marco teórico y propuesta de evaluación del impacto del modelo 1 a 1 en los grupos familiares

7/31/2019 Marco terico y propuesta de evaluacin del impacto del modelo 1 a 1 en los grupos familiares.

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Cgja|he} Ekemutcza}

Egmuegt|a de v|e}egtnmcg de

cgja|he} de cgze}tc`nmcg

}e`uchcegta s eznounmcg 7 e}tudca} e}vemcnoe}


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V\A@\NHN MAGEMTN\ C@UNODND ( ]E@UCHCEGTA S EZNOUNMCAG

EO V\A@\NHN MAGEMTN\ C@UNODND MAHA ALKETA DE EZNOUNMCG

Eo v|e}egte damuhegta tcege va| v|av}cta v|e}egtn| oa} ocgenhcegta} de }eùchcegta s eznounmcg

deo V|a`|nhn MAGEMTN\ C@UNODND/ eg vn|tcmuon| eo mahvagegte de e}tudca} e}vemcnoe}'

Mag}cde|ngda ~ue eo vugta de vn|tcdn de tada v|ame}a de eznounmcg e} on cdegtcjcmnmcg deo alketa n

eznoun|/ eg e}te nvn|tnda }e |emuve|ng oa} eoehegta} megt|noe} ~ue mag}tctuseg eo hn|ma ège|no deo

V|a`|nhn MAGEMTN\ C@UNODND "VMC#'

Eo VMC }e mag}tctuse eg on erv|e}cg magm|etn de ugn vaotcmn vlocmn de}tcgndn n v|ahaze| on

cgmou}cg dc`ctno s edumntczn' E} m|enda va| eo Dem|eta V|e}cdegmcno G 453!>6 de}tcgnda n `n|ngtc{n|

eo nmme}a s u}a de on} TCM hedcngte on dc}t|clumcg de mahvutnda|n} va|ttcoe} n nouhga} de on}

e}mueon} de edumnmcg }emugdn|cn/ de edumnmcg e}vemcno s de oa} Cg}tctuta} ]uve|ca|e} de Ja|hnmcg

Damegte de tada eo vn}' Tcege on jcgnocdnd de v|ahaze| eo heka|nhcegta de on mnocdnd de on

edumnmcg s de |edumc| on l|embn dc`ctno erc}tegte'

On vn|tcmuon|cdnd deo VMC e} }u ugcze|}a de ntegmcg dc|emtn; nouhga}/ damegte} e cg}tctumcage}

ma||e}vagdcegte} n }ul}c}tehn} lceg dcje|egmcnda} mag geme}cdnde} s dehngdn} e}vemjcmn}' Eo

ugcze|}a de ntegmcg deo VMC e}t mahvue}ta va|; ># e}mueon}/ nouhga} s damegte} deo gczeo

}emugdn|ca de è}tcg e}tntno "cgmousegda n on} e}mueon} }emugdn|cn} |eùon|e} s on} tmgcmn}#9


3/94

6 e}tnloeme maha jcgnocdnde} deo VMC on} }cùcegte};

( \eznoa|c{n| on e}mueon vlocmn

( @n|ngtc{n| on cgmou}cg dc`ctno s eo heka|nhcegta de on mnocdnd de on edumnmcg

( @ege|n| eo nme|mnhcegta n oa} cgte|e}e} s geme}cdnde} de oa} nouhga} de oa} dc}tcgta} gczeoe}

edumntcza} s on v|ahamcg de ugn hnsa| vn|tcmcvnmcg eg }u ja|hnmcg

( Nomng{n| chvnmta }amcno n t|nz} de on chvoehegtnmcg de ugn vaotcmn ugcze|}no de cgmou}cg

dc`ctno edumntczn

(Dc}hcguc| on} l|embn} de nojnletc{nmcg dc`ctno de on valonmcg

( Ja|tnoeme| eo |ao damegte

On \e}aoumcg MJE >6 Ngera C e}tnloeme ugn }e|ce de v|av}cta} ège|noe}/ ~ue ve|hcte ège|n|

ug v|che| n`|uvnhcegta de oa} hc}ha} s a|cegtn| on tn|en zcgmuondn mag on eznounmcg'


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Eg jugmcg de on} jcgnocdnde} s v|av}cta} vongtenda} vn|n eo VMC }e vuedeg cdegtcjcmn| hlcta}

dcje|egte} eg oa} ~ue eo V|a`|nhn v|amu|n cgmcdc| n} maha tnhlcg dcze|}n} valonmcage}

legejcmcn|cn} dejcgcdn}' Ga al}tngte e}tn dcze|}cdnd/ on v|eamuvnmcg |emu||egte va| eo oa`|a de

hnsa|e} gczeoe} de e~ucdnd eg on dc}t|clumcg de dete|hcgnda} lcege}/ maha oa e} on edumnmcg s on

heka|n de on mnocdnd de on hc}hn (eg tngta de|emba( ve|hcte njc|hn| ~ue on} cgte|zegmcage} vlocmn}

(maha eo VMC( tcegeg va| v|cgmcvno v|av}cta magt|cluc| }u}tngtcznhegte n on |edummcg de on} l|embn}

~ue eg t|hcga} de de}cùnodnde} erc}teg'

Va| eooa/ }e vuede }cgtetc{n| maha v|av}cta megt|no de tada eo nmmcagn| eg hnte|cn de eznounmcg deo

VMC maha ug nva|te n on heka|n de oa} v|ame}a} de è}tcg deo V|a`|nhn n hedcnga s on|à von{a

nzng{n| bnmcn on mmag}t|ummcg de ug }c}tehn de cgja|hnmcg de mn|mte| ve|hngegte ~ue d muegtn

deo nzngme eg on cgmou}cg TCM eg eo hlcta deo }c}tehn edumntcza'

Eg eo hn|ma de e}te v|av}cta e} ~ue }e egmund|ng oa} e}tudca} e}vemcnoe} maha ugn de on}

e}t|nte`cn} de }eùchcegta s eznounmcg deo V|a`|nhn Magemtn| Cùnodnd'

HN\MA S MAGTERTA DEO MAHVAGEGTE DE E]TUDCA] E]VEMCNOE] DE CGZE]TC@NMCAGE] S

NMMCAGE] MAG ON] UGCZE\]CDNDE]

Eg jugmcg de oa hegmcagnda/ eo hn|ma ège|no de eznounmcg deo VMC }e mag}t|use n vn|tc| de ug

magkugta de dejcgcmcage} ~ue ve|hctng dn| muegtn de on mahvoekcdnd s dcze|}cdnd de nmmcage} s

nmta|e} cgzaoum|nda} eg oa} v|ame}a} de chvoehegtnmcg deo VMC' Vn|n eooa/ }e bn dejcgcda ugn

e}t|nte`cn hetadao`cmn de eznounmcg/ hotcvoe s dcze|}n ~ue mahlcgn tmgcmn} s nla|dnke}9 s vn|nv|adumc| cgja|hnmcg }al|e dcje|egte} n}vemta} deo VMC |et|anochegtngda/ tngta oa} |e~ue|chcegta}

zcgmuonda} mag }u }eùchcegta maha mag }u eznounmcg'


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4

Eo de}n||aooa de on ogen de e}tudca} e}vemcnoe} e} ugn de e}tn} e}t|nte`cn} s }e v|avage;

( Cgma|va|n| n on} ugcze|}cdnde} eg eo de}n||aooa deo V|a`|nhn Magemtn| Cùnodnd9

( De}n||aoon| cgze}tc`nmcage} s v|avue}tn} vn|n eo }eùchcegta s eznounmcg de chvnmta deo

V|a`|nhn eg }u} n}vemta} temgao`cma}/ edumntcza} s }amcnoe}9

( V|ahaze| cgze}tc`nmcage} ~ue nla|deg hn|ma} magmevtunoe} s hetadao`cma} }al|e oa}

v|ame}a} |eonmcagnda} mag on cgte`|nmcg de TCM eg eo hn|ma de ug hadeoa uga n uga9

( L|cgdn| ug }u}tegta te|cma ~ue ve|hctn dn| muegtn deo de}n||aooa de on} TCM} eg eo hn|ma de

ug hadeoa uga n uga s eonla|n| v|avue}tn} de }eùchcegta s eznounmcg9

( Magtn| mag ugn }e|ce de e}tudca} }al|e dcje|egte} n}vemta} s jnmta|e} `|nzctngte} vn|n on

tahn de demc}cage} deo Mahct Ekemutcza deo V|a`|nhn s eo de}n||aooa deo hc}ha'

Vn|n eooa/ }e magzam/ eg ugn v|che|n etnvn/ n t|e} ugcze|}cdnde} de è}tcg vlocmn "< gnmcagnoe} s >

v|azcgmcno# vn|n on eonla|nmcg de e}tudca} e}vemjcma}/ v|ahazcegda on cgze}tc`nmcg eg tehn} de

cgte`|nmcg de TCM eg hadeoa} uga n uga9 s vn|n ège|n| e}tudca} ~ue ve|hctng dn| }u}tegta te|cma

s v|mtcma n on} v|avue}tn} deo V|a`|nhn/ eg e}vemcno n on ogen de eznounmcg s }eùchcegta'

On chva|tngmcn ~ue e}tn ogen tcege vn|n eo V|a`|nhn/ |e}cde eg on cden de on ugcze|}cdnd maha

e}vnmca vn|n on mag}t|ummcg de magamchcegta mcegtjcma/ de veg}nhcegta m|tcma/ de cgze}tc`nmcg9

magtngda mag ugn hn}n m|tcmn a ug mue|va de cgze}tc`nda|e} ja|hnda} vn|n eo de}n||aooa de dcmbn

jugmcg' N }u ze{/ eo mn|mte| }amcno s edumntcza de oa} alketcza} deo VMC/ magze|èg mag oa} de on}

ugcze|}cdnde}/ eg tngta on |e}vag}nlcocdnd s mahv|ahc}a }amcno eg eo de}n||aooa deo vn}' ]c lceg maha

alketa de e}tudca/ on cgte`|nmcg de TCM eg eo hn|ma de ug hadeoa >;> e}vemjcmnhegte ng e} de

e}mn}a de}n||aooa eg on} ugcze|}cdnde} de gue}t|a vn}/ eg eoon} }e ège|ng cgze}tc`nmcage} }al|e

at|a} tehn} |eonmcagnda} mag eo VMC/ nva|tngda eo }u}tegta te|cma(magmevtuno deo hc}ha s deo

v|ame}a de }eùchcegta s eznounmcg deo VMC'


6/94

5

Ndeh} de e}ta} v|che|a} e}tudca}/ }e magzam n >> Ugcze|}cdnde} Gnmcagnoe}/ ~ue nmtunohegtee}tg de}n||aoongda ugn e}t|nte`cn de e}tudca} eznountcza} eg maa|dcgnmcg mag eo Hcgc}te|ca de

Edumnmcg de on Gnmcg'

]e e}ve|n/ egtagme}/ ~ue oa} cgja|he} ~ue }u|kng de on v|che|n etnvn de cgze}tc`nmcage} v|avue}tn}/

}e|zc|g de cg}uha vn|n on eonla|nmcg de be||nhcegtn} de }eùchcegta s eznounmcg deo VMC'

EGMUEGT\A DE V\E]EGTNMCG DE CGJA\HE] DE CGZE]TC@NMCG/ MAHVAGEGTE E]TUDCA]

E]VEMCNOE] DE EZNOUNMCG S ]E@UCHCEGTA DEO V\A@\NHN MAGEMTN\ C@UNODND

Eo egmuegt|a }e v|avage maha ug e}vnmca de cgte|mnhlca s vue}tn eg mahg de oa} |e}uotnda} s

v|a}vemtczn} de on} dc}tcgtn} cgze}tc`nmcage} |enoc{ndn} va| on} t|e} ugcze|}cdnde} gnmcagnoe}/ du|ngte

oa} he}e} de dcmcehl|e deo 6 s nl|co deo >' E} de de}tnmn| ~ue/ on} ugcze|}cdnde} bng vadcda/

eg e}mn}a tcehva/ magja|hn| e~ucva} de cgze}tc`nmcg s de}n||aoon| e}tudca} de ermeoegte mnocdnd

nmndhcmn' Eo e~ucva de }eùchcegta deo VMC nmahvn eo v|ame}a eg|c~uemcegda mag jeedlnmi de

on} v|avue}tn}' Ndeh} }e v|e}egtn| on e}t|nte`cn de E}tudca} Eznountcza} }al|e eo V|a`|nhn

Magemtn| Cùnodnd/ eg magkugta mag >> ugcze|}cdnde} gnmcagnoe}'


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Cgja|he} Ekemutcza}

Tnlon de magtegcda}'

Erva}cmcg de oa} |e}uotnda} de on} cgze}tc`nmcage} ( UG]NH 0 (= s >2 na}'

On} a|`ngc{nmcage} ga `ule|gnhegtnoe} ~ue t|nlnkeg eg eo hlcta de on} TCM s mag e}mueon}vlocmn} n|`egtcgn}'

Erva}cmcg de oa} |e}uotnda} de on} cgze}tc`nmcage} ( UGT\EJ n > eg oa} `|uva}

jnhcocn|e}'

Mc|mucta} vn|noeoa} de v|adummcg s }u} de|cznmcage} }amcnoe}/ muotu|noe}/ emaghcmn} s

vedn``cmn}; on cgze}tc`nmcg nmndhcmn/ eo he|mnda onla|no s eo he|mnda de temgaoa`n

cgja|htcmn

Erve|cegmcn} s e}tnda deo n|te eg mungta n on dc`ctnoc{nmcg de on @e}tcg E}maon|

Erva}cmcg de oa} |e}uotnda} de on} cgze}tc`nmcage} ( UGCVE 43 ( 3=

E}tnda deo n|te de on cgma|va|nmcg de TCM eg on edumnmcg e}vemcno

Cgze}tc`nmcg }al|e egta|ga} de nv|egdc{nke utcoc{nda} vn|n on eg}eng{n eg v|aje}a|nda} sugcze|}cdnde} eg eo hlcta cgte|gnmcagno s gnmcagno

Hn|ma magmevtuno!te|cma s hetadao`cma de on eznounmcg de chvnmta eg oa} nv|egdc{nke} de

oa} e}tudcngte} eg ug hadeoa > n >'


8/94

0

Cgja|he Ekemutcza C

Mag}uha} muotu|noe} dc`ctnoe} de oa} kzege} egt|e >= s>2 na}

E~ucva de cgze}tc`nmcg;

Hgcmn Vcgc "Maa|d'#

]ngd|n Hu}ngtc

@ucooe|ha Inujhng

Hgcmn Nhn|

Ugcze|}cdnd Gnmcagno de ]ng Hn|tg

E}mueon de Buhngcdnde}

Megt|a de E}tudca} Cgte|dc}mcvocgn|ca} eg Edumnmcg/ Muotu|n s ]amcednd

Ugcze|}cdnd Gnmcagno de ]ng Hn|tcgUgcze|}cdnd Vedn``cmn


9/94

2

Cgja|he Ekemutcza

Eg tada eo hugda/ on} guezn} temgaoa`n} s oa} nzngme} eg eo hugda dc`ctno e}tg dngda ou`n|

n v|ajugdn} t|ng}ja|hnmcage} }amcamuotu|noe} ~ue njemtng tngta n on} }amcednde} s n }u} `alce|ga}/

maha n }u} cgdu}t|cn}/ }u} mahugcdnde} s }u} cgdczcdua}' Oa} kzege} }ag nmta|e} megt|noe} eg e}te

v|ame}a de mnhlca' On mngtcdnd s dcze|}cdnd de magamchcegta}/ terta} s v|adumta} ~ue mc|muong s }e

v|adumeg nuhegtn eg ja|hn ve|hngegte s e}ta vn|eme|n al}tnmuoc{n| on |ejoercg s on va}clcocdnd de

ug ngoc}c} m|tcma de on cgja|hnmcg ~ue mc|muon/ oa ~ue }c`gcjcmn ~ue eo erme}a de cgja|hnmcg v|adume

vn|ndkcmnhegte de}cgja|hnmcg'

De nmue|da mag ^uezeda "


10/94

3

d#

ugn v|avue}tn de ocgenhcegta} hetadao`cma} e}vemjcma} vn|n on cgze}tc`nmcg de oa}mag}uha} dc`ctnoe} eg eo hn|ma deo V|a`|nhn Magemtn| Cùnodnd'

n# Eo nla|dnke de oa} tehn} cgmoucda} eg oa} e}tudca} de kzege}/ }al|e tada eg on} otchn} dmndn}

Oa ~ue dejcge }e| kazeg bas de}de eo hn|ma de on} mcegmcn} }amcnoe} e} eo va}cmcagnhcegta

jmtcma j|egte n on} ège|nmcage} v|emedegte}; on kuzegtud dc}vage de ug mnvctno tehva|no ~ue }e

vce|de c||ehedcnloehegte' Dnda ~ue ga bns va}clcocdnd de e}tnloeme| ugn mnteà|n de}m|cvtczn

alketczn va| jue|n de on} magdcmcage} bc}t|cmn}/ eg ège|no }e v|avage mag}cde|n| maha ndaoe}megte}

s kzege} n tada} n~ueooa} ~ue ugn dete|hcgndn }amcednd mag}cde|e maha tnoe} "U||e}tc/


11/94

>6

]e`g on} cgze}tc`nmcage} h} |emcegte}/ eg eo magterta n|`egtcga nmtuno/ oa} kzege} }eegmuegt|ng hn|mnda} va| on cgme|tcduhl|e s on zuoge|nlcocdnd/ on} munoe} v|adumeg ermou}cg' Eg e}te

hn|ma/ ehe|`eg on} }ul muotu|n} kuzegcoe} de on val|e{n s on} ja|hn} |ndcmnoe} de nuta ermou}cg s

zcmtchc{nmcg' Eg ug magterta maha e}te/ Ct{mazcmb "


12/94

>>

vednà`n deo e}jue|{a/ mag oa`|a} `|ndunoe}/ a|deg s |utcgn}' Ndeh}/ on muotu|n deo mag}uhav|azam ugn |edejcgcmcg de on cgjngmcn s on ndaoe}megmcn; oa} gca} s kzege}/ va}cmcagnda} maha

mag}uhcda|e} h} ~ue maha mcudndnga}/ }ag (eg tngta mag}uhcda|e} |enoe} a v|alnloe}(

e~ucvn|nda} mag oa} nduota}'

Va| at|a onda/ }e t|ntn de |emagame| on} v|mtcmn} }amcnoe} hedcndn} va| oa} gueza} hedca} de

mahugcmnmcg/ maha on Cgte|get s on} |ede} }amcnoe}' De}de on} ve|}vemtczn} ngnoc{ndn}/ ga bns ugn

}evn|nmcg tnkngte egt|e mag}uha} s v|adummcage}; e}tn} ave|nmcage} ga }uvageg/ |e}vemtcznhegte/

vn}czcdnd s nmtczcdnd/ nug~ue v|edahcge noùgn eg mndn mn}a'

Eg ug magterta dejcgcda de e}te hada/ oa} mbcma} de tada} oa} e}t|nta} }amcnoe} }ag

chvnmtnda} va| eo he|mnda de mag}uha/ eo cdeno de nmme}a ~ue e}te cgzaoum|n s on cou}cg de

cgmou}cg' Ve|a eo he|mnda oa} bahaoa`n eg t|hcga} de n}vc|nmcage} s de}ea}/ s oa} ermouse eg

t|hcga} de nmme}a/ nug~ue ga vuedn njc|hn|}e ~ue on temgaoa`n e}t dc}tngte de oa} kzege} de oa}

}emta|e} vavuon|e} n ve}n| de ~ue ga va}eng/ va| ekehvoa/ nmme}a ba`n|ea n on Cgte|get; eg ejemta/

}c on dcje|egmcn eg eo nmme}a s eo mag}uha de temgaoa`n e} ezcdegte egt|e oa} kzege} de dc}tcgta}

}emta|e} }amcnoe}/ e}tn mc|mug}tngmcn ga chvu`gn eo bemba de ~ue/ eg uga} s at|a} mn}a}/ oa} kzege}

}e dc}tngmceg de oa} nduota} n t|nz} de }u zgmuoa mag eoon s }u mnvnmcdnd vn|n v|ame}n|on s u}n|on'

Zcgmuonda mag e}ta} tehn}/ eg gue}t|a vn}/ eg on otchn dmndn/ bn bnlcda ug nuhegta de on

v|adummcg de e}tudca} ehv|cma}/ mungtctntcza} s munoctntcza} }al|e mag}uha} muotu|noe}'

V|mtcmnhegte |e}uotn chva}cloe bnlon| de eooa} }cg ~ue }al|e}no`n on chva|tngmcn ~ue }e n}c`gn no

u}a de n|tejnmta} eoemt|gcma} s dc`ctnoe} eg on zcdn matcdcngn' Va| oa ège|no/ }e tahng v|mtcmn} s

blcta} h} nhvoca} ~ue oa} |eje|cda} no mag}uha dc`ctno/ ve|a tada} nla|dng on zcgmuonmcg de oa}

kzege} mag eo hugda dc`ctno'

Eg |eonmcg mag oa} e}tudca} mungtctntcza}/ on} }cùcegte} }ag on} egmue}tn} h} chva|tngte}

~ue bng |eoeznda dcje|egte} n}vemta} de oa} mag}uha} muotu|noe} egt|e oa} kzege} s mag dcje|egte

gczeo de nomngme; Egmue}tn deo ]c}tehn Gnmcagno de Mag}uha} Muotu|noe} "


13/94

>4

Eg |eonmcg mag oa} mnhlca} de vn|ndc`hn}/ \ehagdcga "


16/94

>5

Maha ~ued ervue}ta/ egtegdeha} ~ue ugn hc|ndn de}de oa muotu|no vuede dn| muegtn de ondcze|}cdnd s eo dcgnhc}ha deo hugda kuzegco/ dnda ~ue e} eg }u} erv|e}cage} muotu|noe} hnte|cnoe} s

}chlocmn} dagde }e bnmeg zc}cloe} on} t|nhn} de }egtcda mag on} ~ue oa} kzege} mag}t|useg }u ou`n|

eg eo hugda' Va| at|n vn|te/ veg}n| on cgze}tc`nmcg de on} muotu|n} kuzegcoe} n|tcmuondn mag oa

edumntcza e} ndeh} ug mnhcga vn|n |ejoercagn| m|tcmnhegte }al|e on} v|mtcmn} e}maon|e} s on}

cg}tctumcage} ~ue on} malckng'

Oa} e}tudca} }al|e muotu|n} kuzegcoe} bng tegcda eg oa} otcha} na} ug de}n||aooa zcà|a}a ve|a/

}cg ehln|à/ vama bng cgmcdcda ng eg eo mnhva edumntcza' Zn|ca} nuta|e} "Bue|à/ 9 A|a{ma

@he{/ >33:9 \ad|ùe{/


17/94

>:

ugn v`cgn pel/ va| ekehvoa/ }c`gcjcmn t|nlnka/ e} demc|/ v|adummcg de noà ~ue |e~uce|e tcehvas e}jue|{a' Oa} nuta|e} }e v|eùgtng va| ~u tngta} kzege} dedcmng ugn vn|te chva|tngte de }u}

zcdn} n on m|enmcg de al|n} va| on} ~ue ga e}ve|ng v|e}tc`ca gc |emagamchcegta gc dcge|a' On

|e}vue}tn ~ue v|avageg e} ~ue oa} kzege} dc}j|utng bnmcgdaoa' ]e`g oa} nuta|e}/ e}te tcva de

t|nlnka }a}tcege on ejcmnmcn mahugcmntczn s muotu|no de `|ng vn|te de on |ed zc|tuno' S e}ta e} oa h}

chva|tngte/ de}tnmng oa} nuta|e}; e}tn} m|enmcage} ga }e ochctng n ehvoen| maha mag}uha ug lceg

v|ezcnhegte è}tcagnda va| on cgdu}t|cn/ |e}vagdeg n e}ve|ng{n}/ ngbeoa} s geme}cdnde} de }u}

nuta|e}'

On} muotu|n} kuzegcoe} deleg }e| egtegdcdn} maha ug mnhva de m|enmcg s erve|chegtnmcg dev|mtcmn} be|edndn} a ehe|ègte}/ h} ~ue maha ug v|adumta de on} cgdu}t|cn} muotu|noe}' Va|

gue}t|n vn|te/ }enonha} ~ue on} ogen} de cgze}tc`nmcg dele|ng a|cegtn|}e bnmcn ugn

|emag}cde|nmcg de oa} e}vnmca} odcma} eg on edumnmcg/ mue}tcg ~ue nvn|eme tngègmcnohegte

e}tudcndn eg on} cgze}tc`nmcage} }al|e zcdeakueà} "Znmn s ]e||nga/


18/94

>0

mnhlca} eg oa} egta|ga} e}maon|e} s eg oa} jnhcocn|e} eg oa} dcje|egte} magterta}9 s eocgzaoum|nhcegta de dc}mcvocgn} tnoe} maha on vednà`n/ on ngt|avaoa`n/ on }amcaoa`n/ on v}cmaoa`n s

on e}tnd}tcmn/ egt|e at|n}'

Oa} e}tudca} nvocmnda} n s de}de Magemtn| Cùnodnd cgze}tc`n|g/ va| ug onda/ on} |eùon|cdnde} n

t|nz} de on hedcmcg/ e} demc| ~ue ve|hctc|g magame| muoe} }ag oa} mag}uha} dc`ctnoe} eg eo `|uva

de |eje|egmcn/ s va| eo at|a/ e}tudcn|g munoctntcznhegte on} cgte|nmmcage} s oa} v|ame}a}/ va| oa tngta

ve|hctc|g altege| cgja|hnmcg nme|mn de;

( ~u v|mtcmn} }amcnoe} s |ev|e}egtnmcage} }uvageg e}a} mag}uha} dc`ctnoe} eg eo `|uva

de |eje|egmcn/

( eo chvnmta ~ue oa} dcje|egte} mahvagegte} deo v|a`|nhn v|adu{mn egt|e oa} kzege} n

oa on|à deo tcehva/ eg on} dcje|egte} {agn} de nvocmnmcg s egt|e oa} dc}tcgta} `|uva}

}amcnoe} de ve|tegegmcn/

( on} erve|cegmcn} ~ue on chvoehegtnmcg deo v|a`|nhn v|adu{mn egt|e ~ucege} oa ooezng

ndeongte/ s

( on} eznounmcage} ~ue oa} hc}ha} nmta|e} }amcnoe} |enocmeg'

Eo dc}ea vn|tcmuon| ga vuede e}tn| de}zcgmuonda deo hn|ma ège|no gc de oa} alketcza}/ n}

maha de on }eoemmcg de on hue}t|n/ eo t|nlnka de mnhva s eo vong de ngoc}c}'


19/94

>2

Cgja|he Ekemutcza CC

A|`ngc{nmcage} ga `ule|gnhegtnoe} "AG@# ~ue t|nlnkng eg eo hlcta de on}

TCMmag e}mueon} vlocmn} n|`egtcgn}


Hgcmn Vcgc "Maa|d'#

]ngd|n Hu}ngtc

Zc|`cgcn Ctbu|lu|u

Deocn @ag{oe{ Mn}tna

Ugcze|}cdnd Gnmcagno de ]ng Hn|tg

E}mueon de Buhngcdnde}

Megt|a de E}tudca} Cgte|dc}mcvocgn|ca} eg Edumnmcg/ Muotu|n s ]amcednd


20/94

>3

Cgja|he Ekemutcza

On} A|`ngc{nmcage} ga @ule|gnhegtnoe} "AG@# }ag a|`ngc{nmcage} }amcnoe} v|czndn} ~ue

ga tcegeg jcge} oum|ntcza} s ~ue |e}vagdeg n alketcza} }amcnoe}/ vlocma} a maoemtcza} }cg }e|

e}tntnoe}' Mag}cde|ngda eo ou`n| ~ue tcegeg on} AG@ eg on }amcednd/ e}te e}tudca tahn ug

}c`gcjcmnda e}vemcno eg eo nmtuno magterta }amcno/ vaotcma s edumntcza/ dagde on} Temgaoa`n} de on

Cgja|hnmcg s on Mahugcmnmcg "TCM# }e e}tg cg}tnongda eg gue}t|n} e}mueon}'

Oa} alketcza} deo t|nlnka jue|ag;

\eoezn| s mag}t|uc| ugn ln}e de dnta} }al|e a|`ngc{nmcage} ga ùle|gnhegtnoe} ~ue

t|nlnkng eg eo hlcta de on} TCM mag e}mueon} vlocmn} n|ègtcgn}'

Ngnoc{n| oa} v|asemta} ~ue ooezng ndeongte on} AG@ eg on} e}mueon} vlocmn} n|ègtcgn}/

cgmousegda ugn mon}cjcmnmcg de on} |en} de t|nlnka s on cgze|}cg |enoc{ndn va| e}tn}

a|`ngc{nmcage}'

Eznoun| eo va}cloe chvnmta s on} ogen} de maonla|nmcg v|alnloe} mag on} a|`ngc{nmcage}

ga ùle|gnhegtnoe} eg eo hn|ma deo v|a`|nhn Magemtn| Cùnodnd'

Vn|n eooa }e |enoc{n|ag on} }cùcegte} nmtczcdnde};

>( L}~uedn lcloca`|jcmn s de cgja|hngte} monze' ]e dejcgc s deochct eo ugcze|}a n mag}cde|n|

cgmousegda/ maha AG@/ n on} a|`ngc{nmcage} ga ùle|gnhegtnoe} }cg jcge} de oum|a mag ve|}age|n

ku|dcmn/ maha n}amcnmcage} mczcoe}/ jugdnmcage} s hutunoe}'


21/94

6 v|asemta} }ag jcgngmcnda} mag jagda} v|avca} de on AG@ s de


22/94

ehv|e}n}' Hcegt|n} ~ue > de mndn >6 v|asemta} muegtng mag jcgngmcnmcg de a|`ngc}ha}cgte|gnmcagnoe}'

Ngoc}c} de on} dcheg}cage} de chvnmta de on} AG@

]e mnteà|c{n|ag oa} v|asemta} }e`g tehtcmn/ de}tcgntn|ca} s alketcza}' Ugn v|che|n

mnteà|c{nmcg erbnu}tczn ve|hctc eonla|n| ugn }e|ce de dcheg}cage} de ngoc}c} ~ue cgte`|ng on}

mnteà|n} de nmue|da n mahugnocdnd eg on jugmcg s!a v|av}cta megt|no deo v|asemta'On tcvaoa`n de

dcheg}cage} |e}uotngte} ve|hctc cdegtcjcmn|;

>' V|asemta} mag kzege} s mahugcdndVa| oa ège|no }e de}n||aoong eg e}t|embn |eonmcg mag on e}mueon s mag on} nmtczcdnde} e}maon|e} de oa}

kzege} s!a nouhga}' ]e v|avageg e}t|nte`cn} vn|n ~ue oa} kzege} de}n||aooeg mnvnmcdnde} s

bnlcocdnde} ~ue oe} ve|hctng de}ehven|}e eg oa} gueza} de}nja} ~ue vongten on }amcednd/

ège|ngda e}vnmca} de egmuegt|a/ dcoaà e cgte`|nmcg/ maha oa} ja|a}/ ga }oa egt|e kzege}/ }cga

egt|e }ta} s }u} damegte}/ s tnhlcg de on mahugcdnd ln||cno a oamno "Ekehvoa; Ja|a de Kzege} de on

Jugdnmcg Be|gngdcngn# maha hada de dn| on vnonl|n n oa} }uketa} s ja|tnoeme| n} eo |ao de on

e}mueon eg oa} v|ame}a} }ulketczngte}' At|a} }e v|avageg e}t|nte`cn} de cgmou}cg ~ue }e magmegt|ng

eg eo de}n||aooa de tnooe|e} de mnvnmctnmcg n kzege} vn|n eo u}a de on} be||nhcegtn} dc`ctnoe}/ va|ekehvoa de dcje|egte }ajtpn|e'


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31/94

=6

Cgja|he Ekemutcza]cùcegda e}te vongtea/ oa} e~ucva} de magdummcg tcegeg ug vnveo jugdnhegtno sn ~ue

va}clcoctng on zcnlcocdnd de on cggaznmcg "vaotcmn/ tmgcmn/ a|`ngc{ntczn#/ s }ag oa} ~ue ndeh}

e}tn|ng eg heka|e} magdcmcage} de bnme| ugn luegn oemtu|n de on l|embn ~ue ège|e eo mnhlca9 eg

e}te mn}a/ de on cgma|va|nmcg de TCM/ eg oa} dcje|egte} hlcta} ~ue cgte`|ng on è}tcg e}maon|;

mu||cmuon|/ ndhcgc}t|ntcza a damuhegtno/ mahugctn|ca/ cgte|cg}tctumcagno s de àlce|ga'

]e mag}cde|ng eg e}te }egtcda/ oa} nva|te} de nuta|e} maha E{veoetn s Ju|og/ "33># de}m|cle dc}tcgtn} dcheg}cage} s

jugmcage} ~ue vuede n}uhc| ug dc|emta|;

( Dcheg}cg cgte|ve|}agno dagde eo dc|emta| amuvn ug ou`n| de nuta|cdnd ja|hno s }e

de}ehven maha mnle{n zc}cloe de on a|`ngc{nmcg/ no hngtege| magtnmta} jue|n de on

e}t|umtu|n ke||~ucmn ja|hno'

( Dcheg}cg cgja|hntczn dagde eo dc|emta| }e mag}tctuse eg eo megt|a ge|zca}a de }u

e}mueon/ eg zc|tud de oa} magtnmta} cgte|ve|}agnoe} ~ue e}tnloeme mag oa} dc}tcgta}nmta|e}'

( Dcheg}cg demc}a|cn dagde eo dc|emta| de}ehven ug vnveo v|cgmcvno eg eo }c}tehn de

tahn de demc}cage} eg on e}mueon

De e}te hada/ on è}tcg amuvn ugn va}cmcg e}t|nt`cmn eg oa} delnte} nme|mn deo v|e}egte s

jutu|a de oa} }c}tehn} e}maon|e} s de on} cg}tctumcage}/ sn ~ue |ev|e}egtn ugn {agn }eg}cloe dagde }e

teg}cagng on} va}clcocdnde} s ohcte} de on |ejoercg s on v|mtcmn edumntczn "E{veoetn s Ju|og/ 5=#'

Eo zgmuoa egt|e on è}tcg/ on a|`ngc{nmcg e}maon| s on} TCM e} mag}cde|nda monze mungda }e

t|ntn de on chvoehegtnmcg de v|a`|nhn}/ maha eo V|a`|nhn Magemtn| Cùnodnd' Zn|ca} }ag oa}

nuta|e} ~ue t|nlnkng e}tn |eonmcg9 }cg ehln|à/ }e vuede al}e|zn| eg on lcloca`|njn e}vemcnoc{ndn

~ue/ ège|nohegte/ }e hegmcagn on jnotn de v|adummcg s |ejoercg nmndhcmn }al|e mha s de ~u

hnge|n on} TCM }e cgte`|ng n on e}mueon1 E{veoetn s Ju|og "


32/94

=>

è}tcagn| on e}mueon/ eg tngta ~ue cggazn| eg on} TCM e} cggazn| eg on a|`ngc{nmcg e}maon| s ga }oaeg on cgmou}cg n|tejnmtuno' Nug~ue/ mon|a e}t/ ~ue }cg mahvutnda|n}!getlaai} eg on e}mueon e}

chva}cloe veg}n| eg v|asemta vedn``cma} ~ue magt|clusng n veg}n| eg eo ja|tnoemchcegta de on

v|avcn cg}tctumcg e}maon|'

Va| at|n vn|te/ mag}cde|ngda tnhlcg eo gùoa cgze|}a/ }u|è eo }cùcegte cgte||a`ngte;

}e| geme}n|ca cggazn| oa} hada} de a|`ngc{nmcg e}maon| vn|n ~ue TCM vuedng }e| de}voe`ndn} s

de}n||aoondn} eg egta|ga} jnza|nloe}1 Ga} bnmeha} e}tn v|eùgtn dnda ~ue/ de}de ugn ve|}vemtczn

hcm|avaotcmn/ erc}teg dcze|}a} dc}va}ctcza} bc}t|cma} s t|ndcmcagnoe} ~ue }e vuedeg magze|tc| eg

al}tmuoa} no hahegta de veg}n| on cgmou}cg de on} TCM eg on e}mueon'

N}chc}ha/ eo degahcgnda ejemta TCM ège|n ug chvnmta eg on è}tcg de on cg}tctumcg

e}maon| dnda ~ue/ j|emuegtehegte/ on deham|ntc{nmcg de on cgja|hnmcg }uvage hadcjcmnmcage} eg

on} |eonmcage} deo magterta e}maon|/ e}ta e}; gueza} m|cte|ca}/ guezn} ga|hn} s v|amedchcegta} ~ue

vuedeg magdumc| n ug gueza hada de a|`ngc{nmcg e}maon|' ]cg ehln|à/ mungda on cgmou}cg de on}

TCM }e mag}cde|n }oa maha cgma|va|nmcg n|tejnmtuno de temgaoa`n (maha n~ueooa ~ue e} gazeda}a

s on e}mueon ga vuede ga tege|oa( ga bns ugn |eno cggaznmcg/ ga bns va}clcocdnde} de

t|ng}ja|hnmcage}; va|~ue on è}tcg de on e}mueon }cùe eo hadeoa t|ndcmcagno de ooezn| n mnla on}

tn|en} s veg}n| on e}mueon/ ve|a mag ugn be||nhcegtn guezn' S n~u |ndcmn uga de oa} de}nja} de on

vaotcmn edumntczn vn|n on chvoehegtnmcg de oa} v|a`|nhn} zcgmuonda} n on} TCM' Oa ~ue chvocmn/

|ejoercagn| s ooezn| n mnla vaotcmn} ~ue ège|eg eg damegte} s è}ta|e} de on} e}mueon} ug gueza

hada de bnme| e}mueon/ eg jcg ug gueza hada de veg}n| on e}mueon deo nmtuno'

Mag e}ta }a}tegeha} ~ue on cgma|va|nmcg de on} TCM s on} guezn} temgaoa`n} maha ugn

va}clcocdnd de cggaznmcg/ }ag be||nhcegtn} ~ue vuedeg ège|n| at|a} hada} de è}tcagn| on

cg}tctumcg edumntczn; dagde on nmme}clcocdnd de on cgja|hnmcg/ on àle|gnlcocdnd deham|tcmn s on

deham|ntc{nmcg de on} |eonmcage} }eng eo eke de on zcdn cg}tctumcagno mag ugn vategte be||nhcegtn

maha e} on temgaoa`n'

Va| at|n vn|te/ }cùcegda on ogen de on è}tcg s on TCM e} geme}n|ca |emu||c| no vongtea de

Mnle|a "


33/94

= n > eg

N|ègtcgn/ ln}nda eg mnteà|n} evc}tehao`cmn} de }ocdn mag}t|ummcg'

On cgze}tc`nmcg dele|n mag}cde|n| ug hadeoa de t|cngùonmcg egt|e hetadaoa`n}

munoctntczn} s mungtctntczn}9 n} maha e}tudca} de ma|te etga`|jcma/ de nomngme n on tatnocdnd

de on valonmcg'

Mag}cde|n| eo chvnmta va| de}n`|e`nhcegta de mnteà|n}; ga }e| eo hc}ha eg ugcdnde}

jnhcocn|e} ~ue sn tuzce|ng no`g `|nda de cgmou}cg dc`ctno ~ue eg n~ueoon} ugcdnde}

jnhcocn|e} ~ue ga on tuzce|eg' Eo chvnmta tnhvama }e| eo hc}ha vn|n valonmcg u|lngn s

|u|no gc }al|e ugn ugcdnd jnhcocn| de zuoge|nlcocdnd "mag cgmou}cg dc`ctno a ga#'

]amcnoc{n| eo magamchcegta temgao`cma vn|n ~ue }en nv|avcnda va| on} mahugcdnde} s ~ue ga

ve|hnge{mn eg vade| de erve|ta}/ h} eg ug hugda òalno dagde oa} magamchcegta}

mc|muong va| on |ed de hnge|n c||e}t|cmtn'

\enoc{n| v|ueln} de u}nlcocdnd mag u}un|ca} hcehl|a} cgte`|ngte} de on ugcdnd jnhcocn| delegejcmcn|ca'

V|avue}tn hetadao`cmn de eznounmcg eg oa} `|uva} jnhcocn|e} mag }uketa} mag Geme}cdnde}

Edumntczn} E}vemcnoe} "GEE#

V|ahaze| on nmme}clcocdnd eg on pel s on cgmou}cg de }ajtpn|e s ve|cj|cma} e}vemcnohegte

dc}enda} vn|n ugn ve|}agn mag GEE/ |e}vetngda oa} v|cgmcvca} deo dc}ea ugcze|}no'


40/94

=3

Oa} ve|cj|cma} dele|ng magtehvon| on} dc}mnvnmcdnde} e}vemjcmn}'

Ntegdcegda no v|cgmcvca de ehvade|nhcegta de oa} }uketa} s on} jnhcocn}/ }e dele|n ntegde|

n on nmme}clcocdnd de }tn} vn|n vn|tcmcvn| eg |ede} s a|`ngc{nmcage} eg on} ~ue }en va}cloe (

va| ekehvoa( mahugcmn|}e mag at|a} vnd|e} de kzege} mag GEE/ l|cgdn| cgja|hnmcg }al|e

on} mahugcdnde} zc|tunoe}/ `|uva} de nvasa agocge a |ede} e}vemcnoe} dc}vagcloe}/ s

}uè|egmcn} de cgja|hnmcg s ja|hnmcg de oa} damegte} eg }u t|nlnka eg on} mahugcdnde} de

vnd|e}'

\enoc{n| ugn mag}uotn ve|hngegte n oa} v|avca} vnd|e} s jnhcocn|e} }al|e geme}cdnde} ga

}ntc}jembn} va| eo v|a`|nhn (eg |eonmcg n on} GEE deo kazeg( vn|n detemtn| va}cloe} mn|egmcn}'

L|cgdn| cgja|hnmcg nmme}cloe n oa} vnd|e} s jnhcocn|e} }al|e oa} legejcmca} e}vemjcma} de on}

TCM vn|n mndn uga de oa} hcehl|a} de on ugcdnd jnhcocn|'

V|ahaze| nmtctude} va}ctczn} de oa} jnhcocn|e} bnmcn on} TCM/ nhvocngda on cgja|hnmcg bnmcn on

vn|tcmcvnmcg eg mahugcdnde} de u}un|ca}/ }uve|ngda eo gjn}c} ermou}cza eg on v|ezegmcg

de |ce}à} eg eo u}a de on Cgte|get va| vn|te de oa} hega|e} cgte`|ngte} de on ugcdnd jnhcocn|'

Ntegde| n on} mn|nmte|}tcmn} dcje|egmcnoe} deo v|a`|nhn eg |eonmcg n oa} kzege} mag GEE

jamnoc{ngda eg ugn ja|hnmcg eg edumnmcg cgmou}czn vn|n oa} damegte} eg ège|no'

De}de on ve|}vemtczn de on} jnhcocn}/ on} |ede} vuedeg nsudn| n ~ue oa} vnd|e} s at|a} hcehl|a}

deo `|uva jnhcocn| "ek' nlueoa}# maga{mng oa ~ue vuedeg bnme| mag on} mahvutnda|n}' Eg e}te }egtcda/

ugn ja|hn de ooezn|oa n on v|mtcmn/ }e|n n t|nz} de ugn |ed de jnhcocn} vn|n ugn e}mueon a ug `|uva

de e}mueon}'

Egt|e oa} dc}tcgta} v|av}cta} ~ue vad|ng }e|zc| e}tn} |ede}/ }e vuedeg }enon|;

On mahugcmnmcg mag on e}mueon/ vn|n ~ue oa} vnd|e} }eng h} vn|tmcve} eg oa} mnhlca}

v|adumcda} va| eo V|a`|nhn Magemtn| Cùnodnd'

On cdegtcjcmnmcg de }e|zcmca} de utcocdnd/ egt|e eooa} de e(àlce|ga/ v|eg}n/ e(mahe|mca/

teoejagn CV "]isve#/ etm'

On ja|hnmcg }al|e TCM vn|n n~ueooa} jnhcocn|e} mag cgte|} eg nv|egde|

Oa} cgte|mnhlca} de hnte|cnoe} e}maon|e}/ ocl|a}/ kuùete}/ etm'


41/94

46

On magmcegmcnmcg n vnd|e}!tuta|e} }al|e u}a} nv|avcnda} s }e`u|a} de Cgte|get'

N gczeo mahugctn|ca erc}te ugn nhvocn erve|cegmcn mag |ede} mahugctn|cn} ~ue n|tcmuong on

nmmcg mcudndngn vn|n dcze|}a} jcge}; "c# vn|tcmcvnmcg vaotcmn/ "cc# tnloage} de ehvoea/ "ccc# he|mnda}

de mahv|nzegtn/ "cz# cgte|mnhlca} de ocl|a}/ tcoe} deva|tcza}/ veomuon}/ be||nhcegtn}/ etm'/ "z#

mahugcmnmcg egt|e ve|}agn} hnsa|e}/ "zc# mahugcmnmcg egt|e ve|}agn} s jnhcocn} mag dc}mnvnmcdnd/

"zcc# nmtczcdnde} no nc|e ocl|e s muotu|noe}/ etm' Eg e}te }egtcda/ }e vad|ng ehvoen| teoemegt|a}

mahugctn|ca} maha mntnoc{nda|e} de e}tn} |ede}/ s no magtn| mag mahvutnda|n} eg mndn mn}n s eo

nmme}a n Cgte|get/ e}ta e}tchuon|n }c`gcjcmntcznhegte on vn|tcmcvnmcg' Ng h}/ e} va}cloe maheg{n|

n zc}unoc{n| ugn mahugcdnd humba hnsa|; on Mahugcdnd Magemtn| C`unodnd/ eg on ~ue vn|tcmcvn|n

muno~uce| ve|}agn a egtcdnd cgzaoum|ndn eg eo v|a`|nhn/ e}tudcngte}/ jnhcocn|e}/ damegte}/

ndhcgc}t|nda|e}/ etm' Ugn mahugcdnd vategmcnohegte tng nhvocn tegd|n hotcvoe} gczeoe} s

e}vnmca}9 ugn mahugcdnd de e}tn} dcheg}cage}/ nmtczndn s n|tcmuondn eg |ed/ s zcgmuondn de}de oa

edumntcza!njemtcza/ vuedn nva|tn| n on heka|n eg eo hadeoa de edumnmcg eg eo vn}'

Va| otcha/ }e hegmcagn ~ue/ muno~uce| hetadaoa`n a|cegtndn n ug hagcta|ea ejemtcza s

magtcgua deo chvnmta }amcno deo V|a`|nhn tegd|n ~ue cgma|va|n| eoehegta} vn|tcmcvntcza}/ eg oa} ~ue

oa} v|avca} }uketa} s vategmcnoe} legejcmcn|ca} nva|teg cgja|hnmcg }al|e |e}uotnda} s eo `|nda de

v|a`|e}a deo V|a`|nhn' E}a} e}~uehn} de hagcta|ea |e~ue|c|g tngta on chvongtnmcg de

dc}va}ctcza} nutahntc{nda} "ernhcgngda va| ekehvoa on j|emuegmcn a tcva} de u}a} de on} getlaai}#

n} maha on |et|anochegtnmcg va| vn|te de hcehl|a} de on} ugcdnde} jnhcocn|e}'


42/94

4>

Cgja|he Ekemutcza Z

Mc|mucta} vn|noeoa} de v|adummcg s }u} de|cznmcage} }amcnoe}/ muotu|noe}/

emaghcmn} s vedn``cmn}; on cgze}tc`nmcg nmndhcmn/ eo he|mnda onla|no s

eo he|mnda de temgaoa`n cgja|htcmn'

E~ucva de cgze}tc`nmcg

@nl|ceo N}v|eoon "maa|d#

@|nmceon E}gnaon Ba|nmei "maa|d' nmndhcmn#

Edun|da @n|mn

@ucooe|ha Lcngmbc

]cozngn Dc Legedetta

Eg|c~ue ]tng{caon

gèo ]ng Hn|tg Noag}a

Ka} Vec|nt} Mbnmg

\ale|ta Nvn|cmc

Hngueo Nmezeda

Gcmao} Vnme

Ugcze|}cdnd Gnmcagno de T|e} de Jel|e|a+

+ Cgze}tc`nmcg eg v|ame}a de de}n||aooa

Cgja|he Ekemutcza

Eg eo hn|ma deo V|a`|nhn Magemtn| Cùnodnd musn hetn e} on dc}t|clumcg de = hcooage} de e~ucva}

va|ttcoe}9 }e dele ntegde| no de}voceùe de mc|mucta} e}ve|nda} s v|ezc}ta} de}de eo V|a`|nhn ~ue/


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4 n > eg on N|ègtcgn'

V|a`|e}cza cgte|mnhlca s n|tcmuonmcg deo hlcta e}tntno s deo nmndhcma eg on v|adummcg de

magzamnta|cn}

Cg}ujcmcegte} e}vnmca} de |ejoercg nmndhcma vn|n on dcju}cg de erve|cegmcn} vedn``cmn} s

v|adummcg te|cmn }al|e hadeoa > n >'

Macgmcdegmcn eg on} v|adummcage} nmndhcmn} |e}vemta deo delcoctnhcegta deo ou`n| deo

damegte degt|a de on v|avue}tn'

]al|eznoa|nmcg de on} vategmcnocdnde} de on} temgaoa`n} mag gjn}c} megt|nda eg oa}

nvn|nta} s eg oa} nouhga}'

De e}te ngoc}c} }u|èg on} }cùcegte} |emahegdnmcage};

De}tnmnha} on chva|tngmcn deo hagcta|ea s on eznounmcg de on chvoehegtnmcg de oa}

hadeoa} > n > s on eznounmcg etga`|jcmn deo hadeoa vedn``cma ~ue }u}tegtn ugn cggaznmcg'Mag}cde|nha} ~ue e} geme}n|ca chvoehegtn| ug |eoeznhcegta }c}tehtcma de on cgja|hnmcg vn|n

detemtn| on vategmcn e cggaznmcg deo V|a`|nhn Magemtn| Cùnodnd' Va| eooa/ }e bnme chve|ca}a

jamnoc{n| eo megt|a deo V|a`|nhn eg on cggaznmcg vedn``cmn s eo ou`n| deo damegte' Ndeh} }e

dele|n delntc| eo ou`n| ata|`nda no }ajtpn|e ocl|e de}de on} vaotcmn} de mag}t|ummcg de mcudndngn s

on} mnvnmcdnde} s nvtctude} |e}vemta n on} ocle|tnde}/ joerclcocdnd/ edumnmcg s mcudndngn eg eo }còa

RRC va| }u} mag}emuegmcn} a ejemta} vaotcma}/ emaghcma}/ s deo tcva de u}un|ca} ~ue }e magt|clusn n

mag}t|uc|

E} geme}n|ca eg e}te hn|ma/ jahegtn| on magtcgucdnd de magzamnta|cn} vn|n vulocmnmcage}/ n}

maha on a|`ngc{nmcg de ezegta} mag mn|mte| nmndhcma9 cgma|va|ngda on v|aloehtcmn deo hadeoa

> n > n on aje|tn de lemn} vn|n e}tudca e cgze}tc`nmcg'

Eg |eonmcg mag eo dc}ea de dc}va}ctcza} de eznounmcg s hagcta|ea deo V|a`|nhn/ }e dele|n ntegde|

n ~ue eg eo hc}ha }e cgmousn nmtcznhegte n oa} nmta|e} cg}tctumcagnoe} cgzaoum|nda} s jnmcoctn| on


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ège|nmcg de e}vnmca} vn|n on |ejoercg/ eo dcoaà s de }ulketcznmcg vaotcmn de on} ve|}agn}vn|tcmcvngte} s zcgmuonda} n on chvoehegtnmcg deo V|a`|nhn'

Ndze|tegmcn} s |ce}à} de on chvoehegtnmcg

Noùga} |ceà} ~ue }ag geme}n|ca} ndze|tc| }ag va| ug onda/ megt|n| on hc|ndn ermou}cznhegte

eg ug hadeoa temgam|tcma s va| eo at|a/ on cg}ujcmcegte on cgma|va|nmcg de n|tejnmta} temgao`cma}

mag u}nlcocdnd edumntczn eg on dcghcmn de on} nuon}' E} geme}n|ca egtagme}/ mahv|egde| onmahvoekcdnd vn|n on |e}aoumcg de on l|embn dc`ctno de hnge|n dejcgctczn "al}aoe}megmcn de oa}

e~ucva}/ v|edahcgca de u}a} vama vategte} a }c`gcjcmntcza} de oa} e~ucva}#' Vn|n eooa e} hege}te|

}uve|n| on jnotn de n|tcmuonmcg egt|e on} o`cmn} temgao`cmn}/ de he|mnda s }amcno cgbe|egte} n on}

cggaznmcage} vaotcmn(temgao`cmn} s mag}cde|n| eo chvnmta eg on mag}t|ummcg de on cgja|hnmcg eg oa}

hedca} de mahugcmnmcg'

Eg e}te otcha n}vemta/ }enonha} ~ue; eo heg}nke ajcmcno |ehcte no chvnmta eg eo

e~ucvnhcegta temgao`cma s on cgj|ne}t|umtu|n de on} e}mueon}9 }e bnme |eje|egmcn dc|emtn n oa} kzege}

e}tudcngte} maha |emevta|e} dc|emta} deo V|a`|nhn s maha nègte} jnmcoctnda|e} de on cgmou}cg

}amcno/ oa muno e} |eoezngte' Va| at|n vn|te/ }e v|etegde nla|dn| on v|aloehtcmn de on cgmou}cg }amcno

s de on} va}clcocdnde} de n}meg}a }amcno n t|nz} deo nmbcmnhcegta de on l|embn dc`ctno s }e zcgmuon eo

nmme}a n on temgaoa`n dc`ctno mag on v|aloehtcmn deo nlngdaga e}maon| s on} mahvetegmcn} vn|n eo

t|nlnka' Eg e}te }egtcda/ eo hadeoa vedn``cma dejcge on va}clcocdnd de nmahvnn| n oa} e}tudcngte}

eg eo }nota ma`gctcza ~ue dehngdn mag}t|uc| magamchcegta eg on muotu|n dc`ctno' Ndze|tcha} ~ue e}

chv|e}mcgdcloe/ va| tngta/ chvoehegtn| ugn hadnocdnd de ja|hnmcg damegte v|e}egmcno mahlcgndn

mag on ga v|e}egmcno/ s eg }e|zcmca/ vn|n jnmcoctn| eo nmme}a' Tada e}ta chvocmn s |edugdn eg on

geme}cdnd de ug mnhlca eg oa} mc|mucta} de ja|hnmcg nmndhcmn t|ndcmcagno'

Mag |eonmcg n on ~u }e e}t mahugcmngda n on} Jnhcocn} }al|e eo Vong Magemtn| Cùnodnd/

oueà de bnme| ug |ema||cda va| oa} dc}tcgta} }ctca} mag}uotnda}/ }e }a}tcegeg on} }cùcegte}

magmou}cage};


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Oa} hedca} hn}cza} de mahugcmnmcg ga dng muegtn deo chvnmta v|adumcda va| eo V|a`|nhnMagemtn|' Ng ga e} va}cloe hedc| eo chvnmta mce|ta deo V|a`|nhn nug~ue e} de e}ve|n| ug v|che|

chvnmta h} jue|te eg oa} damegte} s nouhga}'

De e}te ngoc}c} }u|èg on} }cùcegte} |emahegdnmcage};

Chvoehegtn| dc}tcgtn} hedcdn} de nmmcg vn|n vategmcn| eo chvnmta tngta eg oa} hedca} de

mahugcmnmcg maha eg eo egta|ga jnhcocn|'

Hn}czn vulocmcdnd ajcmcno utcoc{ngda tada} oa} hedca} n }u nomngme vn|n Cgteg}cjcmn| ~ue eo

v|a`|nhn teg`n hnsa| zc}clcocdnd

Tnooe|e} vn|n vnd|e} eg on} e}mueon} vn|n cou}t|n|oa} }al|e eo v|a`|nhn/ eo u}a de on} get s on}

hotcvoe} va}clcocdnde} deo u}a deo on pel'

\enoc{n| e}tudca} mungtctntcza}/ s munoctntcza} mag `|uva} jamnoe} s egt|ezc}tn} eg v|ajugdcdnd

vn|n vade| eznoun| eo chvnmta deo V|a`|nhn eg on} jnhcocn} de oa} e}tudcngte}

Eg on} |emahegdnmcage} de}tnmnha} on ava|tugcdnd de cgt|adumc| }c}tehtcmnhegte n on

ave|ntczcdnd deo V|a`|nhn/ e}t|umtu|n} s dcghcmn} de |ed dnda ~ue vuedeg magt|cluc|

}u}tngmcnohegte n ~ue }e muhvong oa} alketcza} egugmcnda}' Ugn }uè|egmcn monze vn|n nla|dn| on}

dcje|egte} v|aloehtcmn} chvocmndn} dehngdn a|`ngc{n| on} e}t|nte`cn} de hnge|n ~ue; n# }e

a|cegteg bnmcn alketcza} e}vemjcma}/ l# }e avtchcmeg oa} hemngc}ha} maonla|ntcza}/ m# }e ehvade|eg

n oa} nmta|e} vn|n dn| oa heka| de }/ d# }e v|ahuezn on cgcmcntczn s on cggaznmcg/ s e# }e jahegte ugn

muotu|n }aocdn|cn egt|e tada} oa} nmta|e}

Eg dejcgctczn s al}e|zngda on cgte|magercg de mndn uga de oa} mc|mucta} hegmcagnda}/

mag}cde|nha} ~ue }e|n |emahegdnloe ~ue eo V|a`|nhn Magemtn| Cùnodnd vudce}e ège|n|

ervomctnhegte ugn e}t|nte`cn de |ed/ eg ug eke|mcmca ~ue cgzaoum|n|n tadn} on} ugcdnde} s v|asemta}

cgte|ga} }c`gcjcmntcza}' Dcmbn e}t|nte`cn ernhcgn|n on vongcjcmnmcg e}t|nt`cmn deo V|a`|nhn/

vongtengda eg mndn ugcdnd a mahvagegte ave|ntcza ~u ejemta} de |ed }e|ng oa} h} |eoezngte}'


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Cgja|he Ekemutcza ZC

E}tnda deo N|te de on Cgma|va|nmcg de TCM eg on Edumnmcg E}vemcno


Ngn Ve|es|n "Maa|d#

Ngd|en V|e{

Kuocn Oumn}

]cozcgn Mchaonc

Bu`a @noon|da

Ugcze|}cdnd Vedn``cmn


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Cgja|he Ekemutcza

Eo cgja|he tctuonda E}tnda deo N|te de on Cgma|va|nmcg de TCM eg on Edumnmcg E}vemcno jue

|enoc{nda egt|e oa} he}e} de dcmcehl|e de 6 s hn|{a de > va| ug e~ucva magzamnda va| on

Ugcze|}cdnd Vedn``cmn de on V|azcgmcn de Luega} Nc|e}/ eg eo hn|ma deo V|a`|nhn Gnmcagno

Magemtn| Cùnodnd' On v|avue}tn de t|nlnka e}tuza jamnoc{ndn eg on cgdn`nmcg de dc}tcgta} n}vemta}

zcgmuonda} n on dc}mnvnmcdnd s on} Temgaoa`n} de on Cgja|hnmcg s on Mahugcmnmcg "TCM# eg eo hn|ma

deo }c}tehn edumntcza gnmcagno/ mag vn|tcmuon| gjn}c} eg on hadnocdnd de Edumnmcg E}vemcno s eg }u

vategmcno magercg mag hlcta} onla|noe}'

Oa} n}vemta} |eoeznda} eg jugmcg de oa} alketcza} de on cgdn`nmcg jue|ag oa} }cùcegte};

( Erve|cegmcn} de u}a} de TCM eg on eg}eng{n n nouhga} mag dc}mnvnmcdnd/ de}n||aoondn} eg

e}mueon} de edumnmcg e}vemcno s mahg s at|n} cg}tctumcage} s a|`ngc{nmcage}/ oa ~ue chvocm oueà

ug t|nlnka egjamnda n on magjemmcg de ugn tcvaoa`n de erve|cegmcn}

( Heka|e} v|mtcmn} eg on tehtcmn n gczeo gnmcagno e cgte|gnmcagno n t|nz} de juegte}

}emugdn|cn}'

( V|asemta}/ de}n||aooa} s v|adumta} de ndnvtnmcg e|àghcmn vn|n eo u}a de |emu|}a}

cgja|htcma}9 de}n||aooa de }ajtpn|e e}vemcno vn|n eo nmme}a n mahvutnda|n} s meouon|e}9 |emu|}a}

dc}vagcloe} eg eo he|mnda "tngta }ajtpn|e v|avcetn|ca maha ocl|e#'

( Juegte} de jcgngmcnhcegta vn|n eo de}n||aooa de erve|cegmcn} de cgte`|nmcg de TCM eg on

edumnmcg e}vemcno'

( Hn|ma oe`no de on edumnmcg e}vemcno s vn|n on cgmou}cg onla|no de ve|}agn} mag

dc}mnvnmcdnd'

N vn|tc| de oa} dnta} |eoeznda}/ eo cgja|he cgmous dc}tcgtn} ln}e} de dnta}/ maha tnhlcg ug

hadeoa de mahvn|nmcg de erve|cegmcn} "eg mungta n u}nlcocdnd/ gczeoe} de cgte`|nmcg/ tcvaoa`n deerve|cegmcn#/ s ug hadeoa de e}tudca eznountcza }al|e on cgte`|nmcg deo v|a`|nhn Magemtn| Cùnodnd

eg on} e}mueon} de edumnmcg e}vemcno'

N magtcgunmcg }e v|e}egtn ugn }gte}c} deo t|nlnka |enoc{nda/ a|`ngc{ndn eg da} `|ngde}

ogen}; eg v|che| ou`n| }e v|e}egtng oa} n}vemta} |eje|cda} n on} erve|cegmcn} edumntczn} s oa}

delnte} s |ejoercage} eg ta|ga n on} luegn} v|mtcmn}9 eg }eùgda ou`n|/ }e v|e}egtng n}vemta} ~ue/


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}c lceg tcegeg gtchn zcgmuonmcg mag on va}clcocdnd de de}n||aoon| on} hegmcagndn} erve|cegmcn}/bnmeg |eje|egmcn h} e}vemjcmn no de}n||aooa temgao`cma s oa} v|adumta} dc}vagcloe} eg eo he|mnda/

on} juegte} de jcgngmcnhcegta de cgcmcntczn} ~ue magt|clusng no mnhva/ s eo hn|ma oe`no |eje|cda n

dc}mnvnmcdnd/ edumnmcg s t|nlnka'

n' Erve|cegmcn}/ luegn} v|mtcmn} s v|avue}tn} de }eùchcegta

Mag |e}vemta n on} erve|cegmcn}/ }e ngnoc{n|ag 45 erve|cegmcn} damuhegtndn} s dcjugdcdn}

}al|e cgmou}cg de TCM eg on edumnmcg de nouhga} mag dc}mnvnmcdnde}/ ooezndn} n mnla

|emcegtehegte eg gue}t|a vn}' ]e cgmouse|ag erve|cegmcn} de}n||aoondn} eg e}mueon} mahuge}/ de

edumnmcg e}vemcno/ ugcze|}cdnde}/ AG@ s v|asemta} ùle|gnhegtnoe}'

Eg gue}t|a ngoc}c} de on} erve|cegmcn} de}tnmnha} on magjcng{n ège|no de oa} |eonta|e} eg

~ue eo u}a de on} TCM chvnmtn| va}ctcznhegte eg on eg}eng{n s!a eg oa} nv|egdc{nke}' Oa} legejcmca}

de on} TCM }ag ug }uvue}ta de vn|tcdn ~ue ga }e mue}tcagn eg on} erve|cegmcn}' On znocde{ de }u u}a e

cgmou}cg eg on} nuon} ga }ueoe }e| alketa de |ejoercg/ oa muno aloc`n n oonhn| on ntegmcg nme|mn de

e}tn ège|noc{nmcg/ dnda ~ue eg mce|ta} mn}a} oa} hc}ha} vuedeg bn}tn magt|cluc| n |eja|{n| on

dc}mnvnmcdnd a on }ctunmcg de ga(nv|egdc{nke'

Ga al}tngte/ h} noo de e}tn nmon|nmcg/ znoe on vegn |ema|dn| oa} e}tudca} eg oa} munoe} }e}enon ~ue on edumnmcg e}vemcno e} on hadnocdnd edumntczn eg on ~ue h} mon|nhegte }e bn

ehve{nda n cdegtcjcmn| eo chvnmta va}ctcza de on cgmou}cg de on} TCM eg eo nuon'

Eg mungta n oa} }egtcda} ~ue }e oe ata|`n no u}a de on} TCM eg on} erve|cegmcn} ngnoc{ndn}/ }e

al}e|zn on maerc}tegmcn de }egtcda} ~ue nt|nzce}ng no u}a de on} TCM eg tadn} on} hadnocdnde}

edumntczn}/ s }egtcda} ~ue }e ja|tnoemeg a }e zueozeg }cgùon|e} eg on e}vemcjcmcdnd de on edumnmcg

e}vemcno' Eg eo v|che| `|uva }e ulcmng eo cgte|} va| heka|n| on cgmou}cg }amcno/ onla|no s edumnmcagno

de on} ve|}agn}/ on hatcznmcg/ on nutagahn/ s oa} nv|egdc{nke}' Eg eo }eùgda `|uva/ on heka|n de on

mahugcmnmcg s de on} cgte|nmmcage} n t|nz} deo u}a de on} TCM nd~uce|e ugn v|e}egmcn e}vemcno' At|a

n}vemta ~ue }e }cgùon|c{n eg eo mn}a de on} erve|cegmcn} ngnoc{ndn} e} on ja|hn eg ~ue }e egtcegde on

cgmou}cg }amcno s onla|no de e}ta} `|uva} valonmcagnoe}' On} TCM }ag zc}tn} maha be||nhcegtn} ~ue

va}clcoctng on vn|tcmcvnmcg eg nmtczcdnde} ~ue de at|n hnge|n e}tn|ng zedndn} vn|n on} ve|}agn} mag

mce|ta} tcva} de dc}mnvnmcdnde}'


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Eg eo dc}ea de nmtczcdnde} }e egmuegt|ng oa} mn}a} ~ue utcoc{ng oa ~ue oonhnha}v|avue}tn}(vn~uete/ e} demc|/ erve|cegmcn} ~ue }e ège|ng eg on} e}mueon} a AG@} maha |e}uotnda

de cgmouc|}e eg ug v|asemta a v|a`|nhn h} ège|no/ a ~ue }ag v|azc}tn} va| dcje|egte} megt|a} de

|emu|}a} }eng jugdnmcage}/ loa`} vn|tcmuon|e} u a|`ngc}ha} e}tntnoe}' Eg gue}t|a ngoc}c}

mag}cde|nha} ~ue/ ng |emagamcegda on} ndze|tegmcn} de oa} e}vemcnoc}tn} nme|mn de on vamn

ndemunmcg de e}tn} v|avue}tn} n on cdca}cgm|n}cn de mndn cg}tctumcg s de mndn ve|}agn/ e}tn}

v|avue}tn}(vn~uete vuedeg tege| ug mn|mte| cgcmctcma tngta eg on mag}t|ummcg de erve|cegmcn}

maha eg }u damuhegtnmcg' Ndeh} }ueoeg tege| eo vou} de v|ahaze| cgte|nmmcage} mag at|n}

cg}tctumcage} s v|aje}cagnoe} s de dn| zc}clcocdnd'

Eg mungta n on} nmtczcdnde} ~ue }e |enoc{ng mag on} TCM/ }e de}tnmn ~ue on} erve|cegmcn}

ngnoc{ndn} de na} |emcegte} hue}t|ng ug nlngcma hnsa| de v|avue}tn} eg eo u}a de on} TCM s ugn

dcje|egte nv|avcnmcg de on} hc}hn}/ mag |e}vemta n oa ~ue }e cdegtcjcmnln eg na} ngte|ca|e}' Ga

al}tngte/ }e }enon maha vegdcegte on ervoa|nmcg de nmtczcdnde} dagde }e v|adu{mn de hnge|n h}

ègucgn on mag}t|ummcg maonla|ntczn de magamchcegta}/ s dagde on hc}hn ja|hn de egtegde| eo

nv|egdc{nke }en vue}tn eg mue}tcg a mahvoekc{ndn n t|nz} de u}a} de on} TCM'

At|a delnte ~ue nvn|eme |e}ueota eg on} erve|cegmcn}/ e} on egugmcnmcg de on} TCM maha ugn

be||nhcegtn a e}t|nte`cn dcdmtcmn egt|e at|n}' Eg gcg`g mn}a }e ngugmcn eo |eehvon{a a nlngdaga

tatno de at|n} e}t|nte`cn} vedn``cmn} h} t|ndcmcagnoe}' N}chc}ha/ }e al}e|zn ~ue eo u}a de on} TCM

ga e} gugmn v|avue}ta maha |eehvon{a no |ao damegte' E}ta e} de |eoezngmcn sn ~ue eg on octe|ntu|n

}al|e eo tehn }e oa }enon maha ugn de on} cgte|v|etnmcage} ~ue }e bn bemba }al|e eo u}a de on}

temgaoa`n} eg on e}mueon n oa on|à de on bc}ta|cn "Lumicg`bnh/


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hegmcagn/ egt|e at|a}/ oa} }c`ucegte} "de}tnmnda} n~u eg jugmcg deo t|nlnka |enoc{nda#;

( @n|ngtc{n| ugn edumnmcg cgte`|no ~ue de}n||aooe tadn} on} dcheg}cage} de on ve|}agn s

bnlcocte tngta vn|n eo de}ehvea }amcno s onla|no/ maha vn|n eo nmme}a n e}tudca} }uve|ca|e}'

( De}n||aoon| on} mahvetegmcn} geme}n|cn} vn|n eo hngeka de oa} gueza} oeg`unke} v|adumcda}

va| on} temgaoa`n} de on cgja|hnmcg s on mahugcmnmcg'

( L|cgdn| n on} ve|}agn} mag dc}mnvnmcdnde}/ tehva|noe} a ve|hngegte}/ ugn v|avue}tn

vedn``cmn ~ue oe} ve|hctn eo hrcha de}n||aooa de }u} va}clcocdnde}/ on cgte`|nmcg s eo

voega eke|mcmca de }u} de|emba}'


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On Edumnmcg E}vemcno }e |c`e va| eo v|cgmcvca de cgmou}cg edumntczn/ de nmue|da mag eo cgmc}ag# deo n|tmuoa >> de e}tn oes' On Edumnmcg E}vemcno l|cgdn ntegmcg edumntczn eg tadn} n~ueoon}

v|aloehtcmn} e}vemjcmn} ~ue ga vuedng }e| nla|dndn} va| on edumnmcg mahg' Eg }u n|tmuoa 4 n >

E~ucva de Cgze}tc`nmcg

\ahcgn Mn|lagntta "maa|d#

Hn|cngn Nhnda|

Gntnocn Hegcmbettc

Hn|n Oukg Bapocg

Ugcze|}cdnd Vedn``cmn


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:>

Cgja|he Ekemutcza

Du|ngte on cgze}tc`nmcg |enoc{ndn egt|e ege|a s hn|{a de > }e v|etegdce|ag nomng{n| da}

v|av}cta} v|cgmcvnoe};

Eonla|n| ug cgja|he de}m|cvtcza }al|e oa} e}tudca} ~ue eznong eo chvnmta eg oa} v|ame}a} de

eg}eng{n s nv|egdc{nke s eg oa} |e}uotnda} de nv|egdc{nke de oa} e}tudcngte} eg eo hn|ma de

on cgte`|nmcg de TCM eg edumnmcg eg ège|no/ s de hadeoa} > ; > eg vn|tcmuon|'

De}n||aoon| ugn v|avue}tn de hetadaoa`n de eznounmcg deo chvnmta eg oa} nv|egdc{nke} de

oa} e}tudcngte} eg eo hn|ma deo hadeoa > ; > deo v|a`|nhn Magemtn| Cùnodnd'

Vn|n oa`|n| eo v|che| v|av}cta hegmcagnda/ }e ooez n mnla ugn l}~uedn }al|e v|a`|nhn}

de eznounmcg de on cgte`|nmcg de TCM eg edumnmcg eg ège|no s de hadeoa} > ; > eg vn|tcmuon|/ tngta

n gczeo gnmcagno maha cgte|gnmcagno'

Eg ln}e n e}tn v|che|n ervoa|nmcg }e jue|ag }eoemmcagngda oa} e}tudca} ~ue |e}vagdng

e}vemjcmnhegte n oa} v|ame}a} de eg}eng{n s nv|egdc{nke' Vn|n eooa/ jue geme}n|ca bnme| ug |ema|te

hus chva|tngte delcda n ~ue on hnsa|n de oa} e}tudca} bnoonda} cgze}tc`nlng at|n} mue}tcage} de

on} TCM eg edumnmcg maha/ va| ekehvoa/ ~u u}a} oe dnlng oa} damegte}/ mag ~u j|emuegmcn on}

utcoc{nlng/ ~u bnlcocdnde} va}eng oa} e}tudcngte} |e}vemta n }u hngeka/ mha e|n on cgj|ne}t|umtu|n

temgao`cmn'

Ugn ze{ |enoc{nda e}te |ema|te/ eg mndn uga de oa} e}tudca} }e cgtegt cdegtcjcmn| eo tcva de

hetadaoa`n s oa} cg}t|uhegta} de cgze}tc`nmcg utcoc{nda}/ oa} alketcza} v|avue}ta}/ on valonmcg

nomng{ndn/ on cgte`|nmcg de on} temgaoa`n} eg eo nuon/ oa} oa`|a} mag}eùcda} s on} dcjcmuotnde}

v|e}egtndn}'

Eo cgja|he de}m|cvtcza ~ued magja|hnda va| ' Nv|egdc{nke} de on |utn


63/94

:>' Chvnmta de on} TCM eg on Ugcze|}cdnd' On ve|}vemtczn de oa} damegte} deo Megt|a Ugcze|}ctn|ca

deo ]u|

>4' CT/ Hedce| a` jaoie}iaoeg "CTHJ#

>5'On} temgaoa`n} de on cgja|hnmcg s on mahugcmnmcg "TCM# eg on edumnmcg eg Nh|cmn Ontcgn'

Ugn ervoa|nmcg de cgdcmnda|e}

>:'Oen|gcg` cg tbe }t megtu|s/ Lnmi`|augd cgja|hntcag

>0'Oe} tembgaoa`ce} de ocgja|hntcag et de on mahhugcmntcag "TCM# eg mon}}e nu maoo`e et nu

osme ; ohegt} du}n`e} et egkeur

>2'Hadeoa e}t|nt`cma de mahugcmnmcg edumntczn vn|n egta|ga} hcrta} de nv|egdc{nke; e}tudca

vcoata

>3'Hagcta|ea deo vong eOnm 6


64/94

:=

6'Age Onvtav Ve| Mbcod/ AOVM "Etcavn#

>>'Age Onvtav Ve| Mbcod/ AOVM "C}on} ]noahg#

>5'Age Onvtav Ve| Mbcod/ AOVM "Gevno/ U|u`uns s Guezn Sa|i#

>:'Age Onvtav Ve| Mbcod/ AOVM "\ungdn#

>0'Vong Meclno; eznounmcg s oemmcage} nv|egdcdn} eg on v|che|n erve|cegmcn > n > n gczeo

gnmcagno


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:4

>2'

V|asemta vcoata de Nme|(Eu|aveng ]mbaaoget }al|e eo u}a edumntcza de on} getlaai}

>3'Ugn v|che|n eznounmcg de oa} ejemta} deo Vong Meclno eg ln}e n dnta} de vngeo

Oue`a de n|hn| e}tn ln}e de dnta}/ }e magjemmcag ug mund|a mahvn|ntcza }e`g oa}

dc}tcgta} tcva} hetadao`cma} "mungtctntcza/ munoctntcza a hcrta# mag}cde|ngda oa} }c`ucegte} n}vemta};

gahl|e/ vn} s na deo e}tudca9 v|ajugdcdnd deo nla|dnke9 cgte`|nmcg n on zcdn e}maon|9 tcehva}

geme}n|ca} vn|n eo v|ame}a9 s e}mnonlcocdnd de oa} hadeoa}'


66/94

:5

Nv|archnmcg n oa} magmevta} de eg}eng{n s nv|egdc{nke s eo hadeoa > n >

Eo gueza magterta }amcno mn|nmte|c{nda va| eo u}a ège|noc{nda de on} TCM on} cg}tctumcage}

edumntczn} }e zeg aloc`ndn} n |enoc{n| ugn t|n}ja|hnmcg |ndcmno de hnge|n de |e}vagde| n on} guezn}

dehngdn} }amcnoe}'

Ve}e n e}tn geme}cdnd de t|ng}ja|hnmcg/ ng }cùeg erc}tcegda |e`cage} dagde oa} }c}tehn}

edumntcza} ga bng cgma|va|nda e}tn} temgaoa`n} eg eo v|ame}a de eg}eng{n s nv|egdc{nke

ège|ngda de e}tn hnge|n/ s }cùcegda n Lumicg`bnh/ ugn guezn l|embn dc`ctno/ e} demc|/ on l|embn

egt|e oa ~ue bnmeg gca} s kzege} mag on temgaoa`n eg on zcdn matcdcngn jue|n de on e}mueon/ s oa ~ue

bnmeg degt|a de on e}mueon' E}tn l|embn dele }e| mag}cde|ndn mag u|ègmcn de}de on ndhcgc}t|nmcg s

vaotcmn edumntczn'

On e}mueon ga vuede de}egtegde|}e de e}tn |enocdnd s de hnge|n v|a`|e}czn dele c|

cgmousegda on} TCM eg eo mu||muouh/ eg on} vongcjcmnmcage} dcdmtcmn} s eg on} v|mtcmn} vedn``cmn}'

Ugn hc|ndn m|tcmn s ugn cgmou}cg ègucgn de e}tn} temgaoa`n} ve|hctc|g ugn heka|n eg on mnocdnd

de on eg}eng{n' Eg e}te }egtcda/ vn|n |e}vagde| n e}ta} gueza} de}nja} n oa} ~ue }e egj|egtn eo

}c}tehn edumntcza s de hnge|n de dcouc| on guezn l|embn dc`ctno erc}tegte/ bnme uga} na} maheg{ n

deocgen|}e ugn guezn e}t|nte`cn de e~ucvnhcegta s dcghcmn uocmn; eo hadeoa > n >'

Eo hadeoa > n > eg edumnmcg e} egtegdcda maha on dc}t|clumcg de mahvutnda|n} va|ttcoe}

mag magercg n cgte|get n e}tudcngte} s n damegte} eg ja|hn cgdczcduno s `|ntuctn' Eg e}te hadeoa }e

e}ve|n ~ue eo nv|egdc{nke }e ertcegdn va| jue|n de oa} ohcte} deo nuon de hada ~ue on} jnhcocn}

teg`ng on va}clcocdnd de vn|tcmcvn| de oa} t|nlnka} de oa} nouhga}'

N~u }u|è on gamcg de e}mueon ertegdcdn "E' Ln|le|n9 N' Lndcn/


67/94

::

Eg oa} otcha} na} e}te hadeoa edumntcza }e bn ertegdcda eg dcze|}a} vn}e} n vn|tc| deode}n||aooa deo v|asemta Age Onvtav Ve| Mbcod "AOVM# cdenda va| Gcmbaon} Ge`|avagte musa v|av}cta

mag}c}te eg l|cgdn| ava|tugcdnde} edumntczn} vn|n oa} gca} h} val|e} deo hugda' Vn|n eooa n mndn

gca }e oe bnme egt|e`n de ugn mahvutnda|n va|ttco de lnka ma}ta/ |e}c}tegte/ de vama mag}uha/ mag

eo magtegcda s }ajtpn|e dc}enda vn|n oa`|n| ug nv|egdc{nke h} maonla|ntcza s nutgaha'

Eg e}te vugta/ znoe de}tnmn| on chvoehegtnmcg deo Vong Meclno "U|uùns# maha eo gcma

ekehvoa n gczeo hugdcno de cgte`|nmcg deo hadeoa > n > eg edumnmcg ~ue/ hedcngte on dc}t|clumcg

hn}czn de onvtav} n tada} oa} mbcma} de on e}mueon v|chn|cn/ oa`| on |ea|`ngc{nmcg de }c}tehn

edumntcza mag ug nmme}a ve|hngegte n on |ed' Tegcegda eg muegtn e}tn erve|cegmcn deo Vong Meclno sat|n} erve|cegmcn} edumntczn} de cgte`|nmcg de TCM/ }a}tegeha} ~ue e}ta} v|a`|nhn} chvocmng ugn

t|ng}ja|hnmcg eg eo v|ame}a de eg}eng{n s nv|egdc{nke/ hadcjcmngda on} v|mtcmn} de oa} damegte}

s de oa} e}tudcngte}/ }u} ja|hn} de veg}n|/ }u} bnlcocdnde} s }u} nmtctude} s tnhlcg on hnge|n de

mahugcmn|}e e cgte|nmtun|'

Va| eooa/ vn|n mahv|egde| eg ~u mag}c}te e}tn t|ng}ja|hnmcg deo }c}tehn edumntcza

deleha} dejcgc| ~u egtegdeha} va| eo v|ame}a de eg}eng{n s nv|egdc{nke' De}de ugn va}tu|n

mag}t|umtczc}tn/ mag}cde|nha} n on eg}eng{n maha ug v|ame}a de ngdnhcnke "L|uge|/ >324# eg on

mag}t|ummcg deo magamchcegta/ e}ta e}/ mungda eo damegte t|nlnkn degt|a de on {agn de de}n||aooa

v|rcha deo e}tudcngte l|cgdgdaoe ug nvasa ~ue oe ve|hcte nzng{n| cgteoemtunohegte h} noo de oa

~ue bulce|n vadcda bnme| va| } }aoa' No hc}ha tcehva/ dejcgcha} no nv|egdc{nke maha ug v|ame}a de

mnhlca cgte|ga eg on} |ev|e}egtnmcage} hegtnoe} deo nouhga mungda }e egj|egtn n ug gueza

magtegcda de nv|egdc{nke' ]e`g Zcà}tis/ eo nv|egdc{nke e} eo hada de ndnvtn| on} e}t|umtu|n}

hegtnoe} eg jugmcg deo hedca nhlcegte vn|n vade| cgte|v|etn|oa s magtcgun| cgte|nmtungda mag o'

]cùcegda mag e}tn va}tu|n/ }a}tegeha} ~ue on mag}t|ummcg de magamchcegta eg }ctunmcage}

de eg}eng{n s nv|egdc{nke }e e}tnloeme n vn|tc| de on cgte|nmtczcdnd "Maoo s at|a} >335# de t|e}

eoehegta}; eo nouhga ~ue nv|egde/ eo magtegcda ~ue e} alketa de eg}eng{n s nv|egdc{nke/ s eo

v|aje}a| ~ue nsudn no nouhga n mag}t|uc| }c`gcjcmnda} }al|e oa ~ue nv|egde s n datn|oa de }egtcda'

Eg at|n} vnonl|n}/ on cgte|nmtczcdnd e} egtegdcdn maha on n|tcmuonmcg de on} nmtunmcage} de v|aje}a| s

nouhga} eg ta|ga n ugn tn|en a magtegcda dete|hcgnda'

Eg e}tn cgte|nmtczcdnd de}tnmnha} no damegte maha ugn jcù|n monze/ |e}vag}nloe de on

}eoemmcg s utcoc{nmcg de on} temgaoa`n} ~ue }eng |eoezngte} eg |eonmcg n dete|hcgndn |en deo


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:0

mu||muouh' Eg on} luegn} v|mtcmn} de eg}eng{n v|edahcgng oa} nku}te} de nsudn "Ln|le|n/


69/94

:2

eo de}n||aooa de on} bnlcocdnde} ma`gctczn} }uve|ca|e} cgzctngda n oa} nouhga} n cgze}tc`n|/ veg}n|/m|en|/ |n{agn|/ magketu|n|/ etm'

Ve}e n e}tn jnotn de bnoon{à} noùga} e}tudca} mahceg{ng n ezcdegmcn| noùga} chvnmta}

va}ctcza}' \e}vemta no v|ame}a de nv|egdc{nke/ }e |e}notn on hatcznmcg ~ue }e al}e|zn eg oa} nouhga}

no |enoc{n| tn|en} mag eo a|degnda|/ tnhlcg }e de}tnmn eo t|nlnka maonla|ntcza ~ue e} v|avcmcnda va|

ugn guezn dc}t|clumcg j}cmn deo e}vnmca s ugn hnsa| cgte|nmmcg egt|e oa} nmta|e} edumntcza}'

Va| at|a onda/ }c lceg oa} damegte} s dc|emtcza} bng ha}t|nda luegn v|edc}va}cmcg n on

cgte`|nmcg de e}te hadeoa/ |e}notng ~ue e} geme}n|ca magtn| mag v|a`|nhn} de mnvnmctnmcg cgcmcno s

de }eùchcegta' Uga de oa} v|cgmcvnoe} v|aloehn} mag}c}te eg on jnotn de ja|hnmcg de oa} v|aje}a|e}/

ga }aoa va| eo vama magamchcegta tmgcma ~ue tcegeg }al|e e}tn} be||nhcegtn}/ }cga va| on dcjcmuotnd

de egmagt|n|oe ugn jcgnocdnd vedn``cmn e cgmouc|on} eg on} vongcjcmnmcage} s v|mtcmn} dcdmtcmn}'

V|avue}tn de hetadaoa`n de eznounmcg deo chvnmta eg oa} nv|egdc{nke} de oa} e}tudcngte} eg eo

hn|ma deo hadeoa > ; > deo v|a`|nhn Magemtn| Cùnodnd'

Eg jugmcg de on cgja|hnmcg |eoezndn s vn|n |e}vagde| no }eùgda v|av}cta de e}tn

cgze}tc`nmcg/ }e de}n||aoo ugn v|avue}tn de hetadaoa`n mungtc(munoctntczn musn jcgnocdnd mag}c}te

eg eznoun| eo chvnmta eg oa} v|ame}a} de eg}eng{n s nv|egdc{nke s eg oa} |e}uotnda} de nv|egdc{nkede oa} e}tudcngte} eg eo hn|ma deo hadeoa > n > deo v|a`|nhn Magemtn| Cùnodnd'

]e mag}cde| ~ue on chvoehegtnmcg de e}tn v|avue}tn ve|hctc| dete|hcgn| eg ~u hedcdn

}e nomng{n|g oa} alketcza} v|avue}ta} eg eo v|a`|nhn Magemtn| Cùnodnd s/ n }u ze{/ lu}mn| ugn

heka|n du|ngte on} jutu|n} jn}e} de e}tn cgte|zegmcg'

]e deocgen|ag oa} }cùcegte} alketcza} e}vemjcma};

Magame| s hedc| eo chvnmta de on chvoehegtnmcg deo v|a`|nhn Magemtn| Cùnodnd eg on}

e}mueon} }emugdn|cn} vlocmn}/ de edumnmcg e}vemcno e cg}tctuta} de ja|hnmcg damegte de

tada eo vn} eg |eonmcg mag oa} v|ame}a} de eg}eng{n s nv|egdc{nke s mag oa} |e}uotnda} de

nv|egdc{nke'

Mahv|aln| }c }e nomng{n|ag oa} alketcza} v|avue}ta} deo v|a`|nhn Magemtn| Cùnodnd'

Magame| de ~u hnge|n on cgj|ne}t|umtu|n e}maon| chvnmtn eg oa} v|ame}a} de eg}eng{n s

nv|egdc{nke'


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:3

Magame| mha chvnmtn on chvoehegtnmcg de oa} hadeoa} > n > eg oa} ba`n|e} de oa}e}tudcngte}'

V|azee| |et|anochegtnmcg vn|n on heka|n de oa} v|ame}a} de chvoehegtnmcg deo v|a`|nhn

Magemtn| Cùnodnd'

ûe n }u ze{ |e}vagdeg n on} }cùcegte} v|eùgtn} de cgze}tc`nmcg;

Muo eo chvnmta ~ue }e v|adume n vn|tc| de on cgte`|nmcg deo hadeoa > n > eg oa} v|ame}a}

de eg}eng{n s nv|egdc{nke s eg oa} |e}uotnda} de nv|egdc{nke1

Eg ~u hedcdn }e nomng{n|ag oa} alketcza} v|avue}ta} deo v|a`|nhn Magemtn| Cùnodnd1

De ~u hnge|n on cgj|ne}t|umtu|n e}maon| chvnmtn eg oa} v|ame}a} de eg}eng{n s de

nv|egdc{nke1

Mha chvnmtn on chvoehegtnmcg de oa} hadeoa} > n > eg oa} ba`n|e} de oa} e}tudcngte}1

û n}vemta} }e| va}cloe heka|n| eg jutu|n} jn}e} de chvoehegtnmcg deo v|a`|nhn

Magemtn| Cùnodnd1


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06

Hnt|c{ de eznounmcg v|avue}tn

Alketcza e}vemjcmaZn|cnloe Dcheg}cg Cgdcmnda|e} a N}vemta} n mag}cde|n|

Magame| s hedc| eochvnmta de onchvoehegtnmcgdeo v|a`|nhnMagemtn| Cùnodndeg on} e}mueon}}emugdn|cn}vlocmn}/ deedumnmcg e}vemcnoe cg}tctuta} deja|hnmcg damegtede tada eo vn} eg|eonmcg mag oa}v|ame}a} deeg}eng{n snv|egdc{nke s magoa} |e}uotnda} denv|egdc{nke'

Mahv|aln| }c }enomng{n|ag oa}alketcza}

v|avue}ta} deov|a`|nhn Magemtn|Cùnodnd'

V|ame}a} deeg}eng{n Ja|hnmcg damegte

( Va|megtnke de damegte} ~ue vn|tcmcvn|ag deon mnvnmctnmcg de Magemtn| Cùnodnd'( Va|megtnke de damegte} ~ue vn|tcmcvn|ag deat|n} cg}tngmcn} de ja|hnmcg eg |eonmcg mageo hadeoa > n >'( Va|megtnke de damegte} ~ue vn|tcmcvn|ag egmu|}a} de cgja|htcmn l}cmn'( T|ng}je|egmcn de magamchcegta} nd~uc|cda}n }u v|mtcmn damegte'

Nvasa vedn``cmano damegte

( J|emuegmcn de zc}ctn deo |eje|egtevedn``cma de Magemtn| Cùnodnd n oncg}tctumcg'( Va|megtnke de damegte} ~ue |emu||eg n|eje|egte vedn``cma de Magemtn| Cùnodnd'( At|a} nmta|e} cg}tctumcagnoe} ~ue jugmcagngmaha nvasa vedn``cma deo hadeoa > n >'

Cgte`|nmcg de TCM( V|asemta cg}tctumcagno'( Vongcjcmnmcage} damegte}'( V|asemta} cgte|dc}mcvocgn|ca}'

A|`ngc{nmcg det|nlnka eg mon}e

( T|nlnka cgdczcduno'( T|nlnka eg `|uva}'( T|nlnka maonla|ntcza'

( T|nlnka maave|ntcza'

\emu|}a}

( Utcocdnd de oa} |emu|}a} dc`ctnoe} de onmaoemmcg > n > de edum'n| s oa} }ajtpn|e}edumntcza} de on} getlaai}'( U}a de |ede} }amcnoe}/ egta|ga} devulocmnmcg s!a hnte|cnoe} huotchedcnde}n||aoonda} mag a }cg jcge} edumntcza}'( V|adummcg de |emu|}a} dc`ctnoe} va| vn|tedeo damegte'

Tcva} denmtczcdnde}

( \e}aoumcg de v|aloehn}'( De mahv|eg}cg'( De mahvn|nmcg'( De heha|c{nmcg!|evetcmcg'( De nvocmnmcg'( De cgte`|nmcg'( De eznounmcg'

E}t|nte`cn}dcdmtcmn}

( Eg}eng{n dc|c`cdn'( Eg}eng{n ucndn'( Ocl|e de}mul|chcegta'

Cgdczcdunoc{nmcg deon eg}eng{n

Utcoc{nmcg de on} TCM vn|n cgdczcdunoc{n| oneg}eng{n }e`g;( E}tcoa} de nv|egdc{nke de oa} e}tudcngte}'( ]nle|e} v|ezca}'


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0>

( \ctha} de t|nlnka'( Cgte|e}e}'( Geme}cdnde}'

Eznounmcg

( V|ueln} alketczn}'( Eonla|nmcg de hnvn} magmevtunoe}'( ]chuonmcage}'( Nmtczcdnde} de nv|egdc{nke cgja|hntc{ndn}'( Nutaeznounmcg'

V|ame}a} denv|egdc{nke Hatcznmcg

( Va|megtnke de n}c}tegmcn n mon}e}'( Ntegmcg e cgte|} va| on} tn|en} v|avue}tn}s eo magtegcda'( Vn|tcmcvnmcg eg mon}e;

a Eg egta|ga} zc|tunoe}'a Eg eo nuon'

Cgte|nmmcg eg eonuon

( Maonla|nmcg s |eonmcg egt|e vn|e}'( Cgte|mnhlca egt|e nouhga} s damegte'( Nme|mnhcegta n oa} magtegcda}'

Hadnocdnd det|nlnka eg eo nuon

( T|nlnka maonla|ntcza'( Maave|ntcza'( Cgdczcduno'( @|uvno'

De}n||aooa de

mahvetegmcn}

( Ja|hn} de veg}nhcegta;a M|entczcdnd e cggaznmcg'a Veg}nhcegta m|tcma'a \e}aoumcg de v|aloehn}'a Tahn de demc}cage}'

a Nv|egde| n nv|egde|'a Hetnma`gcmcg'( Ja|hn} de t|nlnka;

a Mahugcmnmcg s maonla|nmcg'a T|nlnka eg e~ucva'

( Gczeo ma`gctcza;a Mahv|eg}cg de magtegcda}'a T|ng}je|egmcn de magtegcda}'a Hngeka de on} dcje|egte} dc}mcvocgn}'

( Be||nhcegtn} vn|n eo t|nlnka;a Nojnletc{nmcg cgja|hnmcagno'a Nojnletc{nmcg dc`ctno'

( Ja|hnmcg Mcudndngn s Mzcmn;a Mcudndngn oamno s `oalno'

a Zcdn s mn||e|n'a \e}vag}nlcocdnd ve|}agno s }amcno'

De}t|e{n} TCM( Utcoc{nmcg de be||nhcegtn} pel


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0330# ln}ndn eg eo ngoc}c} de juegte} damuhegtnoe}

e}m|ctn}/ eg dc}tcgta} }ava|te}/ ~ue }e bng altegcda de vagegmcn} s |eonta} de erve|cegmcn}


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v|e}egtndn} eg mag`|e}a} s }ehcgn|ca}' Eg mungta no ugcze|}a de e}tudca "ugcdnde} de ngoc}c}# }eavt va| ugn hue}t|n ga v|alnlco}tcmn/ de tcva e}t|nt`cma a de magzegcegmcn "Men DfNgmagn/ >33:#/

demc}cg }u}tegtndn eg oa} tcehva} dc}vagcloe}/ on ava|tugcdnd s magzegcegmcn de |emu||c| n juegte}

damuhegtnoe} e}m|ctn}/ eg }ava|te chv|e}a s dc`ctno/ de mn|mte| vlocma/ ~ue |egeg erve|cegmcn}

edumntczn} mag u}a de TCM ervue}tn} eg ezegta} nmndhcma} e}vemcnoc{nda} eg on tehtcmn de

edumnmcg n dc}tngmcn/ edumnmcg zc|tuno s TCM eg on eg}eng{n' Vn|n eooa }e mag}uotn|ag oa}

damuhegta} ~ue }u|`ce|ag n vn|tc| de mcgma ezegta} nmndhcma} de |emagamcda v|e}tc`ca s de nhvocn

magzamnta|cn eg on edumnmcg }uve|ca| de on |e`cg s deo vn}/ |enoc{nda} eg eo ve|ada


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]e egugmcng eg a|deg ke||~ucma/ }e`g on j|emuegmcn de nvn|cmcg eg on} magmou}cage} de mndnt|nlnka/ on} }ul(mnteà|n} ~ue egòalng oa} eke} hegmcagnda}'

>' Hedcnmcage} dcdmtcma(temgao`cmn} eg v|ame}a} de eg}eng{n s de nv|egdc{nke' ]e bnme|eje|egmcn n dcje|egte} e}t|nte`cn} dcdmtcmn} s be||nhcegtn} temgao`cmn} ~ue eg ja|hn magkugtn

s n|tcmuondn;

>'>' V|avcmcng on mahugcmnmcg s on cgte|nmmcg ma`gctczn egt|e e}tudcngte} s v|aje}a|e}/ s

e}tudcngte} egt|e } "4> de oa} 2= t|nlnka} ngnoc{nda}/ eo 43%#'

>''4' Ve|hcteg eo nmme}a n on cgja|hnmcg s n lclocatemn} zc|tunoe} ">> de 2=8>=%#

>'5' Jnmcoctng eo nvasa/ eo }eùchcegta s on eznounmcg deo nv|egdc{nke n t|nz} de tuta|n} ">6

de 2=8 >


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2>

' \emagjc`u|nmcg deo |ao deo e}tudcngte'


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v|amu|ng eo u}a vedn``cma/ m|tcma/ magtertunoc{nda s m|entcza de on} be||nhcegtn} temgao`cmn} s onv|adummcg s |eja|huonmcg de |emu|}a} v|avca} vn|n `|uva} s magterta} edumntcza} e}vemjcma}'

On magjc`u|nmcg deo |ao deo e}tudcngte eg on} v|avue}tn} de nv|egdc{nke zc|tuno e} at|n

dcheg}cg ~ue }e vage de |eoceze eg oa} |e}uotnda} de e}tn cgze}tc`nmcg' De}de hn|ma} te|cma}

mag}t|umtczc}tn}/ on} v|avue}tn} maoamng eo gjn}c} eg on t|ndn vedn``cmn magjc`u|ndn va| on |eonmcg

e}tudcngte(damegte(magtegcda s ulcmng no nouhga maha megt|a deo v|ame}a ja|hntcza "Ln|le|/


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marco teórico y propuesta de evaluación del impacto del modelo 1 a 1 en los grupos familiares

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