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SEARIN rS ðypka&;om;cJhonfh oHvGifa&umwmESifhywfoufaom EdkifiHESpfEd kifiH.0rf;enf;ylaqG;a}uuGJr_ (The tragedy of two lands)1 1 1 1 1 ESifh KHRG u&ifhvl@tcGifh ta&;tzGJ@rSðypka&;om;wifjyaom zgyGefc±dkiftwGif; vl@tcGifhta&; tpD&ifcHpmrsm; yg0ifonf?avhvmzwf±_cJ honfh tjcm;pmapmifpmwrf;rsm;rSm “etz. zGH@®z;a&; vkyfief;ESif he,fpyfa'o&Sd zGH@+zdK;a&;tpDtpOftm;oHk;oyfonhfpmwrf;” ESifh “oHvGifa&um wmESifhywfouf+yD; xdkif;ESifhw±kwfwdk@. pDrHudef;rsm;” pmwrf;vnf; yg0ifonf? avhvmcJhonfhpmapmif pmwrf;rsm;rSm t*Fvdyfbmom/ xdkif;bmom/ jrefrmbmomESifh u&ifbmomwdk@jzifh a&;om;jyKpkxm;=uonfh pmapmifpmwrf;rsm; jzpf=uonf?

Tokawoevkyfief;twGuf &,lxm;onfh enf;emaA'rSm “a&umwmESifhywfoufonfh urBmhaumfr&Sif” “vl@tcGifhta&;±Shla'gifh” Xmaewdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. tcGifhta&;ESifh ywfoufonfh ukvor*~rS a&;qGJxkwfjyef a=unmonfh pmwrf;(rl=urf;)rsm;rS&,lygonf?

Tokawoevkyfief;udk uGif;qif;avhvm&mwGif (8)v =umjrifhcJhonf? 2003-ckpufwifbmvrS 2004-ck {+yDvtxd jzpfonf? u&ifjynfe,f/ zgyGefc±dkiftwGif;&Sd ®r‹e,fESpfckudk avhvmcJhonf?

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6


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TokawoetzGJ‹onf Tc±dkiftwGif; opfawm/ usef;rma&;ponfwdk‹ESifh oufqdkifonfh wm0ef&Sdol c±dkift&m&Sd (4)OD;udkvnf; awGŒqHkar;jref;cJhygonf?



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Taoe*FAsL[m wpdwfwydkif;udk taumiftxnfaz:onfhtaejzifh ppftpdk;&onf1989-ckESpf arvwGif “e,fpyfzGH@®z;a&;ESifhwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; aumfrwD” Develop-ment of Border Area and National Races Committee, DBANR udk zGJ@pnf;cJh+yD; e,fpyfzGH@®z;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pwifaqmif±GufcJhonf? TtpDtpOf. vkyfief;trsm;pkrSm tajccHtaqmufttHk wnfaqmufa&;pDrHcsufrsm;om yg0ifonf? t"dutm;jzifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; aexdkifonfha'otwGif; tqifajypGm 0ifa&mufxdk;azmufEdkif&eftwGuftaxmuftuljzpfaponfh pDrHcsufrsm;jzpfayonf? e,fpyfzGH@®z;a&; vkyfief;twGufbwf*sufaiG. (65µ)rSm vrf;wHwm;rsm; wnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf? jynfolvlxk.usef;rma&;ESifhynma&;twGuf tenf;tusOf;om vsmxm;onf?

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ppftpdk;&onf oHvGifjrpfa&. &if;jrpfrsm;udk tjrwfxkwf&eftwGuf a&umwmudkwnfaqmuf+yD; xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ a&tm;v#yfppfpGrf;tifa&mif;cs&ef ðyvkyfaeonfudk awG@Edkifonf? TuJhodk@ðyvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh a'ocHwdkif;&if;om; ckcHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;

pp ftp d k ; &.e, f p y f z G H Œ + z d K ; a & ;tp DtpO f E S i f h a &umwmr s m ;p p ftp d k ; &.e, f p y f z G H Œ + z d K ; a & ;tp DtpO f E S i f h a &umwmr s m ;p p ftp d k ; &.e, f p y f z G H Œ + z d K ; a & ;tp DtpO f E S i f h a &umwmr s m ;p p ftp d k ; &.e, f p y f z G H Œ + z d K ; a & ;tp DtpO f E S i f h a &umwmr s m ;p p ftp d k ; &.e, f p y f z G H Œ + z d K ; a & ;tp DtpO f E S i f h a &umwmr s m ;


tEdkif,lwdkufcdkufrnfjzpf+yD; a'owGif;&Sdor#aom obm0t&if;tjrpfESifh pGrf;tifrsm;udktydkifpD;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? ppftpdk;&onf 1992-ckESpfup+yD; u&ifjynfe,fwe,fvHk;tm;xdef;csKyfoGm;Edkif&ef }udK;yrf;cJhayonf? TuJhodk@}udK;yrf;&mwGif u&ifhckcHa&;tiftm;pktay: t}udrf}udrfxdk;ppfqifr_rsm;ESifh olykefqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_t& jynfolvlxktay:!‡if;yrf;ESdyfpufr_trsKd;rsKd;udk ðyvkyfcJhygonf? odk@&mwGif ppftpdk;&onf autJef,ludk+idrfoufoGm;atmif jyKvkyfEdkifjcif;r&Sday? ppftpdk;&onf xdkif;tpdk;&ESifhvufwGJ+yD;oHvGifjrpfay:wGif a&umwmwnfaqmuf&ef }udK;yrf;aeonf? Todk@jzihf ppftpdk;&onfxdkif;EdkifiHESifh w&m;0ifpD;yGm;a&;t& qufEG,fr_udk wqifhwdk;cdkifrmap&ef ar#mfvifhv#uf&Sdonf? Todk@jzifh xdkif;EdkifiHrSwqifh &&Sdonfh axmufyhHulnDr_jzifh u&ifhckcHa&; tiftm;pktm; acsr_ef;okwfoifypf&ef (odk@ ) typftcwf&yfpJatmif ðyvkyfEdkifa&;udk ar#mfrSef;v#uf&Sdonf?

pp ftp d k ; &.e, f p y f z G H Œ + z d K ; a & ;tp DtpO f E S i f h a &umwmr s m ;p p ftp d k ; &.e, f p y f z G H Œ + z d K ; a & ;tp DtpO f E S i f h a &umwmr s m ;p p ftp d k ; &.e, f p y f z G H Œ + z d K ; a & ;tp DtpO f E S i f h a &umwmr s m ;p p ftp d k ; &.e, f p y f z G H Œ + z d K ; a & ;tp DtpO f E S i f h a &umwmr s m ;p p ftp d k ; &.e, f p y f z G H Œ + z d K ; a & ;tp DtpO f E S i f h a &umwmr s m ;


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EGAT u Ta&umwmESpfckudk xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf oHvGifjrpfay:Y wnfaqmuf&efa±G;cs,fcJhojzifh EdkifiHwumb¾maiGacs;ay;a&;tzGJ@rsm;xHrS acs;aiGrsm;&&Sd&ef ydkIvG,fulaprnf?33333 EdkifiHwumaiGacs;ay;a&;tzGJ@rsm;u jrefrmjynfonf yGifhvif;r_r&Sdjcif;/qufvuf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_cHae&jcif;ESifh EdkifiHwGifvHk+cHKr_r&Sdjcif; ponfh tcsuftvufrsm;a=umifh pdk;&drfruif;jzpf=uonf? ADB tm&SzGH@®z;a&;b%fuvnf; Ta&umwmrSxdkif;EdkifiHodk@ v#yfppf"gwftm; ydk@v$wf&eftwGuf vdktyfonfh yg0geef;}udK;rsm; oG,fwef;&mwGif ukefusrnfhaiGudk axmufyHhoGm;&ef pDpOfv#uf&Sdonf? Tb¾maiG axmufyhHr_rSmrJacgifjrpf0Srf;a'o v#yfppfpGrf;tm; tjyeftvSef qufEG,faer_r[mpDrHudef;. wpdwfwa'oyifjzpfonf? jrefrmppftpdk;&uvnf; oHvGifa&umwm pDrHudef;wGif yg0if+yD;&if;ESD;jrKyfESH=u&ef tjcm; ASEAN EdkifiHrsm;udk tm;ay;wkdufwGef;v#uf &Sdonfudk od&ygonf?44444

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16


u&ifjynfe,ftwGif;&S d

“0J}uD ;”ESifh “"g;cGif” a&umwm

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ajryHk(4) ‘0J}uD;’w0dkufajrae&mtao;pdwfjyajryHk


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ajryHk(5) ‘"g;cGif’w0dkufajrae&mtao;pdwfjyajryHk

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6 6 6 6 6 EGAT . tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;u 2003-ckESpf arv 21-&ufae@ xdkif;EdkifiHqD;edwfv$wfawmf aumfr&Sifodk@wifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpmwGif a&umwm. a&avSmifuef {&d,mpkpkaygif;rSm ±dkif 600 000 (pwk&ef;uDvdkrDwm 960) &Sda=umif;yg&Sdonf?

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wnfae&m

jrpfxJodk@pD;qif;Edkifonfhrdk;a&{&d,m (pwk&ef; uDvkd rDwm)

wESpftwGif;pD;0ifonfha&yrm% (ukArDwmoef;aygif;)

a&rsufESmjyiftjrifh(m.MSL)

odkavmifEdkifonfh yrm%odkavmifuef{&d,m raijzifh (625 rai = 1 pwk&ef; uDvdkrDwm)a&umwmtrsKd;tpm;

tjrifh (rDwm)

ajrmufvwWDusK 18 H19/ ta&SŒavmif*sDusK 9& H33? oHvGif&Sdtdkvdk ppfaq;a&;*dwf (awm±dkif;wd&dp>mef xdef;odrf;e,fajrtwGif;)txuf em;wGif&Sdonf?r,f&,fxm&GmrS ae+yD; txufodk@ 14 uDvdkrDwm qefwuf&onfhae&mjzpfonf? Tae&monf r,fp&D;,ef;c±dkif/r,fa[mifaqmifjynfe,fxJwGif&Sdonf?

293200

118600

220

2100019101 rai (30²& pwk&ef; uDvdkrDwm xdkif;EdkifiHxJwGif &Sdonf?)

odkavSmifa&umwm

168

ajrmufvwWDusK 18 H04/ ta&SŒavmif*sDusK 9& H42? bef‹xef;wzef&GmY wnf&Sdonf?befŒr,fpHrvJh (ac:)aomfvJxm&GmrS txufodk@acsmif;twdkif; 15 uD vdkrDwmtuGmta0;wGif&Sdonf?Tae&monf r,fp&D;,ef;c±dkif/ r,fa[mifaqmifjynfe,fxJwGif &Sdonf?

204500

119200

86

2451340 rai (2 pwk&ef; uDvdkrDwmxdkif;EdkifiHxJwGif&Sdonf?)

xdef;csKyfa&umwm

49

Z,m; (2) pDrHcsuftao;pdwf 7

txufoHvGifa&umwm atmuffoHvGifa&umwm

7 7 7 7 7 EGAT 2003 FER ac:obm0ywf0ef;usifjyefvnf&Sifoefa&; azgifa';&Sif;-ZGef-2003(xdkif;jrefrme,fpyf) oHvGif a&tm;v#yfppfpDrHcsufwGifazmfjycJhonfhtwdkif;?

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tvsm; (rDwm)

wif&Sdonfha&tjrifh(rDwm)

wyfqifxm;onfh a&okdavSmif Edkifr_yrm%

tcdkiftrm oHk;EdkifrnfhpGrf; tif yrm%(rD*g0yf)

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pGrf;tifpwifxkwfrnfhESpf

5&0

116³8

4540³00

2139³&5

29271³04

18&44³15

3&9³5

20³9

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4&6³61

54422³49

41&5³12

bwfoef; (2&&000)? tar&d uefa':vmoef; (6150)

2012



u&ifjynfe,f/ zgyGefc±dkiftwGif;&Sd u&if±Gmol±Gmom;rsm;

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autJef,ltm; =um;cHtiftm;pkwcktjzpf xm;&SdcJhonfh xdkif;EdkifiH. ay:vpDrSm1998-ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif tqHk;owfoGm;onf? 1988-ckESpftukefwGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;csm0gvpfa,mifcsdKif,k OD;aqmifonfh =oZm&SdAdkvfwpkonf jrefrmEdkifiHodk@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfcJhonf?

xdktcsdefrSp+yD; jrefrmppftpdk;&onf xdkif;ukr Ü%Drsm;tm; jrefrmjynf&SdopfvHk;rsm;ckwfvSJa&mif;cscGifhay;+yD; yifv,fxJYvnf; ig;zrf;cGifhudk pwifcGifhðycJhavonf? Tvnfywfr_onf jrefrmppftpdk;&twGuf pdwf"gwfcGeftm;wufºuvmap+yD;/ ‚wdk@onfEdkifiHwum aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;vkyfaqmif&ef rdrdudk,fudk ,Hk=unfpdwfcsr_&SdvmcJhonf?

Todk@jzifh EdkifiHwumaumfydk;a&;&Sif;rsm;jzpfonfh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ,lEdku,fa&eHukrÜ%D UNOCALESifh jyifopfa&eHukrÜ%D wdkw,f TOTALwdk@xH ‚.obm0 t&if;tjrpftm; jynfyodk@a&mif;csEdkif&eftwGuf &ifESD;jrKyfESHr_rsm;tm; zdwfac:vufcHavonf?

88888 1960-80 q,fpkESpfrsm;t}um;wGif jrefrmjynfqdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf. t&dyfatmuf&Sd r[marSmifcdkaps;uGuf}uD;. OD;pD;r_atmufY e,fpyf&Sd vlrsKd;pkckcHa&;tifftm;pkrsm; xdef;csKyfxm;onfhtcGeftaumuf*dwfrsm;rSwqifh jrefrmjynfonf tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;(txl;ojzifhxdkif;EdkifiH)ESifh e,fpyfukefoG,fa&; t}uD;tus,fxGef;um;cJhonf?

u&i f jynfe,ftwGi f ; Ta&umwmESi f houfqd ki fonf h E d ki fi Ha&;ta=umi f ;&y fr sm;u&i f jynfe,ftwGi f ; Ta&umwmESi f houfqd ki fonf h E d ki fi Ha&;ta=umi f ;&y fr sm;u&i f jynfe,ftwGi f ; Ta&umwmESi f houfqd ki fonf h E d ki fi Ha&;ta=umi f ;&y fr sm;u&i f jynfe,ftwGi f ; Ta&umwmESi f houfqd ki fonf h E d ki fi Ha&;ta=umi f ;&y fr sm;u&i f jynfe,ftwGi f ; Ta&umwmESi f houfqd ki fonf h E d ki fi Ha&;ta=umi f ;&y fr sm;


Todk@jzifh jrefrmjynf&Sd obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; wifydk@a&mif;csa&;ESifh ,if;a'orSrGefESifh u&ifvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkwkd‹ukd &Sif;ypfEdkif&eftwGuf yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifcJh=uavonf?

1989-ckESpfarvwGif jrefrmhwyfrawmfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$onf xdkif;EdkifiHodk‹oGm;a&muf vnfywfcJh+yD;/ xdkif;'k0ef}uD;csKyf y&mzwfvifzgyef'l;(Prapath Limphapandu)tm; jrefrmjynfe,fpyfa'oudk tvsiftjref&Sif;ypfvdka=umif;ESif h ESpfOD;ESpfzuftjyeftvSef tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifvdka=umif;ajymqdkcJhonf?

Global Witness atmufwdkbm 2003 ckESpf

xdk@aemuf jrefrmppftpdk;&onf xdkif;ukrÜ%Drsm;udk autJef,l ESifh rGefjynfopfygwDe,fajrtwGif;&Sd opfrsm;tm; 1989-ckESpfrS 1992-ESpftxd ckwfvSJcGihfðycJhavonf?wcsdefwnf;rSmyif jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf t"duxdk;ppf}uD;rsm;jzifh autJef,l ESifh rGefjynfopfygwDwdk@. tcdkiftrm ajcukwfpcef;rsm;tm; xdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkufum e,fajrpdk;rdk;a&;udk ðyvkyfcJhavonf? odk@jzifh rGefjynfopfygwD NMSPonf (1995) ckESpfwGif ppftpdk;&ESifhtypftcwf&yfpJ&ef oabmwlvdkufavsmvkduf&onf?

Txdk;ppfrsm;a=umifh u&ifjynfe,ftwGif;&Sd u&ifvlxktrsm;tjym; xdkif;EdkifiHodk‹'kuQonfrsm;tjzpf xGufajy;a&muf&Sdvm=uonf? ,cktcsdefwGif xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd e,fpyf'kuQonfpcef;rsm;xJwGif 'kuQonf 120 000 cef@&Sdaeonf?

u&if jynfe,ftwGi f ; Ta&umwmESi f houfqd ki fonf h E d ki fi Ha&;ta=umi f ;&y fr sm;u&i f jynfe,ftwGi f ; Ta&umwmESi f houfqd ki fonf h E d ki fi Ha&;ta=umi f ;&y fr sm;u&i f jynfe,ftwGi f ; Ta&umwmESi f houfqd ki fonf h E d ki fi Ha&;ta=umi f ;&y fr sm;u&i f jynfe,ftwGi f ; Ta&umwmESi f houfqd ki fonf h E d ki fi Ha&;ta=umi f ;&y fr sm;u&i f jynfe,ftwGi f ; Ta&umwmESi f houfqd ki fonf h E d ki fi Ha&;ta=umi f ;&y fr sm;


1992=ckESpf rwdkifrD zmyGefa'o u&ifwdk‹. xdef;csKyfrSkatmuf&S d oHvGifjrpf

1 992-ckESpf tpydkif;txd xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfESifh xdpyfv#uf&Sdonhf zgyGefc±dkif wckvHk;udkautJef,lrS xdef;csKyfxm;v#uf&Sdonf?

zgyGefc±dkif.{&d,mrSm pwk&ef; uDvdkrDwm 6&22.540 (odk@ ) pwk&ef;rdkif 2595.5&3us,f0ef;onf? Te,fajrESifh qufpyfv#uf&Sdonfh xdkif;EdkifiHbufrS e,fajrrsm;rSmr,fa[mifapmifjynfe,fjzpfonf? xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd oHvGiftrsKd;om; O,smOfESifh oHvGifawm±dkif;wd&dp>mefrsm;cdkatmif;&mae&m xdef;odrf;a&;pcef;ESifhvnf; xdpyfv#uf&Sdonf?

autJef,l tkyfcsKyfa&;99999t& zgyGefc±dkiftm; ®r@e,f(3)®rŒe,ftjzpf zGJ@pnf;xm;onf?vlaom/ 'G,fvdk;ESif hbl;odk®r@e,frsm;jzpf=uonf? T®r@e,frsm;udk c±d kiftwGif;&S dajrmufzufrS awmifzuffodk@ oG,fwef;vsuf&Sdonfh awmifwef;&Snf (3)ckudk tajccH+yD;zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?

oHvGifjrpftaemufbufurf;. ae&mtrsm;pkrSm bl;odk ®r@e,fxJwGif&Sdonf? Tae&monf xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf u&ifjynfe,fxJwGif &Sdjcif;jzpf.? Tae&mwGif trsm;pkaexdkif=uolrsm;rSm wdkif;&if;om;u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfonf? 1985-ckESpf aumufcHcJhonfhpm&if;t& zgyGefc±dkifxJwGif vlOD;a& 10& 000 &Sdonf?

obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;

zg yGefc±dkiftwGif; oHvGifjrpfurf;yg; oJaomifjyiftygt0if pdef;vef;pdkajyI us,fajymonfh opfawmrsm;&Sdavonf? Topfawmrsm;xJwGif tzdk;wef u|ef;opf

trsm;tjym; &Sdavonf? ,if;a=umifh Topfawmrsm;udk “a&$u|ef;opfawm”[lIac:a0:orkwf=uonf?

+Adwdo# udkvdkeDacwfwGif u|ef;opfonf jrefrmjynfrSEdkifiHjcm;odk@ wifydk@a&mif;csonfht"du obm0t&if;tjrpfwckjzpfcJhonf? a&$ESifhowWKrsm;udkvnf; wifydk@a&mif;cscJhygonf?9 9 9 9 9 autJef,lwGif ynma&;/ usef;rma&;/ pdkufysKd;a&;/ umuG,fa&;/ w&m;a&;/ opfawm/ tcGeftaumuf/ owWKwGif; tp&Sdonfh tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;&Sdonf? 1992 ckESpfumvwGif zgyGefe,ftrsm;pkrSm autJef,l. tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfatmufwGif&Sdaeonf?


opfyifrsm;ckwfvSJjcif;ESifh wae&mrSwae&modk@ o,f,lydk@aqmif&mwGif oHvGifjrpfudkom t"du trSDo[JJðycJh&ygonf? opfwHk;}uD;rsm;tm; oHvGifjrpfa&a=umif;twdkif;atmufzufodk@ ar#mcsoGm;=uonf?

touf(90)t&G,f&Sd tzGm;tdkwOD;u ,ckuJhodk@ajymygonf? t*Fvdyfacwfuusrwdk@ a'orSm opfckwfvSJjcif;&SdcJhygonf? opfwHk;rsm;udk oHvGifjrpfa=umif;twdkif;ar#mcs =uonf? xdkif;EdkifiHrSmvnf; opfckwfvSJr_rsm;&Sd+yD; ‚wdk@. EdkifiHbufrS oHvGifjrpfudktoHk;ðy+yD; opfwHk;rsm; ar#mcsjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfygonf?

2003 -ckESpf pufwifbmvu yg[dkufaus;&GmtkyfpkwGif; aexdkifonfh&Gmom;wOD;tm; awG@qHkar;jref;&m ‚uTa'o&Sd opfawmxJwGif tzdk;wef u|ef;opfrsm;tjyif tjcm;opfawmxGufypPnf;rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? ‚wdk@rSm ‘}udrf’uJhodk@aomtyifrsm;ESifh [if;cwf tar$;t}udKiftjzpf toHk;ðyEdkifonfh tyifrsm;vnff; TzgyGefc±dkifoHvGifjrpfwav#muf awmifwef;ay:&Sd opfawmrsm;xJwGif &SmazGawG@&SdEdkifonf[kqdkonf? zgyGefc±dkiftwGif;&Sd opfawmrsm;rSm rkwfokefopfawmrsm;jzpf=uonf?

u&iftrsKd;om;rsm;. ckcHr_ppfyGJqifE$Jonfh yxrq,fpkESpf (3)ck umvtwGif;/ 1949-ckESpf up+yD;/ Ta'owGif pD;yGm;a&;t& opfckwfvSJjcif;rsm; r&SdcJhay? odk@&mwGif 1983-ckESpf oHvGifjrpfurf;ab;Y opfckwfvSJjcif;rsm; jyefvnfpwifvkyfaqmifcJhonf?

autJef,lwdk@onf ckwfvSJxm;onfhopfwHk;rsm;udk xdkif;pD;yGm;a&;ukr Ü%Drsm;odk@a&mif;cs=uonf?

autJef,l opfawmXmeonf ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;ESifh ywfouf+yD;/ zgyGefa'ocHjynfolrsm;.qENESifhtnD Oya'rsm;a&;qGJðypkjyXmef;cJhonf? TOya'xJwGif awmif,mpyg;pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfieff;ESifh opfawmxdef;odrf;a&; enf;Oya'rsm; yg0ifvsuf&Sdonf?xdk@tjyif opfawmrsm;tm; awmrD;avmifuírf;r_ umuG,fjcif;/ opfawmxJwGifu|ef;opf tygt0if tjcm;opfyifrsm;tm; jyefvnfpdkufysKd;jcif;/ &Sm;yg;onfh awm±dkif;wd&dp>mefrsm;tm; trJvdkuf ypfcwfowfjzwfjcif;rS wm;jrpfjcif; ponfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk Oya'xJwGif xnfhoGif;a&;qGJxm;ayonf?

autJef,l opfawmXmeonf tcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif ‚wdk@udk,fwdkif u|ef;yifrsm;jyefvnfpdkufysKd;jcif;rsm;udk opfawmxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;vkyfief; tpdwftydkif;wcktjzpf oabmxm;+yD;vkyfaqmifcJh=uonf?

1992-rwd ki fr D S z gy Ge fa'o? u&i fwd k ‹.xde f ;c s Ky fr _atmuf& S d oHvGi f jrp f1992-rwd ki fr D S z gy Ge fa'o? u&i fwd k ‹.xde f ;c s Ky fr _atmuf& S d oHvGi f jrp f1992-rwd ki fr D S z gy Ge fa'o? u&i fwd k ‹.xde f ;c s Ky fr _atmuf& S d oHvGi f jrp f1992-rwd ki fr D S z gy Ge fa'o? u&i fwd k ‹.xde f ;c s Ky fr _atmuf& S d oHvGi f jrp f1992-rwd ki fr D S z gy Ge fa'o? u&i fwd k ‹.xde f ;c s Ky fr _atmuf& S d oHvGi f jrp f


autJef,lonf zgyGefc±dkiftwGif; opfawm}udK;0dkif;rsm;udkvnf; pepfwus xdef;odrf;cJhonf?1010101010 Topfawm}udK;0dkif;rsm;xJwGif rJ0dkifopfawm}udK;0dkif;/ rif;eef;EG,f opfawm}udK;0dkif;/ xD;uaqmrJ opfawm}udK;0dkif;/ txufrJoavmhESifh atmufrJoavmh opfawm}udK;0d kif;rsm;/ zgaZmif;opfawm}udK;0d kif;rsm; yg0ifv#uf&S donf? abmaoxmESif h"g;cGifopfawm}udK;0dkif;vnf; yg0ifonf? (pmrsufESm 29 rS ajryHkudk=unfhyg)

zgyGefc±dkifxJwGif awm±dkif;wd&dp>mefrsm; cdkatmif;&mae&m(ab;rJhawm) (3)ckudkowfrSwfxm;+yD; xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufxm;onf? ‚teuf(2)ckrSm autJef,lrSowfrSwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;(2)ckrSm xdkif;EdkifiH oHvGiftrsKd;om;O,smOfESifh eD;pyfv#uf&Sdonfh "g;cGif awm±dkif;wd&dp>mef cdkatmif;&mae&mESifh c±dkif.taemufbufa'o 'G,fvdk;®r@e,ftwGif;&Sd “av;*a0:” awm±dkif;wd&dp>mefrsm; cdkatmif;&mae&mrsm;jzpf=uonf?usefwckrSm +Adwdo# udkvdkeDacwfrS owfrSwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;onf 'G,fvdk;®r@e,fxJwGif&Sd+yD; “u[D;vl” awm±dkif;wd&dp>mefrsm; cdkatmif;&mae&mjzpfonf?

tpOftvmt& zgyGef&Gmom;wOD;pDonf ajr,mtcsKd@udk yd kifqdkifxm;Edkifonf?TuJhodk@ ydkifqdkifxm;&ef ‚wdk@xJrS =oZm&Sdol/ vltrsm;u av;pm;jcif;cH&ol “xD;zdk;aumfupg”1111111111[kac:onfh t}uD;tuJvkyfolu cGifhðy&onf?

TuJhodk@tpOftvmt& v,f,majrydkifqdkifcGif h ay;urf;jcif;udk,ckxd a'ocHaus;&Gmolaus;&Gmom;rsm;u todtrSwfðyqJjzpfonf? TonfrSm &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf ‚wdk@. vdktyfr_ESifhtnD t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; toHk;ðycGifh&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfonf?tcsKd@aom opfawmtkyfpkrsm;udk trsm;ydkifopfawmrsm;tjzpf opfrSwfxm;avonf?

xD;zdk;aumfupgonf aus;&Gmvlxk. pm;0wfaea&;udk *±kpdkufwm0ef,l&onf?"avhxHk;pHjzpfonfh ewfudk;uG,fr_ ylaZmfyor_tcef;tem;udk xD;zd k;aumfupguOD;aqmif&onf? oHvGifjrpfab;wav#muf 1983 rS 1995 ckESpftxd opfckwfvSJr_rsm;

10 10 10 10 10 autJef,lonf +Adwdo#udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;rS ðyvkyfouJhodk@ opfawmae&mtcsKd@udk “opfawm}udK;0dkif;”owfrSwfum opfawmxdef;odrf;a&;pepfudk jyefvnfðyvkyfygonf?

11 11 11 11 11 pmom;t&“a&ajrydkif&Sif/ jynfol@ocif”[lI t"dyg,f&ygonf? +Adwdo# udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;rSaus;vufa'owGif“&Gmol}uD;”pepfudk taumiftxnfaz:vdkufaomtcg/ Tyk*~dKvfrsm;. tcef;rSm“±dk;&m"avhESifhbmomudk;uG,fr_” a&;&mrsm;wGif OD;aqmifr_ay;jcif;omusef&Sdavonf?



ajryHk(6) zgyGefc±dkiftwGif;&Sd opfawm}udK;0dkif;ESifh awm±dkif;wd&dp>mefrsm;cdkatmif;&mae&mrsm;



ðyvkyfcJhojzifh Tae&mrsm;wGif tpOftvm v,fajrrsm;wdkif;wmowfrSwfum ydkifqdkifcGifhray;aomfvnf;/ zgyGefajrmufydkif;a'owGif v,f,majrydkifqdkifcGif hudk wif;=uyfpGmw&m;0ifcGifhðy xm;onf?

tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;

udk vdkeDacwfu +Adwdo#wdk@onf vrf;rsm;udkazmufvkyfcJhaomfvnf; t"dutm;jzifhopfwHk;rsm;udk o,fydk@a&mif;csEdkif&eftwGufom jzpfonf? TazmufvkyfcJhonfh

vrf;rsm;uvnf; jynfwGif;ppfumvtwGif; rsm;aomtm;jzifh ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;v#uf &Sdaeonf? ppftpdk;&u jrefrmjynftwGif;ydkif;&Sd ®r@rsm;rS zgyGefESifh zGa*:odk@oGm;aomvrf;rsm;udkom 1992 ckESpfrwdkifrDu xdef;odrf;cJhonf? Tvrf;rsm;rSm rdk;&moDwGif ppftpdk;&wyfrsm;. &duQmrsm;tm; o,f,lydk@aqmif&ef toHk;ðycJhonf?

1980 q,fpkESpfrsm;xJwGif autJef,lrS xdkif;ukrÜ%Drsm;odk@ opfckwfvSJcGifh vdkifpifudka&mif;csavonf? xdktcsdefrSp+yD; xdkif;ukr Ü%Dwdk@u opfyifrsm; ckwfvSJo,faqmifoGm;Edkifa&;twGuf vrf;rsm;udk azgufvkyf=uonf? Tvrf;rsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifhbl;odk®r@e,fxJY&Sdonf? zgyGefwGif av,mOfuGif;&Sdonf? av,mOfrsm;onf &efukef+rdKŒrSae+yD; zm;tHrSwqifh zgyGefodk‹ ysHoef;onf? ydkrdkI}uD;onfh ®r@rsm;ESifh zgyGefudk a=u;eef;toHk;ðyI qufoG,fxm;onf? txl;ojzifh rdk;wGif;umvwGif ,Gef;pvif;jrpfESifh bD;vif;acsmif;wdk@rSm trsm;jynfol oGm;vma&;twGuf o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vrf;a=umif; jzpfaeonf? e,fpyfwav#mufrSmrl oHvGifjrpf}uD;onf t"duo,f,lydk@aqmifa&;ESifh ukefoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif; jzpfaeygonf?


a o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w ma o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w ma o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w ma o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w ma o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w m 31ajryHk(7) zgyGefc±dkifvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;tajcjyajryHk



1992-ckESpf rwdkifrD zmyGefa'otwGif;

ppftpdk;&\ t"du xdk;ppfrsm;

1955-ckESpf? zgyGefc±dkifxJwGif jrefrmhwyfrawmfrS yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf 0ifa&mufwyfcs+yD; e,fajrtkyfcsKyfa&;udkðyvkyfvmonf? TtcsdefwGif autJef,l-A[dkXmecsKyfvnf; Tc±dkife,fajrtwGif;rSm &Sdonf?

1963-ckESpf? autJef,lESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;. awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;& awG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_ ratmifrjrifjzpf+y D;aemuf Ta'oudk ppftpd k;&u“rif;&efatmifppfqifa&;”jzifh xdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkufcJhonf? Txdk;ppfumvup+yD; zgyGefc±dkiftwGif; Armhwyfrawmfonf t+rJwrf;wyfcs+yD;aexdkifavawmhonf?

19&5-ckESpf? jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf ‚. “jzwf 4 jzwf” ay:vpDudk oHvGifjrpf ta&S@bufa'otwGif; autJef,ltm; &Sif;ypfa&;twGuf pwiftaumiftxnf az:cJhonf? (jzwf 4 jzwf qdk&mrSm awmfvSefykefuef olrsm;tm;acgif;jzwf owfjzwfjcif;/ awmfvSefykefuefolrsm;tm; jynfolrsm;xH&&SdEdkifonfhpm;eyf&duQm/ aiGa=u;&HyHkaiG/ awmfvSefa&; owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ponftm;vHk;wdk@tm; jzwfawmufa&;jzpfonf?) Txdk;ppfrsm;a=umifh bD;vif;txufyd kif;e,fajr/ rJ0d kifESif h rJol*Gifrsm;wdk@udk tpdk;&wyfrsm;uodrf;ydkufEdkif+yD;/ Ta'otwGif; jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs ta&twGufrsm;jym;vmonf? xdk@jyif xdkif;EdkifiH oHvGifjrpfESifh aomif&if;jrpfqHkae&mESifheD;uyfv#uf&Sdaom xdkif;EdkifiH oHvGifjrpfurf;wae&mwGifzl;jrvl [kac:aom u&if'kuQonfpcef; yXrOD;qHk; ay:aygufvmcJhonf?

1983-91 ckESpf? 1983-92 =um;umv ESpfpOfðyvkyfcJhonfh aEG&moDxdk;ppfrsm;a=umifhjrefrmhwyfrawmfonf ,Gef;pvif;jrpftxufydkif;&Sd azga';ESifh xD;rl;cD;*Gifrsm;udk odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhonf?



ajy;v$m;aepOajy;v$m;aepOajy;v$m;aepOajy;v$m;aepOajy;v$m;aepO fTa,musFm;uav;ESifh ol.rdom;pkrsm;onf ouU&mZf 2000/ 'DZifbmvwGif etz-wyfrsm;.

xdk;ppfa=umifh xGufajy;ae=u&yHkjzpfonf?‚wdk‹onf 'DZifbmv26-&ufae‹wGif usa&mufcJhonfh u&ifESpfopful;udk

rusif;y&awmhbJ xGufajy;ae=u&jcif; jzpfonf?

"gwfyHk- u&ifausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;uGef,uftkyfpk (KSNG,2000)



ajryHk(8) jrefrmhwyfrawmf.ppfqifa&;rsm;ESifh 'kuQonfrsm;pD;qif;r_



zgyGefc±dkifESifh oHvGifjrpf xdef;csKyfEdkifa&;twGuf ppftpdk;&.enf;y&d,m,f (1992 ckESpfrS ,cktxd)

1 992 ckESpfup+yD; jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf oHvGifjrpfurf;ab;e,fajrtygt0if zgyGefc±dkif wckvHk;. e,fajrrsm;tm; xdef;csKyfEdkifa&;twGuf ajcvSrf;wvSrf;+yD;rSwvSrf;

vSrf;onfh ppfa&;wdkufyGJ enf;y&d,m,fudk usifhoHk;aqmif&GufcJhonf?

tqifhqifhppfa&;xdk;ppfrsm;e*g;rif;ppfqifa&; (1991-92)

1 991-ESpfukefydkif;rSp+yD; 1992-ESpfukeftxd ppftpdk;&onf autJef,l. XmecsKyfrme,fyavmtm; xdef;csKyfEd kifa&;twGuf xdk;ppfrsm;ðyvkyfcJ hygonf? rme,f

yavmonf 1988 ckESpf &efukefppftpdk;&tm; qef@usifa&; vlxktHkºuGr_t+yD; twdkuftcHr[mrdwftiftm;pkrsm;tm; vufcHxm;&Sdonfh XmecsKyfae&mjzpfonf?

autJef,ltpdk;& (1993 ckESpf e*g;rif;ppfqifa&;ESifhywfouf+yD; Burma Issues rSaz: jyxm;onfhtwdkif;) rme,fyavmtm; xdk;ppfqif&eftwGuf ppftpdk;&onf ‚if;.wyftiftm; 25000 ESifh tar&duefa':vmoef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk toHk;ðycJhonf? Txdk;ppfwGif zgyGefc±dkifa&S@wef; ppfrsufESme,fajrwGif;&Sdonfh t&yfom; (6000) ausmftm;t"rR ajymif;a&$ŒapcJhonf?1212121212 Ta&$Œajymif;r_rSm 1992 ckESpf xdk;ppfrwdkifrDumvtwGif;jzpf+yD; zgyGefta&S@ydkif;e,fwGifaeEdkif=uonfh t&yfom;vlxkrsm;ajymif;a&$@jcif;jzpfonf?ppftpdk;&onf ppfwyf. &duQmaxmufyhHa&; taxmuftulðyvrf;a=umif;twGufzgyGefESifhhacgyltm; qufoG,fonfhvrf;wckudk azmufvkyfwnfaqmufcJhonf?

ppfwyfrS ajymif;a&$@cdkif;onfhae&modk@ &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf oGm;a&mufajymif;a&$@aexdkifjcif; rðybJ/ jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs rsm;tjzpf c±dkiftwGif;&Sd awmwGif;Yykef;atmif; aexdkif=uonf?

12 12 12 12 12 u&ifvl‹tcGifhta&;tzGJ‹/ Edk0ifbm 13/ 1992 ck “rlwa&mfc±dkif. vuf&Sdtajctae”


pdwf0ifpm;zdk@aumif;onfrSm TtcsdefYyif wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkifppftpdk;&onf oHvGifa&umwm wnfaqmufa&;twGuf pDrHudef;rsm;a&;qGJaeonfudk od&jcif;jzpfonf?

1992 ckESpftwGif; cr&(48)wyfrSL;cdkifatmifonf &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tm; qifhac:+yD;,ckuJhodk@ ajymcJhonf? “cifAsm;wdk@taeeJ@ u|Ekfyfwdk@ESifhtwlwuG vufwGJaqmif&Gufyg?u|efawmfwdk@rSm ausmuf!‡yfwGif (oHvGifjrpftxufydkif;) a&umwmwnfaqmufrnf?cifAsm;wdk@udk v#yfppfrD; tvum;oHk;pGJcGifh ay;rnf”[k bl;odk+rdK@e,f/ aqmbGJ'J&Gmom;wOD;tm;awG@ awG@qHkar;jref;&mwGifajymjyonf?

1992 ckESpf {+yDv 28 &ufae@wGif jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf autJef,l. “acG;tdyfawmif” wyfpcef;udk odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhonf? acG;tdyfawmifpcef;rSm zgyGefc±dkiftwGif;&Sdwyfpcef;wckjzpf+yD;/ rme,fyavmtm; tumtuG,fay;aeonfh =um;e,fajr wyfpcef;jzpfonf? acG;tdyfawmif wyfpcef;udk odrf;ydkuf+yD;aemuf ppftpdk;&onf wyfrawmf.&duQmrsm;tm;wdkuf±dkuf o,f,lydk@aqmifEdkif&eftwGuf ppfawmif;jrpfrSaeI xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf oHvGifjrpfurf;ab;&Sd apmxm txd o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vrf;udk azmufvkyfEdkifcJhonf?

1992 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif ppftpdk;&onf autJef,ltay: ðyvkyfcJhonfhxdk;ppftm; &yfqdkif;vdkufa=umif; xkwfjyefa=unmonf? TuJhodk@ vkyf&onfh jzpfEdkifacsrSmEdkifiHwum. jypfwifa0zefr_udk wkef@jyefonfhoabmudk jyovdkufjcif;jzpfonf?

1992 ckESpf tukefydkif;wGif ,ckuJhodk@ tiftm;tvHk;t&if;jzifh ðyvkyfcJhonfh xdk;ppftm;&yfqdkif;vdkufaomfvnf; ppftpdk;&onf autJef,ltm; zgyGefc±dkif awmifay:a'owGif;tao;pm;ppfqifr_rsm;jzifh qufvuf+yD; xdk;ppfqif wdkufcdkufcJhygao;onf?

zgy Ge fc± d ki fE Si f ho HvGi f jrp fxde f ;c s Ky fE d ki fa&;twGuf pp ftp d k ;&. enf;y& d,m,f(1992 r S ,c ktxd)z gy Ge fc± d ki fE Si f ho HvGi f jrp fxde f ;c s Ky fE d ki fa&;twGuf pp ftp d k ;&. enf;y& d,m,f(1992 r S ,c ktxd)z gy Ge fc± d ki fE Si f ho HvGi f jrp fxde f ;c s Ky fE d ki fa&;twGuf pp ftp d k ;&. enf;y& d,m,f(1992 r S ,c ktxd)z gy Ge fc± d ki fE Si f ho HvGi f jrp fxde f ;c s Ky fE d ki fa&;twGuf pp ftp d k ;&. enf;y& d,m,f(1992 r S ,c ktxd)z gy Ge fc± d ki fE Si f ho HvGi f jrp fxde f ;c s Ky fE d ki fa&;twGuf pp ftp d k ;&. enf;y& d,m,f(1992 r S ,c ktxd)


rme,fyavmusqHk;jcif;

1 995 ckESpf ZEM0g&DvwGif ppftpdk;&onf autJef,ltay: aemufxyfppfqifr_wckðyvkyfcJhonf? rme,fyavmY KNLA wyfrawmftwGif; ykefuefr_ jzpfay:vm+yD;

bkef;}uD;OD;okZeacgif;aqmifonfh 'Drdku&ufwpfu&ifAk'<bmomtzGJ@ESifh wyfrawmfDKBO/DKBA ay:aygufcJ honf? jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf DKBA . tultnDjzif haemufxyfwzef xdk;ppfqif&m rme,fyavmtm; odrf;ydkuf&&Sdavonf? 1995 ckESpftwGif; DKBA wyfrsm;u t"rRajymif;a&$@r_topfwck ðyvkyfcJhonf? 'G,fvdk; +rdK@e,fatmufydkif;&Sd &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;ESifh bl;odk+rdK@e,ftwGif;&Sd &Gmtrsm;tjym;udk “urarmif;”teD;&Sd DKBA. XmecsKyfjzpfonfh “+rdKif}uD;il”odk@ ajymif;a&$@aponf? Ttjzpftysufrsm;a=umifh xdkif;EdkifiHtwGif;odk@ aemufxyf'kuQonf topf 15000 xGufajy;a&muf&SdoGm;=uonf? Todk@jzifh xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf oHvGifjrpfwav#muf e,fajrrsm;onfjrefrmhwyfrawmf. xdef;csKyfr_atmufodk@ vHk;0usa&mufoGm;cJh&onf?

199&-ckESpf? atmifjrifjcif;r&Sdonfh typftcwf&yfpJa&; aqG;aEG;yGJESifh jyif;xefonfhajrvSefpepf en;fy&d,m,frsm;

1 996 ckESpf tukefydkif;wGif ppftpdk;&ESifh autJef,lwdk@. awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJonf atmifjrifr_r&bJ tqHk;owfoGm;+yD;aemuf ppftpdk;&onf 199& ckESpf tpydkif;wGif autJef,l

tay: jyif;jyif;xefxef us,fus,fjyef‹jyef‹ xdk;ppfqifcJhonf? ppftpdk;&wyfrsm;onfautJef,l ajrmufyd kif;c±dkifrsm;jzpfonfh zgyGef/ anmifav;yif/ oxHkESif h awmifile,fajrrsm;twGif; tjyif;txef xd k;ppfqif+y D; Ta'orsm;tm; tcd ki ftrmxdef;csKyfEdkif&eftwGuf }udK;yrf;cJhonf? Txdk;ppfwGif t"dutm;jzifh vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm;xuf t&yfom;vlxkrsm;tay: wdkufcdkufr_ðyvkyfcJhonf? xdk;ppfumvtwGif; aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;tay: &ufpufpGmðyusifhcJhonf? aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;tm; t"rRa&$@ajymif;apjcif;/ ckcHa&; tiftm;pkudk axmufcHonf[k ,lq&onfh &Gmom;rsm;tm;jyif;xefpGm !‡if;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;/ owfjzwfjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfonf? Txdk;ppfaemufydkif;wGifppftpdk;&onf zgyGefc±dkiftwGif; ‚if;wdk@ppfwyfydkrdkI csxm;EdkifcJhonf? zgyGefc±dkiftwGif;ae&mtEHS‹ wyfpcef;rsm; csxm;v#uf&Sdonf? ,if;a=umifh xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;odk@ 'kuQonfrsm;ydkrdkI pD;0ifa&mufoGm;=uonf?



oHvGif jrpfwa=um&S d u&if±Gmom;tcs d KŒoHvGif jrpfwa=um&S d u&if±Gmom;tcs d KŒoHvGif jrpfwa=um&S d u&if±Gmom;tcs d KŒoHvGif jrpfwa=um&S d u&if±Gmom;tcs d KŒoHvGif jrpfwa=um&S d u&if±Gmom;tcs d KŒ1995-ckESpf/ ZEM0g&DvwGif etz.xdk;ppfa=umifh xGufajy;=u&&mrS

‚wdkŒ&duQmtultnDrsm; &,laeonfhyHkjzpfonf? Txdk;ppfwGif rme,fyavmXmecsKyfpcef;onfetzvufxJodk‹ usqHk;+yD; txufyg±Gmom;rsm;vnf; r,fac:cg;'kuQonfpcef;odk‹

xGufajy;+yD;aexdkif=u&onf?



ppftpdk;&\wyfrsm; wdk;jr§ifhcsxm;vmaejcif;

1 992 ckESpf rwdkifrDu zgyGefc±dkifwckvHk;wGif; ppftpdk;&. wyfpcef;rSm (10)ckom&SdcJhonf? ppftpdk;&onf ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; aEG&moDxdk;ppfqif&eftwGufqdk+yD; T

e,fajrtwGif;odk@ wyfrsm;udk wdk;+yD;apv$wfv#uf&Sdonf? ppftpdk;&wyfrsm;onfzgyGef+rdK@ESifh +rdK@ywf0ef;usifw0dkuftm; xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifa&;twGuf bD;vif;-zgyGefESifhurarmif;-zgyGef um;vrf;wav#mufwGif ‚wdk@wyfrsm;udk csxm;v#uf&S donf?ajrmufydkif;rSmrl “zGa*:”wGif wyfpcef;wck csxm;ygonf? Twyfpcef;rS wyfrsm;twGuf&duQmrsm;udk ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;tay:&Sd ausmuf}uD;®r@rS o,f,lcJhonf?

jrefrmhwyfrawmfrS 1992 ck atmufwdkbmvaemufydkif; “apmxm”udk odrf;ydkufvdkuf+yD;aemuf ausmuf}uD;®r@rSvm+yD; “zGa*:”udkjzwfum oHvGifjrpfurf;ab; “apmxm”odk@ oGm;aom vrf;ay:wav#muf wyfrsm;csxm;avonf? Tvrf;udk “apmxmvrf;”[kac:+yD; TuJhodk‹wyfrsm; awmufav#mufcsxm;jcif;a=umifh autJef,lESifh &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tzdk@ zgyGefc±dkif awmifydkif;t&yfrSae+yD; ajrmufydkif;t&yfwdk@rSwqifh awmifilc±dkifodk@oGm;&eftwGuf tvGefcufcJaponf? vrf;ab;wzufwcsufwGifvnf; ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; csxm;v#uf&Sdonf? Tvrf;wav#mufwGif ppftpdk;&wyfrsm;u t+rJwapuif;vSnfhoGm;vmv#uf&Sdonf?

zgyGefc±dkif.e,fajronf etztpdk;&. ta&S@awmifwdkif;ppfa'otwGif; wGif&Sdonf?ppftpdk;&onf tjcm;e,fajr&Sd vlrsKd;pk vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDr_ &&Sdaomtcg ,if;a'orsm;ESifhppfudkif;wdkif;wdkŒrS wyfrsm;udkzgyGefc±dkif e,fajrtwGif;apv$wf+yD; tm;jznfhcJhonf?1313131313

1992 ckESpfrS ,cktcsdeftxd zgyGefc±dkifwckvHk;twGif; etzwyfpcef; (10)ae&m&SdcJh&mrS ,ckqdkv#if (54)ae&mtxd &Sdvm+yD;jzpfonf? (tajctaetao;pdwftwGufaemufqufwGJ 2 wGif =unhfyg?)

13 13 13 13 13 u&ifvl‹tcGifhta&;tzGJ‹? arv 2001 ck? etzESifh DKBA rsm;u aus;&Gmodk@trdef@rsm; ay;&mwGifzgyGefc±dkif&Sd wyfwwyfonf aus;&GmwckvHk;odk@ trdef@pmwckay;&mY ,if;trdef@pmrS xdkwyfonfuav;®r@/ ppfudkif;wdkif;rSjzpfonfudk ‚wdk@oHk;onfh wHqdyfwHk;t&od&Sd&onf?


ajryHk(9) 1992-ckESpfwGif zgyGefc±dkiftwGif; jrefrmhwyfrawmfwyfcsonfhae&mrsm;

pp ftp d k ;&.wyfr sm; wd k ; jr ‡i f hc sxm;vmaejci f ;pp ftp d k ;&.wyfr sm; wd k ; jr ‡i f hc sxm;vmaejci f ;pp ftp d k ;&.wyfr sm; wd k ; jr ‡i f hc sxm;vmaejci f ;pp ftp d k ;&.wyfr sm; wd k ; jr ‡i f hc sxm;vmaejci f ;pp ftp d k ;&.wyfr sm; wd k ; jr ‡i f hc sxm;vmaejci f ;

a o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w ma o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w ma o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w ma o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w ma o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w m 41ajryHk(10) 2004-ckESpfwGif zgyGefc±dkiftwGif; jrefrmhwyfrawmfwyfcsonfhae&mrsm;



olykefqefYusifa&;vIyf&Sm;rIudk ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;

1 99& ckESpf umvu etzonf xdk;ppfjzifh ‚wdk@&Sif;vif;xm;+yD;om;e,fajrjzpfonfhzgyGefaemufydkif;a'o/ 'G,fvdk;®r@e,fxJY ‚wdk@. wyfpcef;rsm;udk t"ducsxm;cJh

onf? Te,fajronf aoe*FAsL[mt& ‚[email protected] tvGefta&;}uD;ygonf?ta=umif;rlum; 1995 ckESpf aemufydkif;wGif XmecsKyfrsm; xm;&Sdvmaoma=umifhjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh etztpdk;&onf 199& ckESpf tapmydkif;up+yD; “a&vd_if;ppfqifa&;”trnfjzifh Te,fajrrsm;udk pwifxdk;ppfqifcJhonf? Tppfqifa&;. yxr&nf&G,fcsufrSmTe,fajrtm; &Sif;vif;oGm;&efESifh 'kwd,&nf&G,fcsufrSm &duQmo,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vrf;a=umif;. vHk+cHKa&;twGuf wyfpcef;topfrsm; csxm;&efjzpfonf? Te,ftwGif;&Sdonfh jynfolvlxkudk jyif;xefonfh ajrvSefpepfudk usifhoHk;um ppfwyf. wif;usyfonfhxdef;csKyfr_atmufwGif xm;&Sdv#uf&Sdonf?

ppftpdk;&onf Tolykefqef@usifa&;enf;y&d,m,frsm;ukd u&ifa'oY aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGifvnf; qufvufusifhoHk;v#uf&Sdonf?

“etz. ,ckvufiif;ay:vpDrSm aus;vufa'otm;vHk;udk ppfwyf. wdkuf±dkufxdef;csKyfr_atmufwGif xm;&Sd f&efjzpfonf? Tay:vpDt& u&ife,fajrrsm;twGif;ppfwyf pcef;rsm; csxm;&efjzpf+yD; tvSrf;a0;onfh aus;&Gmrsm;udk t"rRajymif;a&$@aponf?‚aemuf ppfom;rsm;onf Tajymif;a&$Œaus;&Gmrsm;udk óuufovdk zsufqD;=uavawmhonf?”

u&ifvlŒtcGifhta&;tzGJ‹. “iwfrGwfjcif;ESifh touf&Sif &yfwnfa&;twGuf±kef;uefvSkyf&Sm;r_” 2001 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv)

&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tm; t"rRa&$@ajymif;apjcif;ðyvkyf+yD;aemuf etzwyfrsm;onfjynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm;udk &Sif;ypf&eftwGuf aus;&Gma[mif;ae&mrsm;udk rSefrSefuif;vSnfhv#uf&Sdonf? ykef;atmif;aeaom jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs rsm;udk awG@&Sdygu awG@onfhae&mYyif ypfowfvdkuf=uonf? pdkufysKd;oD;ESHyifrsm;udkvnf; vdkufvHzsufqD;onf?

1999 ckESpfu zgyGefe,fajrodk@ wyf&if;topf (8)&if; apv$wfcJhonf? ‚wdk@rSmautJef,l wyfr[m(5)ESifh tquftoG,f&Sdonf[k ouFmruif;jcif;cH&onfh aus;&Gmrsm;tm; vdkufvHzsufqD;&ef wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf?



aorif;wrefvrf;aorif;wrefvrf;aorif;wrefvrf;aorif;wrefvrf;aorif;wrefvrf;u&ifjynfwGif;'kuQonf(IDPs)wpk xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwae&mwGif &duQmrsm;vma&muf0,f,l

=u+yD; jyefoGm;onfhyHkjzpfonf? ‚wdk‹onf zgyGefajrmufydkif;e,fajrwGifykef;atmif;aexdkif=uonf? Ttjyefvrf;onf apmxmvrf;udk jzwf&+yD; KNLA uif;vSnfhwyfzGJŒrS

‚wdk‹twGuf vHk+cHKa&;wm0ef,lay;onf?

"gwfyHk- u&ifhu,fq,fa&;ESifh zGHŒ+zdK;a&;±Hk;tzGJŒ (KORD,2003)pp ftp d k ;&.wyfr sm; wd k ; jr ‡i f hc sxm;vmaejci f ;pp ftp d k ;&.wyfr sm; wd k ; jr ‡i f hc sxm;vmaejci f ;pp ftp d k ;&.wyfr sm; wd k ; jr ‡i f hc sxm;vmaejci f ;pp ftp d k ;&.wyfr sm; wd k ; jr ‡i f hc sxm;vmaejci f ;pp ftp d k ;&.wyfr sm; wd k ; jr ‡i f hc sxm;vmaejci f ;


ajryHk(11) 1992-ckESpf rwdkifrDS zgyGefc±dkiftwGif;&Sdaus;±Gmrsm;jyajryHk


a o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w ma o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w ma o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w ma o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w ma o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w m 45ajryHk(12) 2004-ckESpf zgyGefc±dkiftwGif; usef&Sdonfhaus;±Gmrsm;jyajryHk



1999 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (23) &ufae@u DVB 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoHrS,ckuJhodk‹ toHv$ifhxkwfjyefa=unmcJhonf?

“ta&S@awmifwdkif; ppfXmecsKyftrdef@t& Tppfqifa&;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm zgyGefc±dkifKNLA wyfr[m(5). tkyfcsKyfr_atmuf&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;udk zsufqD;ypf&efjzpfonf?Taus;&Gmrsm;onf autJef,lESifh tquftoG,f&Sd=u+yD; autJef,ludk axmufcHtm;ay;olrsm;jzpf=uonf?”

t"r®ajymif;a½TUae&mcsxm;rIrsm;

, cktcsdefwGif zgyGefc±dkiftwGif; t"rRajymif;a&$Œaecsxm;onfh ae&mtm;vHk; (31) ae&m&Sdonf? TonfrSm 1991 ckESpfup+yD; etzppfwyfu ae&m owfrSwf+yD;

a&$@ajymif;apcJhjcif;jzpfonf?1414141414

a&$@ajymif;&efowfrSwfonfhae&mrSm &Sd+yD;om;&Gmrsm;om jzpfavh&Sdonf? T&Gmrsm;wGif &Sd=uonfh&GmcHrsm;udk aemufxyftopfvma&mufaexdkif=uolrsm;twGuf ‚[email protected],may:wGif aexdkifcGifhðy&ef ppfwyfrStwif;t=uyf oabmwlcdkif;onf? etzwyfrsm;onf a&$@ajymif;aexdkifvm=uonfh &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;udk &duQmESifhwuG tjcm;vdktyfonfh ypPnf;rsm;tm; axmufyhHjcif;rðyay?

zgyGefc±dkif/ 'G,fvdk;®r@e,ftwGif; 199& ckESpfwGif ppfqifa&;. tpdwftydkif;wcktjzpfetzwyfrsm;u aus;&Gm(24)&Gmudk t"rRa&$@ajymif;aponf? Tppfwyfrsm;onfautJef,l. awmifyd kif;wyfr[m(4)ESif h wyfr[m(6)e,fajrrsm;udkyg wòyifeufxdk;ppfqif wdkufcdkufonfh ppfqifa&;jzpfonf? 'G,fvdk;®r@e,ftwGif; oGm;a&mufa&$@ajymif;aexdkif=u&onfh &Gmrsm;rSm &Sd+yD;om;aus;&Gmrsm;jzpfonfh rJ0dkif/ r,fnKxm/ a0:rl ESifhtl;olxm &Gmrsm; jzpf=uonf?

tcsKd@&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;rSm apcdkif;onfhtwdkif; owfrSwfxm;onfh aus;&Gmrsm;odk@oGm;a&mufajymif;a&$Œaexdkifjcif;rðybJ awmwGif;Yom jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs tjzpfykef;atmif;aexdkif=uonf? tcsKd@rSmrl xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;odk@ xGufajy;a&muf&SdoGm;=uonf? etzwyfrsm;tm; ajymif;a&$Œae&mcsxm;onfh aus;&GmteD;14 14 14 14 14 zgyGefc±dkif u&ifhu,fq,fa&;ESifh zGH@®z;a&; ±Hk;tzGJ@rS 2004 ckESpf ay;onfh owif;?



tem;wGif wdk;Iwdk;I ae&mcsxm;vmaejcif;onf txdef;tuGyfrJh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfay:apcJhonf? ppfwyftaejzifh pkpnf;xm;onfh &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tay: tEdkifusifhapmfum;r_rsm; ðyvkyf=u+yD; &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tm; “nrxGuf& trdef@rsm;”udkxkwfjyefonf? vkyfudkif pm;aomuf&eftwGuf aus;±GmjyifyoGm;vmr_tay:csKyfcs,fuef@owfr_rsm;ðyvkyfonf? &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf &Gmtjyifyodk@ tvkyfoGm;vkyf&eftwGuf tjyifxGufcGifh vufrSwfrsm; awmif;,l=u&onf?

txl;ojzifh 1998 ckESpfwGif etz ppftpdk;&onf ‚wdk@. wyfrsm;tay: udk,fxludk,fx pepfopf aoe*FAsL[mudk csrSwfvmonfhtcg wyfrsm;onf t&yfom;vlxktay: ydkrdk+yD; tEdkifusifhapmfum;r_rsm;jzpfyGm;vmonf? ‚wdk@pm;aomuf&ef&duQmudkudk,fwdkif pdkufysKd;=u&onfhtcg &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tm; t"rRcdkif;ap+yD; pdkufysdK;aponf?ppfwyfrS twif;t"rRcdkif;apr_rsm;/ t&yfom;vlxk. v,f,majrrsm;tm; rw&m;odrf;ydkufr_rsm; ay:aygufvmonf? ppfwyfonf aiG/ pm;eyf&duQmESifh vdktyfonfhtjcm;±kyf0wKypPnf;rsm;udk t&yfom;jynfolrsm;xH t"rRðy+cdrf;ajcmufum vk,uf,liifr_rsm;jzpfay:vmonf?

Z,m; (3) zgyGe fc±d ki ftwGif;vuf&S dtcs de fwGi fajymif;a&$ @ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;Z,m; (3) zgyGe fc±d ki ftwGif;vuf&S dtcs de fwGi fajymif;a&$ @ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;Z,m; (3) zgyGe fc±d ki ftwGif;vuf&S dtcs de fwGi fajymif;a&$ @ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;Z,m; (3) zgyGe fc±d ki ftwGif;vuf&S dtcs de fwGi fajymif;a&$ @ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;Z,m; (3) zgyGe fc±d ki ftwGif;vuf&S dtcs de fwGi fajymif;a&$ @ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;

trSwfpOf ajymif;a&$@ae&mcsxm;onfhaus;&Gm aus;&Gmtkyfpk ®r@e,fzgy Ge f ®r@teD;tem;w0d kufajymif;a&$ @ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;zgy Ge f ®r@teD;tem;w0d kufajymif;a&$ @ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;zgy Ge f ®r@teD;tem;w0d kufajymif;a&$ @ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;zgy Ge f ®r@teD;tem;w0d kufajymif;a&$ @ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;zgy Ge f ®r@teD;tem;w0d kufajymif;a&$ @ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;

1 wm'dkxm abmaoxm vlaom2 uavmxm uavmxm vlaom3 wdkaozl; uavmxm vlaom4 wzdk;zl; r,fuavmif; bl;odk5 0defrGef r,fuavmif; bl;odk6 0defpef; r,fuavmif; bl;odk7 xD;oAvlxm xD;oAvlxm 'G,fvdk;8 abmfodk;xm xD;oAvlxm 'G,fvdk;9 raxmf raxmf 'G,fvdk;

10 r,fnKxm r,fnKxm bl;odk11 r,fcl;xm r,fcl bl;odk



,Ge f ;pvif; jrp f0 Sr f ;a'o(ruarmif;),Ge f ;pvif; jrp f0 Sr f ;a'o(ruarmif;),Ge f ;pvif; jrp f0 Sr f ;a'o(ruarmif;),Ge f ;pvif; jrp f0 Sr f ;a'o(ruarmif;),Ge f ;pvif; jrp f0 Sr f ;a'o(ruarmif;)12 r,frGJxm r,frGJ bl;odk13 azG;axm±dk u'dkifwd 'G,fvdk;14 abmusKdv,f u'dkifwd 'G,fvdk;15 avzdk;xm avzdk;xm 'G,fvdk;16 yvHk u'dkifwd 'G,fvdk;17 EdkazgxD u'kdifwd 'G,fvdk;18 oma*:yav; v,fzdk;xm 'G,fvdk;19 a0:wmrdk v,fzdk;xm 'G,fvdk;

bD;vif; jrpf0 Sr f ;wav#mufbD;vif; jrpf0 Sr f ;wav#mufbD;vif; jrpf0 Sr f ;wav#mufbD;vif; jrpf0 Sr f ;wav#mufbD;vif; jrpf0 Sr f ;wav#muf20 av;ac:xd av;ac:xd 'G,fvdk;21 zGma0xm av;ac:xd 'G,fvdk;22 rJ0dkif rJ0kdif 'G,fvdk;23 clolxm clolxm 'G,fvdk;24 r,fcsKd r,fcsdK 'G,fvdk;25 rav;v,f rav;v,f 'G,fvdk;26 uGD;wrwf r,fcsdK 'G,fvdk;27 a0:rl a0:rl 'G,fvdk;

oHvGif jrpf0 Sr f;wav#mufoHvGif jrpf0 Sr f;wav#mufoHvGif jrpf0 Sr f;wav#mufoHvGif jrpf0 Sr f;wav#mufoHvGif jrpf0 Sr f;wav#muf28 waumfxm aumfvl'J vlaom29 oD;rlxm yef[dkuf vlaom30 acgyl acgyl bl;odk31 azgxm acgyl bl;odk

p kp kaygi f; (31)ae&mjzpfonf?pkp kaygi f; (31)ae&mjzpfonf?pkp kaygi f; (31)ae&mjzpfonf?pkp kaygi f; (31)ae&mjzpfonf?pkp kaygi f; (31)ae&mjzpfonf?


a o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w ma o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w ma o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w ma o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w ma o r i f ; w r e f a & u m w m 49ajryHk(13) 2004-ckESpf zgyGefc±dkiftwGif; owfrSwfxm;onfh pkpnf;±Gmrsm;



t"r®apcdkif;rIrsm;

e tzppftpdk;& udk,fYu t"rRapcdkif;r_udk trSDo[Jðy+yD; ‚.wyfrsm;ESifh ppfwyfrsm; vdktyfonfh tajccHtaqmufttHkudk xdef;odrf;xm;ae&onf? zgyGefc±dkif

wGif vrf;rESifh eD;onfh &Gmom;rsm;u vrf;rsm;tm;jyif=u&ef t"rRcdkif;apjcif;cH&onf?zgyGefc±dkiftwGif;&Sd vrf;tm;vHk;rSm ajrvrf;rsm;omjzpfonf? aEGtcgwGif zHkwaxmif;axmif;ESifhjzpf+yD; rdk;&moDwGif &$H@AGufjzpfaeygonf? xdk@a=umifh &moDOwktajymif;tvJ&Sdwdkif; vrf;rsm;udk jyif=u&onf? xdktcgrsm;wGif teD;tem;w0dkuf&Sd &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;udkom trdef@xkwf+yD; jyifcdkif;onf? etzppftpdk;&onf ouU&mZf 2000 ckESpfu t"rRapcdkif;r_ tm;vHk;udk &yfqdkif;xm;vdkuf+yD;jzpfa=umif; w&m;0ifxkwfjyefa=unmcJhaomfvnf; a'otm;vHk;vdkvdkYrl &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tm; t"rRapcdkif;r_rsm; qufvufðyvkyf=uygonf?

etzwyfajy;wa,mufu 2001 ckESpfY u&ifjynfe,ftwGif;&Sd etz ppfqifa&;rSL;wa,muf. ajymqdkonfhpum;udk ,ckuJhodk@ jyefvnfajymjycJhygonf? “usKyfuawmh'Da'orSm t"rRtvkyfapcdkif;wmudk toHk;ðyOD;rSmbJ” [l.? (wifhvGif/ 'kwyf=uyf KNU-KHRG xHodk@xGufajy;vmol? u&ifvlŒtcGifhta&;tzGJ‹. “iwfrGwfjcif;ESifh touf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twGuf ±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;r_” 2001 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv)

etzwyfrsm;onf ‚[email protected]&twGufrsm;vmavav &yf&Gmvlxktay: t"rRapcdkif;r_rsm; wdk;vmavavjzpfonf? txl;tjzifh ppfwyf0if;twGif; ppfom;rsm; aexdkifonfh ppfwef;vsm;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;/ wnfaqmufjcif; ponfhvkyfief;rsm;udk aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;uom vkyfay;ae=u&onf? ppfwyfrScdkif;aponfh tvkyfrsm;udkom vkyfay;ae=u&ojzifh aus;&Gmvlxkonf ‚wdk@. pm;0wfaea&;twGuf udk,fydkif v,f,m (awmif,m)vkyfief;rsm;udk rvkyfEdkifawmhbJ jzpfae=uonf?

touf 60 t&G,f&Sd 'G,fvdk;®r@e,ftwGif; aus;&Gmvl}uD;wOD;jzpfol “apmoDtl;”u,ckvdk ajymjyygonf? “bmtultnDrSr&Sdygbl;? olwdk@u vlxkawGudk armif;xkwf+yD;aemuf ppfom;awGtwGuf usaemfwdk@u tdrfaqmufay;&w,f? +cH0if;awGudkumay;&w,f? vkyftm;ay;oGm;=u&w,f? jynfolvlxkawGu tckvdk vkyftm;ay;ae&vdk@ ‚wdk@. awmif,mcif;awGudkawmif tvkyfoGm;vkyfzdk@ tcsdefr&Sdawmhyg? 'DESpfqdk&ifb,furS0rf;pmpyg;rS r&=uygbl;” (u&ifvlŒtcGifhta&;tzGJ‹. “iwfrGwfjcif;ESifh touf&Sif &yfwnfa&;twGuf ±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;r_” 2001 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv)

ppftp d k ;&.wyfr sm; wd k ; jr ‡i f hc sxm;vmaejci f ;pp ftp d k ;&.wyfr sm; wd k ; jr ‡i f hc sxm;vmaejci f ;pp ftp d k ;&.wyfr sm; wd k ; jr ‡i f hc sxm;vmaejci f ;pp ftp d k ;&.wyfr sm; wd k ; jr ‡i f hc sxm;vmaejci f ;pp ftp d k ;&.wyfr sm; wd k ; jr ‡i f hc sxm;vmaejci f ;


autJef,lESifh etzt=um; typftcwf&yfpJa&;twGuf awG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_rsm; &Sdaeaomfvnf; &Gmom;rsm;tm; t"rRapcdkif;r_rsm;rSm 2004 ckESpftxd qufvuf&SdaeqJjzpfonf? autJef,l jyef=um;a&;Xme. 15§1§04 &ufpGJjzifh tpD&ifcHcsuft&etzwyf cv& (36) wyf&if;rSL;aZmfaZmfEdkifonf 'G,fvdk;®r@e,ftwGif;&Sd aus;&Gmtawmfrsm;rsm;tm; t"rRcdkif;apaea=umif;/ xD;avmfodxm &Gmom;rsm;tm; 0g;tacsmif; 300/ Edkabm&Gmom; 0g;tacsmif; 50/ 0odk;uvm&Gmom;rsm;tm; 0g;tacsmif;50 pojzifhckwfum ‚wdk@xHvmydk@=u&rnfjzpfa=umif; az: jyxm;onf? (T0g;acsmif;rsm;onf wyfpcef;udk pnf;±dk;um&eftwGufjzpfonf?)

vdifydkif;qdkif&mtMurf;zufrIrsm;

e tzwyfrsm;pcef;csonfh ae&ma'otwGif;ppfwyfrS uif;vSnfh&mwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; rk'drf;usifhonfhowif;rsm;udk r=umc% =um;ae&onf? u&iftrsKd;

orD;tpnf;t±Hk; KWOrS r=umao;rDu xkwfa0cJhonfh “qdwf+idrfr_udk òzcGif;jcif;”1515151515

pmtkyfxJwGif etzwyfrsm;u u&ifjynfe,fxJwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: umrt=urf;zufr_ (125)r_ usL;vGefcJha=umif; rSwfwrf;wif tpD&ifcHxm;onf? TrSwfwrf;pmtkyft& etz ppftpdk;&. vufatmufwGiftrsKd;orD;rsm;.b0rSm vHk+cHKr_ r&Sda=umif;az:xkwfzGifhcsjcif;jzpfonf?

zgyGefa'otwGif; 1999 ckESpfu rJ0kdifa&$Œajymif;&GmY tr_ (2)r_jzpfyGm;cJhonf? Ttr_rSm rwfv(2)&ufae@wGif cr&(434) rS wyf&if;rSL;atmif0if;ESifh ‚.taygif;tyg ppfa=umif;rSL;ausmfcifwdk@onf (16)ESpft&G,f rdef;uav;wOD;udk xdk;r,fcD;&Gm vrf;ab;wGif(rJ0dkifa&$Œajymif;&GmrS 15-rdepf c&D;&Sdonf) rk'def;usifh=uonf? tqdkyg t&m&Sd (2)OD;onf{+yDv (4)&ufae@wGifvnf; xdkae&mYyif (21)ESpft&G,f trsKd;orD; wOD;udk xyfrHIrk'drf;usifhjyefonf[k od&Sd&onf? odk@&mwGif jypfr_usL;vGefol Trk'drf;aumif (2)OD;tm;tjypfay;ta&;,la=umif; =um;od&jcif;r&Sdygacs?

zgyGefc±dkiftaemufbufa'orsm;wGifvnf; 2002 ckESpftwGif; etzwyf xdef;csKyfxm;onfh aus;&Gmw&GmwGif etzt&m&SdwOD;onf touf(50)t&G,f trsKd;orD;wOD;tm; rk'drf;usifhcJhonf?15 15 15 15 15 u&iftrsKd;orD;tpnf;t±Hk;/ {+yD 2004 ck/ “qdwf+idrfr_udk òzcGif;jcif;”



jynfwGif;'ku©onfrsm; (IDPs)

±Gm om;trsm;pkrSm a&$@ajymif;pcef;odk@ oGm;a&mufaexdkifvdkjcif;r&Sdyg? xdkenf;wlpGmtem*wf a&&mr_r&Sdonfh xdkif;EdkifiH'kuQonfpcef;rsm;odk@vnf; oGm;a&mufaexdkifjcif; rðyvdk=uyg? ,if;a=umifh ‚wdk@onf jynfwGif;'kuQonfrsm; IDPs

rsm;tjzpf ykef;v#Kd;uG,fv#Kd; aexdkif=uonf? wcgw&H ‚wdk@ykef;uG,faexdkifonfhae&mrSm‚wdk@ aexdkifonfh&Gmrsm;ESifh odyfra0;vSay? odk@jzifh vdktyfovdk vHk+cHKr_tajctaeay;tyfygu &GmwGif;odk@cdk;jyefjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfEdkifonf?

T IDPs &Gmom;rsm;onf v,f,mpdkufysKd;r_jzifhom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;=uonf?xdk@a=umifh ‚wdk@vHk+cHKr_taetxm;&Sdwdkif; pdkufysKd;a&;tvkyfudk vkyf=u&onf? etzwyfrsm;u ‚wdk@udk awG@&Sdygu tcsdefra&G;t}urf;zufowfjzwfcH&Edkifaoma=umifh tpOft+rJ pdk;&drfae=u&onf?

‚wdk@onf vltkyf}uD;tjzpf pkaeIr&=uyg? pm;a&;aomufa&;twGuf &duQmr&Edkifjcif;a=umifhESifh toufvHk+cHKa&;a=umifhjzpfonf?

“u|efawmfwdk@ xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifwJhtcg &Sdor# =uufawG/ acG;awGudk owfypfvdkuf&w,f? toHAvHrsm; rxGufatmifvkyfwmjzpfw,f?” yef[dkufaus;&GmtkyfpkrS IDPswOD;tm; 2003 ckESpf pufwifbmvtwGif; awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; jzpfonf?

autJef,ltkyfcsKyfa&;rS az: jyonfhudef;*%ef;t& zgyGefc±dkifa'owGif vlOD;a&(54000) &Sdonfh &Gmaygif; (392)&Gmudk a&$@ajymif;ae&mcsxm;&mwGif ‚wdk@txJrS ,ckIDPs OD;a& (35000)1616161616 cef@&Sdonf?1717171717

16 16 16 16 16 u&ifXmaetdk;tdrfysufpD;olrsm;aumfrwD CIDKPrS oHvGifa&umwmqkdif&mESD;aESmyGJwGifwifjyonfhudef;*%ef;?

1717171717 u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t±Hk; (KNU) zgyGefc±dkiftkyfcsKyfa&;rSxkwfay;onfh 2003 ckESpftwGufcef@rSef;ajc udef;*%ef;?



tusOf;csKH;pD&ifowfjzwfrIrsm;

e tzppfwyfrsm;onf IDPs rsm;ESifh yufyif;wdk;rdygu ‚wdk@onf awG@&Sdonfhae&mwGifyif t&rf;ywrf; ypfcwfowfjzwfavawmhonf? IDPs rsm;aexdkif

onfhae&m/ ypPnf;OpPmESifh pm;eyf&duQm tm;vHk;wdk@udk zsufqD;vdkuf=uonf? zgyGefc±dkifvlaom®r@e,ftwGif;&Sd IDPs wOD;. ajymjycsuft& -

“vGefcJhwJh wESpf/ ESpfESpfwkef;u &efol1818181818(etzwyf)u usaemfwdk@&GmxJ a&mufvmcJhw,f?olwdk@ &GmxJrSmaepOf usaemfwdk@&Jh=uufawG/ tjcm;tdrfarG;wd&dp>mefawGudk }udKufovdkowfjzwf pm;aomuf=uonf? qefpyg; &duQmawGudkvnf; zsufqD;=uw,f? 'gwifruolwdk@awG@wJh &Gmom;ESpfOD;udkvnf; 'g%f&m&apw,f” ([Dzdk;'J&Gmom;/ vlaom®r@e,fpufwifbm 2003 ck)

zgyGefc±dkif/ vlaom®r@e,ftwGif;wGif ±Gmom;tm;vHk;vdkvdkrSm etzwyfrsm; rawG@atmif ykef;atmif;aexdkif=u&onf? etzwyf. vufcsufa=umifh &Gmom;trsm;tjym;aoqHk; 'g%f&m&=uygonf? 199& ckESpfESifh 2003 ckESpft=um; pm&if;rSwfwrf;rsm;t&etzwyfa=umifh &Gmom; (98)a,muf (a,musFm; 83-a,muf/ rdef;r 15-a,muf)aoqHk;+yD; (3&)a,muf (a,musFm; 26-a,muf/ rdef;r 11-a,muf) '%f&m&&SdcJh=uonf? T&GmYarG;zGm;+yD; T&GmYom woufvHk;aexdkifvmcJhonfh wae@vkyfrS wae@pm;=u&aom &Gmom;rsm;rSm ppftpdk;&u ‚wdk@tm; ,ckuJhodk‹ wdkufcdkuf!‡if;yef; ESdyfpufaeonfudk em;rvnfEdkifbJjzpfae=uonf?1919191919

vlaom®r@e,ftwGif;&Sd trsKd;orD;}uD;wOD;. uav;wa,mufudk etzwyfrSypfowfoGm;onf? olronf IDPs tjzpf ykef;atmif;v#uf aexdkifae&onf? xdktrsKd;orD;}uD;onf ,ckuJhodk@ +iD;jiL+yD;ajymqdkygonf?

18 18 18 18 18 u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t±Hk;. ajrmufydkif;a'o&Sd &Gmom;rsm;u “etz”wyfrsm;udk “&efol”[kac:+yD; u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t±Hk;tm%mydkifrsm;tm; ‚wdk@. acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpfESifhu&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t±Hk;wyfom;rsm;udkrl u&ifppfom;rsm;tjzpf oabmxm;ac:a0: =uonf?

19 19 19 19 19 u&ifjrpfacsmif;rsm; apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ‹rS 2003 ckESpf vlaom®r@e,fodk@ uGif;qif;avhvmokawoeðy&mrS TrSwfwrf;rsm;udk &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf?



“usrwdk@rSm bmvufeufrSr&Sdygbl;? olwdk@udkvnf; usrwdk@u qef@usifaewmr[kwfbl;? ud k,f h[mud k,f ud k,f ht&yfa'orSm awmif,mvkyfpm;aewmygbJ?usrpOf;pm;vdkuf&if tckvdkolwdk@u usr uav;udk ypfowfoGm;wm[m rw&m;ygbl;”

(vlaom®r@e,ftwGif;rS &Gmom;wOD;? u&ifvlŒtcGifhta&;tzGJ‹. “iwfrGwfjcif;ESifhtouf&Sif &yfwnfa&;twGuf ±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;r_” 2001 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv)

pm;eyf&du©mrsm;tm; zsufqD;jcif;

e tzwyfrsm;onf jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs rsm;. &duQmrsm;udk vdkufvH&SmazG+yD;zsufqD;=uonf? IDPs rsm;udk tiwfxm;&ef &nf±G,fjcif;jzpfonf? KHRGu&ifhvl@tcGifhta&;tzGJ@. 2001 ckESpf tpD&ifcHpmt& 1999 ckESpfrSp+yD;

ppftpdk;&wyfrsm;. aoe*FAsL[mrSm IDPs rsm;tm; &duQmjywfoGm;atmif ðyvkyfypfa&;yifjzpfonf? TuJhodk@ ðyvkyfjcif;onf ‚wdk@ vdkufvHypfcwfzrf;qD;owfjzwfjcif;xufydkIxda&muf onf[k olwdk@ ,lq=uonf? (u&ifvlŒtcGifhta&;tzGJ‹. “iwfrGwfjcif;ESifhtouf&Sif &yfwnf a&;twGuf ±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;r_” 2001 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv)

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“etzppfwyfonf awmawmifxJ&Sd &duQmrsm;&SmazGzsufqD;jcif;udk Edk0ifbmvrSarvtxd ðyvkyf=uonf? ukef;pyg;(awmif,mpyg;)pdkufysKd;onfh v,f,mrsm;twGufTtcsdefonf pdkufysKd;csdefjzpfaeonf? oD;ESH&dwfodrf;r_rSm Edk0ifbm/ 'DZifbmvwGif;jzpfonf? aemufwESpfpyg; pdkufysKd;&eftwGuf v,f,majrjyifqifr_/ ajrae&m&Smjcif;ESifhpd kufysK d;jcif;rSm azaz:0g&DvrS arvtxdjzpfonf? TESpftwGuf oD;ES Hpd kufysK d;r_rðyvkyfEdkifygu aemufESpftwGuf pm;aomuf&ef bmr#&Sdrnfr[kwf” (u,fq,fa&;wm0efcH/ u&ifhu,fq,fa&;ESifh zGH@®z;a&;±Hk;tzGJ@? 2004 ckESpf/ ZGefv)

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TuJhodk@aom tajctaeatmufwGif &duQmrsm;&Sm;yg;ygu jy\emajz&Sif;&eftwGuf tjcm;enf;emrsm;udk &SmazGEdkifonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ukefonfrsm;. ukefypPnf;rsm;tm; oGm;a&mufo,fydk@ay;jcif;jzifh tca=u;aiGrsm;&&SdEdkifonf? TaiGrsm;jzifh pm;aomuf&ef twGuf qefrsm;udk &Sm0,fEdkifayonf? odk@aomfvnf; ,cktcsdefrSm TuJhodk@vkyfEdkifjcif; r&Sdacs? ,cktcsdefwGif &Gmol&Gmom;rsm; oGm;vmv_yf&Sm;&mY etzwyfrsm;ESifh rwdk;rd&ef txl;owdxm; ajy;v$m;a&Smif&Sm;ae=u&onf? xdk@a=umifh &duQm&Sm;yg;aeonfh tcsdefrsm;wGif pm;eyf&duQm vdkufvH&SmazG&ef tvGefcufcJygonf?

“a&SŒ,ciftcsdefu Ta'otwGif; &duQm&Sm;yg;v#if &Gmol&Gmom;rsm; txdemr_enf;Edkifor#enf;ap&eftwGuf ‚wdk@enf;rsKd;pHkaqmif&GufcJh=u&onf? ‚wdk@wOD;ESifhwOD;tjyeftvSef ulnD=uonf? pm;p&mvHk;0r&Sdolrsm;tm; usefvlrsm;u wwfEdkifor#acs;iSm;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyf=uonf? qef&Sm;ojzifh xrif;csuf&mwGif qefESifhtwl bl;/ z±Hk/ocGm; ponfjzifh a&mcsuf+yD; pm;aomuf=uonf? r&Sdqif;&Jiwfjywfonfh tdrfaxmifrsm;onf awmwGif;Y awmxGufypPnf;rsm; &SmazG+yD;/ ,if;wdk@udk a&mif;pm;jcif;jzifh&duQmjy\emudk wpHkw&majz&Sif;Edkifonf? odk@&mwGif ,ck IDPs rsm;rSm xdkuJhodk@ vkyfEdkifjcif; r&Sday? ‚wdk@onf rdom;pkvHk+cHKa&;twGuf t+rJEdk;Ed k;=um;=um;&Sdae&onf?rdom;pktm; csef&pf+yD; w&ufxuf c&D;a0;aomae&mudkoGm;+yD; &duQm&Sm&efrSm rjzpfEdkifacs? vHk+cHKa&;t& tajctae ray;yg? xdk@a=umifh IDPs rsm;twGuf &duQm&Sm;ygr_j_y\emrSm ydkIydkIqdk;0g;vmaeonfjzpf+yD; xdef;rEdkifodrf;r&tajctaeodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;Edkifonf? (u,fq,fa&; wm0efcH/ u&ifhu,fq,fa&;ESifh zGH@®z;a&;±Hk;tzGJ@? 2004 ckESpf/ZGefv)

“,ckuJhodk@etzwyfrsm;u pyg;oD;ESHrsm;tm; pepfwus vdkufvHzsufpD;aejcif;onfIDP jynfwGif;'kuQonftwGufa&m/ &yf&GmxJaexdkif=uonfh jynfolvlxktwGufygydkIydkI tE W&m,f}uD;vmapygonf? TuJhodk@ vdkufvHzsufqD;ydwfqdk@jcif;rsm;onfppftpdk;&. a=umufp&mtaumif;qHk; t=uyfudkifEdkifonfh vufeufud&d,m jzpfayonf?” (u&ifvlŒtcGifhta&;tzGJ‹. “iwfrGwfjcif;ESifh touf&Sif &yfwnfa&;twGuf±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;r_” 2001 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv)

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TuJhodk@jzpfjcif;a=umifh xdkif;Ed kifiH&S d'kuQonfpcef;udk oGm;a&mufaexdkifjcif;rSm&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;twGuf aemufqHk;a&G;cs,f&onfh t&mjzpfvmawmhonf?

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bl;bd kawmifwef; tjrif hrSm yifv,fjyifrsufESmjyiftxuf ay 2000 rS 3000txdjrifhonf? Tawmifwef;onf Te,fajrtwGuf t"du awmawmifa&ajr taetxm; jzpfayonf?

v,f,mpyg;pdkufysdK;a&;twGuf acsmif;a&rsm;&&Sdonfh ajrjyef@a'o tenf;tusOf;om&Sdonf? usefae&mrsm;rSm awmifay:a'ojzpf+yD; awmawmiftvGefxlxyfonf?Ta'o&Sd opfawmrsKd;udk a'oom;rsm;u “aumfabG;”(0g) rkefokefopfawm[k ac:a0:=uonf? Topfawmrsm;xJwGif u|ef;opfESif hopfrmtrsm;tjym; awG@&onf?"g;cGifopfawm }udK;0dkif;/ rJoavmhtxufESifh atmuf}udK;0dkif;rsm;/ "g;cGif awm±dkif;wd&dp>mefrsm; cdkatmif;&mae&m ponfwdk@onf Ta'owGif&Sdaeygonf? oHvGifjrpftwGif;odk@ pD;qif;aom acsmif;i,fajrmif;i,f trsm;tjym;&Sdonf? Tacsmif;i,fajrmif;i,frsm;rSm a&a=umif;oGm;vma&;wGif toHk;ðyI r&aomfvnf; Tacsmif;i,frsm;. v#Kdajrmift&yfrsm;Y a'ocH&Gmol&Gmom;rsm; aexdkifvkyfudkifpm;aomuf=uonf?

1983 ckESpfup+yD; autJef,lrS xdkif;EdkifiH&Sdukr`%Drsm;tm; TopfawmtwGif;opfckwfvSJcGifhvdkifpif a&mif;cs+yD;aemufydkif;wGif xdkif;ukr`%Drsm;onf TopfawmtwGif;&Sd u|ef;opfESifh opfrm (90µ)udk oHvGifjrpfwav#muf ckwfvSJcJh=uonf? oHvGifjrpfurf;ab;&Sd opfawmrSm xdkif;EdkifiHe,fpyfjzpfaeonfh opfawmtm;vHk;. (&0µ)&Sdonf? TawmxJY rsKd;wHk;uG,faysmufoGm;&ef tE W&m,f&Sdaeonfh usm;uJhodk@aomawm±dkif;wd&dp>mefrsm;udk ,ckwdkifawG@Edkifygonf?


Ta'owGif a&wHcGef}uD;}uD;i,fi,ftcsKd@vnf; &Sdonf? av;'dka&wHcGef/ armavmuGD;a&wHcGef ponfrsm;jzpfonf? yg;pyf&mZ0ift& &Gmom;rsm;u Ta'owGif “ewf*l”rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? Oyrm “ydkay:av;ewf*l”? Ta'owGif aexdkif=uolrsm;rSm a&S;,cifuJhodk@yif acwfaemufus+rJ aemufusv#uf&Sdae=uonf? T&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf ±dk;&m"avht& ESpfpOfESpfwdkif;vkyfaeus ewfudk;uG,fr_/ ylaZmfyor_ tcrf;tem;udk ,ckwdkifqufvufvkyfudkifaeqJjzpfonf?

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Ta'otwGif;&Sdaeonfh u&ifaus;&Gmrsm;rSm y#rf;r#tm;jzifh w&Gmv#if tdrfajc 10rS 50txd vlOD;a&rSm 50 rS 300 txd aexdkif=uonf? aus;&Gmolaus;&Gmom;rsm;xJwGif t"dtm;jzifh Ak'<bmom/ ewfudk;uG,fol2020202020 rsm;jzpf=u+yD; c&pf,mefbmomudk,Hk=unfudk;uG,folvnf;&Sdonf? 19&0 q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; etzppfwyfrS anmifav;yif/ awmifil/ oxHkc±dkifrsm;ESifh zgyGefawmifydki;fa'oudk jzwf(4)jzwfpepfjzifh xdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkufcJh&m/ oHvGifurf;ab;wav#mufwGif aexdkif=uonfh vlOD;a& rsm;jym;vmavonf?

pDyGm;a&;t& a'ocHvlpktrsm;pkrSm v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ESifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;olrsm; jzpf=uonf? awmif,mckwfpm;olrsm;vnf; &Sdonf? aiG&&SdEdkifonfh oD;ESHyifpdkufysKd;onfh O,smOf+cHajrjzpfonfh uGrf;oD;/ o&uf/ tkef;/ [if;cwftar$;t}udKifyifrsm;udkvkyfudkifolrsm;vnf;&Sdonf? ig;zrf;vkyfief;/ awmxGufypPnf;rsm;tm; &SmazGpkaqmif;+yD;jrefrmjynfwGif; (odk@ ) xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ oGm;a&mufa&mif;csjcif; ponfh tvkyfvkyfudkif=uolrsm;vnf;&Sdonf? 1995 ckESpfrwdkifrD tapmydkif;umvwGif oHvGifjrpfqHk aomif&if;jrpf0rSp+yD; ajrmufydkif; ‘apmxm’txd oHvGifjrpfab;wav#muf aexdkif=uolrsm;rSmwHig vkyfief;/ opfvkyfief;/ ukefa&mif;ukef0,fvkyfief;ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief; ponfwdk@udkvkyfudkif=uonf?2121212121

20 20 20 20 20 u&ifewfpm;rsm;rSm Ak'<bmomodk@ul;ajymif;oGm;=u+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; ‚wdk@onf ewfpm;onfht"du±dk;&m"avhudk xdef;odrf;usifhoHk;qJjzpfonf?2121212121 apgabmemav; 2000 -ckESpf? aomoD ay:a*:- ,map;abm - pmrsufESm (5)

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EdkifiHa&;t& 1995 ckESpfrwdkifrDumvY zgyGefa'ota&S@jcrf;wjcrf;vHk;jzpfonfhzgyGefc±dkif/ bl;odk®r@e,frSm u&ifckcHa&;tiftm;pk. vGwfajrmufe,fajrjzpfcJhonf?Te,fajrudk aus;&Gmtkyfpk 3-pktjzpf zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? bGm;'J/ yef[dkufESifh acgylaus;&Gmtkyfpkrsm;jzpf=uonf? autJef,lu Te,fajrY w&m;a&;/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&;/vlr_zlvHka&;/ opfawm/ pdkufysKd; a&;ponfjzifh u¾toD;oD;twGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;XmezGJ@+yD;wm0ef,lpDrHtkyfcsKyfcJhonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwGif aus;&GmtqifhrSaeI c±dkiftqifhtxd&Sdonf?

1992 ckESpfwGif etzwyfrsm;onf autJef,l.XmecsKyfudk xdk;ppfqifwdkufcdkufcJhonf?e*g;rif; ppfqifa&;pDrHudef;t& 1991 ckESpfwGif aus;&Gmrsm;tm; etzwyfrsm;u yxrOD;qHk;t}udrf t"rRa&$@ajymif;r_rsm;ðyvkyfcJhonf? a&$@ajymif;ae&mcsxm;onfh&GmrSm“aqmbGJ'J”&Gmjzpfonf? &Gmol&Gmom;tenf;i,fom TowfrSwfaus;&Gmodk@ oGm;a&muf aexdkif=uonf? trsm;tm;jzifh ‚wdk@onf jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs rsm; tjzpfom ykef;atmif;aexdkifcJh=uonf? Txdk;ppfumvtwGif; etzwyfonf zgyGefrS acgylodk@ oGm;onfhvrf;udk jyefvnfjyifqifjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? (pmrsufESm 31 &Sd ajryHkudk=unfhyg?)

ppfqifa&;+yD;onfhaemufydkif; 1992 ckESpfrS 1994 ckESpftxd Ta'owGif tajctaewif;rmr_ av#mhenf;vmonf? odk@&mwGif 1995 ckESpf autJef,l XmecsKyf rme,fyavmusqHk;+yD;aemuf etzwyfrsm;onf zgyGefc±dkifwckvHk;udk xdef;csKyfoGm;Edkifa&;twGuf &Gmol&Gmom; aus;vufvlxkrsm;udk acgyl/ azgxgESifh oD;rlxg wdk@wGif t"rRajymif;a&$@ ae&mcsxm;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyfcJhonf? Tt}udrfrSmvnf; &Gmvlxktrsm;pkrSm owfrSwfxm;onfhae&modk@ ajymif;a&$Œjcif;rðybJ/ awmwGif;Yom ykef;atmif;aexdkif=u&ef a&G;cs,f=uonf?

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zgyGefc±dkif ta&S@ydkif;a'otwGif; rlv 1995-ckESpfrwdkifrSDu aus;&Gm (85)&Gm&Sd+yD;/,ckqdkv#if Ta'otwGif; vltpkta0; (60)pkr#om usefawmhonf? Ttpkta0;rsm;teuf tdrfaxmifpk (9&3)/ vlOD;a& (5574)a,muf&Sdonfh vltpkta0; (40)rSmjynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs rsm;jzpf=uonf? useftpkta0; (20)rSm etzppfwyf.xdef;csKyfr_ atmufwGif&S donfh aus;&Gmrsm;jzpf=uonf? Taus;&Gmrsm;teufa&$@ajymif;ae&mcsxm;onfh acgyl (zgyGef®r@teD;)/ oD;rlxm (oHvGifjrpfurf;ab;)ESifh azgxg(zgyGef®r@. ta&SŒawmift&yf aus;&Gm(3)&Gm yg0ifonf? tpkta0;aus;&Gm(20).tdrfaxmifpkrSm (523)pk&Sd+yD;/ vlOD;a& pkpkaygif;rSm (2822 )OD;&Sdonf? ,if;a=umifh zgyGef



ta&SŒydkif;a'otwGif; aexdkif=uonfhvlOD;a& oHk;yHkESpfyHkrSm jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPsrsm; jzpf=uonf?

1995 ckESpfup+yD; Ta'otwGif; autJef,lwyfrsm;u tuef@towfESif hv_yf&Sm;aomfvnf; etzppfwyfrsm;rSm jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs rsm;tm; &Sif;vif;okwfoifypfa&;twGuf yHkrSefuif;vSnfhjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfEdkifcJhonf?

Z,m; 4? Z,m; 4? Z,m; 4? Z,m; 4? Z,m; 4? yef[dkuf/ bGm;'JESifhacgylaus;&Gmtkyfpkrsm;twGif;&Sd aus;&GmESifhvlOD;a&pm&if;2222222222

trSwfpOftrSwfpOftrSwfpOftrSwfpOftrSwfpOf aus;&Gm(tpktzG J @aus;&Gm(tpktzG J @aus;&Gm(tpktzG J @aus;&Gm(tpktzG J @aus;&Gm(tpktzG J @ ))))) tdrfaxmifpktdrfaxmifpktdrfaxmifpktdrfaxmifpktdrfaxmifpk vlO D ;a&vlO D;a&vlO D;a&vlO D;a&vlO D;a& taetxm;taetxm;taetxm;taetxm;taetxm;

(u) yef[d kufaus;&Gmtkyfpk(u) yef[d kufaus;&Gmtkyfpk(u) yef[d kufaus;&Gmtkyfpk(u) yef[d kufaus;&Gmtkyfpk(u) yef[d kufaus;&Gmtkyfpk1? yef[dkuf - - jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs2? w,fnm'J && 506 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs3? xdk0D;'J &5 506 tcsKd@tpdk;&wyfESifh&ifqdkif4? xdkao'J 65 416 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs5? uavmfcD;'J 35 189 ppftpdk;wyfESifh&ifqdkif6? a0aemf'J 54 363 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs&? z,fv,f'J 19 113 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs8? ,l0g;'J 19 95 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs9? av;oJcdk 43 309 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs

10? omo0D;'J 48 2&6 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs11? ue'J 9 42 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs12? abmac:'J 42 206 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs13? xD;cv,fxm 8 45 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs14? tD;wlcD; 1& &9 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs15? cdkau 26 146 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs16? azgcg'J 8 - jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs

22 22 22 22 22 u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±kH;. 2003 ckESpf zmyGefc±dkif/ bl;odkjrdKŒe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSudef;*%ef;?



1&? r,fElxm 26 - jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs·

18? oD;rlxg & - vuf&Sda±$‹ajymif;ae&m

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(*) acgylaus;&Gmtkyfp k(*) acgylaus;&Gmtkyfp k(*) acgylaus;&Gmtkyfp k(*) acgylaus;&Gmtkyfp k(*) acgylaus;&Gmtkyfp k38? acgyl - - vuf&Sda±$Œajymif;ae&m39? y,fxm 36 246 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs40? azgxm 25 125 vuf&Sda±$Œajymif;ae&m41? za&;a'; 15 &2 ppftpdk;&wyfESifh&ifqdkif&42? armfom 16 95 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs·



43? ausmf=umcD; 15 95 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs·

44? a[mfvwfcD; 21 143 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs·

45? azgcD; 29 166 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs·

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48? udkavmcD; 25 14& jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs49? tdkaum 1& 26 ppftpdk;&wyfESifh&ifqdkif&50? 'l;ur,fcD; 14 &3 jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs·

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pkp kaygi f;p kp kaygi f;p kp kaygi f;p kp kaygi f;p kp kaygi f; 14961496149614961496 83968396839683968396

rSwfcsuf?· - 1995-ckESpf xdk;ppfaemufydkif;ay:vmonfh jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs tpktzGJ@a±$‹ajymif;ae&m

a,bl,stm;jzifh Ta'otwGif; aexdkif=uonfh &Gmom;rsm;. tajctaeudkESpfrsKd;ESpfpm; cGJjcm;Edkifonf? wrsKd;rSm etz.wyfpcef;rsm; teD;tem;wGif aexdkif=u&onfh &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;ESifh usefa'otm;vHk;wGif jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs rsm;tjzpfaexdkif=u&onfh &Gmom;rsm; jzpfonf? ‚wdk@onf ykef;atmif;aexdkif=u&olrsm;jzpfonf? ‚wdk@aexdkifonfh ae&mrsm;onf etzwyfrsm; ‚wdk@tm;awG@&Sdygu ‚wdk@tm; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ypfcwfowfjzwfEdkifonf?



etzwyfrsm; xdef;csKyfxm;onfh&Gmrsm; (]]Nidrf;csrf;a&;}}aus;&Gmrsm;2323232323)

T aus;&Gmrsm;onf etzwyfrsm;. teD;wGifwnf&Sdonf? jzpfavh&SdonfrSm T&Gmrsm;onf vrf;ay:wGif&Sdonfh&Gmrsm; jzpf=uonf? T&Gmrsm;onf etzwyfrsm;apmifha&Smufr_atmufwGif &SdcJhaomfvnf; &Gmom;a,muFsm;rsm;rSm tpOft+rJ

pdk;&drfr_ESifh aeae=u&onf? ppftpdk;&wyfrsm;u ‚wdk@tm; olykeftif;tm;pkwdk@ESifhqufoG,fr_&Sd a=umif; pGyfpGJcH=u&rnfudk pdk;&drf=u&onf? TuJhodk@ pGyfpGJjcif;cH&ygu‚wdk@tm; ppfwyf ay:wmrsm;tjzpf t"rRqGJum a&S@wef;wGifapcdkif;jcif;cH&onf?xdk @a=umif h etzwyfrsm; &GmxJ0ifvmaomtcg a,musFm;rsm;onf &GmxJwGifrae&J =ubJ xGufajy; =uavonf? & GmxJYtrsK d ;orD;rsm;E Si f huav;rsm;omusef& S daeonf? xd ktcg TtrsK d ;orD;rsm;E Si f h uav;rsm;onfrw&m;cdkif;apjcif;trsKd;rsKd;tygt0if rk'drf;usifhcH&jcif;/ enf;rsKd;pHk tEdkif usifhcH&jcif;rsm;udk}uHKawG‹=u&avawmhonf?

‚jyif etzwyfrsm;onf &GmxJodk@a&mufwdkif; &Gmom;rsm;. pm;eyf&duQmudk vk,l=uonf? pm;eyf&duQmqdkonfrSm qefpyg;tygt0if/ tdrfarG;wd&dp>mefrsm;ESifh tjcm;pm;aomufp&m ypPnf;rsm;vnf;yg0ifonf?

“(10§1§04) rS (1&§1§04) &ufae@txd etz.ajcjrefwyfr (66) cr& wyfzGJ@wzGJ@onf ppfqifa&;umvtwGif; w,fawmcD;ESifh aqmbGJ'J&Gm (ausmuf!‡yfESifh zgyGefum;vrf;ay:wGif &Sdonf?) odk@a&muf&Sdvmonf? ‚wyfonf wtdrfv#if qef(1)wif;tjyif &Gmom;rsm;. =uuf (6)aumif/ a=umif(1)aumif/ }uHoum(4)yd\m/aumuf!‡if;qef (4)yHk;/ pyg;(3)wif;/ ig;yd (2)yd\m/ paum(2)csyf/ jcif;awmif;(2)vHk;wdk@udk vk,uf,liifoGm;=uonf?” (autJef,l jyef=um;a&;Xme 2004 ckZEM0g&Dv)

23 23 23 23 23 a'o&Gmom;rsm;. tqdkt&/ “+idrf;csrf;a&;&Gmrsm;”[k qdk&mwGif/ “typftcwf &yfpJonfh&Gm”odk@r[kwf “vufeufcs&Gm”rsm;jzpf=uonf? &Gmom;rsm;onf/ T&Gmrsm;twGif; aexdkif=uolrsm;rSmckcHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk pGef@v$wfolrsm;jzpf+yD;/ etzppftpdk;&wyfvufatmufodk‹t!hHcH=uolrsm;jzpfonf[k ‚wdk@uqdk=uonf?



“&duQmrsm; o,fydk@onfh um;wef;rsm; jzwfoGm;aomtcg usaemfwdk@u vrf;&Sif;ay;jcif;/ ,if;vrf;udk apmifhay;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyf&ef trdef@ay;onf? a,mufsm;a&m rdef;rygTtvkyfudk vkyf=u&onf? vlwdkif;vlwdkif; (3)&uf (3)n wm0ef,l+yD; tdyfapmifh=u&onf? (3)&ufjynfhoGm;+yD;rS tjcm;ol wOD;OD;udk tpm;xdk;+yD; tdrfjyefEdkifonf?&duQmum;wef; ra&mufrD/ vrf;rsm;tm;&Sif;xm;&ef trdef@ay;onf?” (acgyl aus;&GmrS'kuQonfwOD;? u&ifvlŒtcGifhta&;tzGJ‹. “iwfrGwfjcif;ESifh touf&Sif &yfwnfa&;twGuf ±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;r_” 2001 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv)

Ta&$@ajymif;&GmwGif aexdkif=uonfh&Gmom;rsm;rSm ‚wdk@pm;aomuf&ef &duQmtwGuf vGwfvGwfvyfvyf pdkufysKd;cGifhr&=uyg? ta=umif;rSm ,if;ywf0ef;usifw0dkuf&Sdae&mrsm;onf ppfom;rsm;twGuf rnfol@udkrqdk vGwfvyfpGm ypfowfcGifh&S daomae&mrsm; jzpf=uonf? xdk@a=umifh&Gmom;rsm;onf &Gmtjyifodk@a&muf&Sdonfhtcg IDPsrsm;enf;wl ppfwyfESifhrwdk;rdatmif ajy;v$m;ykef;atmif;+yD; aexdkif=u&onf? odk@r[kwfygu etzwyfrsm;. ypfcwfjcif;udk cH}u&rnfjzpfonf?

IDPs ac: jynfwGif;'ku©onf tpkta0;rsm;

T aus;&Gmom; vltpkta0;rsm;rSm ‚wdk@rlvaexdkif=uonfh &yf&Gmrsm;tm; pGef@v$wf+yD; awmxJwGifykef;atmif;aexdkif=uolrsm; jzpf=uonf? ‚wdk@ aexdkifonfhae&mrsm;udk ppftpdk;&wyfrS todtrSwfjyKjcif;r&Sday? xdk@a=umifh Tae&mrsm;udk

etzrsm; awG@&Sdygu zsufqD;ypfonf? Tykef;atmif;ae=uonfh &Gmom;rsm;onf‚wdk‹ykef;atmif;onfhae&mopfudk ‚wdk@rlv aexdkifcJ h&Gmtrnfjzif hom rSnf hac: =uonf?

etzwyfrsm;rSm yHkrSefuif;vSnfhr_rsm; ðyvkyf=u+yD; IDPs rsm; ykef;atmif;onfh ae&mrsm;udk &SmazG=uonf? &SmazGawG@&Sdygu ‚wdk@onf ae&mrsm;ESifh &duQmrsm;udk tukeftpif zsufqD;ypfvdkuf=uonf? IDPs rsm; touf&Sif&yfwnfa&;wGif tcuftcJjzpfatmif wrifðyvkyfjcif; jzpfonf? Oyrm 2003 ckESpf {+yDvu etzwyfzGJ@wzGJ@onfIDPs wpk ykef;atmif;onfhae&mudk awG@&Sdvdkufonf? xdkae&monf oHvGiftxufa&umwm ae&mESifheD;onf? xdktcg etzwyfrsm;onf T IDPs rsm; ykef;atmif;onfhae&mudk



csufjcif;zsufqD;vdkufonf? ‚wdk@. &duQmrsm;ESifh pdkufcif;rsm; tm;vHk; zsufqD;jcif;cH&onf?

Oya'jyify IDPs rsm;tm; owfjzwfr_rsm;rSm r=umc% jzpfay:avh&Sdonf? 2003ckESpf arvwGif etzwyfzGJ@wzGJ@onf IDPs rsm;ykef;atmif;aeonfh ae&mwae&modk@a&muf&S doGm;onf? Tae&monf oHvGifjrpfurf;ab;&S d r,fElxm&Gmjzpfonf?etzppfom;rsm;onf? (16)ESpft&G,f rdef;uav;wOD;ESifh (33)ESpft&G,f a,musFm;wOD;udk ypfowfoGm;onf?2424242424

vHkNcHKa&; - vrf;rsm;ESifh ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;

_Ad wdo#udkvdkeDacwfuwnf;u azmufvkyfcJhonfh vrf;tcsKd@&Sdonf? Tvrf; rsm;rSmzgyGef-"g;cGifvrf;ESifh zgyGef-ausmuf!‡yfvrf;rsm; jzpfonf? 1995 ckESpfup+yD;

etzwyfrsm;onf Tvrf;rsm;ud k &duQmo,f,lyd k @aqmifa&; twGuf jyefvnftoHk;ðyonf? ,ckuJhodk@ toHk;jyKEdkif&eftwGuf vrf;ab;wav#mufY ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;axmifxm;um vrf;rsm;udkumuG,fxm;onf?

oHvGifjrpfurf;ab;wav#muftm; xdef;csKyfEd ki fa&;twGuf 1995 ckESpfwGifetzwyfrsm;onf &duQmo,f,lydk@aqmif&ef zgyGef-acgyl-ausmuf!‡yf um;vrf;udktoHk;ðycJ honf? Tvrf;rSm pDrHudef;csxm;onfh oHvGiftxufyd kif; a&umwm.txufem;av;wGif&S donf? Tvrf;udk etzwyfrsm;u &Gmom;rsm;tm; t"rRcdkif;apr_jzifh 1999 ckESpfwGif jyefvnfðyjyifazmufvkyfcJhonf? Todk@jzifh "g;cGifwGifwyfcsxm;onfh etz wyfrsm;twGuf &duQmrsm;udk o,f,lydk@aqmifay;EdkifcJhonf?

2004 ckESpf rwfvESifh {+yDvwGif etzonf acgylrS azgxmodk@ vrf;wck azmufvkyfjyefonf? azmufvkyfxm;onfh vrf;ab;wav#mufwGif ajrjrKyfrd kif;csxm;onf?ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;rSm a'ocH&Gmom;rsm;twGuf aorif;wrefrsm; jzpf=uonf? &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;rSm etzwyfrsm;twGuf ay:wmtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ vrf;rsm;tm; &Sif;ay;&eftwGufvnf;aumif; aqmif&Guf=u&&mwGif r=umc%qdkovdkyif rdkif;rsm;tm; wufeif;rdI '%f&mrsm; &&Sdavonf?

24 24 24 24 24 e,fvSnfhausmydk;tdwfusef;rma&;vkyfom;tzGJ@ 2003 ckESpf tpD&ifcHpm/



,if;a'o&Sd autJef,l tzGJ@tpnf;xHrS owif;t&

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etzonf aus;&Gm0ef;usifw0dkufwGifvnf; ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm;axmifxm;onf?

“usaemfwdk@[m +cHajrrsm;rSm pdkufysKd;xm;wJh tyifrsm;udk ðypk&eftwGuf &Gmuae+cHodk‹tvkyfvkyf&efoGm;vm&mwGif rdkif;AHk;tE W&m,fudk a=umufae&ygw,f?” (zgyGefc±dkif/vlaom®r@e,f/ y'J'J&Gmom;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;csuf)

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e,fvSnfhausmydk;tdwfusef;rma&;vkyfom;tzGJ‹. tpD&ifcHcsuft&/ 2003 ckESpftwGif;zgyGefc±dkifwGif rdkif;AHk;wufeif;rd+yD; '%f&m&ol (12)OD;&SdcJhonf? ouU&mZf 2002 ckESpfwGifTe,fajrtwGif; ppfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ yd krsm;cJ haomfvnf; rd kif;wufeif;rdonfhjzpf&yf(3)ckom&SdcJhonf?

25 25 25 25 25 aqGrsKd;rsm;tqdkt& TtrsKd;orD;udk etzu zgyGefaq;±Hkodk@ ydk@ay;cJhaomfvnf; aq;0g;ukor_ukefusp&dwfudkrl olr.rdom;pkuom tukefcH&onf?



tpm;tpmzlvHka&;

p pftpdk;&wyfrsm; 0ifa&mufjcif;r&Sdao;cifu Tta&SŒydkif; zgyGefa'o&Sd aus;&Gm tkyfpk(3)pktwGuf xGuf&Sdonfh &duQmoD;ESHonf a'ocHvlxktwGuf zlvHkavh &Sdygonf?

&duQm&Sm;yg;r_ ay:aygufvmygu &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf w&GmESifhw&Gm vGwf vGwfvyfvyfoGm;vmv_yf&Sm;Ed kifojzif h ‚wdk@onf teD;tem;&S d aps;uGufrsm;wGif rdrdwd k @.xGufukefypPnf;rsm;tm; a&mif;cs=uum ‚wdk@vdktyfonfh tjcm;ukefypPnf; rsm;udk0,f,l=uonf? a'oxGufukefypPnf;tcsKd@udk xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ a&mif;cs=uonf?

TukefypPnf;rsm;xJwGif opfawmxGufypPnf;rsm;jzpf=uonfh opfoD;0vHrsm;/ysm;&nfrsm; yg0if=uavonf? tdrfarG;wd&dp>mefrsm;jzpfonfh =uuf/ 0ufrsm;vnf;yg0ifonf? tcsKd@&Gmom;rsm;rSm &GmrSxGufcGm+yD; tjcm;t&yfa'orsm;wGif rdrdwdk@. vkyftm;rsm;udk a&mif;pm;=uonf?

,ae@qdkv#if Ta'otwGif; etzppfwyfrsm;.v_yf&Sm;r_ rsm;jym;vmaejcif;/&yf&Gmrsm;tm; t"rRa&$@ajymif;apr_rsm; jzpfay:aejcif;ESifh vrf;rsm;tm; azmufvkyf&mwGif vkyftm;ay;ae&jcif;/ etzwyfrsm;u &Gmom;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_udk uef@owfcsKyfcs,faejcif;ESifh ppftpdk;&wyfrsm;. tjcm;tEdkifusifhonfh vkyf&yftrsKd;rsKd;a=umifhTa'owGif; tpm;taomufzlvHka&;udk +cdrf;ajcmufv#uf&Sdonf?

etzppfwyf. 1995 ckESpf xdk;ppfrSp+yD; yef[dkufaus;&GmtkyfpkwGif v,f,majrtuGuf50 (pkpkaygif; {u 487 (odk@ ) 2²1& pwk&ef;rdkif)onf ,ae@xdwdkif &Gmom;rsm;rS pGef@ypfcJh&+yD; vkyfudkifpm;aomufolr&SdbJ jzpfaecJh&onf? Tv,f,majrrsm;wGif pyg;xkwfvkyfr_udk rðyvkyfEdkifjcif;a=umifh wESpfv#if pyg;avsmhenf;qHk;±_H;r_rSm wif;aygif; (19 400)&Sdonfudk jyqdk aeonf? pyg;wwif;. aps;E_ef;rSm bwfaiG(120)ESifh wGufygu qHk;±H_;onfhwefzdk;rSm bwfaiG (2²3)oef;cef@&Sdayonf? TonfrSm awmif,mpyg;rsm;udk yg0ifwGufcsufjcif; r&Sdao;ay? a'ocHvlxktawmfrsm;rsm;u awmif,mpyg; xkwfvkyfr_tay: rS Dcd kae=u&onf? Tawmifay:a'oonf ppftpd k;&ppfwyfrS vlrsm;tm;vGwfvyfpGmypfowfEdkifojzifh xkwfvkyfr_udk rsm;pGmxdcdkufepfemaponf?

2004 ckESpf rwfvESifh {+yDvwGif etzwyf&if; (3&9)rS acgyl-azgxm um;vrf;udkazmufvkyf&mwGif acgylaus;&GmtkyfpkwGif; oD;±dkacsmif;wav#mufESifh r,f&,facsmif;wav#muf


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&Sd vGifjyifrS v,fuGuf (25)uGuf (51-{u) &Sd&m Tv,fuGufrsm;onf t+yD;tydkifzsufqD;jcif; cH=u&onf?

,cktcsdefwGif etzwyfrsm;onf a'otwGif;tpOft+rJ wyfcsxm;ojzifh xdkif;EdkifiHrS &duQmrsm;udk 0,f,l+yD; o,faqmif&mrSm tvGefcufcJv#uf&Sdonf? &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPsrsm;tjzpf aexdkif=u&ojzifh tjcm;0ifaiGrsm; &&Sd&eftwGufvnf; tuef@towf tvGef}uD;rm;ygonf?

tcsKd@&Gmom;rsm;onf toufpGef@+yD; xdkif;EdkifiHwGif aq;/ aq;ypPnf;ESifh tjcm;ukefypPnf;rsm; oGm;a&muf0,f,lum IDPs tpkta0;twGif;Y jyefvnfa&mif;csv#uf&Sdonf?

pm;eyf&duQmr&Sdjcif;onf jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs rsm;tm; xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ 'kuQonftjzpf oGm;a&mufaexdkifaponfh t"duta=umif;&if;jzpfonf? IDPs rsm;onf ‚wdk@.&yf&GmESifh reD;ra0;ae&mwGif aexdkif&a&;twGuf tvGef}uD;onfh tcuftcJESifh tE W&m,frsm;udk &ifqdkif&ef toifh&Sdaeonf? ‚wdk@onf etzxdef;csKyfxm;onfh ae&m odk@r[kwfxdkif;EdkifiH 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;wGif raevdk=uay?

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bGm;'Jaus;&Gmtkyfpk/ bGm;'Jaus;&GmwGifaexdkifcJ honfh jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPstrsKd;orD;}uD;wOD;u ,cifat;at;csrf;csrf; aexdkifcJh&aom tajctaeudk ,ckvdk&Sif;jyygonf?

“,ae@umv toufarG;0rf;a=umif;&mwGif a&S;,cifumvuvdk aysmfp&m raumif;awmhyg? usrwdk@[m tcktcsdef oD;ESHrsm; pdkufysKd;&mwGif t+rJbJ pdk;&drfae=u&w,f?,ciftcsdef (etz ppfwyf0if&muf+yD;ppfqifa&;rsm; rvkyfao;onfhtcsdef)uqdk&ifae&xdkif&wm b,favmufaysmfp&maumif;ovJ/ qefpyg;pdkufysKd;&mwGif usrwdk@ wOD;ESifhwOD;tjyeftvSef ulnD=uw,f? twlwuG tvkyfvkyf=uwm[m tvGefaysmfp&maumif;w,f? tckqdk&if usrwdk@ awmif,mtus,f}uD;udk ckwfpm;vdk@ r&awmhyg? tvGef



pdk;&drfae&wJh tcsdef jzpfaevdk@bJ” (u&ifjrpfacsmif;rsm; apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ‹.awG‹qHkar;jref;jcif;? pufwifbm 2003 ck)

TESpfrdk;umvwGif &Gmol&Gmom;rsm; ºuufuyfab;2626262626ESifh&ifqdkif=u&onf? ºuufrsm;onf pdkufcif;xJ&Sd pyg;oD;ESHtm;vHk;udk pm;aomufzsufqD;=uonf? t"dyg,frSm TESpftwGif; tpm;tpm&Sm;yg;r_ rkcsay:aygufrnf jzpfonf? &Gmom;rsm;twGuf tckvdkuyfab;a=umifh &duQm&Sm;yg;r_rSm wESpfwnf;ESifhyif +yD;qHk;rnfr[kwfay? aemifESpfrsm;odk@vnf; qufoGm;rnfudk ‚wdk@aumif;aumif;od=uonf? a&SŒ,cif u&ifvl}uD;olrrsm;u ,ckuJhodk@ qdk±dk;pum;rsm;udk ajymxm;cJh=uonf? “tiwfab;usa&mufwmawmhwESpfxJbJ? 'gayrJh jzpfay:vmrJh qdk;usdK;uawmh (3)ESpftxd qufjzpfyGm;w,f” ppftpdk;&a=umifh a'ocHvlxkrsm;rSm &duQmjy\emESifh qdk;0g;pGm cHae=u&+yD; jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm aemiftcsdefrsm;wGifvnf; ºuufuyfab; xyfrHusa&muf&ef tvGefaocsm+yD; tvGefqdk;0g;onfh tusKd;qufrsm;udk cHpm;=u&rnfjzpfonf?

usef;rma&;

p wmawmifxlxyfonfh a'owGifaexdkifa&;rSm tvGef=urf;wrf;onf? rdk;&moDumvvnf; &Snf=umonf? Ttajctaea=umifh iSufzsm;a&m*grSm yHkrSefwnf&Sdonfha&m*g

jzpfaeonf? Ta'owGifaexdkif=uonfh jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs rsm;onf 0rf;av#ma&m*g/ touf±_vrf;a}umif;qdkif&m a&m*grsm;ESifhvnf; cHpm;=u&onf?

e,fvSnfhausmydk;tdwfusef;rma&;vkyfom;tzGJ‹(u&if). avhvmcsuft& zgyGefa'owGif; ouU&mZf 2000 rS 2003 ckESpftxd umvwGif touf (5) ESpfatmuf uav;rsm;xJwGift[m&csKd@wJhE_ef;rSm (12µ)&Sdonf?2&2&2&2&2& touf (5)ESpfatmuf uav;rsm;.aoqHk;r_E_ef;rSm uav; (1000) v#if (250) txd&Sdonf?26 26 26 26 26 a'ocH&Gmom;rsm;u tavhus aygufyGm;v#uf&Sdaom0g;rsm; oD;yGifhjcif; (ZEM0g&DvrS rwfvtxd)a=umifh ºuufuyfab; jzpfyGm;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf[k ajymjyonf? ºuufrsm;rSm T0g;oD;ESHrsm;tm;pm;oHk;&ef tvHk;t&if;ESifh xGufvm=uonf? rdk;usvmaomtcg 0g;oD;rsm; r&Sdawmhacs? xdktcg,if;ºuufrsm;onf tjcm;ae&m tESH‹tjym;odk@oGm;um pyg;tygt0if tjcm;oD;ESHrsm;udkpm;oHk;zsufqD;=uavonf?27 27 27 27 27 u,fq,fa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; a,bl,soabmwlnDcJhonfrSm tu,fI t[m&csdKŒwJhaeonfhuav; (8µ)&Sdaeonf[k awG@&Sdygu ta&;ay: t[m&axmufyhHr_rsm;ðyvkyfrnf?



usef;rma&;vkyfom;wOD;rS ,ckuJhodk@ &Sif;jyonf?“arG;uif;p uav;awG aoqHk;&wm[m udk,f0efaqmifrdcifu etz ppfwyfa=umifh

awmwGif;rSm ajy;v$mykef;atmif;ae&+yD; usef;rma&;ðypkr_ vHkvHkavmufavmufrcH&wma=umifheJ‹ tJ'Dudk,f0efaqmifrdcifawG[m av;vHwJhtxkyftydk;awGudkvG,f/cufcJ=urf;wrf;wJhvrf;udkav#muf/ vHkavmufwJh em;csdefvnf;r&/ t[m&jynfh0wJhtpm;tpmvnf; rpm;&bJ jzpfae=uvdk@ygbJ?” (u&ifjrpfacsmif;rsm; apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ‹rS awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; pufwifbm 2003 ck)

Ta'otwGif; usef;rma&;jy\em tvGefqdk;0g;ae&jcif;. t"du ta=umif;&if;rSmaq;0g;r&Sdaoma=umifhjzpfonf? TuJhodk@ aq;0g;r&Sdjcif;uvnf; Ta'otwGif; etzwyfrsm;. aESmuf,Sufr_a=umifh oGm;vm&cufcJIjzpfonf? etzwyfrsm;uvnf;&Gmom;rsm;xHY acwfrDaq;0g;awG‹&Sdygu ckcHa&;tiftm;pkudk tm;ay;onf[k pGyfpGJumtjypfay;ta&;,lonf? (u&ifvlŒtcGifhta&;tzGJ‹. &Sif;jycsuf?)

“aq;0g;rsm; o,f,lydk@aqmifjcif;udk wm;jrpfxm;onf? aq;0g;rsm; vuf0,fxm;&Sdoludk awG@&Sdygu rnfodk@r# ta=umif;jy&Sif;vif;xkacsIr&bJ tzrf;cH&rnf? aq;rSmtenf;i,fom jzpf+yD; udk,fydkifoHk;twGufom jzpfapumrl towfcH&EdkifbG,f&Sdonf?”(u&ifvlŒtcGifhta&;tzGJ‹. “iwfrGwfjcif;ESifh touf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twGuf ±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;r_” 2001 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv)

jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs rsm;twGuf zGifhvSpfxm;onfh a&$@ajymif;aq;cef;av;wck.tpD&ifcHcsuft& IDPs rsm;xJwGif iSufzsm;a&m*gESifh tjyif;txeftouf±SL=uyfa&m*g(ARI)rsm; cHpm;&ol tvGefrsm;jym;aeonfudk awG@&Sd&a=umif;/ TuJhodk@jzpf&jcif;rSm‚wdk@onf twif;t"rRr_rsm;a=umifh awmwGif;Yajy;v$m;ae&jcif;a}umifh usef;rma&;ðypkapmifha&Smufr_ tenf;tusOf;om cH,l&&Sdjcif;a=umifhjzpfa=umif; azmfjyxm;onf?

“usaemfwdk@xGufajy;wJhtcg/a&m*gtrsKd;rsKd;eJ@ aojcif;udk &ifqdkifcJh&onf? usaemfwdk@rSmbmaq;0g;rS r&Sdyg? aq;0g;udk&&Sdbdk@ b,frSroGm;&J/ rvm&J jzpfaeygw,f?” (uavmcD;'J&Gmom;wOD;? u&ifjrpfacsmif;rsm; apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ‹. awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;?pufwifbm/ 2003 ck)

&Gmom;trsm;pkrSm zsm;em&mwGif a&m*gaysmufuif;&eftwGuf awmwGif;rS &&SdonfhtpOftvm opfjrpf0g;jrpfwdk‹udkom pm;oHk;=uonf?



“usaemfwdk@&GmxJrSm cHpm;&onfha&m*gtrsdK;tpm;rSm rsm;vGef;ygonf? uav;trsm;pkrSm udk,fyl/ acgif;udkuf/ zsm;emjcif;ESifh iSufzsm;a&m*gjzpfjcif;wdk@udk cHpm;=u&onf?odk@&mwGif ‚wdk@udk awmaq;rsm;jzifhom ukoae&onf?” (u&ifjrpfacsmif;rsm;apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ‹rS a0aemf'J&Gmom;wOD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;? bl;odk®r@e,f/zgyGefc±dkif)

Tao;i,faom a'otwGif;&Sdaeonfh usef;rma&;jy\emrSm wwdkif;jynfvHk;ESifhpmv#if yifv,fxJwGif ar#maeaom a&cJwHk;}uD;uJhodk@ a&ay:wGifay:aeonfh tpdwftydkif;rSm tenf;i,fom jzpfonf? odkŒaomfppftpdk;&.tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhpDrHcefŒcGJa&; nHhzsif;rSka}umifhydkIomqdk;vmapcJhygonf? TtajctaewGifppftpdk;&onf 4if;wdkŒzsufqD;jypfaeaom,if;a'orSvlxkrsm;twGuf usef;rma&;aqmif &GufrSkrsm;udkcGifhjyKrnfr[kwfay?wu,fwGif,if;tajctaerSm tHh}op&mta}umif; awmhr[kwfay?

ynma&;

T a'otwGif; aexdkif=uonfh &Gmom;rsm;rSm ynma&;udkwefzdk;xm;=uonf?jynfwGif;'kuQonf IDPs b0jzifh aexdkif=uolrsm;onf tcuftcJrsm;=um;rS‚wdk@. uav;rsm;twGuf ausmif;rsm;udk pDpOfay;aeygonf? Tausmif;

rsm;onf ppftpdk;& wyfrsm;. ppfqifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh r=umc% ydwfxm;&onf?tcsdefjynfh oif=um;ay;rnfh ausmif;q&mrsm; &&Sda&;rSmvnf; pdefac:r_wck jzpfaeygonf?ausmif;q&mrsm;vnf; tjcm;olrsm;enf;wl pm;0wfaea&;twGuf &SmazGpm;aomuf&efvdkayonf? ‚wdk@onf ‚wdk@bmom ajr,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;udkvnf; vkyf=u&ygonf?

a'oqdkif&m vltpkta0; zGH@®z;r_vkyfom;rsm;. tqdkt& Ta'owGif&Sdae=uonfhvltpkta0;tm;vHk;vdkvdkrSm ynma&;vkyfief;udk tm;ay;&eftwGuf aus;&GmpDrHudef;rsm;udk csrSwf=uygonf? Oyrm- ynma&;&HyHkaiGrsm; wnfaxmifonf? vufvDqdkifzGifh+yD;aps;a&mif;&&Sdonfh tjrwftpGef;rsm;udk ausmif;q&mrsm;tm; axmufyhH=uonf?

a'otwGif;&Sdausmif;rsm;rSm tjrifhqHk; (4)wef;txd &Sdygonf? uav;rsm;rSmu&ifbmomjzifh ta&;/ tzwfESifh tajccH*%ef;ocFsmwGufcsufjcif;rsm;udk oif=um;



=u&onf? TtjrifhqHk; (4)wef;udk atmifjrif=uonfh uav;rsm;rSm ‚wdk@ynma&;udkqufcsifygu a'otjyifbufodk@ xGufoGm;=u&onf? u&ifjrpfacsmif;rsm; apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ‹. uGif;qif;avhvmcsuft& -,ckuJhodk@ tjyif a'oodk@ xGuf+yD; ‚wdk@. ynma&;twGuf txufwef;ausmif;ynmudk qufvufavhvm=uonfh uav;oli,f 40µ &Sdonf?


a&umwmpDrHudef;ae&mteD;tem;Y ykef;atmif;aexdkif&oljynfwGif;'kuQonf(IDPs) uav;wOD;?



0J}uD;teD;w0dkuf&Sd ±Gmom;rsm; ewfac:yGJ (odk‹) ewfpm;yGJ usif;yaepOf?ewfrsm;tm; ‚if;wdk‹.a&ajrrsm;udk apmifha&Smuf&ef ylaZmfuefawmhqkawmif;jcif;jzpfonf?Tqkawmif;yGJtcrf;tem;jyKvkyfonfhae&mrSm EGAT . jzpfEdkifacsavhvma&;ae&mESifhrsufESmcsif;qdkifjzpfonf?




r}umao;rDumvtwGif; oHvGifjrpfa}umif;wav#mufaqmif±GufcJhonfh zGHŒ _zdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;

“ESpfEdkifiHtusKd;wlzGHŒ+zdK;a&;vkyfief;onfe,fpyfa'orsm;udkydkIyGifhvif;aprSmjzpf+yD;vlqdk;rsm;/ vlenf;pkrsm;ESifh e,fpyfwav#mufvHk; ykef;v#Kdaeonfh t&mrsm;udk

yaysmufoGm;±Hkomru ydkrdkIe,fajrvHk+cHKvmrSmjzpfonf?”

xdkif; 'k-0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; csm0gvpf a,mifcsKdif,k/befaumufydk@pf/ Edk0ifbm 2&/ 2002 ck?

2 002 ckESpf ydkif;txd oHvGifjrpfwav#muf wyfcsaexdkif=uonfh xdkif;wyfESifh jrefrmwyfrsm;onf ‚wdk@t=um; &if;EDS;qufqHr_ r&SdcJhyg? oHvGifjrpfay:wGif

oGm;vmae=uonfh xdkif;avSrsm;udk jrefrmwyfrsm;u r=umc%ypfcwfonf? odk@&mwGif2003 ckESpfup+yD; Te,fajrwav#muf wyfcsvsuf&Sdonfh xdkif;ESifhjrefrmwyf rsm;onfwOD;ESifhwOD;t=um; ydkIeD;uyfr_rsm; &SdvmcJhonfudk awG@&onf? Todk@jzpf& jcif;rSma&umwm wnfaqmufa&; pDr Hude f;a=umif hvnf; jzpfE d ki fonf? txl;ojzif hzgyGefa'otm; xdef;csKyfxm;onfh etzppfwyf &wc(ta&S@awmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf)onfoHvGifjrpfurf;wav#muf tajccH wyfpGJxm;onf? xdkif;wyfrawmf wyfzGJ@trSwf(36)ESifhydkrdkIeD;uyfpGm qufqHvmonf?

a'orSvmonfh owif;tqdkt& autJef,lESifh ppftpdk;&wdk@ typftcwf&yfpJa&;raqG;aEG;cif 2003-ckESpf ESpfv,fumvY xdkif;tm%mydkifrsm;u autJef,l acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; oHvGifjrpf&Sd e,fpyfwav#mufwGif etzwyfrsm;tm; ypfcwfwdkufcdkufjcif;rðy&ef ajymqdkvmonf?

jrefrmjynfbufuvnf; 2002 ckESpfup+yD; etzwyfrsm;onf oHvGifjrpfurf;wav#muf aoe*FAsL[musonfh awmifxdyfrsm;ay:wGif pcef;rsm; tcdkiftrm wnfaqmufum wyfcsaexdkif=uonf? ,if;wyfpcef;rsm;udk oGyf}udK;rsm;jzifh um&Hxm;+yD;/


wyf+cH0ef;wav#muf ajrjrKyfrdkif;rsm; axmifxm;avonf? wyfpcef;xJYvnf; tajrmufvufeuf}uD;rsm; wyfqifxm;onf? autJef,lxHrS &&Sdonfh owif;t& 0J}uD; ESifheD;onfharmf&pfusKd;wyfpcef;ESifh "g;cGifESifheD;onfh v,fwdk;wyfpcef;/ oHvGif-aomif&if;jrpfESifheD;onfh armfrdkusKd; ponfh wyfpcef;rsm;onf (120)rDvDrDwm tajr‡mufrsm;&Sdonf?ppfwyfrsm;twGuf vdktyfonfh &duQmrsm; o,f,lydk@aqmif&mwGif vrf;rsm;vnf; ydkIaumif;rGefvmonf?

2004 ck rwfv (9)&ufae@u e,fpyf&Sd xdkif;wyfrsm;u jrefrmwyfom;rsm;tm;r,fa[mifaqmif awmifydkif;/ r,fp&D;,ef;®r@odk@ vma&mufvnfywfEdkif&ef tultnDay;a=umif; od&onf? xdktcsdefwGif Te,fpyfa'oonf tjcm;e,fjcm;a'ouJhodk@ e,fjcm;yl;wGJaumfrwDzGJ@pnf;xm;jcif; r&Sdao;acs?

EGAT rSvnf; 2003 ck Edk0ifbmvwGif Ta&umwmpDrHudef; jzpfEdkif§rjzpfEdkifavhvmonfh tpDtpOfudk ðyvkyfcJhonf? autJef,lrS tm%mydkifrsm;u Tavhvma&;tpDtpOf rjzpfvmatmif }udK;yrf;wm;qD;cJhao;onf? TtpDtpOf &yfqdkif;oGm;atmifa'ocH trsKd;orD;wOD;u }udK;yrf;cJhyHkudk ,ckuJhodk@ajym=um;onf?

“usrwdk@u 'No Dam' (a&umwmrvkyfygeJ@ )qdkwJh ydkpwm}uD;awG a&;qGJxm;+yD;usrwdk‹aewJh azgifay:rSm wifxm;=uw,f? xdkif;ppfAdkvfwa,mufu vm+yD; 'gawGudkz,f&Sm;bdk@ awmif;qdkw,f? xdkif;ppfAd kvfu ‘cifAsm;wdk@'Dvdkvkyfwm raumif;bl;?cifAsm;wdk@ 'Dvdkvkyf&if aemufydkif;jrefrmppfwyfvmwJhtcg cifAsm;wdk@udk xdkif;bufurf;ajy;vmbdk@ cGifhðyrSm r[kwfbl;’ vdk‹ ajymw,f?” (“oHvGifrsufpd”tzGJ@0ifwOD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;cef;? rwfv/ 2004 ck)

Ta&umwmjy\emrSm ,ckuJhodk@ +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsKd;a=umifh autJef,ltkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkifrsm;tm; tcuftcJjzpfapygonf?

“'DudpPu tawmfudk acgif;cJp&maumif;w,f? vGefcJhwJhESpfrsm;u usaemfwdk@ a'oudk&efolwyfrsm; a&mufvmwJhtcg IDPs awGu xdkif;bufurf;odk@ ul;ajy;avh&Sdw,f? tckolwdk@ajymovdk yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_r&Sd&if 'Dxdkif;ppfAdkvfajymcJhovdk jzpfvmEdkifp&mta=umif;&Sdw,f?”(KNDO a'owyfrSL;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;? rwfv/ 2004 ck)

r =umao ;r Dumvtw G i f ;o Hv G i f j r p f a =umi f ;wav # mu f aqmi f ± Gu f c J hon f h z G H Œ + z d K ; a & ;v k y f i e f ; r s m ;r =umao ;r Dumvtw G i f ;o Hv G i f j r p f a =umi f ;wav # mu f aqmi f ± Gu f c J hon f h z G H Œ + z d K ; a & ;v k y f i e f ; r s m ;r =umao ;r Dumvtw G i f ;o Hv G i f j r p f a =umi f ;wav # mu f aqmi f ± Gu f c J hon f h z G H Œ + z d K ; a & ;v k y f i e f ; r s m ;r =umao ;r Dumvtw G i f ;o Hv G i f j r p f a =umi f ;wav # mu f aqmi f ± Gu f c J hon f h z G H Œ + z d K ; a & ;v k y f i e f ; r s m ;r =umao ;r Dumvtw G i f ;o Hv G i f j r p f a =umi f ;wav # mu f aqmi f ± Gu f c J hon f h z G H Œ + z d K ; a & ;v k y f i e f ; r s m ;


autJef,lESif h etzwdk@ typftcwf&yfpJa&; aemufqHk;aqG;aEG;yG JrSm 2003 ckEdk0ifbmvwGif pwifcJhonf? zgyGefe,ftwGif; IDPs rsm; ‚wdk@&yf&Gmodk@ jyefIaeEdkif&efautJef,lu etztm; zgyGefc±dkiftwGif; ‚wdk@wyfrsm;tm; ±kyfodrf;&ef tqdkðycJhonf?odk@&mwGif Ttqdkðycsufudk etzuvufrcHay? ‚wdk@u trsKd;om;vHk+cHKa&;ESif he,fajrpdk;rdk;a&;udk ta=umif;jy+yD; jiif;qefcJhonf? etzu qufae&ef t"du &nfrSef;csufrSm Ta'otm; xdef;csKyfpdk;rdk;a&;/ e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;ESifh a&umwmwnfaqmufa&;rsm;jzpfa=umif; &Sif;aeygonf? (oHvGifjrpfay:&Sd &Gmw&GmrS &Gmom;wOD;u ‘u&ifjrpfacsmif;rsm; apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ‹’tm; &Sif;jycsuf)

“jrefrmppfAdkvfwOD;u vGefcJhwJhvtenf;i,fu usaemfwdk@&Gmudka&mufvm+yD; tckvdkajymw,f? a&umwmwnfaqmufa&;rSm apmonfxufapm+yD; taumiftxnfaz:Edkifbdk@ cifAsm;wdk@ qkawmif;ay;yg” (uavmxm&Gmom;ESifhawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;?pufwifbmv/ 2003 ck)

jrefrmppfAdkvfu tckvdkawmif;qdkaomfvnf; &Gmom;rsm;u olajymonftwdkif;rvkyf±Hkr#ru ‚wdk@onf teD;tem;0ef;usif&Sd &Gmom;ta,muf wpf&mausmfpk+yD;2004 rwfv 16 &ufaeŒwGif ewfylaZmfyGJðyvkyfume,fajrapmifhewfrsm;rS ToHvGifjrpf}uD;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;&ef qkawmif;=uavonf?

2003 ck pufwifbmv (16) &ufae‹wGif etz. ppfAsL[mrSL;onf "g;cGifudk a&muf&Sdvm+yD; tajctaersm;udk avhvmoGm;onf? Ta'o&Sdvltrsm;. tqdkt& etzonftjcm;w&m;0if ukefoG,fa&;*dwfwckudk bef‹xef;wzef(xdkif;)&GmESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif "g;cGifwGif zGifhvSpfxm;&Sd&ef pDrHxm;onf? T*dwfonf xdkif;EdkifiH r,fp&D;,ef;rS ukefypPnf;rsm;udk zgyGefc±dkif twGif;odk@ wifydk@&ef taxmuftuljzpfaprnf? Todk@jzifh “etz”.“&wc”onf e,fpyf ukefoG,fa&;uae tusKd;tjrwf&&SdoGm;rnf jzpfonf?

,cktcsdefwGif Ta'otwGif; w&m;0ife,fpyfukefoG,fa&;twGuf ae&m ESpfck&Sdonf? u&ifjynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,fESifh xdkif;EdkifiHe,fpyf (3)ck qHkonfhae&m “waumfxm” wGif wckESifh u,m;jynfe,fawmifydkif;e,fpyfESifh xdkif;EdkifiHe,fpyfwdk@ xdawG@onfhae&m “r,fpuf”wGif wckjzpfonf? ukefoG,fr_rSm xdkif;EdkifiH r,fp&D;,ef;/ ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;a'o/ awmifila'o ESifh u,m;jynfe,f vGdKifaumf®r@odk@ wifydk@&ef jzpfonf? r,fpufe,fpyfukefoG,fa&; vrf;a=umif;rSm KNPLF ac: u&ifeDjynfvlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD; (u,m;jynfe,ftwGif; etzESifh typftcwf &yfpJxm;onfhtzGJ@ )



ESifh etz. ta&SŒydkif;wdkif;ppfXmewdk@. xdef;csKyfr_atmufwGif&Sdonf? ukefoG,fr_rSm xdkif;EdkifiH r,fpHrvJhudkjzwfum oHvGifjrpftm; o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;vrf;tjzpf toHk;ðy+yD;ukefypPnf;rsm;tm; waumfxm ESifh r,fpufodk@ ydk@aqmif&efjzpfonf?

TESpfwGif etzwyfrsm;onf zgyGefc±dkiftwGif;&Sd aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;. axmufcHr_&&Sd&eftwGuf pwif}udK;yrf;onfhtaejzifh pDrHcsufrsm;tm; ðyvkyfrnfh t&dyfta&mifrsm;&Sdaeygonf?

Oyrm rwfv 2004 ckESpf acgyl-azgxm um;vrf;udk azguf&mwGif (pmrsufESm 31&Sd ajryHkudk=unfhyg) etzwyfrsm;onf aus;&Gmvlxk. t"rRvkyftm;udk toHk;rðyawmhbJbl'dkZmrsm;udk oHk;vmonf? etzwyfrsm;onf a'ocH&Gmol}uD;rsm;rSwqifh &Gmom;rsm;tm; ‚wdk@ azmufvkyfv#uf&Sdonfh vrf;rsm;tm; vma&muf=unfh±_=u&ef zdwf=um;onf? etz wyfrsm;onf TuJhodk‹vrf;wnfaqmufa&;rsm;udk "gwfyHk±dkuf,ljcif;/ AD'D,dkrSwfwrf;wif ±kyf&Sif±dkuful;jcif;rsm;ðyvkyf=uonf? vma&muf=unfh±_=uonfh &Gmom;rsm;udkvnf; "gwfyHk±dkuf,ljcif;rsm;ðyvkyf+yD; Tvrf;rsm;azmufvkyf&mwGif &Gmom;rsm;.axmufcHtm;ay;r_ &oa,mifa,mifjzifh 0g'jzef@v#uf&Sdonf? odk@&mwGif Tvrf;tm;wnfaqmuf&mY &Gmom;rsm;. v,f,majruGuf (25)uGuf/ ajr{u (51){urSm bl'dkZm. wl;qGr_atmufwGif qHk;±H_;ysufqD;cJh&onf?

“vrf;rsm;wnfaqmuf&mrSm bl'dkZmudk pwiftoHk;ðy=uw,f? 'Dvdkvkyfwmudk AD'D,dkrSwfwrf;wif±dkuful;w,f? tJ'DpufawG &Gmom;awG&JŒ pdkufcif;rsm;udk jzwfoGm;wJhtcg"gwfyHk±dkuful;jcif;rðybJ &yfxm;vdkufw,f? &GmxJa&mufwJhtcg &Gmom;awGudk tpkzGJ@cdkif;+yD; "gwfyHkawG±dkufay;w,f?” (azgxg&Gmom;wOD;ESifh awG@qHk ar;jref;jcif;/ {+yDv 2003ck)



ajryHk(16) pDrHcsuft& zgyGefc±dkiftwGif; a&v$rf;rdk;rnfhae&mrsm;



a&umwma}umifh jzpfay:rnfh oufa&mufrSkrsm;

, ckcs defwGif a&umwmwnfaqmufjcif;a=umifh aocsmayguf}uHKawG‹&rnfhtusKd;qufwckrSm oHvGifjrpf0Srf;wav#muf obm0ywf0ef;usifwckvHk;

ajymif;vJoGm;rnfhudpPjzpfonf? Tae&monf urBmay:Y ajr=oZmtaumif;qHk; a'orsm;wGif wcktygt0ifjzpf+yD; vlESifh ywf0ef;usifwckvHk;rSm wrlxl;jcm;onfh taetxm;wGif&Sdonf? Ta'oudk tdENd,/ w±kwfa'oi,fESifh w±kwf-[dr0E Wm(odk@ )tdENd,a'oi,f ESpfckt=um; obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tajymif;tvJZHk tjzpfxm;=uonf?vlESifh ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&; azgifa';&Sif; wck. tqdkt& Tae&mudk a&v$rf;rdk;yguTae&mw0dkuf usufpm;v#uf&Sdonfh ouf&Sd owW0g trsKd;tpm;aygif; tenf;qHk;(235)rsKd;rSm }uD;pGmtE W&m,fusa&mufrnfjzpfonf? Oyrm TawmxJwGifawG‹&SdEdkifonfhusm;rsm;/ usm;opfrsm;/ tm&S a&$a=umifrsm;/ EGm;±dkif;aumifrsm;/ rsufuGif;jzLarsmufrsm;ponfh awm±dkif;wd&dp>mefrsm;rSm t}uD;tus,f tE W&m,f}uHKawG@=u&vdrfhrnf?2828282828 Ta&umwmonf oHvGifjrpfxJY awG@&Sd&onfh ig;trsKd;tpm;trsm;tjym;udk xdcdkufaprnf? Tig;rsm;xJwGif (35)rsKd;rSm pD;yGm;a&;t& ta&;ygonf?

touf&Sif&yfwnfrItay: oufa&mufrIrsm;

T pDrHcsufonf oHvGifjrpfurf;wav#mufESifhe,fpyf&Sd urf;ajr‡mifa'o ESpfbufESpfcsuftwGif; touf&Sif&yfwnfvsuf&Sd=uonfh vltygt0ifowW0g tpkta0;trsm;udk xdcdkufaponf?

Ta&umwm wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf jrefrmjynfbufurf; oHvGifjrpfa=umif;wav#muf aexdkif=uonfh u&ifvlxkESifhaqG;aEG;jcif;/ ajymqdkjcif;/ today;jcif;rsKd; r&SdcJhay? Tu&ifvlxkrsm;udk tqdkðyxm;onfh a&umwmrsm;ESifh ywfouf+yD; u&ifjrpfacsmif;rsm; apmifh=unfhavhvma&;tzGJ@u ar;jref;=unfh&mwGif ‚wdk@tm;vHk;onf pdk;&drfr_rsm;udk az: jy=u+yD; }uD;rm;onfh oufa&mufr_twGuf ‚wdk@a=umuf±GHŒae=uonf?28 28 28 28 28 txufyg FER ZGef 2003/ udk}unfhyg?


a&umwmwnfaqmufojzifh jrpfab;wav#muf ajrae&mrsm;ESifh jrpfvufwufrsm;ab;wav#muf v#Kdajrmifrsm;onf a&wGifepfjrKyfoGm;rnfudk ‚wdk@aumif;aumif;em;vnf oabmayguf=uonf?

“a&umwmwnfaqmufr,fqdk&if &Gmom;awG[m t}uD;tus,fjy\emeJ‹awG@}uHKvdrfhr,f? ta=umif;uawmh olwdk@xGef,ufpdkufysKd;ajr/ O,smOf+cHajrawGeJ‹awmxJu opfyif0g;yifawG a&v$rf;rdk;oGm;r,f/ usaemfwdk@ awmifay:om;awG[mtouf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twGuf awmudk&Sif;+yD; pyg;udkpd kufysK d;=uw,f? 'ga=umif h'Da&umwm[m usaemfwdk@twGuf tvGef}uD;rm;wJh jy\emudkjzpfaprSm aocsmw,f?”(vlaom®r@e,f/ aw;rl'Jaus;&Gmtkyfpk/ wmtl;'J&Gmom;wOD;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;/pufwifbm 2003 ck)

zgyGefta&SŒydkif;a'owGif tenf;tusOf;om&Sdonfh (pmrsufESm 71 &Sd ‘a&oGif;pyg;pd kufysK d;onfh v,f,majrrsm;’tm;jyonfh ajryH kud k =unfhyg?) ta&SŒajrmufyd kif;e,fajrrsm;wGif aexdkif=uonfh &Gmol±Gmom;rsm;rSm tpOftvmt& v,f,majrtm;xGef,uf+yD; pdkufysKd;pm;aomuf=uonf? ,ckqdkv#if Tv,f,majrtm;vHk; a&v$rf;rdk;oGm;awmhrnf? (pmrsufESm 82 &Sd ‘pDrHcsuft& a&v$rf;rdk;rnhf ae&mrsm;’tm; jyonfhajryHkudk=unfhyg? ) t"dy`g,frSm pdkufysKd;Edkifonfh ajrjyef@{&d,mw0ufvHk;vHk;onf qHk;±_H;oGm;ayrnf?

oHvGifjrpfurf;wav#muf aexdkif=uonfh&Gmom;rsm;onf urf;ab;wGif a&rsm;usqif;oGm;+yD;aemuf ajcmufaoG@&moDwGif Turf;ab;rsm;Y aiGa=u;&&SdEdkifonfh pm;yifaomufyifrsm;udk pdkufysKd;=uonf? Tenf;jzifh&&SdEdkifonfh taxGaxG0ifaiGrsm;rSm Ta&umwma=umifh ysufpD;qHk;±_H;oGm;ygrnf?

“'Djrpfurf;ab;rSmaexdkif=uwJh &Gmom;awG[m [if;oD;/ [if;&Gufrsm;udk pdkufysKd;a&mif;0,fpm;aomufjcif;eJ@ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;=uw,f? jrpfa&us+yD;aemufurf;ab;rSm z&JoD;/ aq;&Guf}uD;ESifh yJtrsKd;rsKd;ukdpdkuf=uw,f? 'Da&umwmaawGudkwnfaqmufvdkuf&if/ 'D&Gmom;awG[m toufarG;0rf;ausmif;&mrSm tcuftcJeJ@awG@=u&rSmbJ” (bl;odk®r@e,f/ yef[dkufaus;&Gmtkyfpk/ z,fv,f'J&Gmom;wOD;ESif hawG@qHkar;jref;jcif;/ pufwifbm 2003-ck)

a & u m w m a = u m i f h j z p f a y : r n f h o u f a & m u f r _ r s m ;a & u m w m a = u m i f h j z p f a y : r n f h o u f a & m u f r _ r s m ;a & u m w m a = u m i f h j z p f a y : r n f h o u f a & m u f r _ r s m ;a & u m w m a = u m i f h j z p f a y : r n f h o u f a & m u f r _ r s m ;a & u m w m a = u m i f h j z p f a y : r n f h o u f a & m u f r _ r s m ;


&Gmom;rsm;onf epfjrKyfoGm;rnfh oHvGifwav#muf&Sd opfawmt&if;tjrpfrsm;twGufvnf; pdk;&drfae=u&onf? ‚wdk‹udk bufaygif;pHkrS rSDckdtm;xm;ae}u&onf?

“a&v$rf;rdk;ygu tdrfaqmufbdk@ tvGeftoHk;0ifwJh opfyif/ 0g;yifawGvnf; zsufqD;wm cH&rSmbJ?” (vlaom®r@e,ftwGif; wmtl;'J&Gmom;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;? pufwifbmv 2003/ ck)

“a&umwmwnfaqmufvdkuf&ifawmh tzdk;wefopfawmrsm;jzpfwJh u|ef;opf/opfrm/ aowv,feJ@ vm;oD;avmfb awG &Sdawmhrnfr[kwfyg? 'ghtjyif aq;0g;twGuftoHk;0ifwJh tyifawGvnf; aysmufuG,fukefrSmbJ?” (yef[dkufaus;&Gmtkyfpk/ omo0D;'J&Gmom;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;? pufwifbm 2003 ck)

vHkNcHKa&;tay: oufa&mufrIrsm;

aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;onf ‚wdk@aexdkifpm;aomufa&;twGuf ylyif&onfh tjyifTa&umwma=umifh etzppftpdk;&wyfrsm;ydkI wdk;csvmrnfudk pdk;&drfae =u&onf?

ta=umif;rlum; Tetzppfom;rsm;onf ‚wdk@. b0vHk+cHKa&;twGuf tE W&m,fjzpfaeaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

“usaemfwdk@[m aemufxyfwcgawmxJ xGufajy;&OD;r,fqdkwm ,Hk=unfygw,f?ta=umif;uawmh &efolwyfrsm;[m 'Da&umwmpDrHcsufawGud k apmif h }uyfbd kŒydkrdka&muf&SdvmrSmrdk@bJ?” (vlaom®r@e,f/ y'J'J&Gmom;ESifh awG@qHkar;jref;jcif;? pufwifbm2003 ck)

etzwyfrsm;onf ‚wdk@Te,fajrtwGif; qufIraeEdkifap&ef wrifoufoufvkyfae=uonf[k &Gmom;rsm;u ,Hk=unfae=uonf?

“&efolawG[m usaemfwdk@udk ydk+yD;vG,fvG,fav;eJ@ azsmufzsufypfEdkifzdk@ olwdk@&JŒwyfom;ta&twGufrsm;rsm;udk ac:oGif;vm=urSmbJ?” (bl;odk®r@e,f/ a0aemf'J&Gmom;ESifh awG@qkHar;jref;jcif;? pufwifbm 2003 ck)

awmxJwGifae=u&rnfjzpfaoma=umifh &Gmom;rsm;. usef;rma&;tajctaerSm ydk+yD;qdk;0g;pGm ,dk,Gif;oGm;rnf? ‚wdk‹uav;rsm;. ynma&;udkvnf; xdcdkufaprSm jzpfonf?



“'Da&umwmudk wnfaqmufEdkifr,fqdk&if uav;awG&JŒynma&;tajctae[mqHk;±H_;oGm;rSmbJ? ta=umif;uawmh usaemfwdk@[m etzwyf&SdwJhae&muae xGufajy;+yD;awmxJrSmbJ ae=u&OD;r,f/ usef;rma&;twGufvnf; jy\em jzpfrSmbJ? tdk;r&Sd/ tdrfr&Sdajy;v$m; ae&rSmrd k @ a&m*gawGud k yd k +y D;awmh cHpm;=u&r,f?” (vlaom®r@e,f/wmtl;'Jaus;&Gmom;tm; awG@qHkar;jrefjcif;? pufwifbm 2003 ck)

Ta'o&Sd &Gmom;rsm;onf xdkif;EdkifiHtwGif; 'kuQonfrsm;tjzpf ae=u&rnfudktvGefpdk;&drfae=u&onf?

“usaemfwdk@ 'DrSmaer&vdk@ 'kuQonfpcef;udkajymif;a&$Œ&&if usaemfwdk@}udKufovdkaecGifh&rSmr[kwfbl;? wif;=uyfwJhxdef;csKyfr_atmufrSm ae&rSmbJ? 'ga=umifh 'DrSmvnf;aevdk@r&/ xdkif;EdkifiHvnf; roGm;Edkifjzpfaew,f?” (vlaom®r@e,f/ xD;au'J&Gmom;ESifhawGqHkar;jref;jcif;? pufwifbm 2003 ck)

2004 ckESpftwGif; xdkif;EdkifiHrSu&if'kuQonfrsm;udk ae&yf&if;jyefydk@&efudpPrSm t&Sdefydkjrifhvmonf? odk@aomfvnf; ,ckuJhodk@ a&umwmpDrHudef; qufvufjzpfaernfqdkv#if'kuQonfrsm;rSm jyefoGm;&ef aetdrf&Sdrnfr[kwfay?

a'ocHjynfolrsm;twGuf tusKd;&Sdrnfr[kwf

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tusKd;tjrwfudkr# cHpm;=u&rnf r[kwfa=umif; od&Sdxm;onf?

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onfh teD;tem;w0dkufwGif tpdk;&ppfom;rsm; pcef;csaexdkifv#uf&Sdonf? a'ovlxkrsm;onf trsKd;rsKd;tEdkifusifh apmfum;jcif;cH=u&onf? a&umwmwnfaqmuf&mwGifvnf;a'ocHvlxkrsm;udk t"rRapcdkif;cJhonf? ,ae@xdwdkif aus;&Gmom;rsm;onf tca=u;aiGr&bJ ppftpdk;&wyftwGuf tvkyfvkyfay;ae&onf? ra&rwGufEdkifaom rdkif;AHk;rsm;udkvnf; a&umwmywfvnfwGif jr‡KyfESHxm;onf?

bDvl;acsmif;a&tm;v#yfppfonf jrefrmjynfwjynfvHk;wGifxGuf&Sdonfh pGrf;tifpkpkaygif; . (12 µ-1& µ) txd &Sdaomfvnf; TpGrf;tifrSm &efukeftwGufom jzpfaeonf? a'ocHvlxktrsm;pkrSm v#yfppfrD;r&bJjzpfaeonf?2929292929

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29 txufyg SEARIN 2003/ udk}unfhyg?



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xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;taejzifh ‚[email protected];ay;r_jzifh jrefrmjynf ppftpdk;&rS taumiftxnfaz:v#uf&Sdaom zGH@®z;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk jyefvnfIavhvmqef;ppf&ef ta&;w}uD;vdktyfygonf?3030303030

30 “tajctaew&yftjzpf T}udK;yrf;r_wGiftjcm;tiftm;pkrsm; EdkifiHa&;t& yg0ifvmr_ r&Sdao;cifwdkif;jynfxJ&Sd EdkifiHwumtultnDESifh EdkifiHwum&if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_rsm;udk ajymif;vJI&Edkifrnf[k usaemfrxifyg” jrefrmjynftwGuf UNHCR txl;owif;axmuf Mr. Paulo Sergio Pinheiro u DVBtoHvGifhXmeESifhawGŒqHkar;jref;jcif;rS (2002-ckESpf/ Edk0ifbm 5 &uf)


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usaemfwdk@ 'Da&umwmudk [ef@wm;csifw,f? usaemfwdk@u&ifrSm a&S;qdk±kd;pum;eJ@ tqdktrdef@wck&Sdw,f?

“csrf;omwJholawGu a&umwmaqmufawmhawmifay:a'o&Sd v,fajrrsm;tm; a&v$rf;rdk;+yD;“rdcif”twGuf jy\emtrsdK;rsKd; jzpfay:apw,f?

csrf;omolawGu jrpfawGudk um&Hvdkufawmhtdrfacgifrdk;txd a&v$rf;rdk;+yD;/rdcifudk tdk;rJhtdrfrJhjzpf&w,f?”



'g[m bmudkqdkvdkovJqdk&if a&umwmudk wu,fwnfaqmuf+yDqdk&if usaemfwdk@ b,fudkoGm;+yD; &SmazGpm;aomuf=urvJ? aevdk@&rSm r[kwfawmhyg? usaemfwdk@pdkufysKd;yifawGvnf; tukefqHk;±HSL;ukefrSmbJ? 'ga=umifh 'Da&umwmaqmufwm usaemfrvdkcsifbl;?

usaemfwdk@rSm 'DpDrHcsufudk [ef@wm;EdkifwJhtiftm;r&Sdbl;vdk@xifw,f? usaemfwdk@b,favmufbJatmfatmf bmrSjzpfvmrSm r[kwfbl;? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh usaemfwdk@[m tkyfpki,fi,fav;wckomjzpfwJhtwGufygbJ? 'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@[m urBmhukvor*~eJ@ tjcm;wdkif;jynfawG&JŒ tultnDawGudk vSrf;ar#mfaewmyg? olwdk@&JŒ tultnDeJ‹qdk&iff jzpfEdkifr,fvdk@ usaemfwdk@ ,Hk=unfw,f? usaemfwdk@csOf;bJqdk&if r&Edkifygbl;?

'Da&umwm raqmufjzpfatmif usaemfwdk@ bmrSvkyfEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? 'gayrJhwckvkyfEdkifwmu usaemfwdk@acgif;aqmifawGudk ajymbdk@bJ? olwdk@uaewqifh 'Da&umwmwnfaqmufr,fh ukr`%DawGudk usemfwdk@&JŒtcuftcJawGudk ajymjyEdkifr,f? olwdk@uusaemfwdk@udk oem;&if/ olwdk@raqmufbJ aecsifaerSmaygh? usaemfwdk@ tckvdk tzdESdyfcHae&wmudk olwdk@*±krpdkufbl;qdk&ifvnf; usaemfwdk@ cH&rSmaygh? bmwwfEdkifrSmvJ?

usaemfhtjrift& usaemfwdk@csOf;bJqdk&if 'gudk[ef@wm;EdkifrSmr[kwfbl;? 'DudpPudkaqmif&Gufae=uwJh usaemfwdk@acgif;aqmifawGeJ‹ tzGJ@tpnf;awGu usaemfwdk@udkaxmufcH+yD; usaemfwdk@eJ@ wdkifyifaqG;aEG;r,fqdk&if usaemfwdk@Edkifwmudkawmh vkyfoGm;rSmbJ? usaemfwdk@vnf; rsm;rsm;pm;pm;awmh vkyfEdkifrSmr[kwfyg? olwdkŒtaeeJ‹rSefwmudkvkyfaqmifzdkŒ&ef wGef;tm;ay;r_avmufomtrsm;qHk;vkyfEdkifrSmjzpfw,f?



aemufqufwG J (2) zgyGefc±dkiftwGif; ppftpdk;&wyfcsxm;onfhae&mrsm; zgyGefc±dkiftwGif; ppftpdk;&wyfcsxm;onfhae&mrsm; zgyGefc±dkiftwGif; ppftpdk;&wyfcsxm;onfhae&mrsm; zgyGefc±dkiftwGif; ppftpdk;&wyfcsxm;onfhae&mrsm; zgyGefc±dkiftwGif; ppftpdk;&wyfcsxm;onfhae&mrsm;1? cv& - ajcvsifwyf&if;2? cr& - ajcjrefwyf&if;zgyGefc±d ki ftwGif; t+rJ&S daeonfh wyf&if;rsm;zgyGefc±d ki ftwGif; t+rJ&S daeonfh wyf&if;rsm;zgyGefc±d ki ftwGif; t+rJ&S daeonfh wyf&if;rsm;zgyGefc±d ki ftwGif; t+rJ&S daeonfh wyf&if;rsm;zgyGefc±d ki ftwGif; t+rJ&S daeonfh wyf&if;rsm;cv& (19)· cr& (340)·· cr& (341)·· cr& (434)··

vlaomNrdKUe,f1? v,frlyavg2? apmfrlyavg3? wma*:xg4? udk0gusKd;5? v,fap;6? v,fcav;cdk7? v,fcGD;zv,f8? armyl9? umcdk

10? zvyfcdk11? cl;cdk12? zGa*:13? armavm

'G,fvdk;NrdKUe,f14? cdkŒa&Smh15? uGD;yem16? rJ0dkif17? ul;qdyf

18? rmaxm19? xGDoD;tl20? auaumf21? uGD;oD;xm22? a0:rl23? r,fy&dcD;24? awmifoHk;vHk;25? xD;uaqmrJ26? awmol;uvg;27? abmusKdŒv,f28? uwdkifwd29? abmusKdŒwdk30? armavmfuvdk;31? 0godk;cdk32? a0:wrdk

bl;odkNrdKUe,f33? oD;rlxm34? 0gvlcdk35? r,f&dusKd;

36? yg[Jh37? aumfuscdk38? av;ac:xd39? acgyl40? r,fcg;xm41? 'g;*Gif42? r,fzdk;usKd;43? v,fwdk;44? tl;ol;xm45? aomfvJxm46? armfrdkusLd;47? r,fay:rlxm48? oD;±dkxm49? r,fy50? cv& 19 (XmecsKyf)51? cr& 340 (XmecsKyf)52? cr& 341 (XmecsKyf)53? cr& 434 (XmecsKyf)54? tajrmufwyf wyfcGJ (0&1)

· 1990 ckESpf rwdkifrDuwnf;u v_yf&Sm;aeonfh wyf&if;?·· 1992 ckESpf/ e*g;rif; ppfqifa&;umvtwGif; a&muf&Sdvmonfh wyf&if;topfrsm;/r Swfcsufr Swfcsufr Swfcsufr Swfcsufr Swfcsuf ? ? txufygt+rJwrf;wyf&if; (4)&if;tjyif tjcm;wyfzGJ@rsm;vnf;0ifa&mufvm=uonf? ‚wdk@rSm (6)vw}udrf tvSnfhust0iftxGufvkyfonf? Twyfae&mrsm;rSm a'ocH&Gmom;rsm;u rSnfhac: jcif;omjzpfonf?



aemufqufwGJ (3)

oHvGifjrpf a&umwmpDrHudef;ESif h ywfoufonfh vkyfief;pOf tqifhqifhrSwfwrf;?oHvGifjrpf a&umwmpDrHudef;ESif h ywfoufonfh vkyfief;pOf tqifhqifhrSwfwrf;?oHvGifjrpf a&umwmpDrHudef;ESif h ywfoufonfh vkyfief;pOf tqifhqifhrSwfwrf;?oHvGifjrpf a&umwmpDrHudef;ESif h ywfoufonfh vkyfief;pOf tqifhqifhrSwfwrf;?oHvGifjrpf a&umwmpDrHudef;ESif h ywfoufonfh vkyfief;pOf tqifhqifhrSwfwrf;?“obm0ywf0ef;usif jyefvnfaumif;r Ge fa&;azgifa';&Si f;”rS jyKp konf?“obm0ywf0ef;usif jyefvnfaumif;r Ge fa&;azgifa';&Si f;”rS jyKp konf?“obm0ywf0ef;usif jyefvnfaumif;r Ge fa&;azgifa';&Si f;”rS jyKp konf?“obm0ywf0ef;usif jyefvnfaumif;r Ge fa&;azgifa';&Si f;”rS jyKp konf?“obm0ywf0ef;usif jyefvnfaumif;r Ge fa&;azgifa';&Si f;”rS jyKp konf?(Foundationtion for Ecological Recovery, June 2003)

ckESpfouU&mZftpOfvdkuftjzpftysufrsm;a&;rSwfxm;onfhZ,m;?3131313131

1979 EGAT u rJacgifjrpfESifh oHvGifjrpfwdk@. jrpfvufwufrsm;rS ydk@vGwfvdkufaom a&rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh jzpfEdkifr_ &Sd§r&SdtwGuf avhvmr_(14)ck jyKvkyf&ef xkwfjyefa=unmonf?

1981 EGAT rS xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf txufydkif;ESifhatmufydkif; oHvGifa&umwm pDrHudef;. a&tm;v#yfppfpGrf;tifzGH@®z;r_avhvma&; &vm'fudkwifjyvmonf? TwifjycsufwGif txufydkif;ESifhatmufydkif; oHvGifa&umwmrsm;rS v#yfppfpGrf;tif 4540 ESifh 792 rD*g0yf('f) MWtoD;oD; xkwfvkyfEdkifa=umif; az: jyonf? tpD&ifcHpmtrSwf 846-2409? pufwifbm 1981?

1981 xdkif;tpdk;&tzGJ@rS “yl;wGJtvkyftzGJ@”wckudk a&G;cs,fcef@tyf+yD;xdkif;jrefrm e,fpyfwGif a&tm;v#yfppf"gwfzGH@®z;a&;ESifh ywfoufIjzpfEdkifr_ &Sd§r&Sdudk avhvmaprnf? e,fpyfjrpfay:Y a&tm;v#yfppfxkwfvkyfa&;pDrHcsuftwGuf zGJ@pnf;vdkufonfh tvkyftzGJ@xJwGifMEPE ac: jrefrmjynfv#yfppfvkyfief;tzGJ@/ NEPO ac: xdkif;EdkifiH trsKd;om; pGrf;tifESifhay:vpD±Hk;ESifh EGAT tzGJ@tpnf; toD;oD;[email protected],fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifonf?

1991 Tyl;wGJtvkyftzGJ@rSaeI EPDC rS aiGa&;a=u;a&; axmufyhHr_twGufyg0ifrnfhudpPudk NEPO udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rS tqdkjyKwifjyonf?pDrHcsufrsm;twGuf ueOD;avhvma&; udpPrsm;udk jrefrmjynfYjyKvkyfonfh wwd,t}udrf tpnf;ta0;wGif vufcHtwnfjyKonf?

31? 31? 31? 31? 31? txufyg FER ZGef 2003/ udk}unfhyg?



1992 EPDC onf pDrHcsuf. jzpfEdkifr_ ueOD;avhvma&;udk +yD;qHk;atmifvkyfEdkifcJh+yD; Tvkyfief;twGuf yl;wGJtvkyftzGJ@. twnfjyKr_udkvnf; &&SdcJhonf? EPDC u v#yfppfpGrf;tm; pkpkaygif; 6387²5 MWxGuf&Sd+yD; pkpkaygif; tar&duefa':vm 5120 oef; ukefusrnfha&tm;v#yfppfxkwfa&umwm (8) ckwnfaqmuf&eftqdkjyKcJhonf?ADB ESifh Norconsult wdk@. tpD&ifcHcsuft& &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rSm tar&duefa':vm oef; 7000 rS 80000 txd vdktyfrnf? txufydkif;oHvGif a&umwmESifh atmufydkif;oHvGifa&umwm pDrHcsufrsm;onfEPDC tqdkjyKcsuf. tpdwftydkif;rsm;omjzpfonf? 1981 ckwGifEGAT vkyfcJhonfh avhvmr_ESifh qifwlonf?

1993 tpdk;&tzGJ@u oHvGifjrpf0Srf;rS ausmufz&m;jzpf0Srf;odk@ a&v$Jajymif;a&;pDrHudef;udk twnfjyKcJhonf? TwGif oHvGifa&umwmpDrHcsufonfTpDrHudef;xJY tpdwftydkif;wcktjzpf yg0ifaeonf?

1994 ZGef Norconsult u uarBm'D;,m;/ avm/ xdkif;/ AD,uferfESifh w±kwfjynfol@orwEdkifiH-,leefjynfe,fponfrsm;yg0ifonfh Ta'oylaygif;aqmif&Gufr_ jr‡ifhwifa&; tpD&ifcHpmw&yfudk ADB xHodk@wifjycJhonf? tpD&ifcHpmonf oHvGifjrpftxufydkif;ESifh atmufydkif;a&umwmrsm; tygt0if oHvGifjrpf wav#mufvHk;Y a&umwmwnfaqmufa&;jzpfEdkifr_ avhvmcsufrsm;tm; axmufcHxm;onf?

1994 Edk0ifbm xdkif;txufwef;t&m&Sdrsm; yl;wGJtvkyftzGJ@pnf;a0;wGif oHvGiftxufydkif; a&umwmwnfaqmufa&; pDrHudef;udk tqdkjyKcJhonf?

1995 ZEM0g&D xdkpOfu xdkif;EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; jzpfcJhol wyfqif &Sife0yfx&mjrefrmjynfodk@oGm;a&muf vnfywf+yD; jyefvmonfhaemufydkif;wGif,ckuJhodk@ ajymqdkcJ honf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef‹onf TjzpfEd kifr_avhvma&;&vm'fudk oabmwla=umif;ESifh yÉdyuQuif;rJhonfh oHvGifjrpfay:wGif a&umwmwnfaqmufa&;udk axmufcH&ef qEN&Sdonf[kajymqdka=umif;?



1995 ar yefnmyefnmyefnmyefnmyefnm twdkifyifcH ukr`%DvDrDwufonf oHvGif/ aomif&if; blrdabmvf a&umwm a&v$Jajrmif;pDrHcsufjzpfEdkifr_ ueOD;avhvmcsufudk jyKvkyfcJh+yD; ‚.avhvm&&Sdcsufudk pGrf;tifzGH@®z;a&;ESifh jr‡ifhwifa&;Xmeodk@ wifjycJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif (xdkif;EdkifiH) odyHenf;ynmESifhywf0ef;usifa&;&m 0ef}uD;Xmeu TpDrHudef;udktwnfjyKonf?

1996 Zlvdkif xdkif;tpdk;&u jrefrmtpdk;&ESifh em;vnfr_ pmc|efawmf M0U wckudkvufrSwf a&;xdk;cJ honf? Tpmc|efawmft& ouU&mZf 2010ckESpfwGif xdkif;EdkifiHonf jrefrmjynfxHrS v#yfppf"gwftm; 1500 MW0,f,l&efjzpf+yD; jrefrmtpdk;&ESifh vufwGJum a&umwm wnfaqmufa&;twGuf em;vnfr_ pmc|efawmf aemufxyftopfwckudk oabmwl vufrSwfa&;xdk;&ef jzpfEdkifacs&Sda=umif; xkwfjyefa=unmcJhonf?

2002 'DZifbm EGAT tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; Mr. Sittiporn Rattanopas onf txufydkif;ESifhatmufyd kif; oHvGifa&umwm wnfaqmufa&;ESif hywfouf+yD;etzppftpdk;&ESifhoGm;a&mufaqG;aEG;cJhonf? ‚aemuf EGAT onfowif;Xmersm;tm; xkwfjyef&mwGif ‚onf TpDrHudef;twGufwOD;wnf;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHoljzpfonf[k ajymqdkonf? ,if;a=umifh EGAT. yk*~vduydkifjyKvkyfa&; pDrHudef;rSm qufvufxm;&Sdrnfjzpf+yD;TpDrHcsufwGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHEdkif&ef EGAT wGif aiGyifaiG&if; }uD;}uD;rm;rm; &Sd&efvdktyfonf? Ta&umwmESpfcka=umifh xdkif;EdkifiHwGifv#yfppf"gwftm;aps;E_ef;rSm w,lepfv#if (0²15)bwf usqif;oGm;onf[k EGAT u a=unmonf? TtawmtwGif; EGAT onfTpDrHcsuftwGuf vkyfief;rsm;pwifEdkif&ef pdkif;jyif;v#uf&Sdonf?

2003 azaz:0g&D EGAT onf EdkifiHjcm;a&;&m qD;edwfaumfr&Siftm; ta=umif;=um;&mwGif Armjynfppftpdk;&ESifh oabmwlnDr_/ jzpfEdkifajcavhvmr_/vlr_a&;ESifh ywf0ef;usiftay: oufa&mufr_ oHk;oyfonfh vkyfief;rsm;udk ouU&mZf 2003 cktwGif; pwifonf?



2003 rwf w±kwfjynftrsKd;om; pufypPnf;u&d,mqkdif&mukr`%DOuUXonfxdkif;EdkifiH.pGrf;tif0ef}uD; (Dr. Prommin Lerdsuriyader MD) xHvma&muf vnfywfum oHvGifjrpf a&umwmtwGuf yl;wGJjr‡KyfESH&efvdktyfaiG bwfaiGoef; 200000 ESifhywfoufI pdwf0ifpm;a=umif;wifjycJh onf? TtawmtwGif; 0ef}uD;csKyf wyfqif &Sife0yfx&m(Thaksin Shinawattra) u owif;pmq&mrsm;tm; ajymjy&mwGifxdkif;tpdk;&onf TpDrHcsuftm; axmufyHhoGm;rnf[kqdkonf?ta=umif;rSm Tv#yfppf"gwftm; xkwfvkyfa&;onf a&tm;v#yfppfoHk;pufjzpfojzifh avmifpmqDtwGuf ukefus&ef rvdkaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

2003 ZGef EGAT .2003 rS 2016 txd pGrf;tifzGH@®z;a&; pDrHudef; (PDP-2003)wGif oHvGifa&tm;v#yfppfpDrHcsufudk t"dupDrHudef;tjzpfxm;&Sdonf? Ta&umwmrSm 2013 ckESpfwGif v#yfppf "gwftm;rsm;ud k pwifxkwfay;rnf? TtawmtwGif; pGr f;tif0ef }uD;uowif;axmufrsm;tm; oHvGifpDrHudef;onf v#yfppf"gwftm;w,lepfv#if (0²90)bwfE_ef;jzifh xkwfay;Edkif&ef }udK;yrf;aqmif&GufoGm;rnf[kqdkonf?

wcsdefwnf;rsmyif w±kwfjynf [Gm'D,ef;[Gm'D,ef;[Gm'D,ef;[Gm'D,ef;[Gm'D,ef; aumfydk;&Sif;/ ,leefzGH@®z;a&;&if;E S D ; jr ‡ Ky fE S Hr _ukr`%D/ ,leefv#yfppftky fp k. a&tm;v#yfppfwnfaqmufa&;ukr%DESifh ,leef (Nu river) Eljrpf v#yfppftpkrsm;u“,leef [Gm'D,ef;-Eljrpf a&tm;v#yfppfzGH@®z;a&;ukr%D”topfwckudkzGJ@pnf;oGm;&ef oabmwl=uonf? TuJhodk@jyKvkyfjcif;rSm pDrHudef;tm; b¾ma&;t& axmufyhHEdkif&ef tav;teuf aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf? pDrHudef;rSm Eljrpf (w±kwfjynfwGif&Sdonfh oHvGifjrpftydkif;)wGif a&wHcGef (11)ck&Sdonfhae&mrsm;Y a&umwmwnfaqmuf+yD;a&tm;v#yfppf xkwfvkyf&efjzpfonf?


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