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Module 1
Introduction to Climate Change Science
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Learning Objectives
1. Explain the basicconcepts of climate change
science
2. Identify theanthropogenic drivers of
climate change
4. Analyze different climatechange scenarios and their
implications
3. Explain observed andprojected trends in the
climate
By the end of themodule
participants will beable to:
Module 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
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OVERVIEWSection 1
Introduction toClimateChangeScience
Section 2
AnthropogenicDrivers of
Climate Change
Section 3
ObservedTrends andImpacts of
Climate Change
Section 4
ProjectedTrends andImpacts of
Climate Change
Section 5
Sources ofScientific Data
Overview
Module 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
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Introduction to Climate
Change ScienceSection 1
Module 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
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What Is Climate?
Weather
What ishappening in the
atmosphere at any
given time
Climate
Average weatherover longer time
frames
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
Source: World Meteorological Organization
5
http://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/understanding_climate.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/understanding_climate.php -
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Complexity of the GlobalClimate System
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
Source: IPCC 2007, p96. Further information: WMO
Website
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http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-1-2-figure-1.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/understanding_climate.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/understanding_climate.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/understanding_climate.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/understanding_climate.phphttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-1-2-figure-1.html -
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What Is the Greenhouse Effect?
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
Source: IPCC 2007. Further info: WMO Website
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http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-1-3.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/understanding_climate.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/understanding_climate.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/understanding_climate.phphttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-1-3.html -
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NASA Video on theGreenhouse Effect
URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzCA60WnoMk
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
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Video: Understand how water vapor, carbon
dioxide, and other gases cause the Earths
greenhouse effect
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzCA60WnoMkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzCA60WnoMk -
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Factors Shaping the ClimateClimate Forcings
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
Source: NOAAA National Climatic Data Center
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http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/gw-forcing.htmlhttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/gw-forcing.html -
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Natural Climate FluctuationsExample of El Nio and La Nia
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
Source: NOAA. Further information: WMO Website
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http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/can-we-blame-el-ni%C3%B1ohttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/significant_natural_climate_fluctuations.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/significant_natural_climate_fluctuations.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/significant_natural_climate_fluctuations.phphttp://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/can-we-blame-el-ni%C3%B1o -
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Climate Change and GlobalWarming
Global Warming
Refers to the overallwarming of the planet,
based on averagetemperature over the
entire surface of the Earth
Climate Change
Refers to changes inclimate characteristics,including temperature,humidity, rainfall, wind,
and severe weatherevents over long term
periods
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
11
Further information: WMO Website
http://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/causes_of_climate_change.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/causes_of_climate_change.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/causes_of_climate_change.php -
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Observed Change in SurfaceTemperature (19012012)
Source:
Source: IPCC 2013, p4
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Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
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Tools to Predict and ProjectChanges in the Climate
A climate prediction or climate forecast is an attempt to produce an estimate ofthe actual evolution of the climate in the future.
Climate Prediction
Emissions scenarios describe future releases to the atmosphere of greenhousegases, aerosols, and other pollutants and, along with information on land use andland cover, provide inputs to climate models.
Emissions Scenario
A numerical representation of the climate system based on the physical, chemicaland biological properties of its components, their interactions and feedbackprocesses, and accounting for some of its known properties.
Climate Model
A climate projection is the simulated response of the climate system to a scenarioof future emission or concentration of greenhouse gases and aerosols, generallyderived using climate models.
Climate Projection
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
Source: IPCC 2013and IPCC Website. Further info: WMO Website
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http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/uploads/WGIAR5_WGI-12Doc2b_FinalDraft_AnnexIII.pdfhttp://sedac.ipcc-data.org/ddc/ar5_scenario_process/scenario_background.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/climate_models.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/climate_models.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/climate_models.phphttp://sedac.ipcc-data.org/ddc/ar5_scenario_process/scenario_background.htmlhttp://www.climatechange2013.org/images/uploads/WGIAR5_WGI-12Doc2b_FinalDraft_AnnexIII.pdf -
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Climate Change Has an Impact on:
Biodiversity, carbon storage,habitats,
Ecosystems
Agriculture, fresh water, health,
Human systems
Transport, buildings, lifestyle, Urban systems
Energy, manufacturing, naturalcapital industries, Economic systems
Equity, migration, peace andconflict,
Social systems
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
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Why is Climate Change ScienceImportant?
Sound weather data and forecasts
important for:
Short-term planning
Emergency response
Climate models help to forecast long
term climate scenarios
Important input for vulnerability assessments and
adaptation planning Fosters climate resilient development and avoids mal-
adaption
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
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History of Climate Change Science
Argument raised that the temperature of the Earth can beaugmented by the interposition of the atmosphere
1824
Indication that CO2and H2O can cause changes in theclimate
1861
First proposal of the idea of a man-made greenhouseeffect
1895
Proof that doubling of atmospheric CO2concentration
resulted in an increase in the mean global temperature of2C1938
Start of interdisciplinary field of carbon cycle science1950s
The high-accuracy measurements of atmospheric CO2concentration
1958
Other greenhouse gases widely recognised1970s
The first World Climate Conference in Geneva1979
Establishment of Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC)
1988
The first IPCC report1990
Section 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
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Further information: BBC
Website
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/science-environment-15874560http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/science-environment-15874560http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/science-environment-15874560http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/science-environment-15874560 -
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Anthropogenic Drivers of
Climate ChangeSection 2
Module 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
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eo on e uman
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eo on e umanInfluence on the ClimateSystem
URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yiTZm0y1YA&feature=youtu.be
Video: The video summarizes the main findings
of the 2013 IPCC Report on the physical science
basis of climate change.
20
Section 2: Anthropogenic Drivers of Climate Change
verv ew o reen ouse ases
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yiTZm0y1YA&feature=youtu.behttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yiTZm0y1YA&feature=youtu.behttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yiTZm0y1YA&feature=youtu.behttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yiTZm0y1YA&feature=youtu.behttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yiTZm0y1YA&feature=youtu.be -
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verv ew o reen ouse asesRegulated under the KyotoProtocol
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Greenhouse Gas Global Warming
Potential (GWP) (over
100 years)
% of Total Anthropogenic
GHG Emissions (2010)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 1 76%
Methane (CH4) 25 16%
Nitrous oxide (N2O) 298 6%
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 124-14,800 < 2%
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) 7,390-12,200 < 2%
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 22,800 < 2%
Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) 17,200 < 2%
Source: Reproduced from IPCC 2007 and UNEP 2012
Section 2: Anthropogenic Drivers of Climate Change
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Important Greenhouse Gases:Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Most important greenhouse gas
(contributes ~64% to total radiative
forcing by long-lived GHGs)
Half of CO2emitted by human activities
is being absorbed in the biosphere and
in the oceans
Rest remains in the atmosphere forhundreds to thousands of years
Source: WMO 2013
22
Section 2: Anthropogenic Drivers of Climate Change
oncen ra on n e
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2 oncen ra on n eAtmosphere and Annual GrowthRates
Source: WMO 2013
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Section 2: Anthropogenic Drivers of Climate Change
Since 1750CO2 concentration inthe atmosphere hasincreased by 40%.
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Important Greenhouse Gases:Methane (CH4)
Second most significant greenhouse
gas (contributes ~18% to total
radiative forcing by long-lived
GHGs) Approximately 40% of methane is
emitted into the atmosphere by
natural sources
About 60% comes from human
activities
Stays in the atmosphere for
approximately 12 years
24
Section 2: Anthropogenic Drivers of Climate Change
Source: IPCC 2007 and WMO 2013
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4 oncen ra on n eAtmosphere and Annual GrowthRates25
Section 2: Anthropogenic Drivers of Climate Change
Source: WMO 2013
Since 1750CH4 concentration inthe atmosphere hasincreased by 150%.
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In Focus: The Carbon Cycle
Source: UNEP
Section 2: Anthropogenic Drivers of Climate Change
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I t t G h G
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Important Greenhouse Gases:Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
The third most significant
greenhouse gas (contributes ~6% to
total radiative forcing by long-lived
GHGs)
Stays in the atmosphere for
approximately 114 years
Nitrous oxide is emitted into theatmosphere from both natural (about
60%) and anthropogenic sources
(approximately 40%)
27
Section 2: Anthropogenic Drivers of Climate Change
Source: IPCC 2007 and WMO 2013
oncen ra on n e
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2 oncen ra on n eAtmosphere and Annual GrowthRates28
Section 2: Anthropogenic Drivers of Climate Change
Source: WMO 2013
Since 1750N2Oconcentration inthe atmosphere hasincreased by 20%.
I t t G h G
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Important Greenhouse Gases:Fluorinated Gases
Global warming effect up to 23,000
times greater than carbon dioxide
Stay in the atmosphere up to 50,000
years
Three main groups:
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6)
Mainly developed as substitutes for
ozone-depleting substances
29
Section 2: Anthropogenic Drivers of Climate Change
Source: IPCC 2007. Further info
EPA, EC
G h G C t ll d b
http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/fgases.htmlhttp://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/f-gashttp://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/f-gashttp://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/fgases.html -
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Greenhouse Gases Controlled bythe Montreal Protocol
Montreal Protocol aimed to
phase out substances that
deplete the ozone layer
Substances regulated under theMontreal Protocol are also
powerful greenhouse gases
For example,
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)contribute ~12% to radiative
forcing by long-lived GHGs
30
Section 2: Anthropogenic Drivers of Climate Change
Source: IPCC 2007 and WMO 2013. Further info: NOAA
Website
Source: EPA
C f S
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/publictn/elkins/cfcs.htmlhttp://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/publictn/elkins/cfcs.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/ozone/intpol/http://www.epa.gov/ozone/intpol/http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/publictn/elkins/cfcs.htmlhttp://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/publictn/elkins/cfcs.html -
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Concentration of SF6 andHalocarbons in the Atmosphere
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Section 2: Anthropogenic Drivers of Climate Change
Source: WMO 2013
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Observed Trends and
Impacts of Climate ChangeSection 3
Module 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
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Ob d S f T t
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Observed Surface TemperatureAnomaly (1850-2012)
Source: IPCC 2013, p4
Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of Climate Change
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Globally averaged land and oceansurface temperature
Each of the lastthree decades hasbeen successively
warmer at theEarths surface than
any preceding
decade since 1850.
Ob d Ch i A l
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Observed Change in AnnualPrecipitation Over Land
Source: IPCC 2013, p6
Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
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Ob d O W i
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Observed Ocean Warming(1950-2010)
Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
Source: IPCC 2013, p8
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More than 60% of
the net energyincrease in theclimate system is
stored in theupper ocean(period 1971-
2010).
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Observed Ocean Acidification
Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
Source: IPCC 2013, p10
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Observed Sea Level Rise
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Observed Sea Level Rise(1900 to 2010)
Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
Source: IPCC 2013, p8
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Over the period
1901 to 2010,global mean sealevel rose by
0.19m.
Observed Decrease in Arctic Sea
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Observed Decrease in Arctic SeaIce Extent (1900-2010)
Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
Source: IPCC 2013, p8
39
Observed Changes in Physical and
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Observed Changes in Physical andBiological Systems
Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
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Source: UNEP 2009, p13
n ocus: s ma e ange o
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n ocus: s ma e ange oBlame for Extreme WeatherEvents?
Source: UNEP
2009, p12.
Further info:
WMO Website
Section 3: Observed Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
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Year
NumberofEve
nts
http://www.wmo.int/pages/publications/bulletin_en/archive/61_2_en/61_2_global_en.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/publications/bulletin_en/archive/61_2_en/61_2_global_en.html -
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Projected Trends and
Impacts of Climate ChangeSection 4
Module 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
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In Focus: Representative
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In Focus: RepresentativeConcentration Pathways (RCPs)
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
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Set of four new scenarios defined by the scientific
community for the Fifth IPCC Assessment Report.
Four RCPs include:
one mitigation scenario leading to a very low forcing
level (RCP2.6),
two stabilization scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP6), and
one scenario with very high greenhouse gasemissions (RCP8.5).
RCPs represent a range of 21st century climate
policies.
Projected Change in Average
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Global surface temperature change for the end ofthe 21st century is likely to reach 4C if no action is
taken.
Projected Change in AverageSurface Temperature
Source:IP
CC
2013,p19
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
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Projected Change in Average
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Projected Change in AveragePrecipitation
Source: IPCC 2013, p20
Scenario RCP 8.5Scenario RCP 2.6
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of Climate
Change
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Time Period: 1986-2005 to 2081-2100
Temperature and Precipitation
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Temperature and PrecipitationProjections for the 21stCentury
URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFqO3_2dYxA
Video: This NASA video shows howtemperature and precipitation patterns couldchange throughout the 21st century.
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of Climate Change
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Projected Change in Ocean
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Projected Change in OceanSurface pH
Source: IPCC 2013, p20
Scenario RCP 8.5Scenario RCP 2.6
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of ClimateChange
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Time Period: 1986-2005 to 2081-2100
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Projected Sea Level Rise
Source: IPCC 2013, p24
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of ClimateChange
48
Global mean
sea level willcontinue to
rise during the21st century.
Projected Northern Hemisphere
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Projected Northern HemisphereSeptember Sea Ice Extent
Source: IPCC 2013, p20
Scenario RCP 8.5Scenario RCP 2.6
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of ClimateChange
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Average 2081-2100
Projected Impacts of Climate Change
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Projected Impacts of Climate Changein Africa
Source: UNEP 2009, p32
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of Climate Change
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Changein Asia
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of ClimateChange
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Source: UNEP
2009, p34
Projected Impacts of Climate
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Projected Impacts of ClimateChange in Latin America
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of Climate Change
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Source: UNEP
2009, p37
Projected Impacts of Climate
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Projected Impacts of ClimateChange on Small Islands
Sea level rise exacerbating
inundation, storm surge,
erosion and other coastal
hazards
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of Climate Change
Source: UNEP 2006, p185
53
Reduced freshwater
resources
Invasion by non-native
species
Effects on food and income
security
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Carbon Crossroads
Source: Cambridge
University 2013, p 14
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of ClimateChange
o a arm ng y an
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o a arm ng y anBeyond: A Function of CumulativeCO2Emissions
Section 4: Projected Trends and Impacts of ClimateChange
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Limiting
climatechange willrequire
substantialand sustainedreductions ofgreenhouse
gasemissions.
Source: IPCC 2013, p26
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Sources of Scientific DataSection 5
Module 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
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The Intergovernmental Panel on
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The Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC)
Leading body for theassessment of
climate change
Established in 1988by UNEP and WMO
Assesses relevantscientific, technical
and socio-economic
information
Does not conduct
any research itself
Thousands ofscientists from all
over the worldcontribute to its work
Section 5: Sources of Scientific Data
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Important Reports Published by the
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Important Reports Published by theIPCC
AssessmentR
eports First
assessment report
(FAR) Second
assessment report(SAR)
Thirdassessmen
t report(TAR)
Fourthassessment report(AR4)
Fifth
assessment report
SpecialRepo
rtson: Renewable
energysources
Extremeevents anddisasters
Emissionscenarios
Aviation
Carboncaptureandstorage
MethodologyR
eports Guidance
for nationalgreenhous
e gasinventories
Guidanceforassessingimpacts ofclimatechange
Land use,land-usechange andforestry
TechnicalP
apers Climate
change andwater
Implications ofproposedCO2emissionslimitations
Technologi
es, policiesandmeasuresformitigatingclimatechange
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Section 5: Sources of Scientific Data
or e eoro og ca rgan za on(WMO) Gl b l Cli t
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blications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtmlhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.html 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o e eo o og ca ga a o(WMO)Global ClimateProgrammes
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Section 5: Sources of Scientific Data
World Climate Programme (WCP)
World Climate Research Programme
Global Climate Observing System
World Climate Services Programme
Programme of Research on Climate Change
Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation
Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme
(AREP)
Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS)
Advisory Body: Commission for Climatology (CCI)
http://www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/overview.htmlhttp://www.gfcs-climate.org/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/index_en.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/index_en.phphttp://www.gfcs-climate.org/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/overview.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/http://www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.html -
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WMO Global Atmosphere Watch:
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WMO Global Atmosphere Watch:Measurement Stations Worldwide
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Section 5: Sources of Scientific Data
WMO Regional Climate Centers
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WMO Regional Climate Centersand Outlook Forums
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Section 5: Sources of Scientific Data
WMO Regional
Climate Centres
(RCCs)
WMO Regional
Climate OutlookForums (RCOFs)
N ti l Cli t D t
http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/wcasp/RCCs.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/wcasp/clips/outlooks/climate_forecasts.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/wcasp/clips/outlooks/climate_forecasts.htmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/wcasp/RCCs.html -
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National Climate Data
National
Meteorological and
Hydrological Services(NMHS)
Collect and manage
national climate data
to help with
forecasting and
predictions
Norfolk Island Meterological Office,Source:Australian Government: Bureau of
Meteorology
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Section 5: Sources of Scientific Data
http://www.wmo.int/pages/members/members_en.htmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/sites.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/sites.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/sites.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/sites.shtmlhttp://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/sites.shtmlhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/members/members_en.html -
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Annex Additional Resources
Module 1: Introduction to Climate Change Science
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M d l S
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Module Summary
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Additional Resources
Weather and climate are the results of complex interactions
between anthropogenic and natural factors.
Evidence of global climate change include higher average
temperatures, changes in precipitation, ocean warming, ocean
acidification, sea level rise, decreasing sea ice, and changes inphysical and biological systems.
Observed climate change can be linked with the increase of
greenhouse gase concentrations in the atmosphere since the
industrial revolution. Global surface temperature change for the end of the 21st century
is likely to reach 4C if no drastic mitigation actions are taken.
Various sources of climate data exist that can support planning for
climate change.
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Recommended Readings
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Recommended Readings
Cambridge University (2013). Climate Change: Action, Trends and
Implications for Business
IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013, The Physcial Science Basis -
Summary for Policymakers
UNEP (2009). Climate Change Science Compendium
UNEP (2009). Climate in Peril, A Popular Guide to the Latest IPCC
Reports
WMO (2013). The Global Climate 20012010, A Decade of Climate
Extremes
Additional Resources
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Main References
http://www.google.ch/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDwQFjAB&url=http://www.cpsl.cam.ac.uk/~/media/Files/Resources/IPCC/IPCC_Climate_Change_Action_Trends_and_Implications%20_for_Business_WG1_professional_print_version.ashx&ei=yE36Uo_TE4altAacwIDAAg&usg=AFQjCNF6ERhXbqhFAoaD5aFqSP7dvYOqxQ&sig2=9u62sEbU7mnQDM5rE6pM-g&bvm=bv.61190604,d.Ymshttp://www.google.ch/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDwQFjAB&url=http://www.cpsl.cam.ac.uk/~/media/Files/Resources/IPCC/IPCC_Climate_Change_Action_Trends_and_Implications%20_for_Business_WG1_professional_print_version.ashx&ei=yE36Uo_TE4altAacwIDAAg&usg=AFQjCNF6ERhXbqhFAoaD5aFqSP7dvYOqxQ&sig2=9u62sEbU7mnQDM5rE6pM-g&bvm=bv.61190604,d.Ymshttp://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.uncclearn.org/climate_change_science_compendium_2009http://www.uncclearn.org/climate_peril_popular_guide_latest_ipcc_reportshttp://www.uncclearn.org/climate_peril_popular_guide_latest_ipcc_reportshttp://www.uncclearn.org/global_climate_2001_2010_decade_climate_extremeshttp://www.uncclearn.org/global_climate_2001_2010_decade_climate_extremeshttp://www.uncclearn.org/global_climate_2001_2010_decade_climate_extremeshttp://www.uncclearn.org/global_climate_2001_2010_decade_climate_extremeshttp://www.uncclearn.org/global_climate_2001_2010_decade_climate_extremeshttp://www.uncclearn.org/global_climate_2001_2010_decade_climate_extremeshttp://www.uncclearn.org/global_climate_2001_2010_decade_climate_extremeshttp://www.uncclearn.org/global_climate_2001_2010_decade_climate_extremeshttp://www.uncclearn.org/climate_peril_popular_guide_latest_ipcc_reportshttp://www.uncclearn.org/climate_peril_popular_guide_latest_ipcc_reportshttp://www.uncclearn.org/climate_change_science_compendium_2009http://www.uncclearn.org/climate_change_science_compendium_2009http://www.uncclearn.org/climate_change_science_compendium_2009http://www.uncclearn.org/climate_change_science_compendium_2009http://www.uncclearn.org/climate_change_science_compendium_2009http://www.uncclearn.org/climate_change_science_compendium_2009http://www.uncclearn.org/climate_change_science_compendium_2009http://www.uncclearn.org/climate_change_science_compendium_2009http://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.google.ch/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDwQFjAB&url=http://www.cpsl.cam.ac.uk/~/media/Files/Resources/IPCC/IPCC_Climate_Change_Action_Trends_and_Implications%20_for_Business_WG1_professional_print_version.ashx&ei=yE36Uo_TE4altAacwIDAAg&usg=AFQjCNF6ERhXbqhFAoaD5aFqSP7dvYOqxQ&sig2=9u62sEbU7mnQDM5rE6pM-g&bvm=bv.61190604,d.Ymshttp://www.google.ch/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDwQFjAB&url=http://www.cpsl.cam.ac.uk/~/media/Files/Resources/IPCC/IPCC_Climate_Change_Action_Trends_and_Implications%20_for_Business_WG1_professional_print_version.ashx&ei=yE36Uo_TE4altAacwIDAAg&usg=AFQjCNF6ERhXbqhFAoaD5aFqSP7dvYOqxQ&sig2=9u62sEbU7mnQDM5rE6pM-g&bvm=bv.61190604,d.Ymshttp://www.google.ch/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDwQFjAB&url=http://www.cpsl.cam.ac.uk/~/media/Files/Resources/IPCC/IPCC_Climate_Change_Action_Trends_and_Implications%20_for_Business_WG1_professional_print_version.ashx&ei=yE36Uo_TE4altAacwIDAAg&usg=AFQjCNF6ERhXbqhFAoaD5aFqSP7dvYOqxQ&sig2=9u62sEbU7mnQDM5rE6pM-g&bvm=bv.61190604,d.Yms -
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Main References
IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007 - Synthesis Report
IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013, The Physcial Science Basis -
Summary for Policymakers
UNEP (2009). Climate in Peril, A Popular Guide to the Latest IPCC
Reports
UNEP (2012). The Emissions Gap Report 2012
WMO (2012): Greenhouse Gas Bulletin WMO (2009).A History of Climate Activities
WMO Website: Climate
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http://www.uncclearn.org/climate_change_2007_synthesis_reporthttp://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.uncclearn.org/climate_peril_popular_guide_latest_ipcc_reportshttp://www.uncclearn.org/climate_peril_popular_guide_latest_ipcc_reportshttp://www.uncclearn.org/emissions_gap_report_2012http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/ghg/documents/GHG_Bulletin_No.8_en.pdfhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/publications/bulletin_en/archive/58_3_en/documents/58_3_zillman_en.pdfhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/index_en.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/themes/climate/index_en.phphttp://www.wmo.int/pages/publications/bulletin_en/archive/58_3_en/documents/58_3_zillman_en.pdfhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/publications/bulletin_en/archive/58_3_en/documents/58_3_zillman_en.pdfhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/publications/bulletin_en/archive/58_3_en/documents/58_3_zillman_en.pdfhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/publications/bulletin_en/archive/58_3_en/documents/58_3_zillman_en.pdfhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/publications/bulletin_en/archive/58_3_en/documents/58_3_zillman_en.pdfhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/publications/bulletin_en/archive/58_3_en/documents/58_3_zillman_en.pdfhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/publications/bulletin_en/archive/58_3_en/documents/58_3_zillman_en.pdfhttp://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/ghg/documents/GHG_Bulletin_No.8_en.pdfhttp://www.uncclearn.org/emissions_gap_report_2012http://www.uncclearn.org/climate_peril_popular_guide_latest_ipcc_reportshttp://www.uncclearn.org/climate_peril_popular_guide_latest_ipcc_reportshttp://www.uncclearn.org/climate_peril_popular_guide_latest_ipcc_reportshttp://www.uncclearn.org/climate_peril_popular_guide_latest_ipcc_reportshttp://www.uncclearn.org/climate_peril_popular_guide_latest_ipcc_reportshttp://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.uncclearn.org/working_group_i_contribution_ipcc_fifth_assessmenthttp://www.uncclearn.org/climate_change_2007_synthesis_reporthttp://www.uncclearn.org/climate_change_2007_synthesis_reporthttp://www.uncclearn.org/climate_change_2007_synthesis_reporthttp://www.uncclearn.org/climate_change_2007_synthesis_report