrated
solution to some water quality problems
5 Since the complete reduction product of middotOH is H2O AOPs theoretically do not introduce any new
hazardous substances into the water
RELATIVE STRENTH OF OXIDIZERSOXIDIZING AGENT EOP(Mv) EOP VS CI2
Fluorine 306 225Hydroxyl Radical 280 205Atomic Oxygen 242 178Ozone 208 152Hydrogen Peroxide 178 130Hypochlorite 149 110Chlorine 136 100Chlorine Dioxide 127 093Oxygen (molecular) 123 090
HYDROXYL RADICALSNames
IUPAC nameHydroxyl radical
Systematic IUPAC nameOxidanyl[1]
(substitutive)Hydridooxygen(bull)
[1](additive)
Other namesHydroxyHydroxyl
λ1-Oxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 3352-57-6
ChEBI CHEBI29191
ChemSpider 138477
Gmelin Reference 105
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG C16844
PubChem 157350
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula HO
Molar mass 1701 gmiddotmolminus1
Thermochemistry
Std molarentropy (S
o298)
18371 J Kminus1
molminus1
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH
o298)
3899 kJ molminus1
Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 degC [77 degF] 100 kPa)
Infobox references
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical bullOH is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OHminus) Hydroxyl
radicals are highly reactive (easily becoming hydroxyl groups) and consequently
short-lived however they form an important part of radical chemistry Most notably
hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydro peroxides (ROOH)
or in atmospheric chemistry by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water It is
also an important radical formed in radiation chemistry since it leads to the formation
of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen which can enhance corrosion and SCC in coolant
systems subjected to radioactive environments Hydroxyl radicals are also produced
during UV-light dissociation of H2O2 (suggested in 1879) and likely in Fenton
chemistry where trace amounts of reduced transition metals catalyze peroxide-
mediated oxidations of organic compounds
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the detergent of the troposphere because it
reacts with many pollutants decomposing them through cracking often acting as the first
step to their removal It also has an important role in eliminating some greenhouse gases like
methane and ozone The rate of reaction with the hydroxyl radical often determines how long
many pollutants last in the atmosphere if they do not undergo photolysis or are rained out
For instance methane which reacts relatively slowly with hydroxyl radical has an average
lifetime of gt5 years and many CFCs have lifetimes of 50 years or more Pollutants such as
larger hydrocarbons can have very short average lifetimes of less than a few hours
The first reaction with many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the removal of a hydrogen
atom forming water and an alkyl radical (Rbull)bullOH + RH rarr H2O + Rbull
The alkyl radical will typically react rapidly with oxygen forming a peroxy radical
Rbull + O2 rarr RObull2
The fate of this radical in the troposphere is dependent on factors such as the amount of
sunlight pollution in the atmosphere and the nature of the alkyl radical that formed it
OZONENames
IUPAC nameTrioxygen
Identifiers
CAS Number 10028-15-6
ChEBI CHEBI25812
ChemSpider 23208
EC Number 233ndash069ndash2
Gmelin Reference 1101
IUPHARBPS 6297
Jmol 3D model Interactive imageInteractive image
MeSH Ozone
PubChem 24823
RTECS number RS8225000
UNII 66H7ZZK23N
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula O3
Molar mass 4800 gmiddotmolminus1
Appearance colorless to pale blue gas[1]
Odor pungent[1]
Density 2144 mg cmminus3
(at 0 degC)
Melting point minus1922 degC minus3139 degF 810 K
Boiling point minus112 degC minus170 degF 161 K
Solubility in water 105 g Lminus1
(at 0 degC)
Solubility very soluble in CCl4 sulfuric acid
Vapor pressure gt1 atm (20 degC)[1]
Refractive index(nD) 12226 (liquid) 100052 (gas STP 546 nm mdash note high dispersion)
[2]
Structure
Space group C2v
Coordination geometry Digonal
Molecular shape Dihedral
Hybridisation sp2
for O1
Dipole moment 053 D
OZONEOzone (systematically named 1λ13λ1-
trioxidane and catena-trioxygen) or trioxygen is an
inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O
3 It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell It is
an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than
the diatomic allotrope O2 breaking down in the lower
atmosphere to normal dioxygen Ozone is formed from
dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also
atmospheric electrical discharges and is present in low
concentrations throughout the Earths
atmosphere (stratosphere) In total ozone makes up only 06 ppm of the atmosphere
OZONEbull OZONE IS THREE OXYGEN MOLECULES O3
bull IT IS 150 STRONGER THAN CHLORINE REACTS OVER 3000 TIMES FASTER
bull LEAVES NO HARMFUL BYPRODUCTS
bull OVER 90 OF BOTTLED WATER IS PURIFIED WITH OZONE
bull BEEN USED FOR OVER 100 YEARS IN WATER TREATMENT
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS
AOPs hold several advantages that are unparalleled in the field of water treatment
1 They can effectively eliminate organic compounds in aqueous phase rather than collecting or
transferring pollutants into another phase
2 Due to the remarkable reactivity of middotOH it virtually reacts with almost every aqueous pollutant without
discriminating AOPs are therefore applicable in many if not all scenarios where many organic
contaminants must be removed at the same time
3 Some heavy metals can also be removed in forms of precipitated M(OH)x
4 In some AOPs designs disinfection can also be achieved which makes these AOPs an integrated
solution to some water quality problems
5 Since the complete reduction product of middotOH is H2O AOPs theoretically do not introduce any new
hazardous substances into the water
RELATIVE STRENTH OF OXIDIZERSOXIDIZING AGENT EOP(Mv) EOP VS CI2
Fluorine 306 225Hydroxyl Radical 280 205Atomic Oxygen 242 178Ozone 208 152Hydrogen Peroxide 178 130Hypochlorite 149 110Chlorine 136 100Chlorine Dioxide 127 093Oxygen (molecular) 123 090
HYDROXYL RADICALSNames
IUPAC nameHydroxyl radical
Systematic IUPAC nameOxidanyl[1]
(substitutive)Hydridooxygen(bull)
[1](additive)
Other namesHydroxyHydroxyl
λ1-Oxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 3352-57-6
ChEBI CHEBI29191
ChemSpider 138477
Gmelin Reference 105
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG C16844
PubChem 157350
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula HO
Molar mass 1701 gmiddotmolminus1
Thermochemistry
Std molarentropy (S
o298)
18371 J Kminus1
molminus1
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH
o298)
3899 kJ molminus1
Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 degC [77 degF] 100 kPa)
Infobox references
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical bullOH is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OHminus) Hydroxyl
radicals are highly reactive (easily becoming hydroxyl groups) and consequently
short-lived however they form an important part of radical chemistry Most notably
hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydro peroxides (ROOH)
or in atmospheric chemistry by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water It is
also an important radical formed in radiation chemistry since it leads to the formation
of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen which can enhance corrosion and SCC in coolant
systems subjected to radioactive environments Hydroxyl radicals are also produced
during UV-light dissociation of H2O2 (suggested in 1879) and likely in Fenton
chemistry where trace amounts of reduced transition metals catalyze peroxide-
mediated oxidations of organic compounds
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the detergent of the troposphere because it
reacts with many pollutants decomposing them through cracking often acting as the first
step to their removal It also has an important role in eliminating some greenhouse gases like
methane and ozone The rate of reaction with the hydroxyl radical often determines how long
many pollutants last in the atmosphere if they do not undergo photolysis or are rained out
For instance methane which reacts relatively slowly with hydroxyl radical has an average
lifetime of gt5 years and many CFCs have lifetimes of 50 years or more Pollutants such as
larger hydrocarbons can have very short average lifetimes of less than a few hours
The first reaction with many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the removal of a hydrogen
atom forming water and an alkyl radical (Rbull)bullOH + RH rarr H2O + Rbull
The alkyl radical will typically react rapidly with oxygen forming a peroxy radical
Rbull + O2 rarr RObull2
The fate of this radical in the troposphere is dependent on factors such as the amount of
sunlight pollution in the atmosphere and the nature of the alkyl radical that formed it
OZONENames
IUPAC nameTrioxygen
Identifiers
CAS Number 10028-15-6
ChEBI CHEBI25812
ChemSpider 23208
EC Number 233ndash069ndash2
Gmelin Reference 1101
IUPHARBPS 6297
Jmol 3D model Interactive imageInteractive image
MeSH Ozone
PubChem 24823
RTECS number RS8225000
UNII 66H7ZZK23N
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula O3
Molar mass 4800 gmiddotmolminus1
Appearance colorless to pale blue gas[1]
Odor pungent[1]
Density 2144 mg cmminus3
(at 0 degC)
Melting point minus1922 degC minus3139 degF 810 K
Boiling point minus112 degC minus170 degF 161 K
Solubility in water 105 g Lminus1
(at 0 degC)
Solubility very soluble in CCl4 sulfuric acid
Vapor pressure gt1 atm (20 degC)[1]
Refractive index(nD) 12226 (liquid) 100052 (gas STP 546 nm mdash note high dispersion)
[2]
Structure
Space group C2v
Coordination geometry Digonal
Molecular shape Dihedral
Hybridisation sp2
for O1
Dipole moment 053 D
OZONEOzone (systematically named 1λ13λ1-
trioxidane and catena-trioxygen) or trioxygen is an
inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O
3 It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell It is
an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than
the diatomic allotrope O2 breaking down in the lower
atmosphere to normal dioxygen Ozone is formed from
dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also
atmospheric electrical discharges and is present in low
concentrations throughout the Earths
atmosphere (stratosphere) In total ozone makes up only 06 ppm of the atmosphere
OZONEbull OZONE IS THREE OXYGEN MOLECULES O3
bull IT IS 150 STRONGER THAN CHLORINE REACTS OVER 3000 TIMES FASTER
bull LEAVES NO HARMFUL BYPRODUCTS
bull OVER 90 OF BOTTLED WATER IS PURIFIED WITH OZONE
bull BEEN USED FOR OVER 100 YEARS IN WATER TREATMENT
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
RELATIVE STRENTH OF OXIDIZERSOXIDIZING AGENT EOP(Mv) EOP VS CI2
Fluorine 306 225Hydroxyl Radical 280 205Atomic Oxygen 242 178Ozone 208 152Hydrogen Peroxide 178 130Hypochlorite 149 110Chlorine 136 100Chlorine Dioxide 127 093Oxygen (molecular) 123 090
HYDROXYL RADICALSNames
IUPAC nameHydroxyl radical
Systematic IUPAC nameOxidanyl[1]
(substitutive)Hydridooxygen(bull)
[1](additive)
Other namesHydroxyHydroxyl
λ1-Oxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 3352-57-6
ChEBI CHEBI29191
ChemSpider 138477
Gmelin Reference 105
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG C16844
PubChem 157350
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula HO
Molar mass 1701 gmiddotmolminus1
Thermochemistry
Std molarentropy (S
o298)
18371 J Kminus1
molminus1
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH
o298)
3899 kJ molminus1
Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 degC [77 degF] 100 kPa)
Infobox references
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical bullOH is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OHminus) Hydroxyl
radicals are highly reactive (easily becoming hydroxyl groups) and consequently
short-lived however they form an important part of radical chemistry Most notably
hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydro peroxides (ROOH)
or in atmospheric chemistry by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water It is
also an important radical formed in radiation chemistry since it leads to the formation
of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen which can enhance corrosion and SCC in coolant
systems subjected to radioactive environments Hydroxyl radicals are also produced
during UV-light dissociation of H2O2 (suggested in 1879) and likely in Fenton
chemistry where trace amounts of reduced transition metals catalyze peroxide-
mediated oxidations of organic compounds
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the detergent of the troposphere because it
reacts with many pollutants decomposing them through cracking often acting as the first
step to their removal It also has an important role in eliminating some greenhouse gases like
methane and ozone The rate of reaction with the hydroxyl radical often determines how long
many pollutants last in the atmosphere if they do not undergo photolysis or are rained out
For instance methane which reacts relatively slowly with hydroxyl radical has an average
lifetime of gt5 years and many CFCs have lifetimes of 50 years or more Pollutants such as
larger hydrocarbons can have very short average lifetimes of less than a few hours
The first reaction with many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the removal of a hydrogen
atom forming water and an alkyl radical (Rbull)bullOH + RH rarr H2O + Rbull
The alkyl radical will typically react rapidly with oxygen forming a peroxy radical
Rbull + O2 rarr RObull2
The fate of this radical in the troposphere is dependent on factors such as the amount of
sunlight pollution in the atmosphere and the nature of the alkyl radical that formed it
OZONENames
IUPAC nameTrioxygen
Identifiers
CAS Number 10028-15-6
ChEBI CHEBI25812
ChemSpider 23208
EC Number 233ndash069ndash2
Gmelin Reference 1101
IUPHARBPS 6297
Jmol 3D model Interactive imageInteractive image
MeSH Ozone
PubChem 24823
RTECS number RS8225000
UNII 66H7ZZK23N
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula O3
Molar mass 4800 gmiddotmolminus1
Appearance colorless to pale blue gas[1]
Odor pungent[1]
Density 2144 mg cmminus3
(at 0 degC)
Melting point minus1922 degC minus3139 degF 810 K
Boiling point minus112 degC minus170 degF 161 K
Solubility in water 105 g Lminus1
(at 0 degC)
Solubility very soluble in CCl4 sulfuric acid
Vapor pressure gt1 atm (20 degC)[1]
Refractive index(nD) 12226 (liquid) 100052 (gas STP 546 nm mdash note high dispersion)
[2]
Structure
Space group C2v
Coordination geometry Digonal
Molecular shape Dihedral
Hybridisation sp2
for O1
Dipole moment 053 D
OZONEOzone (systematically named 1λ13λ1-
trioxidane and catena-trioxygen) or trioxygen is an
inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O
3 It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell It is
an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than
the diatomic allotrope O2 breaking down in the lower
atmosphere to normal dioxygen Ozone is formed from
dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also
atmospheric electrical discharges and is present in low
concentrations throughout the Earths
atmosphere (stratosphere) In total ozone makes up only 06 ppm of the atmosphere
OZONEbull OZONE IS THREE OXYGEN MOLECULES O3
bull IT IS 150 STRONGER THAN CHLORINE REACTS OVER 3000 TIMES FASTER
bull LEAVES NO HARMFUL BYPRODUCTS
bull OVER 90 OF BOTTLED WATER IS PURIFIED WITH OZONE
bull BEEN USED FOR OVER 100 YEARS IN WATER TREATMENT
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
HYDROXYL RADICALSNames
IUPAC nameHydroxyl radical
Systematic IUPAC nameOxidanyl[1]
(substitutive)Hydridooxygen(bull)
[1](additive)
Other namesHydroxyHydroxyl
λ1-Oxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 3352-57-6
ChEBI CHEBI29191
ChemSpider 138477
Gmelin Reference 105
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG C16844
PubChem 157350
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula HO
Molar mass 1701 gmiddotmolminus1
Thermochemistry
Std molarentropy (S
o298)
18371 J Kminus1
molminus1
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH
o298)
3899 kJ molminus1
Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 degC [77 degF] 100 kPa)
Infobox references
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical bullOH is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OHminus) Hydroxyl
radicals are highly reactive (easily becoming hydroxyl groups) and consequently
short-lived however they form an important part of radical chemistry Most notably
hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydro peroxides (ROOH)
or in atmospheric chemistry by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water It is
also an important radical formed in radiation chemistry since it leads to the formation
of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen which can enhance corrosion and SCC in coolant
systems subjected to radioactive environments Hydroxyl radicals are also produced
during UV-light dissociation of H2O2 (suggested in 1879) and likely in Fenton
chemistry where trace amounts of reduced transition metals catalyze peroxide-
mediated oxidations of organic compounds
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the detergent of the troposphere because it
reacts with many pollutants decomposing them through cracking often acting as the first
step to their removal It also has an important role in eliminating some greenhouse gases like
methane and ozone The rate of reaction with the hydroxyl radical often determines how long
many pollutants last in the atmosphere if they do not undergo photolysis or are rained out
For instance methane which reacts relatively slowly with hydroxyl radical has an average
lifetime of gt5 years and many CFCs have lifetimes of 50 years or more Pollutants such as
larger hydrocarbons can have very short average lifetimes of less than a few hours
The first reaction with many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the removal of a hydrogen
atom forming water and an alkyl radical (Rbull)bullOH + RH rarr H2O + Rbull
The alkyl radical will typically react rapidly with oxygen forming a peroxy radical
Rbull + O2 rarr RObull2
The fate of this radical in the troposphere is dependent on factors such as the amount of
sunlight pollution in the atmosphere and the nature of the alkyl radical that formed it
OZONENames
IUPAC nameTrioxygen
Identifiers
CAS Number 10028-15-6
ChEBI CHEBI25812
ChemSpider 23208
EC Number 233ndash069ndash2
Gmelin Reference 1101
IUPHARBPS 6297
Jmol 3D model Interactive imageInteractive image
MeSH Ozone
PubChem 24823
RTECS number RS8225000
UNII 66H7ZZK23N
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula O3
Molar mass 4800 gmiddotmolminus1
Appearance colorless to pale blue gas[1]
Odor pungent[1]
Density 2144 mg cmminus3
(at 0 degC)
Melting point minus1922 degC minus3139 degF 810 K
Boiling point minus112 degC minus170 degF 161 K
Solubility in water 105 g Lminus1
(at 0 degC)
Solubility very soluble in CCl4 sulfuric acid
Vapor pressure gt1 atm (20 degC)[1]
Refractive index(nD) 12226 (liquid) 100052 (gas STP 546 nm mdash note high dispersion)
[2]
Structure
Space group C2v
Coordination geometry Digonal
Molecular shape Dihedral
Hybridisation sp2
for O1
Dipole moment 053 D
OZONEOzone (systematically named 1λ13λ1-
trioxidane and catena-trioxygen) or trioxygen is an
inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O
3 It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell It is
an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than
the diatomic allotrope O2 breaking down in the lower
atmosphere to normal dioxygen Ozone is formed from
dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also
atmospheric electrical discharges and is present in low
concentrations throughout the Earths
atmosphere (stratosphere) In total ozone makes up only 06 ppm of the atmosphere
OZONEbull OZONE IS THREE OXYGEN MOLECULES O3
bull IT IS 150 STRONGER THAN CHLORINE REACTS OVER 3000 TIMES FASTER
bull LEAVES NO HARMFUL BYPRODUCTS
bull OVER 90 OF BOTTLED WATER IS PURIFIED WITH OZONE
bull BEEN USED FOR OVER 100 YEARS IN WATER TREATMENT
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical bullOH is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OHminus) Hydroxyl
radicals are highly reactive (easily becoming hydroxyl groups) and consequently
short-lived however they form an important part of radical chemistry Most notably
hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydro peroxides (ROOH)
or in atmospheric chemistry by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water It is
also an important radical formed in radiation chemistry since it leads to the formation
of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen which can enhance corrosion and SCC in coolant
systems subjected to radioactive environments Hydroxyl radicals are also produced
during UV-light dissociation of H2O2 (suggested in 1879) and likely in Fenton
chemistry where trace amounts of reduced transition metals catalyze peroxide-
mediated oxidations of organic compounds
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the detergent of the troposphere because it
reacts with many pollutants decomposing them through cracking often acting as the first
step to their removal It also has an important role in eliminating some greenhouse gases like
methane and ozone The rate of reaction with the hydroxyl radical often determines how long
many pollutants last in the atmosphere if they do not undergo photolysis or are rained out
For instance methane which reacts relatively slowly with hydroxyl radical has an average
lifetime of gt5 years and many CFCs have lifetimes of 50 years or more Pollutants such as
larger hydrocarbons can have very short average lifetimes of less than a few hours
The first reaction with many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the removal of a hydrogen
atom forming water and an alkyl radical (Rbull)bullOH + RH rarr H2O + Rbull
The alkyl radical will typically react rapidly with oxygen forming a peroxy radical
Rbull + O2 rarr RObull2
The fate of this radical in the troposphere is dependent on factors such as the amount of
sunlight pollution in the atmosphere and the nature of the alkyl radical that formed it
OZONENames
IUPAC nameTrioxygen
Identifiers
CAS Number 10028-15-6
ChEBI CHEBI25812
ChemSpider 23208
EC Number 233ndash069ndash2
Gmelin Reference 1101
IUPHARBPS 6297
Jmol 3D model Interactive imageInteractive image
MeSH Ozone
PubChem 24823
RTECS number RS8225000
UNII 66H7ZZK23N
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula O3
Molar mass 4800 gmiddotmolminus1
Appearance colorless to pale blue gas[1]
Odor pungent[1]
Density 2144 mg cmminus3
(at 0 degC)
Melting point minus1922 degC minus3139 degF 810 K
Boiling point minus112 degC minus170 degF 161 K
Solubility in water 105 g Lminus1
(at 0 degC)
Solubility very soluble in CCl4 sulfuric acid
Vapor pressure gt1 atm (20 degC)[1]
Refractive index(nD) 12226 (liquid) 100052 (gas STP 546 nm mdash note high dispersion)
[2]
Structure
Space group C2v
Coordination geometry Digonal
Molecular shape Dihedral
Hybridisation sp2
for O1
Dipole moment 053 D
OZONEOzone (systematically named 1λ13λ1-
trioxidane and catena-trioxygen) or trioxygen is an
inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O
3 It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell It is
an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than
the diatomic allotrope O2 breaking down in the lower
atmosphere to normal dioxygen Ozone is formed from
dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also
atmospheric electrical discharges and is present in low
concentrations throughout the Earths
atmosphere (stratosphere) In total ozone makes up only 06 ppm of the atmosphere
OZONEbull OZONE IS THREE OXYGEN MOLECULES O3
bull IT IS 150 STRONGER THAN CHLORINE REACTS OVER 3000 TIMES FASTER
bull LEAVES NO HARMFUL BYPRODUCTS
bull OVER 90 OF BOTTLED WATER IS PURIFIED WITH OZONE
bull BEEN USED FOR OVER 100 YEARS IN WATER TREATMENT
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
HYDROXYL RADICALSThe hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the detergent of the troposphere because it
reacts with many pollutants decomposing them through cracking often acting as the first
step to their removal It also has an important role in eliminating some greenhouse gases like
methane and ozone The rate of reaction with the hydroxyl radical often determines how long
many pollutants last in the atmosphere if they do not undergo photolysis or are rained out
For instance methane which reacts relatively slowly with hydroxyl radical has an average
lifetime of gt5 years and many CFCs have lifetimes of 50 years or more Pollutants such as
larger hydrocarbons can have very short average lifetimes of less than a few hours
The first reaction with many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is the removal of a hydrogen
atom forming water and an alkyl radical (Rbull)bullOH + RH rarr H2O + Rbull
The alkyl radical will typically react rapidly with oxygen forming a peroxy radical
Rbull + O2 rarr RObull2
The fate of this radical in the troposphere is dependent on factors such as the amount of
sunlight pollution in the atmosphere and the nature of the alkyl radical that formed it
OZONENames
IUPAC nameTrioxygen
Identifiers
CAS Number 10028-15-6
ChEBI CHEBI25812
ChemSpider 23208
EC Number 233ndash069ndash2
Gmelin Reference 1101
IUPHARBPS 6297
Jmol 3D model Interactive imageInteractive image
MeSH Ozone
PubChem 24823
RTECS number RS8225000
UNII 66H7ZZK23N
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula O3
Molar mass 4800 gmiddotmolminus1
Appearance colorless to pale blue gas[1]
Odor pungent[1]
Density 2144 mg cmminus3
(at 0 degC)
Melting point minus1922 degC minus3139 degF 810 K
Boiling point minus112 degC minus170 degF 161 K
Solubility in water 105 g Lminus1
(at 0 degC)
Solubility very soluble in CCl4 sulfuric acid
Vapor pressure gt1 atm (20 degC)[1]
Refractive index(nD) 12226 (liquid) 100052 (gas STP 546 nm mdash note high dispersion)
[2]
Structure
Space group C2v
Coordination geometry Digonal
Molecular shape Dihedral
Hybridisation sp2
for O1
Dipole moment 053 D
OZONEOzone (systematically named 1λ13λ1-
trioxidane and catena-trioxygen) or trioxygen is an
inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O
3 It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell It is
an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than
the diatomic allotrope O2 breaking down in the lower
atmosphere to normal dioxygen Ozone is formed from
dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also
atmospheric electrical discharges and is present in low
concentrations throughout the Earths
atmosphere (stratosphere) In total ozone makes up only 06 ppm of the atmosphere
OZONEbull OZONE IS THREE OXYGEN MOLECULES O3
bull IT IS 150 STRONGER THAN CHLORINE REACTS OVER 3000 TIMES FASTER
bull LEAVES NO HARMFUL BYPRODUCTS
bull OVER 90 OF BOTTLED WATER IS PURIFIED WITH OZONE
bull BEEN USED FOR OVER 100 YEARS IN WATER TREATMENT
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
OZONENames
IUPAC nameTrioxygen
Identifiers
CAS Number 10028-15-6
ChEBI CHEBI25812
ChemSpider 23208
EC Number 233ndash069ndash2
Gmelin Reference 1101
IUPHARBPS 6297
Jmol 3D model Interactive imageInteractive image
MeSH Ozone
PubChem 24823
RTECS number RS8225000
UNII 66H7ZZK23N
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula O3
Molar mass 4800 gmiddotmolminus1
Appearance colorless to pale blue gas[1]
Odor pungent[1]
Density 2144 mg cmminus3
(at 0 degC)
Melting point minus1922 degC minus3139 degF 810 K
Boiling point minus112 degC minus170 degF 161 K
Solubility in water 105 g Lminus1
(at 0 degC)
Solubility very soluble in CCl4 sulfuric acid
Vapor pressure gt1 atm (20 degC)[1]
Refractive index(nD) 12226 (liquid) 100052 (gas STP 546 nm mdash note high dispersion)
[2]
Structure
Space group C2v
Coordination geometry Digonal
Molecular shape Dihedral
Hybridisation sp2
for O1
Dipole moment 053 D
OZONEOzone (systematically named 1λ13λ1-
trioxidane and catena-trioxygen) or trioxygen is an
inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O
3 It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell It is
an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than
the diatomic allotrope O2 breaking down in the lower
atmosphere to normal dioxygen Ozone is formed from
dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also
atmospheric electrical discharges and is present in low
concentrations throughout the Earths
atmosphere (stratosphere) In total ozone makes up only 06 ppm of the atmosphere
OZONEbull OZONE IS THREE OXYGEN MOLECULES O3
bull IT IS 150 STRONGER THAN CHLORINE REACTS OVER 3000 TIMES FASTER
bull LEAVES NO HARMFUL BYPRODUCTS
bull OVER 90 OF BOTTLED WATER IS PURIFIED WITH OZONE
bull BEEN USED FOR OVER 100 YEARS IN WATER TREATMENT
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
OZONEOzone (systematically named 1λ13λ1-
trioxidane and catena-trioxygen) or trioxygen is an
inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O
3 It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell It is
an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than
the diatomic allotrope O2 breaking down in the lower
atmosphere to normal dioxygen Ozone is formed from
dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also
atmospheric electrical discharges and is present in low
concentrations throughout the Earths
atmosphere (stratosphere) In total ozone makes up only 06 ppm of the atmosphere
OZONEbull OZONE IS THREE OXYGEN MOLECULES O3
bull IT IS 150 STRONGER THAN CHLORINE REACTS OVER 3000 TIMES FASTER
bull LEAVES NO HARMFUL BYPRODUCTS
bull OVER 90 OF BOTTLED WATER IS PURIFIED WITH OZONE
bull BEEN USED FOR OVER 100 YEARS IN WATER TREATMENT
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
OZONEbull OZONE IS THREE OXYGEN MOLECULES O3
bull IT IS 150 STRONGER THAN CHLORINE REACTS OVER 3000 TIMES FASTER
bull LEAVES NO HARMFUL BYPRODUCTS
bull OVER 90 OF BOTTLED WATER IS PURIFIED WITH OZONE
bull BEEN USED FOR OVER 100 YEARS IN WATER TREATMENT
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
OZONEOxidation
Because of its high oxidation potential ozone can precipitate a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from pool water via direct filtration including iron manganese sulfides metals body oils sweat and saliva among others
Disinfection
Ozone kills bacteria cysts and viruses up to 3125 times faster than chlorine which is one reason it it used to purify municipal drinking water and bottled water worldwide
Taste and Odor Control
Ozone oxidizes organic chemicals responsible for 90 of tasteodorcolor related problems
Kills Algae Spores
Ozone effectively kills algae spores in the contact system but an additional algaecide like PhosFee from Natural Chemistry Inc is needed to control algae in pools treated exclusively with ozone
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
OZONEUltraviolet Light Ozone Production
UV ozone generators or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators employ a light source
that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light a subset of that produced by the Sun The Suns
UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth
While standard UV ozone generators tend to be less expensive they usually produce ozone
with a concentration of about 05 or lower Another disadvantage of this method is that it
requires the air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time and any
gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated This makes UV generators
impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct
air sterilization for example) Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation
VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pool and spa applications ranging to millions of
gallons of water VUV ozone generators unlike corona discharge generators do not produce
harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems VUV ozone
generators work extremely well in humid air environments There is also not normally a need
for expensive off-gas mechanisms and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which
require extra costs and maintenance
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
HYDROGEN PEROXIDENames
IUPAC namehydrogen peroxide
Other namesDioxidaneOxidanyl
Identifiers
CAS Number 7722-84-1
ChEBI CHEBI16240
ChEMBL ChEMBL71595
ChemSpider 763
EC Number 231-765-0
IUPHARBPS 2448
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
KEGG D00008
PubChem 784
RTECS number MX0900000 (gt90 soln)MX0887000 (gt30 soln)
UNII BBX060AN9V
UN number 2015 (gt60 soln)2014 (20ndash60 soln)2984 (8ndash20 soln)
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 340147 gmol
Appearance Very light blue color colorless in solution
Odor slightly sharp
Density 111 gcm3
(20 degC 30 (ww) solution )
[1]
1450 gcm3
(20 degC pure)
Melting point minus043 degC (3123 degF 27272 K)
Boiling point 1502 degC (3024 degF 4233 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility soluble in ether alcoholinsoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 degC)[2]
Acidity (pKa) 1175
Refractive index(nD) 14061
Viscosity 1245 cP (20 degC)
Dipole moment 226 D
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2 In its pure form it is a
colorless liquid slightly more viscous than water however for safety reasons it is normally
used as a solution Hydrogen peroxide is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygenndash
oxygen single bond) and finds use as a weak oxidizer bleaching agent and disinfectant
Concentrated hydrogen peroxide or high-test peroxide is a reactive oxygen species and has
been used as a propellant in rocketry
Hydrogen peroxide is often described as being water but with one more oxygen atom a
description that can give the incorrect impression of significant chemical similarity between the
two compounds While they have a similar melting point and appearance pure hydrogen
peroxide will explode if heated to boiling will cause serious contact burns to the skin and can
set materials alight on contact For these reasons it is usually handled as a dilute solution
(household grades are typically 3ndash6 in the US and somewhat higher in Europe) Its
chemistry is dominated by the nature of its unstable peroxide bond
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEHydrogen peroxide was first described in 1818 by Louis Jacques Theacutenard who produced it
by treating barium peroxide with nitric acid An improved version of this process used
hydrochloric acid followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium
sulfate byproduct Theacutenards process was used from the end of the 19th century until the
middle of the 20th century
Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable as early attempts to separate it
from the water which is present during synthesis all failed This instability was due to traces
of impurities (transition-metal salts) which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen
peroxide Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894 mdash almost 80 years after its
discovery mdash by Richard Wolffenstein who produced it by vacuum distillation
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult In
1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864ndash1925) determined its molecular
mass by freezing-point depression which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At
least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the
available evidence In 1934 the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the
Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide
that was very similar to the presently accepted one
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
HYDROGEN PEROXIDEToday hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process
which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939 It begins with the reduction of an
anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst the anthrahydroquinone
then undergoes to autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone with hydrogen peroxide
being produced as a by-product Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling
compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene whereby the oxygen present in
the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy group) giving hydrogen peroxide and
regenerating the anthraquinone Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted and the anthraquinone
derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the
presence of a metal catalyst The cycle then repeats itself
The simplified overall equation for the process is deceptively simple
H2 + O2 rarr H2O2
The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone
(which is expensive) and extraction solvents and of the hydrogenation catalyst
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
POTABLE WATER STANDARDSAccording to the EPA and the World Health Organization
Ultraviolet Light and ozone generation is the lsquobest available technologyrsquo to meet the worlds most demanding health issues
For water to be considered potable (drinkable) water the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the Maximum Contaminant Level of
microorganisms to be below 200 MCL
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
TESTING RESULTS
Testing was completed by Minnesota Valley Testing Laboratories Inc The first group of test results demonstrate the bacteria reduction in the water
recirculation loop on the CBW In the report 1 Water is the post treatment result on the first CBW machine 2 Water is pre treatment water sample In this case we have a 9992 reduction in bacteria The test was repeated and
demonstrated 3 Water is post treatment sample and 4 Water is pre treatment sample In this case we have a 9989 reduction in bacteria
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
TESTING RESULTS
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
TESTING RESULTSPre treatment
Pre treatment
Post treatment
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
TESTING RESULTS
A second round of testing was completed to ensure disinfection was being maintained throughout the entire water recirculation loop Samples were drawn just before treatment and directly after treatment to demonstrate a
continuous disinfected water recirculation loop
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
TESTING RESULTS
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom
OMNI SOLUTIONSGET STARTED TODAY
8883569111
wwwomnisavescom