los ¨jóvenes primera generación¨ siempre están un paso atrás

En una sociedad desigual y apitutada:

Los “jóvenes primera generación” siempre están un paso atrás

El entorno en que se criaron, el capital cultural y el colegio en que cur‑saron la enseñanza media marcan las diferencias de los adolescentes que son los primeros en sus familias en acceder a la educación superior. Una vez que egresan de la universidad la situación no mejora; las redes socia‑les y la falta de meritocracia los siguen dejando en desventaja.

Matrícula: 200511300S006

F!"#$#%&%' ()!' "*' +)!' ,#-./' 0*%1#2*'3&)1!#1&'4556'$)&-%*'!21!,/'%!'7%)‐$&$#/-'3),#$&"' !-' "&'8-#9!1,#%&%':-‐%1;,'<!""*='>*1'?-'@*%1A&'%!%#$&1,!'&'"*'+)!'BC,'"!'2),D&'%!,%!',)'#-(&-$#&='7"'&E*'@&,&%*'!,D!'F*BG1!H'$&,&%*'I'$*-')-&'F#J&H'1!$#G#/',)'KD)"*'I'!-'!,!'B*B!-D*'$*B!-L/'&'#-9&%#1"*'"&'%!M,!,@!1&$#/-=' 8-' &E*' I' B!%#*' ()!' "*'+)!' ,!' %!B*1/' !-' @*%!1' !-$*-D1&1'D1&G&J*='

' ' N),' %A&,' D1&-,$)11A&-' 1!9#,&-%*' "&,'*(!1D&,' !-' 7B*"' I' O*B@)' P1&G&J*H'B&-%&G&',)'$)11A$)")B'&'%#,.-D*,'!,‐D&G"!$#B#!-D*,H'@!1*'-*'"*21&G&'*GD!‐-!1' )-&' 1!,@)!,D&' @*,#.9&='3#!-D1&,'B)!9!'"&,'B&-*,'$)!-D&'+)!'!-'&"2)‐-&,'*@*1D)-#%&%!,' "*' ""&B&1*-'&')-&'!-D1!9#,D&H'#-$"),*'()!'&')-'$*"!2#*'&1‐K,.$*'!-'Q&"@&1&A,*H'@!1*'&FA'D&B@*‐$*'+)!%/='

' 'R!,%!'&2*,D*'%!'STTU',!'!-$)!-D1&'F&$#!-%*'$"&,!,'&'-#E*,'%!'@1#B!1*'&'$)&1D*'GC,#$*'!-'!"'O*"!2#*'N&-':2),‐K-' %!' "&' $*B)-&' 7"' <*,+)!V' %*-%!'D&BG#;-' 1!&"#L&' D&""!1!,' %!' 2)#D&11&' I'D!$"&%*'&'&")B-*,'!-D1!'$)&1D*'GC,#$*'I'$)&1D*'B!%#*='

' ' R)1&-D!' !,!' @!1#*%*' "*' @&,/' B)I'B&"H'"*'%!?-!'$*B*'WD!11#G"!H'@*1+)!'!1&' )-&' #-!,D&G#"#%&%' !$*-/B#$&' +)!'D!'&$F&$&X='>!,!'&'D*%&',)'(1),D1&$#/-'-*',!'%#*'@*1'9!-$#%*H'+)!1A&'%!,!B‐@!E&1,!'!-'"*'+)!'F&GA&'!,D)%#&%*='N!'-!2/'&'G),$&1'D1&G&J*'!-'*D1*'CBG#D*H'$*B*'D!"!'B&1Y!.-2H'I&'+)!'$*-,#%!‐1&G&'+)!' ,#' &$!@D&G&'&"2*'%!'!,!'!,‐

."*'-)-$&' #G&'&' D1&G&J&1'!-' "*'+)!';"',&GA&='P)9*'@&$#!-$#&H'&F*1&'"*'9)!"9!'&'#-9&%#1'"&'(!"#$#%&%'I'D1&-+)#"#%&%'I&'+)!'@*,!!')-' D1&G&J*'!,D&G"!H' &"'+)!'-*'&$$!%#/'@1!$#,&B!-D!'@*1',),'B;‐1#D*,'&$&%;B#$*,=''

''Z&'![@!1#!-$#&'%!'0*%1#2*'"!',)$!%!'&'"&'B&I*1A&'%!'"*,'J/9!-!,'+)!',*-'@1#‐B!1&'2!-!1&$#/-'!-',)'(&B#"#&'!-'&$$!‐%!1'&'"&'!%)$&$#/-',)@!1#*1='7-'@1#B!1&'#-,D&-$#&'@&,&-'@*1')-'%#\$#"' #-21!,*H'%!G#%*'&'"&'B&"&'G&,!'&$&%;B#$&'+)!'"!,'G1#-%&-'"*,'!,D&G"!$#B#!-D*,'!,$*‐"&1!,'!-'"*,'+)!'!,D)%#&1*-'I'&'"&'F*1&'%!'#-,!1D&1,!'"&G*1&"B!-D!'-*'@*,!!-'"&,' 1!%!,' ,)?$#!-D!,=' 8-&' $*-%#$#/-'+)!' !-' B)$F*,' $&,*,' ,#2)!' ,#!-%*'B)I' -!$!,&1#&' !-' )-' @&A,' %*-%!' !"'$*-D&$D*' .!-!'B&I*1' 1!"!9&-$#&' +)!'!"'B;1#D*='

S

''0*%1#2*'3&)1!#1&'$&-D&-%*'$*-'',)'G&-%&'

WR)"$#%#*X='

])!-D!^'0*$Y'$F#"!-*

Una amplia posibilidad

' ' 3)$F*,' $F#"!-*,' &,@#1&G&-' &' $*-‐9!1.1,!'!-'@1*(!,#*-&"!,H'@!1*'!"'G&J*'-_B!1*' %!' #-,.D)$#*-!,' I' "*,' @1*‐G"!B&,' !$*-/B#$*,' F#$#!1*-' +)!' "&'!%)$&$#/-' ,)@!1#*1' ()!1&' )-' ,)!E*'#-&"$&-L&G"!'@&1&'!""*,='7,D&',#D)&$#/-'$&BG#/' &' @&1.1' %!' Ùa`H' B*B!-D*'!-'+)!'!"',#,D!B&'%!'!,D&'!-,!E&-L&'![@!1#B!-D/' )-&' 9&1#&$#/-' 1!,@!$D*'&'"&'$&-.%&%'I'.@*'%!'#-,.D)$#*-!,'I'"&' ![@&-,#/-' %!' "&' B&‐D1A$)"&=' b&,D&' !,!' &E*'OF#"!' $*-D&G&' ,/"*' $*-'*$F*' )-#9!1,#%&%!,^'8-#9!1,#%&%' %!' OF#"!H'>*-.?$#&' 8-#9!1,#%&%'O&D/"#$&H'8-#9!1,#%&%'%!'O*-$!@$#/-H' >*-.?$#&'8-#9!1,#%&%' O&D/"#$&' %!'Q&"@&1&A,*H' 8-#9!1,#%&%']!%!1#$*' N&-D&' 3&1A&H'8-#9!1,#%&%' P;$-#$&' %!"'7,D&%*' 4&$D)&"'8-#9!1,#‐%&%'%!'N&-.&2*6H 8-#9!1,#%&%':),D1&"'%!' OF#"!' I' 8-#9!1,#%&%' O&D/"#$&' %!"'c*1D!='

' ' 8-&' -)!9&' "!I' @!1B#./' +)!' !,D&,'#-,.D)$#*-!,',!'%!,9#-$)"&1&-'%!',),',!%!,'1!2#*-&"!,H'!-D1!2C-%*"!,'&)D*‐-*BA&'&'!,D&,'_".B&,=':,AH'!,D*,'*$F*'!,D&G"!$#B#!-D*,'@&,&1*-'&',!1'Sd=

''7,D&'-)!9&'-*1B&.9&'@!1B#./'&%!‐BC,'"&'$1!&$#/-'%!')-#9!1,#%&%!,'@1#‐9&%&,'!' #-$*1@*1/'%*,'.@*,'%!'!,D&‐G"!$#B#!-D*,'&"',#,D!B&'%!'!%)$&$#/-',)@!1#*1^' "*,' #-,.D)D*,' @1*(!,#*-&"!,'

I' "*,'$!-D1*,'%!'(*1B&$#/-'D;$-#$&=':'1&AL' %!' "&' ![@&-,#/-' %!"' ,#,D!B&' &$‐D)&"B!-D!' ![#,D!-' à`' #-,.D)$#*-!,'%!'!%)$&$#/-'@*,D' ,!$)-%&1#&H'%!' "&,'$)&"!,'e`'$*11!,@*-%!-'&')-#9!1,#%&‐%!,H'fd'&'#-,.D)D*,'@1*(!,#*-&"!,'I'gd'&'$!-D1*,'%!'(*1B&$#/-'D;$-#$&='

' ' R!' !,D&' (*1B&H' "&' !%)$&$#/-' ,)@!‐1#*1'%!J/'%!'!,D&1'&"' &"$&-$!'%!')-*,'@*$*,H' ,#D)&$#/-' +)!' ,!' 9#*' 1!h!J&%&'!-' !"' #-$1!B!-D*' %!' "&,' B&D1A$)"&,'

%!' @1!21&%*=' N!2_-' !"'!,D)%#*' “Hacia un sis‐tema universitario de

excelencia” %!"' i-,.D)D*'Z#G!1D&%'I'R!,&11*""*H'!"'&-.2)*' !,+)!B&' &G&1‐$&G&' &"1!%!%*1' %!' `Ù'B#"' !,D)%#&-D!,H' +)!' !-',)' B&I*1A&' @1*9!-A&-'%!' ,!$D*1!,' %!' &"D*,' #-‐21!,*,=' R!' &$)!1%*' &'"&,' $#(1&,' %!' "&' R#9#,#/-'%!' 7%)$&$#/-' N)@!1#*1'

%!"'3#-#,D!1#*'%!'7%)$&$#/-H' "&'$&-.‐%&%' %!'B&D1#$)"&%*,' !-' ÙUT' ()!' %!'Sfd=fTaH'$#(1&'+)!'&)B!-D/'&'gea=ad`'!-'STTa='

''Z&'B&I*1'$&-.%&%'%!'!,D)%#&-D!,',!'1!2#,D1&H'D*%*,'"*,'&E*,H'!-'"&,')-#9!1‐,#%&%!,H' !,D&G"!$#B#!-D*,' %*-%!' ,!'@&,/'%!'`Sg=eSa'&'d`T=``S'!-'!"'B#,‐B*'@!1#*%*=':,AH'"&'!%)$&$#/-'D!1$#&1#&'%!J/'%!'@!1D!-!$!1'&' "&'!"#D!'I',!'![‐D!-%#/'&'(&B#"#&,'%!'!,D1&D*,'B!%#*,'I'G&J*,H'D1&-,(*1B&-%*'"&,'![@!$D&.9&,'%!'B)$F*,'J/9!-!,='

5

!"#$%&%"'(")*+)"$,‐-(./0"1$"2$.&'$'"'("3.4&/,235.(4"6$"7,("se crearon las univer‐

sidades privadas, los

3.4&/,/54"#%58(435‐.$1(4"6"154"2(./%54"'("85%-$230."/92.32$:

''R#$F&'![@&-,#/-'F#L*'+)!'$&%&'+)#-‐."'#-$1!B!-D&1&',)'&$$!,*'&'!,D!'-#9!"'%!'!-,!E&-L&H'&)-+)!',#2)!'![#,.!-‐%*')-&'G1!$F&'1!,@!$D*'&'"*,',!$D*1!,'BC,'&$*B*%&%*,'4!"#$%#&'()$*6=

' '>!,!'&'!,D&,'%#(!1!-$#&,H' "&,'(&B#"#&,'BC,'F)B#"%!,'.!-!-' "&'!,@!1&-L&'%!'+)!' ,),' F#J*,' @)!%&-'"*21&1' $*-9!1.1,!' !-'@1*(!,#*-&"!,' I' &,AH' *G‐D!-!1' )-'B&I*1' &G&-#$*'%!' *@*1D)-#%&%!,' !-' ,)'()D)1*=' Z&' 21&-' B&I*1A&'%!'!,D*,'-)!9*,'J/9!-!,',*-'@1#B!1&'2!-!1&$#/-H'!,' %!$#1H' ,*-' "*,' @1#B!‐1*,' !-' ,),' (&B#"#&,' +)!' #-21!,&-' &' "&'!%)$&$#/-' ,)@!1#*1V' !,D)%#&-D!,' +)!'1!@1!,!-D&-'!"'gTj'%!'"&,'B&D1A$)"&,='8-&'9!1%&%!1&'1!9*")$#/-',*$#&"='

La familia, el gran impulso

' ' 8-' 21&-' !,()!1L*H' D&-D*' !$*-/B#$*'$*B*' &$&%;B#$*H' I' !"' &@*I*' %!' "*,'@&%1!,' !,' "*' +)!' B&1$&' !"' #-21!,*' &'"&' !%)$&$#/-' ,)@!1#*1' %!' "*,' J/9!-!,'+)!',*-'@1#B!1&'2!-!1&$#/-=':,A'()!'"&'![@!1#!-$#&'%!'7"#L&G!DF'OF&B*1'4Sd6'

$)&-%*' !-D1/' &' "&' $&11!1&'%!'7%)$&$#/-'3),#$&"'!-'"&'8-#9!1,#%&%' :-%1;,' <!""*='7,D&'J*9!-'D*B/'"&'%!$#,#/-'%!' !,D)%#&1' @&1&' D!-!1' )-'KD)"*'+)!'"!'@!1B#D&'9&"!1‐,!'@*1',A'B#,B&H'@!1*'D)9*')-&' ,!2)-%&' B*.9&$#/-^',)'B&%1!='

' ':$D)&"B!-D!'$)1,&-%*'!"'D!1$!1'&E*'%!' !,D)%#*,H' @1*9#!-!' %!' )-&' (&B#"#&'%!'@&%1!,',!@&1&%*,H'@*1'"*'+)!'$)&-‐%*' #G&' &"' $*"!2#*' ,)'B&%1!' D)9*' +)!',&"#1'&'D1&G&J&1=':,AH'7"#L&G!DF'D)9*'+)!'

f

'])!-D!^'O&,!-H')."#L&%*'!-'!"'!,D)%#*'Wb&$#&')-',#,D!B&')-#9!1,#D&1#*'%!'![$!‐"!-$#&X'%!''Z#G!1D&%'I'R!,&11*""*'

+#&'()$*,$-!./("$0)1"#23#.$"/$453(.(67/$839"#6)#$9)#$:36/;<"=$5"$Ingreso

Los “jóvenes pri‐

mera generación”

representan el 70%

'("154"(4/,'3$./(4:

!-(1!-D&1'"&'!%)$&$#/-'GC,#$&'I'B!%#&'$*-',),'@1*@#*,'B!%#*,H'I&'+)!',)'B&‐%1!H',#'G#!-'"&'&I)%&G&H'"&'B&I*1A&'%!"'.!B@*',!'!-$*-D1&G&'()!1&'%!'"&'$&,&='O)&-%*'!21!,/'%!'$)&1D*'B!%#*'"&'?‐2)1&'B&D!1-&'()!'"&'+)!'"&'#-$!-.9/'&'+)!' ,#2)#!1&' &%!"&-D!' I' *GD)9#!1&' )-'KD)"*'@1*(!,#*-&"='

''W71&'"*'+)!'!""&'BC,'%!,!&G&H'+)!'I*'B!'@)%#!1&'1!&"#L&1'I'@)%#!1&'$)B@"#1'!-' @&1D!' ,)' ,)!E*' %!' !,D)%#&1' I' !-'@&1D!'B#',)!E*'%!'!,D)%#&1'"*'+)!'I*'+)!1A&XH' $)!-D&' 7"#L&G!DFH' B#!-D1&,'B#1&'$*-'*12)""*'"&,'@&1.D)1&,'+)!'!,‐DC-',*G1!'!"'@#&-*'%!'"&',&"&'%!'$"&,!,=

' '>!1*'!-'1!&"#%&%H'!"'21&-'B*.9*'!-'B)$F*,'$&,*,'!,'$*-D&1'$*-')-'KD)"*'+)!' !-' )-' ()D)1*' "!,' @!1B#D&' &I)%&1'!$*-/B#$&B!-D!'&',),'@&%1!,'I'1!D1#‐G)#1"!,'&,A'D*%*'!"'!,()!1L*'+)!'F#$#!‐1*-'@&1&'+)!'!""*,'@)%#!1&-',)@!1&1,!=

''7,D!'!,'!"'$&,*'%!'N*"&-2!'N#"9&'4`U6H'+)#!-'!,DC'$)1,&-%*'!"'@1#B!1'&E*'%!'"&' $&11!1&' %!' OF#-*' 3&-%&1A-' !-' "&'8-#9!1,#%&%'%!'O#!-$#&,'%!'"&'i-(*1BC‐.$&'48$#-(6='O)!-D&'+)!',),'@&%1!,'-*'D)9#!1*-'BC,'*@$#*-!,'+)!'#-,!1D&1,!'&"'B)-%*' "&G*1&"' &@!-&,' D!1B#-&1*-',)'(*1B&$#/-'!,$*"&1='k'&-D!,'#-$"),*=''N)'B&%1!H'@1*9!-#!-D!'%!"',)1H'!B#21/'&' N&-.&2*' ")!2*' %!' D!1B#-&1' "&' !-‐,!E&-L&' GC,#$&' @&1&' D1&G&J&1H' %*-%!'&$D)&"B!-D!' !J!1$!' $*B*' !B@"!&%&'%*B;,.$&='7-'D&-D*H'@&1&',)'@&%1!'()!')-&' *G"#2&$#/-' %!%#$&1,!' &' "*'B#,B*'+)!'F&$A&'!"'&G)!"*'%!'N*"&-2!H'+)!'!,'L&@&D!1*='

d

Elizabeth Chamor ‐ Estudiante de Edu‐

cación Musical

' ' :"2)-*,' J/9!-!,H' $*B*' !""&H' !,D)‐%#&-'@&1&'@*%!1',!1'&"2)#!-'!-'"&'9#%&'I' *D1*,H' @&1&' %!B*,D1&1' +)!' @)!%!-'$&BG#&1',)',#D)&$#/-='

'N*"&-2!'![@"#$&'+)!',),'@&%1!,',#!B‐@1!'"&'&@*I&1*-'!-',),'!,D)%#*,H'D&-D*'!-'!"'$*"!2#*'$*B*'&"'B*B!-D*'%!'%!‐$#%#1'#-21!,&1'&'"&')-#9!1,#%&%='P!1B#-/

Solange Silva

Estudiante de

Chino Man‐

darín

])!-D!^'STTd``5TTNTTe


,)'!-,!E&-L&'B!%#&'!-'!"'Z#$!*'i-,)‐B!H'!,D&G"!$#B#!-D*'+)!'$*-,#%!1&'%!'B&"&'$&"#%&%'!-'!"'CBG#D*'&$&%;B#$*='>*1'!""*H',)'B&%1!'!1&'"&'+)!',#!B@1!'!,D&G&' !-$#B&' %#$#;-%*"!' +)!' !,D)‐%#&1&' I' &I)%C-%*"&H' $)&-%*' @*%A&H' &'F&$!1',),'D&1!&,=':%!BC,'F#$#!1*-')-'!,()!1L*'@&1&'@&2&1"!')-'@1*(!,*1'@&1‐.$)"&1' +)!' "!' 1!(*1L&1&' "&,' B&D!1#&,'+)!' BC,' "!' $*,D&G&-=' >*1' D*%*' !,D*'!,' +)!' &F*1&' ,!' !,()!1L&' @&1&' ,&$&1'"&' $&11!1&' &%!"&-D!' I' %!,@);,' @*%!1'1!$*B@!-,&1' &' ,),' @&%1!,=' W>*1' )-&'@&1D!' @*1' BAH' @&1&' I*' D&BG#;-' %!,‐@);,' D!-!1'B#'@"&D&'I'@*%!1'$)#%&1'&'B#'(&B#"#&='l'@&1&'@*%!1'%!9*"9;1,!"*'&'B#,'9#!J*,H'@*1+)!'#2)&"'!""*,',!'F&-',&$1#?$&%*'$&"!D&'@*1'BAV'!-D*-$!,'!,'$*B*')-&'(*1B&'@&1&'%!,@);,'$)#%&1‐"*,'I*XH'%#$!='''

' ' Z*,'@&%1!,'I' (&B#"#&1!,'%!'!,D*,' J/‐9!-!,' .!-!-' "&' !,@!1&-L&' %!' +)!' ,#',),' F#J*,' $)!-D&-' $*-' )-' KD)"*H' I&',!&'@1*(!,#*-&"'*'D;$-#$*H'9&-'&'D!-!1'B&I*1!,' *@*1D)-#%&%!,' !$*-/B#‐$&,' I' "&G*1&"!,=' N#-' !BG&12*H' ![#,D!-'$#!1D*,' (&$D*1!,'+)!'F&$!-'+)!'!,D*,'J/9!-!,' ,!' !-$)!-D1!-' !-' %!,9!-D&‐J&'!-'$*B@&1&$#/-'&',),'$*B@&E!1*,'+)!' ,!' $1#&1*-' !-' )-'B!J*1' !-D*1-*',*$#*!$*-/B#$*=' Z&' %!,#2)&"%&%' %!'*@*1D)-#%&%!,'$*B#!-L&'!-'"&'@1!@&‐1&$#/-'@&1&'!-D1&1'&' "&'!%)$&$#/-' ,)‐@!1#*1H'%*-%!'!"'*1#2!-',*$#&"H'!"'.@*'%!'$*"!2#*'&"'+)!'&,#,.!1*-'I'!"'$&@#D&"'$)"D)1&"'+)!'D1&!-'$*-,#2*'I&'B&1$&-'%#(!1!-$#&,'+)!'"!,'@!,&1C-'!-'B)$F*,'$&,*,=

' ' Z&' G1!$F&' !-D1!' "*,' #-21!,*,' %!' "*,'

$#-$*' +)#-."!,' !,' )-&'B)!,D1&' %!' "&'%!,#2)&"%&%'+)!'#B@!1&'!-'!"'@&A,='7-'!"'!,D)%#*'WDesigualdad en el acceso a la educación superior en ChileXH'!"'%!‐$&-*' %!' N*$#*"*2A&' %!' "&'8-#9!1,#%&%'O!-D1&"H' Z)#,' m&J&1%*H' &?1B&' +)!' F&'&)B!-D&%*'!"'#-21!,*'%!'"&,'@!1,*-&,'%!'$&%&'+)#-."H'@!1*'D&BG#;-'"&,'%#(!‐1!-$#&,' !-D1!' !"' @1#B!1*' I' !"' _".B*='7,D&'%!,#2)&"%&%'!$*-/B#$&'!,'"&'+)!'%#$F*'@1*(!,#*-&"'&D1#G)I!'&' "&'%!D!1‐B#-&$#/-'%!"'*1#2!-',*$#&"'!-'"&'@*,#‐$#/-'()D)1&'%!'"*,'#-%#9#%)*,=

''3#!-D1&,'%!J&',)'$&(;'!-'!"'!,$1#D*1#*'![@"#$&'%#$F&'$*11!"&$#/-'%!'"&',#2)#!-‐D!'(*1B&^''WZ&'2!-D!'@*G1!'%!'!,D!'@&A,'&$$!%!'&')-&'!%)$&$#/-'B)-#$#@&"'%!'B&"&'$&"#%&%'I'?-&"B!-D!'!,&'!%)$&‐$#/-'%!'B&"&'$&"#%&%'$*-%#$#*-&'D*%*',)'()D)1*X='

6

Luis Gajardo ‐ Decano de Sociología

'("1$";:"<(./%$1

“El origen social condiciona la posición

'("$',1/5="45>%("/5'5="#5%7,(".,(4/%$"4523('$'" (4" ,.$" 4523('$'" -,6" '(4‐igual (…) las personas de origen social

>$?5="2,$.'5"45."#%58(435.$1(4="&(.(."3.@%(454" ,." ABC" 3.8(%35%" $" 1$4" #(%45‐.$4" 7,(" #%5D3(.(." '(" 5/%54" (4/%$/54"4523$1(4E:


''Z&'!%)$&$#/-'!,'*D1*'%!'"*,'(&$D*1!,'+)!'&?1B&-'!"'F!$F*'%!'+)!'OF#"!'!,')-&' ,*$#!%&%'F!D!1*2;-!&=' 7-' ,)' !,‐D)%#*'m&J&1%*'&$"&1&'+)!'"&'!-,!E&-L&'1!@1*%)$!' "&,'%#(!1!-$#&,'+)!',!'@1!‐,!-D&-' !-' !"' *1#2!-' ,*$#&"' $*-D1#G)‐I!-%*'&'"&'B&-D!-$#/-'%!'"&,'%#(!1!-‐$#&,',*$#&"!,='

' ' Z*,' 1!,)"D&%*,' %!' ,)' #-9!,.2&$#/-'&11*J&1*-'%*,'$*-$"),#*-!,'1!,@!$D*'&"'*1#2!-' ,*$#&"=' O*B*'@"&-D!&'m&J&1%*H'@*1')-'"&%*'!,DC'1!"&$#*-&%*'$*-'"&'&$‐.9#%&%'+)!'1!&"#L&-'"*,'J/9!-!,'$)&-‐%*' !21!,&-' %!' "&' !%)$&$#/-' B!%#&='7-D1!'"*,'!-D1!9#,D&%*,'%!'"*,',!$D*1!,'BC,'&"D*,H'D1!,'%!'$&%&'$)&D1*',/"*'!,‐D)%#&G&H'B#!-D1&,'+)!'!-'!"'-#9!"' ,*‐$#*!$*-/B#$*' G&J*' !1&' ,/"*' )-*=' >*1'*D1*'"&%*H',!'B*,D1/')-&'$*-$*1%&-$#&'$*-'!"'F!$F*'%!'1!-%#1'*'-*'"&'>1)!G&'%!':@.D)%':$&%;B#$&='3#!-D1&,'!-'!"'!,D1&D*'BC,'&"D*'D*%*,'"&'1#-%#!1*-H'!-'!"'G&J*',/"*'()!')-'efj='

''>!1*'-*'D*%*'!,'D&-',*BG1A*'!-'!,D!'D!B&='R#,.-D*,'&)D*1!,H'!-D1!'"*,'+)!',!' !-$)!-D1&' !"' @1*@#*' m&J&1%*H' &?1‐B&-'+)!' "&'!%)$&$#/-'D&BG#;-'!,')-'B!$&-#,B*' +)!' 2!-!1&' *@*1D)-#%&‐%!,'I'+)!'@*%1A&'&I)%&1'&'%#,B#-)#1'"&'%!,#2)&"%&%=

''7%!1'O*1-!J*'4Sg6'9#9#/'&BG&,',#D)&‐$#*-!,'B)I'%!'$!1$&='O1#&%*'!-'>)!-D!':"D*H'%*-%!'@)%*'9!1'$/B*'"&'!%)$&‐$#/-' B&1$&' "&' ,!21!2&$#/-' I' %#(!1!-‐$#&$#/-' ,*$#*!$*-/B#$&H' &,!2)1&' +)!'"*,'J/9!-!,'+)!'&,#,D!-'&'$*"!2#*,'@*‐G1!,'!,DC-'%!,.-&%*,'&'1!@1*%)$#1'!,&'B&12#-&"#%&%=' W3#,' %*,'B!J*1!,' &B#‐

2*,H')-*'!,D)9*'@1!,*'@*1'F*B#$#%#*H'@*1+)!'!1&'!"'&BG#!-D!'!-'!"'$)&"'-*,'B*9A&B*,H'I'!"'*D1*'!,DC',_@!1'B!.%*'!-'@1*G"!B&,'%!'%1*2&,XH'![@"#$&='

' 'N#-'!BG&12*H';"'!,'!"'?!"' 1!h!J*'%!"'%*G"!' 1*"' %!' "&' !%)$&$#/-H' I&' +)!'@)%*',)12#1H'!-D1!'*D1&,'$*,&,H'21&$#&,'&"' $*-D![D*'%!' ,)'F*2&1=' N)'F!1B&-*'M)-'&E*'B&I*1'+)!';"M'D)9*'+)!'D1&G&‐J&1'@&1&'B&-D!-!1'"&'$&,&H'![@!1#!-$#&'+)!'!-',)'$&,*'$1!!'"*'&I)%/'&'+)!'-*'@&,&1&' @*1' "&,'B#,B&,' $#1$)-,D&-$#&,'+)!',),'&B#2*,=':$D)&"B!-D!'7%!1',!'!-$)!-D1&'!-'+)#-D*'&E*'%!'R!1!$F*'!-'"&'8-#9!1,#%&%'%!'OF#"!H'#-,.D)$#/-'&'"&'+)!'&$$!%#/'21&$#&,'&',)'!,()!1L*'I'!,D)%#*,'$*B@"!B!-D&1#*,H'I&'+)!'"&'G&,!'%!"'$*"!2#*'"!'!1&'#-,)?$#!-D!'@*1',)'B&"&'$&"#%&%=

g

Eder Cornejo ‐ Estudiante de Derecho

(."1$";:"'("<F31(

Este joven cree en la educación como

un mecanismo de superación de la po‐

>%(G$H"#(%5"$I%-$"7,("45."2$454"-,6"(4#5%J'3254="7,(".5">$4/$."#$%$"?,4&‐I2$%"1$"@%$."'(43@,$1'$':


''':%!BC,'%!'"&,'@*$&,'F!11&B#!-D&,'&$&%;B#$&,'+)!'"!'!-D1!2&G&'!"'"#$!*H'$*-D&G&'$*-')-'!,$&,*'$&@#D&"'$)"D)1&"H'*D1&'%!,9!-D&J&'+)!',!'F&$!'@1!,!-D!'!-'"*,'J/9!-!,'+)!',*-'@1#B!1&'2!-!‐1&$#/-'I'+)!'@1*9#!-!-'%!')-'$*-D![D*'BC,'F)B#"%!='n,D!',!'1!?!1!'&'"*,'$/%#‐2*,'+)!'@!1B#D!-'+)!'"&,'@!1,*-&,',!'1!"&$#*-!-' $*-' "&' $)"D)1&H' +)!' ,!' &%‐+)#!1!-'!,@!$#&"B!-D!'&' D1&9;,'%!' "&'(&B#"#&'I'!"'$*"!2#*='N!2_-'!"'%#1!$D*1'%!"' O!-D1*' %!' >*"A.$&,' O*B@&1&%&,'%!'7%)$&$#/-'%!'"&'8-#9!1,#%&%'R#!2*'>*1D&"!,H'o*,;'o*&+)A-'<1)--!1H'"*,'J/‐9!-!,'+)!',!'$1#&1*-'!-')-'F*2&1'W%*-‐%!'"*,'@&%1!,'@*,!!-'!,$&,*,'#-21!,*,'I')-'G&J*'-#9!"'!%)$&$#*-&"H'%*-%!'-*'F&I' "#G1*,'I'!"'_-#$*'B!%#*'%!'!-D1!‐D!-$#/-'!,'"&'D!"!9#,#/-H'!(!$.9&B!-D!'9&-'&'D!-!1')-'$&@#D&"'$)"D)1&"'"#B#D&%*'+)!'&'()D)1*'"!,'9&'&'@!,&1=X

'''O*-D&1'$*-'!,D*,'$/%#2*,'*D*12&'9!-‐D&J&,'1!,@!$D*'&"'%!,!B@!E*'&$&%;B#‐$*H' D&-D*' !,$*"&1' $*B*' )-#9!1,#D&1#*='Z*,' ,*$#/"*2*,' m)#""!1B*'p*1B&"%' I']"*1!-$#&' P*1$F!' &?1B&-' !-' ,)' !,D)‐%#*'WK4/%$&I2$230."6"-5D313'$'"4523$1"(." <F31(L" (./%(" 1$" $'42%3#230." 6" (1" 15‐groX'+)!'"&,'@!1,*-&,'@1*9!-#!-D!,'%!'F*2&1!,'$*-'G)!-'$&@#D&"'$)"D)1&"'@*‐,!!-'WF&G#"#%&%!,'%!'"!-2)&J!H'&$.D)‐%#-&"!,'I'9&"/1#$&,'+)!',*-'&"D&B!-D!'&@1!$#&%&,' @*1' !"' ,#,D!B&' !,$*"&1H' "*'+)!'1!@!1$)D!'!-'"&'*GD!-$#/-'%!'B!‐J*1!,'$1!%!-$#&"!,'!%)$&.9&,X=

''Z&'%#(!1!-$#&'!,'-*D*1#&H'#-$"),*H'!-‐D1!'J/9!-!,'+)!'-*',/"*'$*B@&1D!-'!"'!,D1&D*',*$#*!$*-/B#$*H',#-*'D&BG#;-'!"'F!$F*'%!',!1'"&,'@1#B!1&,'2!-!1&$#*‐-!,='7"'$*-D1&,D!'"*'B&1$&'!"'!,()!1L*'%!' "&' (&B#"#&'@*1+)!',),'F#J*,' D!-2&-')-'B&I*1'&$$!,*'&'!,D&'$)"D)1&=''Z#G1*,'+)!'1!"&D&G&-'F#,D*1#&,'%!'(&-D&,A&'()!'!"'_-#$*'$&@#D&"'$)"D)1&"'+)!'D)9*'7%!1'O*1-!J*=' n"' 1!$)!1%&' +)!' $*B!-L/' &'"!!1'&'"*,'`5'&E*,'21&$#&,'&',)'&G)!"*H'+)!'"!'@&,&G&'-*9!"&,'%!'!,D!'!,."*='7"'@1#B!1'"#G1*'+)!'"!I/'()!')-&'F#,D*1#&'

a

""M549"M5$7,N."O%,..(%

])!-D!^'7B*"

Z*,'"#G1*,'(*1B&-'@&1D!'%!"'$&@#D&"'$)"D)1&"'+)!'@1*9!!'!"'F*2&1='

])!-D!'#B&2!-^'O"&1A-

%!'2C-2,D!1,H'&"2*'&,A'$*B*'7"'>&%1#-*H'D![D*'+)!' "!' !,.B)"/' !"' 2),D*'@*1' "&'"!$D)1&H' @!1*' ,#!B@1!' $!-D1&%&' !-' "&'?$$#/-='

' ' R#,.-D*' ()!' !"' $&,*' %!' 7"#L&G!DF'OF&B*1H' +)!' @!,!' &' !-$*-D1&1,!' !-'"&,'B#,B&,'$*-%#$#*-!,'+)!'!"' ()D)1*'&G*2&%*H'D)9*')-&'B&%1!'+)!',!'@1!‐*$)@/'%!'$*"!$$#*-&1'"#G1*,'I'C"G)B!,'!%)$&.9*,' +)!' "!' @!1B#.!1&-' D!-!1')-&' G&,!' BC,' &B@"#&' I' +)!' @)%#!1&')."#L&1' !-' ,)' !,$*"&1#%&%=' O*-' D*%*H'!,D!'.@*'%!'$&@#D&"'$)"D)1&"'-*',!'$*B‐@&1&'$*-'!"'+)!'@*,!!')-'J*9!-'$1#&%*'!-')-'F*2&1'$*-'B&I*1!,'#-21!,*,H'"*'+)!' "!' @!1B#D!' &$$!%!1' &' )-&' *(!1D&'$)"D)1&"' B)$F*' BC,' &B@"#&' +)!' -*',/"*',!'!-$)!-D1&'!-'"#G1*,'I'1!9#,D&,H',#-*'D&BG#;-'!-'@*!,A&H'*G1&,'%!'&1D!H'B),!*,H'#%#*B&,'![D1&-J!1*,'I'"&'@*,#‐G#"#%&%'%!'9#&J&1'&'%#,.-D&,'$#)%&%!,'I'@&A,!,='

' ' 7,D&,' %#(!1!-$#&,' 1!@!1$)D!-' !-' !"'%!,!B@!E*'%!'"*,'J/9!-!,'%)1&-D!'"&'!%)$&$#/-' B!%#&H' I&' +)!' -*' @*,!!-'"*,'B#,B*,'FCG#D*,'%!'!,D)%#*'-#'B)‐$F*' B!-*,' $*-*$#B#!-D*,' &$!1$&' %!'$#!1D&,'%#,$#@"#-&,='O*1-!J*'-*'D)9*H'&'-#9!"' 2!-!1&"H' )-'G)!-'@&,*'@*1' !,D!'@!1#*%*=' 0!@#./' @1#B!1*' B!%#*' I' !"'!,$&,*' $&@#D&"' $)"D)1&"'+)!'@*,!A&'-*'#-h)I/'@*,#.9&B!-D!'@&1&'!,(*1L&1,!'BC,' !-' !,D)%#&1' I' &@1!-%!1V' ,/"*' "!'$)".9/'!"'2),D*'@*1'"!!1H'@!1*'&')-'-#‐9!"'I'$*-')-&'$&"#%&%'+)!'D&B@*$*'()!'%!'21&-'&I)%&='

''7"#L&G!DF'D)9*')-'%!,!B@!E*'1!2)"&1'!-'!,D&'!D&@&H'I&'+)!'"!'#G&'G#!-'!-'"*,'

1&B*,' +)!' "!' 2),D&G&-' MB_,#$&H' G#*‐"*2A&H'B&D!BC.$&' I' +)AB#$&M' I' !-' !"'1!,D*H'$*B*'F#,D*1#&H'+)!'-*'"!'""&B&‐G&'"&'&D!-$#/-H',!'%!GA&'!,(*1L&1'BC,=']#-&"B!-D!H'$*-'%!%#$&$#/-'"*21/'D!1‐B#-&1'"&'!-,!E&-L&'B!%#&'!-'!"'Z#$!*'0*,&'7,D!1':"!,,&-%1#'0*%1A2)!LH'!-'"&'$*B)-&'%!'i-%!@!-%!-$#&='

U

Una desequilibrada prueba

' ' Z&' $*-%#$#/-' !$*-/B#$&' %!D!1B#-&'!"'.@*'%!'!,D&G"!$#B#!-D*H'+)!'!-',)'B&I*1A&H' $*11!,@*-%!'&' $*"!2#*,'B)‐-#$#@&"!,' *' @&1.$)"&1!,' ,)G9!-$#*-&‐%*,='7""*,'-*'G1#-%&-')-&'G)!-&'G&,!'@&1&'1!-%#1'&@1*@#&%&B!-D!'"&'>1)!G&'%!' N!"!$$#/-' 8-#9!1,#D&1#&' 4>N86H' @*1'"*'+)!H'!-'2!-!1&"H'-*'&$$!%!-'&')-#‐9!1,#%&%!,'D1&%#$#*-&"!,=

' ' Z&' >N8' 1!!B@"&L/' &' @&1.1' %!"' &E*'STT5'&'"&'>1)!G&'%!':@.D)%':$&%;B#‐$&'$*-'!"'B*.9*'%!'%#,B#-)#1'"&'G1!$F&'%!'@)-D&J!,'+)!'*GD!-A&-'"*,'&")B-*,'@1*9!-#!-D!,'%!'$*"!2#*,'B)-#$#@&"!,'

])!-D!^'8-#9!1,#&

1!,@!$D*'&'"*,'+)!'&,#,K&-'&')-*'@&1‐.$)"&1=

' ' Z&' #"),#/-' %!' +)!' "&' >N8' ,!1A&'BC,'!+)#D&.9&',!'G&,&G&'!-'+)!'-*'B!%#‐1A&'"&,'&@.D)%!,',#-*'+)!'"*,'$*-D!-#‐%*,' &%+)#1#%*,' %)1&-D!' "&' !-,!E&-L&'B!%#&='R!'!,D&'(*1B&H'"*,'J/9!-!,'!,‐D&1A&-'!-'#2)&"%&%'%!'$*-%#$#*-!,H',#-'#B@*1D&1'!"'.@*'%!'!,D&G"!$#B#!-D*'&"'+)!'F&I&-'&,#,.%*H' I&'+)!' D*%*,'%!‐G!1A&-'F&G!1'@&,&%*'"&'B#,B&'B&D!1#&'!-'"*,'@!1#*%*,'$*11!,@*-%#!-D!,='

''N#-'!BG&12*H'!,D*'-*'!,'"*'+)!',)$!‐%!' !-' "&' @1C$.$&=' Z*,' !,D)%#&-D!,' %!'"*,'$*"!2#*,'B)-#$#@&"!,',#2)!-'!,D&-‐%*' !-' %!,9!-D&J&=' Z&,'B*9#"#L&$#*-!,'%!'"*,'@#-2q#-*,'!"'STTe'I'"*,'@&1*,'%!'@1*(!,*1!,',*-'&"2)-*,'!J!B@"*,'+)!'1!h!J&-'"&,'%#?$)"D&%!,'+)!'.!-!-'!,‐D*,'J/9!-!,'@&1&'!,D&1'!-'!"'$*"!2#*'IH'&' "&' 9!LH' D!-!1' $"&,!,V' #-,D&-$#&,' +)!'J)-D*'&'"&'G&J&'$&"#%&%'%!'"*,'!,D&G"!‐$#B#!-D*,'&(!$D&-'!"'@&,*'@*1'"&'!-,!‐E&-L&'B!%#&='

' 'O;,&1'O&B#"*'4Sf6'!,D)%#/'B!$C-#$&'&)D*B*D1#L' !-' !"' $*"!2#*' >*"#D;$-#$*H'@!1*' ,!-K&' +)!' !,D*' -*' $*-$*1%&G&'$*-' ,),' &$.9#%&%!,H' D*%&,' "#2&%&,' &"'%!@*1D!=' >*1' !""*' ,!' ()!' &"' Z#$!*'OF#‐"*;='7-'!,D!'$*"!2#*'B)-#$#@&"'?-&"#L/',)'!-,!E&-L&'B!%#&H'!,D&G"!$#B#!-D*'!-'+)!'&,!2)1&'+)!'"&'#-,D1)$$#/-'!1&'B)I'G&J&='O;,&1'-*' D)9*' "&'*@*1D)-#‐%&%'%!' 1!(*1L&1' "*,'$*-D!-#%*,'!-')-'@1!)-#9!1,#D&1#*' I' &$D)&"B!-D!' !,D)‐%#&'>!%&2*2A&'!-'7%)$&$#/-']A,#$&'!-'"&' 8-#9!1,#%&%' <!1-&1%*' krb#22#-,H'%*-%!',/"*'@#%!-'"&'>N8'1!-%#%&=

' 'O*B*' "*,'$*"!2#*,' D;$-#$*,',!'%!%#‐$&-' &' !,@!$#&"#L&1' &' "*,' &")B-*,' !-')-&' @1*(!,#/-' %!D!1B#-&%&H' -*' 1!9#‐,&-'"*,'$*-D!-#%*,'+)!'!9&"_&'"&'>N8=':,AH'&"'B*B!-D*'%!'1!-%#1'!,D&'@1)!G&'"*,'&")B-*,'+)!'!21!,&-'%!'%#$F*,'!,‐D&G"!$#B#!-D*,' ,!'!-$)!-D1&-'!-')-&'

`T

<94$%"<$-315";%%$"P"K4/,'3$./("'("Q(‐dagogía en Educación Física en la

;:"O(%.$%'5"RST3@@3.4

UV("F$"254/$'5"-,2F5"(4/$%"$7,N"(."1$"universidad por problemas de leer, de

,."-5./0."'("254$4"7,("(."(454" 251(‐gios no se hace habitualmente”, cuenta

%(I%39.'54("$"1$">$?$"(.4(W$.G$"'(1" 13‐2(5:"


$"&1&' %!,9!-D&J&' 1!,@!$D*' &' "*,' +)!'!,D)%#&1*-' !-' )-' $*"!2#*' $#!-K?$*MF)B&-#,D&='

''sD&"*':-D_-!L'4Sf6'9#9#/'!,D&',#D)&$#/-'&"' ,&"#1' %!"' Z#$!*' O*B!1$#&"' :"G!1D*'<"!,D' m&-&' %!' Q#E&' %!"'3&1=' O)&-%*'D!1B#-/' "&' !-,!E&-L&' B!%#&' +)#,*'$)B@"#1' ,)',)!E*'%!'!,D)%#&1'>)G"#$#‐%&%H'@!1*'&"'1!-%#1'"&'>N8',!'%#*'$)!-D&'%!'"&'@*,#$#/-'!-'"&'+)!',!'!-$*-D1&G&='WN#' !,D)%#&#' !-' )-' "#$!*' $#!-K?$*MF)‐B&-#,D&'@*%A'*@D&1'&'G)!-*,'@)-D&J!,'>N8'*'&')-&'$&11!1&'+)!'D!'2),D!='>!1*'$)&-%*'9!-A'%!')-' "#$!*'D;$-#$*'D!' "#‐B#D&-'G&,D&-D!'!-'!,&'C1!&'%!'&@1!-‐%#L&J!' I' !,*' #-h)I!' %#1!$D&B!-D!' !-'D)'@)-D&J!'>N8XH'$*B!-D&='>*1',)!1D!'@&1&'!,D!'J*9!-'"&'8-#9!1,#%&%'%!"'3&1'"!' @!1B#./' #-21!,&1' $*B*' D1&G&J&%*1'M,!'%!,!B@!E&'!-'!"'C1!&'%!'9!-D&,M'I'-*' "!' D*B/' !-' $)!-D&' "&' >N8H' %*-%!',&$/'&"1!%!%*1'%!'dST'@)-D*,=

''>&1&'!"'%#1!$D*1'%!"'O!-D1*'%!'i-9!,‐.2&$#/-' I'R!,&11*""*' %!' "&' 7%)$&$#/-'4OiR76H' o)&-' 7%)&1%*' m&1$A&Mb)#%*‐G1*H' "&'G1!$F&'!%)$&$#*-&"'+)!' ,!'%&'!-'OF#"!',!'%!G!'&-&"#L&1'!-'D;1B#-*,'%!'$&"#%&%'I'-*'%!'-_B!1*,='N!2_-'![‐@"#$&H'&-D!,'![#,K&')-&'%#(!1!-$#&'-)‐B;1#$&'+)!'$*-'!"'@&,*'%!"'.!B@*',!'()!'&$F#$&-%*=':,A' "*'%!B)!,D1&-' "*,'%&D*,' +)!' &11*J/' "&' !-$)!,D&' O&,!-'STTe' 1!,@!$D*' &"' &$$!,*' &' "&' !%)$&‐$#/-'B!%#&='R!'&$)!1%*'&'!,D&'B!%#‐$#/-'!,!'&E*')-'e5H`j'%!'"*,'J/9!-!,'%!"' @1#B!1' +)#-."' &,#,./' &' !,D!' -#9!"'%!'!-,!E&-L&H'9!1,),')-'dTHUj'+)!'"*'F#L*'!-'`UUT'4!"#$2.1<.$*6=''

''>*1'!""*H'@&1&'m&1$A&Mb)#%*G1*'"&'9!1‐%&%!1&'G1!$F&'+)!',!'%&'F*I'!-'%A&'!,'%!'$&"#%&%'I'-*',!'1!?!1!',/"*'&"'-#9!"'%!' "*,' $*"!2#*,H' ,#-*' +)!' &' "&' (*1B&‐$#/-'+)!'1!$#G#!1*-'"*,'@1*(!,*1!,=

' ' :' B*%*' %!' !J!B@"*H' !,D!' ![@!1D*'&12)B!-D&'+)!'![#,D!')-&'21&-'%#9!1‐,#%&%'!-'"&'(*1B&$#/-'%!'"*,'@1*(!,*‐1!,H'I&'+)!'!-'&"2)-&,'#-,.D)$#*-!,'"&'%)1&$#/-'%!'"&'$&11!1&'!,'%!'D1!,'&E*,H'!-'*D1&,'%!'$)&D1*'I'F&I'&"2)-&,'%*-‐%!' ,!' ![.!-%!' F&,D&' $#-$*=' 7[@"#$&'+)!' "*,' %*$!-D!,' +)!' !,D)%#&1*-' !-'"&,' @1#B!1&,' !,DC-' D1&G&J&-%*' !-' !,‐$)!"&,' 1)1&"!,H'B#!-D1&,' +)!' !"' 1!,D*'"*' F&$!' !-' $*"!2#*,' @&2&%*,=' W7,&' !,'"&'9!1%&%!1&'G1!$F&H'!,'!"'D1&D&B#!-D*'D1!B!-%&B!-D!' #-J),D*H' ,!2B!-D&‐%*' I' ,!21!2&%*' +)!' !,D&B*,' %&-%*='7"'@*G1!'9&'&')-&'!,$)!"&'@*G1!'I'F&'&@1!-%#%*' $*-' @1*(!,*1!,' @*G1!,=' 7"'

``

>.1<.$*,$-(("=)$.$<.$"53(.(67/$?"56.$9)#$:36/;<

''])!-D!^'7-$)!,D&'O&,!-'STTe

1#$*' 9&' &' )-&' !,$)!"&' 1#$&' I' &@1!-%!'$*-' @1*(!,*1!,' G#!-' @&2&%*,' I' G#!-'(*1B&%*,XH'$*B!-D&'!-',)'*?$#-&=

''7,D&',#D)&$#/-',!'B&-#?!,D&'!,@!$#&"‐B!-D!' $)&-%*' "*,' &")B-*,' ""!2&-' &'1!-%#1' "&'>N8H'I&'+)!' "&'G1!$F&'!-D1!'"*,'@)-D&J!,'@*1'.@*'%!'$*"!2#*',#2)!',#!-%*' -*D*1#&=' 7""*' ,!' @)!%!' 9!1' !-'!"' 1&-Y#-2' 1!&"#L&%*' @*1' "&' 8-#9!1,#‐%&%']!%!1#$*'N&-D&'3&1A&H'+)!'B)!,‐D1&' "*,'!,D&G"!$#B#!-D*,'$*-'!"'B!J*1'%!,!B@!E*'%!,%!'+)!' ,!' #-,D&)1/' "&'>N8' 4STTfMSTTU='@"#$ 2.1<.$ A6=' :""A' ,!'$*-,D&D&' +)!' %!' `dT' $*"!2#*,H' ,/"*'$#-$*' ,*-'B)-#$#@&"!,' I' *D1*,' -)!9!'$*11!,@*-%!-' &' @&1.$)"&1!,' ,)G9!-‐$#*-&%*,=

' ' kD1*' !J!B@"*' %!' +)!' "&' G1!$F&' ,#‐2)!' @1!,!-D!' !,' +)!' "&' %#(!1!-$#&' !-'!"' 1!-%#B#!-D*' F&' !B@!*1&%*' $*-' !"'@&,*'%!"'.!B@*=' Z*,' &")B-*,'%!' "*,'"#$!*,' @_G"#$*,' &$!1D&1*-' "&' B!-*1'$&-.%&%'%!'1!,@)!,D&,'$*11!$D&,'!-'!"'@1*$!,*'%!'&%B#,#/-'STTU'4!"#$#"(3.‐5#)$*6='N!2_-'%&D*,'%!"'%#&1#*'7"'3!1‐$)1#*H'%!'"&,'gg'@1!2)-D&,'+)!'$*-(*1‐B&1*-'"&'@1)!G&'%!'"!-2)&J!'!-'STTfH'!"' @1*B!%#*' %!' 1!,@)!,D&,' $*11!$D&,'%!'!,D*,'J/9!-!,'()!'%!'SUHS='7-'D&-‐D*H'!-'"&,'gT'@1!2)-D&,'%!'B&D!BC.$&'()!'%!'`SHg='7-'"&'>N8'+)!',!'1#-%#/'!-'STTa' "&' @1)!G&' %!' "!-2)&J!' $*-D&G&'$*-'aT'@1!2)-D&,'I' "&'%!'B&D!BC.$&'$*-' gT=' Z*,' &")B-*,' %!' "*,' $*"!2#*,'B)-#$#@&"!,'D)9#!1*-')-'@1*B!%#*'%!'1!,@)!,D&,'$*11!$D&,'%!'STHg'I'dHg'1!,‐@!$.9&B!-D!=

`S

>.1<.$A,$B"="?9"C)$5"$<)=$?"D)#"=$*EF$()<"%6)=$"/$<.$"#.$G8H

])!-D!^' STTd``5TTNTTe' &' @&1.1'%!"'1&-Y#-2'$1!&%*'@*1'"&'8=']!%!‐1#$*'N&-D&'3&1A&='

`5

' ' 7[#,D!-' *D1&,' %#(!1!-$#&,' D&BG#;-=':%!BC,' %!' "&' B&"&' G&,!' &$&%;B#$&H'!,D*,'$*"!2#*,'-*'*(1!$!-'#-(*1B&$#/-',*G1!' "&,' #-,.D)$#*-!,' %!' !%)$&$#/-',)@!1#*1=':,AH',!',)B&')-'-)!9*'%!,&‐\*'@&1&' "*,' J/9!-!,'+)!' ,*-'@1#B!1&'2!-!1&$#/-H'I&'+)!' D&B@*$*'$)!-D&-'$*-' "&' ![@!1#!-$#&' @1!9#&' %!' ,),' @&‐%1!,='

' ' Z*,' &")B-*,'+)!' &,#,D!-' &' $*"!2#*,'@&2&%*,H'!-'$&BG#*H'@*,!!-'BC,'#-,‐D&-$#&,' %*-%!' *GD!-!1' !,D*,' %&D*,='Z&,')-#9!1,#%&%!,',!'@1!,!-D&-'!-'"*,'!,D&G"!$#B#!-D*,H' !-D1!2&-' (*""!D*,H'![@"#$&-'"&,'$&11!1&,'I'!"'?-&-$#&B#!-‐D*=' l' ,#' -*' &$$!%#!1*-' &' !,!' !9!-D*H'@)!%!-'$*-9!1,&1'$*-',),'@&%1!,H'+)!'2!-!1&"B!-D!',*-'@1*(!,#*-&"!,'I'$*‐-*$!-'!"' ,#,D!B&'%!'!%)$&$#/-' ,)@!‐1#*1='7%!1'O*1-!J*'-*'D)9*'-#-2)-&'%!

I"(3.5#)$*,$G#)?"56)$5"$#"=93"=2.=$()##"(2.=$"/$<.$G8H$9)#$;9)$5"$()<"%6)

])!-D!^'7"'3!1$)1#*='

!,D&,'*@*1D)-#%&%!,='3#!-D1&,',&")%&'&',),'$*B@&E!1*,H'$)!-D&'+)!'$)&-%*'#G&' &"' $*"!2#*' -*' D!-A&' -#-2)-&' 1!"&‐$#/-'$*-'!"'B)-%*')-#9!1,#D&1#*'I'+)!'"!'$*,D/'%&1,!'$)!-D&'%!'+)!'1!&"B!-‐D!'@*%A&'!,D)%#&1H'I&'+)!'@!-,&G&'+)!'&"' -*' D!-!1' @"&D&' ,!' &2*D&G&-' D*%&,',),'@*,#G#"#%&%!,=

Un desigual ingreso

''O*-'!"'@)-D&J!'>N8'!-'B&-*'I'"&'@*$&'#-(*1B&$#/-'+)!'"!,'@1*9!!'!"',#,D!B&H'""!2/'!"'B*B!-D*'%!'+)!'"&,'@1#B!1&,'2!-!1&$#*-!,'!,$*J&-')-&'#-,.D)$#/-='7,'!-'!,!'B*B!-D*'%*-%!',!'2!-!1&')-'%!,#2)&"'&$$!,*H'+)!',!2_-'Z)#,'m&‐J&1%*'!,DC'B&1$&%*'@*1'!"'(&$D*1'!$*‐-/B#$*='>*1+)!',#'F&,D&'"&'%;$&%&'%!"'taT'!"'$*,D*'%!'"&'!-,!E&-L&',)@!1#*1'@*%A&',!1')-'*G,DC$)"*'#-,&"9&G"!'@&1&'

`f

' ' 7[#,D!-' *D1&,' #-,.D)$#*-!,' +)!'&%*@D&-' )-' B!$&-#,B*' ,#B#"&1' &' "&'8RZ:H'$*B*' "&'8-#9!1,#%&%'<!1-&1%*'krb#22#-,H'+)!',/"*'@#%!'"&'>N8'1!-%#‐%&='7,D*'%!B)!,D1&'+)!',*-'#-,.D)$#*‐-!,'+)!'!,DC-'&G#!1D&,'&'D*%*'.@*'%!'@_G"#$*'I'!,@!$#&"B!-D!'&'"*,'WJ/9!-!,'@1#B!1&'2!-!1&$#/-XH'I&'+)!'B&I*1#D&‐1#&B!-D!H' -*' @*,!!-' "&' @1!@&1&$#/-'&%!$)&%&' @&1&' "*21&1' #-21!,&1' &' )-&')-#9!1,#%&%'D1&%#$#*-&"'*'$*-'B&I*1!,'@&1CB!D1*,'%!'![#2!-$#&='

' 'O*B*'&$"&1&'R#uG*1-H'!"' ,!""*'%!' "&'8-#9!1,#%&%'%!'Z&,':B;1#$&,'!,'!-D1!‐2&1')-&'*@*1D)-#%&%'@*1'"*'+)!'-*',!'%!?-!-'$*B*')-&'#-,.D)$#/-'%!'![$!‐"!-$#&'1!,@!$D*'&'"&'@1!@&1&$#/-'%!'"*,'&")B-*,'I&'+)!'-*'1!$*2!-'&'+)#!-!,'*GD)9#!1*-'"*,'B&I*1!,'@)-D&J!,='

!,D*,'J/9!-!,H'$*-'"&'B&,#?$&$#/-'%!"',#,D!B&'&'@&1.1'%!'!,&'(!$F&',)12#!1*-'%#9!1,*,'!,D&G"!$#B#!-D*,'$*-'&1&-$!‐"!,'BC,'G&J*,'I',#,D!B&,'%!'G!$&='7,D*'"!,' &G1#/' "&,' @)!1D&,' %!' "&' !%)$&$#/-',)@!1#*1=' l' ,#' "*' +)!' "!,' @1!*$)@&G&'!1&' "&' ,!"!$.9#%&%' %!' "&,' )-#9!1,#%&‐%!,'@*1'"*,'@)-D&J!,'%!'"&'>::'I'")!2*'%!'"&'>N8H'!,D*'D&BG#;-'%!J&1A&'%!',!1')-'#B@!%#B!-D*='

' '>*1+)!'F*I'!-'!"',#,D!B&'%!'!%)$&‐$#/-',)@!1#*1'![#,D!-'#-,.D)$#*-!,'$*-'&"D*,'-#9!"!,'%!'![#2!-$#&' 1!,@!$D*'&"'#-21!,*H'I'*D1&,'+)!'G),$&-'@1!(!1!-‐D!B!-D!' $&@D&1' )-' @_G"#$*' B&,#9*='R!-D1*'%!'"&,'@1#B!1&,',!'!-$)!-D1&-'"&,')-#9!1,#%&%!,' D1&%#$#*-&"!,H' $*B*'"&' 8-#9!1,#%&%' %!' N&-.&2*' 48,&$F6='N!2_-'$)!-D&'!"'9#$!11!$D*1'&$&%;B#‐$*'%!'!,D&'#-,.D)$#/-H'0*%1#2*'Q#%&"H'&"'@!1D!-!$!1'&"'O*-,!J*'%!'0!$D*1!,H'"&'>N8'!,')-'B!$&-#,B*' #B@*1D&-D!'%!',!"!$$#/-'I'B)$F*,'%!'"*,'J/9!-!,'+)!'1!$#G!-H' @1*9!-#!-D!,' !-' ,)' B&I*1A&'%!'$*"!2#*,'B)-#$#@&"!,'I'@&1.$)"&1!,',)G9!-$#*-&%*,H' +)!%&-' %!D!-#%*,'&FA='

' ' >&1&' D*%*,' !""*,' ![#,D!-' !,D&G"!$#‐B#!-D*,' $*B*' "&' 8-#9!1,#%&%' %!' Z&,':B;1#$&,' 48RZ:6H' +)!' ,/"*'@#%!' "&' "#‐$!-$#&D)1&'%!'$)&1D*'B!%#*='Z&' @1*11!$D*1&' %!' %#$F&' )-#9!1,#%&%H'>&)"#-&'R#uG*1-H'&$"&1&'+)!',)'*GJ!.‐9*'!,'%&1'"&'@*,#G#"#%&%'%!'*GD!-!1')-'KD)"*' @1*(!,#*-&"' &' "&,' @!1,*-&,' +)!'-*'D)9#!1*-'B)$F&,'*@*1D)-#%&%!,'!-'!"'$*"!2#*'I'!-'"&'>N8H'@!1*',A'D!-A&-'"&'#-+)#!D)%'%!'(*1B&1,!='

""Q$,13.$"X3Y>5%."P"Q%5%%(2/5%$"'("1$""";:"'("Z$4"!-9%32$4


`d

9!1,#%&%H'+)!'"&,'!B@1!,&,'W9!&-'+)!'I*'9!-2*'%!'"&')-#9!1,#%&%'I'%#2&-'&FF'!,D!'.@*',&G!H'-*H'-*',!-K'!,*X='' ' ' Z*,' WJ/9!-!,' @1#B!1&' 2!-!1&$#/-X'#-21!,&-'&'"&')-#9!1,#%&%'$*-'21&-%!,'![@!$D&.9&,' %!' (*1B&1,!' I' &%+)#1#1'G)!-*,' $*-*$#B#!-D*,' +)!' %!,@);,'"!,' @!1B#D&-' *GD!-!1' )-' G)!-' @)!,‐D*'%!'D1&G&J*='N!2_-'![@"#$&'!"' 1!$D*1'%!'"&'8-#9!1,#%&%'R#!2*'>*1D&"!,H'O&1‐"*,'>!E&H',!'$1!&')-&'21&-'(1),D1&$#/-'@*1+)!'W"&'2!-D!'+)!'1!$#;-'&$$!%!'&"',#,D!B&'%!'!%)$&$#/-',)@!1#*1'"*'F&$!'&G1#2&-%*'"&'!,@!1&-L&'+)!'!"',#,D!B&'%!'!%)$&$#/-',)@!1#*1'"!'@1*9!&'*@*1‐D)-#%&%!,' 4v6'+)!')-',#,D!B&'B&,#?‐$&%*'I&'-*'@1*9!!X='

' ' ' i-,.D)$#*-!,' $*B*' "&' 8RZ:' !,DC-'%!-D1*' %!' "&,' %!-*B#-&%&,' )-#9!1,#‐%&%!,' B&,#9&,H' +)!' <1)--!1' %!?-!'$*B*' "&,' -*' ,!"!$.9&,' %!"' @)-D*' %!'9#,D&'%!"'#-21!,*H'!,'%!$#1H'+)!'-*'![#‐2!-' @)-D&J!,' &"D*,=' 7-' )-' 1!@*1D&J!'@)G"#$&%*'@*1'7"'3!1$)1#*H'!,D!'&$&%;‐B#$*'$&"#?$/'&'"&,')-#9!1,#%&%!,'$F#"!‐-&,'%!'&$)!1%*'&'"&',!"!$.9#%&%'I'-#9!"',*$#&"'%!'"*,'&")B-*,='7,D&'#-,.D)$#/-',!'!-$)!-D1&'%!-D1*'%!"'21)@*'""&B&‐%*' W)-#9!1,#%&%!,' @1#9&%&,' %!' 21&-'D&B&E*'I'-*',!"!$.9&,XH'J)-D*'&'*D1&,'$)&D1*')-#9!1,#%&%!,'4!"#$#"(3.5#)$A6=

' ' 0*%1#2*' Q#%&"' &$"&1&' +)!' 1!,@!D&' "&'9#,#/-' %!' !,D!' !,D&G"!$#B#!-D*H' @!1*'"!' ![#2#1A&' +)!' "&' B&,#9#%&%' -*' !,D;'%!,9#-$)"&%&'%!' "&' $&"#%&%=' W:'BA'B!'2),D&1A&' D!-!1' "&' D1&-+)#"#%&%' %!' ,&‐G!1'+)!'"&'B&,#9#%&%'!,DC'"#2&%&'&'%*,'$*,&,^'@*1')-' "&%*'&' ' "&'$&"#%&%'%!' "&'(*1B&$#/-'I'@*1'*D1*'"&%*'&')-&'#-,!1‐$#/-'!-'!"'B)-%*'"&G*1&"'+)!'&@*1D!'&"'%!,&11*""*'%!'"&',*$#!%&%='N#',*"&B!-‐D!' (*1B*'2!-D!'@&1&'+)!' ")!2*'D!-2&')-'%#@"*B&H' )-'KD)"*'+)!' "!' @!1B#D&'2&-&1,!')-&'@"&D&H'$"&1*H'D&"'9!L'-*',!&')-&')-#9!1,#%&%'"&'+)!'D!-2&'+)!'F&‐$!1' !,*XH' $)!-D&'Q#%&"=' R#uG*1-' &$"&‐1&'+)!'"&'8RZ:'!,')-'B)I'G)!-'!,D&‐G"!$#B#!-D*H' +)!' $)!-D&' $*-' G)!-*,''@1*(!,#*-&"!,' +)!' G),$&-' &I)%&1' &',),'!,D)%#&-D!,'&'*GD!-!1')-'KD)"*'!'#-,!1D&1"*,'"&G*1&"B!-D!='

' 'O1#,.&-'N!@_"9!%&' 4SU6'!,'!21!,&%*'%!'i-2!-#!1A&'!-'P!"!BC.$&'%!'O*B)‐-#$&$#*-!,' !' i-(*1BC.$&' !-' "&'8RZ:='7,D!' J*9!-' &$"&1&' +)!' @!,!' &' "&' #-‐D!-$#/-H' "&' )-#9!1,#%&%' .!-!' )-' B&"'@1!,.2#*'&()!1&H'$*,&'+)!'&(!$D&'&',),'&")B-*,='n"'%!$#%#/'F&$!1')-'%#@"*B&‐%*'!-' "&'8-#9!1,#%&%'%!'OF#"!'I&'+)!'-*',#!-D!')-'G)!-'1!,@&"%*'%!',)')-#‐

<%34&$."[(#\1D(‐da ‐ Ingeniero

'("1$""";:"'("Z$4""!-9%32$4

Rodrigo Vidal

Vicerrector aca‐

'9-325"'("1$";:"'("[$.&$@5


])!-D!^'8,&$F

`e

$H/$?.<$#"/56?6"/2)$=39"#6)#

''N!-D&%*'!-'!"'"#9#-2'%!',)'$&,&H'<1)--!1'&$"&1&'+)!' "&'B&I*1A&'%!' "*,'W&")B-*,' @1#B!1&' 2!-!1&$#/-X' &,#,‐D!-' &' )-#9!1,#%&%!,' -*' ,!"!$.9&,H'%!G#%*' &' ,)' $*-%#$#/-' %!' *1#2!-' I' "&'D1&I!$D*1#&'!,$*"&1=' 7,D*'_".B*'!,')-'21&-'$*-%#$#*-&-D!'!-'!"'%!,!B@!E*'&$&%;B#$*'+)!'"*,'&")B-*,'B)!,D1&-'!-',),'$&11!1&,H'I&'+)!',!2_-'%#,.-D&,'&)D*1#%&%!,H'!-'"&'@1!@&1&$#/-'%!'!,D&'!D&@&'(&"D&'(*1B&1'FCG#D*,'%!'!,D)%#*=

' '8-'&,@!$D*'!-'!"'+)!'"&'@1*11!$D*1&'%!'"&'8RZ:'$*-$)!1%&='WN*-'@!1,*-&,'+)!' 9#!-!-' $*-' $#!1D&' (1&2#"#%&%' %!'@1!@&1&$#/-'@1!9#&H'+)!'!,DC-'@1!*$)‐

I"(3.5#)$A,$H/6!"#=65.5"=$9#6!.5.=$5"$%#./$2.?.C)$J$/)$="<"(;!.=

‐ Integrantes: Universidad de las Américas, Universidad Santo Tomás, Univer‐!"#$#%&$'%&()$!*+',%-'".(/!"#$#%0123'45$%#(%67"8(%9%-'".(/!"#$#%#(8%:$/;<%&4'%1'".(/!"#$#(!%=/".$#$!%!"'%!1)!"#"4%>1(%/(?'('%#4!%@4'#"@"4'(!A%=4!(('%5+!%#(%BC%5"8%$815'4!%9%1'$%!(8(@*."#$#%5('4/%$%DE;<%F!2(%G/1=4%=/(!('2$%(8%'?5(/4%5+H"54%#(%!(#(!%$%'".(8%'$@"4'$8,%@4'%1'%=/45(#"4%#(%BB;<%F8%=/45(#"4%#(%!(8(@*."#$#%(!%#(%BE,%.$/"$'#4%('2/(%(8%I,JE%#(%8$%-'".(/!"‐#$#%#(%&$'%&()$!*+'%9%(8%C,KE%#(%8$%-'".(/!"#$#%#(%8$!%05L/"@$!;<%F8%KDE%#(%84!%$815'4!%."('('%#(%@48(G"4!%51'"@"=$8(!,%(8%KKE%#(%!1).('@"4‐'$#4!%9%(8%BBE%#(%=$/*@18$/(!;<%F'%ICCM%G/$#1$/4'%$%K;DCC%=(/!4'$!%NBCEO;

])!-D!^'7"'3!1$)1#*

@&%&,'%!'&,#,.1'&' $"&,!H'@!1*'+)!'-*'.!-!-' "&' @!1,!9!1&-$#&' %!' !,D)%#&1'!"'1!,D*'%!"'.!B@*XH'![@"#$&'R#uG*1-='7,D*'"!,',)$!%!'&'"&'B&I*1A&'%!'"*,'J/‐9!-!,'+)!' ,!' #-#$#&-' !-' "&' !%)$&$#/-',)@!1#*1H'@!1*'B&I*1#D&1#&B!-D!'&'"&,'@1#B!1&,'2!-!1&$#*-!,H' I&'+)!' "*,'.‐@*,'%!'$*"!2#*,'%!,%!'"*,'+)!'@1*9#!‐-!-',*-'BC,'%;G#"!,'!-'!,D!'&,@!$D*='

' ':'N*"&-2!'N#"9&' "!'2),D&-'B)$F*'"&,'$)"D)1&,'&,#C.$&,H'@*1' "*'+)!'!-D1&1'&'!,D)%#&1'OF#-*'3&-%&1A-'F&',#%*')-&'21&-' ![@!1#!-$#&=' N#' G#!-' %#,(1)D&' "*'+)!'F&$!' I' -*' "!' $*,D/' $*-*$!1' 2!-‐D!'-)!9&H'&,!2)1&'+)!'!"' #-21!,*'&' "&'!%)$&$#/-',)@!1#*1'F&',#%*')-'$&BG#*'1&%#$&"'!-',)'9#%&='7-'!"'"#$!*'-*'&$*,‐D)BG1&G&' !,D)%#&1' D&-D*H' @!1*' &F*1&'

`g

$)!-D&'+)!',!'9#*'*G"#2&%&'&'(*1B&1,!')-' FCG#D*' %!' !,D)%#*' I' %!%#$&1' )-&,'$)&-D&,'F*1&,'@*1'%A&'&'&@1!-%!1,!'%!'B!B*1#&' "*,' $&1&$D!1!,' I' !-D*-&$#*‐-!,H'&%!BC,'%!"'1!@&,*'%!' "*,'1&B*,'D!/1#$*,=

' ' >&1&'B!J*1&1' !,D&' (&"!-$#&' "&' 8RZ:'2!-!1/' "*,' W&$&%!B#$' 2IBXH' +)!' ,*-'$)1,*,'-#9!"&D*1#*,='O*B*'&$"&1&'R#uG*1-H'%!'!,D&'B&-!1&',!'"!,'@!1B#‐D!'!J!1$#D&1,!''I'W+)!1!‐B*,' 1!$)@!1&1' %#2&B*,'!"' FCG#D*' %!' !,D)%#&1H',*G1!'D*%*'!-'"&,'B&D!‐BC.$&,'+)!'!,'"&'()!-D!'%!'%!,!1$#/-X='

'':'"&'(&"D&'%!')-&'1).-&'%!'!,D)%#*H'Q#%&"'&21!2&'*D1*' (&$D*1' +)!' %#?$)"‐D&'!"'%!,!B@!E*'%!' "*,'J/9!-!,^' "&' "#G!1D&%'+)!'!-D1!2&-' "&,' )-#9!1,#%&%!,=' W>*%A' 9!‐-#1'&'$"&,!'*'-*H'!-'"&')-#9!1,#%&%'@)!‐%!'!,D)%#&1'!-'21)@*'*'-*H',#'-*'%#,D!'!"'![&B!-'-*'#B@*1D&H'&"'?-&"'F&I')-'1!$)@!1&D*1#*H' I' ,!' &G1!')-&' "#G!1D&%'+)!'&"'-*'D!-!1'!"'$F#$*')-'B&-!J*'%!"'.!B@*H' )-&' &)D*%#,$#@"#-&H' ,!' D1&-,‐(*1B&'!-'1!,)"D&%*,'@!-*,*,'+)!'&'9!‐$!,'@&D!-D&-')-&'%!,!1$#/-'D!B@1&-&'!-'"&')-#9!1,#%&%'I'1!D1&,*,'%!'.D)"&‐$#/-XH'$*B!-D&='

''7,D*'!,'"*'+)!'![@!1#B!-D/'7"#L&G!DF'OF&B*1H' +)#!-' #-21!,/' &' "&' )-#9!1,#‐%&%'!-'STT5='N!#,'&E*,'%!,@);,'&_-',!'!-$)!-D1&'!-'!"'D!1$!1'&E*'%!'$&11!1&='7"' @1#B!1' ,!B!,D1!' ,!' !-(1!-D/' &' )-'1&B*'!,!-$#&"'""&B&%*'"!$D)1&'B),#$&"'

I'%!$#%#/'9*")-D&1#&B!-D!'-*'#1'&'1!-‐%#1' !"' ![&B!-H' I&'+)!' $*B*' "!'F&GA&'$*,D&%*H'&)-+)!'"!'()!1&'G#!-'!-'!,D&'@1)!G&H'"*'@&,&1A&'$*-'@1*B!%#*'$)&‐D1*'I'$*-,#%!1&G&'+)!'"!'@*%A&'#1'B!‐J*1=' 7-'!,!'B*B!-D*' D)9*' "&' "#G!1D&%'%!'%!$#%#1'1!@1*G&1H'@!1*'F*I',!'&11!‐@#!-D!H'I&'+)!',!'&D1&,/'!-'"&'%)1&$#/-'%!',),'!,D)%#*,='

H/.$=)(6"5.5$=6/$?K#62)

' ':"2*'@1#B*1%#&"'@&1&'!-‐(1!-D&1,!' &"' B)-%*' "&G*‐1&"' ,*-' "&,' 1!%!,' ,*$#&"!,='>!1*H'%!G#%*'&',)'(1C2#"'*1#‐2!-',*$#&"H'"*,'J/9!-!,'+)!',*-' @1#B!1&' 2!-!1&$#/-'@*,!!-' ,/"*' "&' )-#9!1,#‐%&%'@&1&' (*1B&1'!,D!'.@*'%!'$*-D&$D*,='7"'@1*G"!B&'+)!' !-$)!-D1&-' B)$F*,'%!' !""*,' !,' +)!' !,D&' #-,.‐

D)$#/-',/"*'"*,'&@1*[#B&')-'@*$*'I'-*'""!2&-' &' 2!-!1&1' "&,' 1!"&$#*-!,' ,)?‐$#!-D!,'@&1&'%!,!-9*"9!1,!'$*-',!2)1#‐%&%'!-'!"'$*B@!..9*'B)-%*'"&G*1&"='

''o*,;'o*&+)A-'<1)--!1'![@"#$&'+)!'!,D&',#D)&$#/-',!'%!G!'&'+)!'@&1D!'%!'"&,'1!‐%!,'@1*9#!-!-'%!"'@!1#*%*')-#9!1,#D&‐1#*'I'%!"'$*"!2#*H'I'"*,'J/9!-!,'+)!',*-'@1#B!1&'2!-!1&$#/-'.!-!-'@&%1!,'$*-'@1#B&1#&'*',!$)-%&1#&'F!$F&'!-'$*"!‐2#*,''+)!'!-D1!2&G&-')-'$&@#D&"',*$#&"'%!'B!-*1'9&"*1'+)!'!"'+)!'@*,!!-'"*,'@&%1!,'+)!'&,#,.!1*-'&'$*"!2#*,'$*B*'"*,'+)!'![#,D!-'&$D)&"B!-D!=

''7-'"&'8,&$F'D1&D&-'%!'(*1D&"!$!1'!,D!'

La universidad es

1$"\.32$"3.4/$.23$"de los “jóvenes pri‐

mera generación”

'("85%-$%"1$4"%('(4"sociales, pero no es

4,I23(./(:

`a

B!$&-#,B*=' N!2_-' Q#%&"H' "*' F&$!-'&$!1$&-%*'&' ,),'&")B-*,'&' D1&9;,'%!'"&,' 1!%!,' +)!' @*,!!-' "*,' @1*(!,*1!,='l'!,D*',!'1!@#D!'!-'*D1&,'#-,.D)$#*-!,H'-*' -!$!,&1#&B!-D!' D1&%#$#*-&"!,=' 0!‐$#;-'!-'@1#B!1'&E*'N*"&-2!'N#"9&'I&'!,'$*-,#!-D!' %!' +)!' !,DC' (*1B&-%*' !,‐$&,*,'$*-D&$D*,H'%!G#%*'&'+)!'$)!-D&',/"*' $*-' +)#!-!,' "!' F&$!-' $"&,!,H' ,#‐D)&$#/-'+)!'%!?-!'$*B*'$*B@"#$&%&='

''7,'"&'B#,B&'1!&"#%&%'+)!'!,DC'9#9#!-‐%*'sD&"*':-D_-!LH'+)!'!,DC'@*1'.D)"&1‐,!'%!' "&'8-#9!1,#%&%'%!"'3&1=':?1B&H'$*-')-'%!J*' %!'%!,#"),#/-' !-' ,)' 9*LH'+)!' "&' #-,.D)$#/-' !-' "&' +)!' !,D)%#&'2!-!1&' ,/"*' )-&' @1*[#B#%&%H' I&' +)!'&,!2)1&'+)!' "&,'*@*1D)-#%&%!,'%!' #-‐,!1D&1,!' !-' !"' B)-%*' "&G*1&"' ,#2)!-'!,D&-%*' ()!1D!B!-D!' %!D!1B#-&%&,'@*1'!"'*1#2!-',*$#&"='l'&12)B!-D&'+)!'.!-!' $*B@&E!1*,' +)!' $&"#?$&' %!' -*'B)I' G)!-*,' !,D)%#&-D!,H' @!1*' +)!'@*1'!"',/"*'F!$F*'%!'-&$!1'!-')-'!-‐D*1-*' %#,.-D*' 9&-' &' D!-!1' B&I*1!,'*@*1D)-#%&%!,=

'':'"&,'%;G#"!,'1!%!,',*$#&"!,',!',)B&'!"'F!$F*'%!'+)!'!-'OF#"!'&_-'(&"D&'B!‐1#D*$1&$#&H'"*'+)!'2!-!1&')-'1!,)"D&%*'-!2&.9*'@&1&'"*,'WJ/9!-!,'@1#B!1&'2!‐-!1&$#/-XH'I&'+)!'"!,'1!,)"D&'BC,'%#\$#"'#-,!1D&1,!'"&G*1&"B!-D!='

' ' R!,@);,' %!' )-' &E*' I'B!%#*' 0*%1#‐2*' 3&)1!#1&' D)9*' "&' @*,#G#"#%&%' %!'%!,!B@!E&1,!'!-' "*'+)!'!,D)%#/=':$‐D)&"B!-D!'F&$!'$"&,!,'%!'B_,#$&'!-'!"'O*"!2#*'N&-':2),K-'%!'7"'<*,+)!H'D1&‐G&J*' +)!' "*' B&-.!-!' D1&-+)#"*' !$*‐-/B#$&B!-D!M'2&-&'w`g'B#"' "&'F*1&M='

l'D*%*',!' "*'%!G!'&')-'&B#2*H'+)!'"!'%#*'!"'%&D*'%!'+)!'&FA'-!$!,#D&G&-')-'@1*(!,*1='7-'!,!'B*B!-D*'0*%1#2*',!'@1!,!-D/'I'&$"&1&'+)!'D)9*',)!1D!H'I&'+)!'-*'!-D1/'@*1'"&'9A&'%!'"*,'B;1#D*,='7"'%#1!$D*1'%!'!,D!'!,D&G"!$#B#!-D*'()!'&"' $*"!2#*'%!' "*,'3&1#,D&,'I'3&)1!#1&'D&BG#;-H'@1#B!1*'!-'0&-$&2)&'I'")!2*'!-' N&-.&2*V' @*1' "*' +)!' $*-2!-#&1*-'!-'!,!'&,@!$D*=':%!BC,H'3&)1!#1&'$*‐B!-D&'+)!'!-D1/'W)-'@*$*'B#-.!-%*'@*1+)!'-!$!,#D&G&-')-'@1*(!'+)!'%*‐B#-&1&'"&'B_,#$&'!-'$*"*1!,H'I*'"!'%#J!'+)!' ,A' "&' %*B#-&G&' I' $)&-%*' +)!%;'!B@!$;'&'!,D)%#&1'"*'+)!'!1&X=''

' '7,D!'@!%&2*2*'&$"&1&'+)!' "&')-#9!1‐,#%&%' -*' "!' 2!-!1/' 1!%!,' ,*$#&"!,H',/"*' "*'&I)%/'&'$1!$!1'$*B*'@!1,*-&'I'&B@"#&1',),'$*-*$#B#!-D*,='Z&,'+)!'@*,!!'@!1D!-!$!-'&'*D1&,' C1!&,M' G&#‐"&1#-&,H'!,$1#D*1!,H'&$D*1!,M'I'"&,'(*1B/'@*1',),'B!%#*,'$)&-%*'!,D)%#/'D!&D1*='Z&'$&"#%&%'%!'"*,'$*-D&$D*,',*$#&"!,'!,')-*'%!'"*,'(&$D*1!,'+)!'&(!$D&-'"&'#-‐,!1$#/-' "&G*1&"=':,A' "*'@"&-D!&' "&' &$&‐%;B#$&'%!"'i-,.D)D*'%!'N*$#*"*2A&

"]5'%3@5"V$,%(3%$"P"Q('$@5@5"'(""-\432$"(."1$";:"!.'%94"""O(115


`U

%!' "&'8-#9!1,#%&%'O&D/"#$&'%!"'3&)"!H'O"&)%#&'O*-$F&'!-',)'!,D)%#*'WSujetos %,%$1(4" 7,(" #5%" #%3-(%$" @(.(%$230."acceden a la universidadX=' :""A' %&' &'$*-*$!1' *D1*,' $)&D1*' !"!B!-D*,' +)!'.!-!-' $*-,!$)!-$#&,' !-' !"' B)-%*'%!"'D1&G&J*^'"&'*(!1D&'%!'.D)"&%*,'+)!',)@!1&' "&' %!B&-%&H' "&' $&"#%&%' %!' "*,'!B@"!*,H' "&' @*"#.L&$#/-' %!' "&,' C1!&,'%!'D1&G&J*'I'!"'$&@#D&"',*$#&"'#-%#9#%)&"='

''7,D!'&1K$)"*H'@)G"#$&%*'!-'"&'1!9#,D&'WCalidad en la EducaciónX'%!"'O*-,!J*'N)@!1#*1' %!' 7%)$&$#/-H' $*-$")I!' +)!'!"'&$$!,*'&"' D1&G&J*'%!@!-%!'B&I*1#‐D&1#&B!-D!'%!' "*,' $*-D&$D*,' ,*$#&"!,H'"*'+)!',!'%!-*B#-&'W$&%!-&'%!'(&9*‐1!,X=' :,A' "*' %!B)!,D1&' "&' ![@!1#!-$#&'%!' "*,' !-D1!9#,D&%*,H' +)#!-!,' !-' %#,‐.-D&,'C1!&,'"*21&G&-'$*-,!2)#1'D1&G&‐J*'%!,@);,'%!')-'&E*'%!'!,D&1'G),$C-‐%*"*'I'-*'"*'F&$A&-'@1!$#,&B!-D!'@*1',),'!,()!1L*,'&$&%;B#$*,=

' ' WP*%*,' "*,' D1&G&J*,' +)!' ,!' @)!%!-'$*-,!2)#1',*-'$*-'r@#D)D*r='R!'F!$F*H'&,A'!-D1;'&"'"#$!*'&'D1&G&J&1H'@*1')-'r@#‐D)D*rH')-'$*-*$#%*'B!'&I)%/'&'!-D1&1XH'$)!-D&'>&)"#-&'!-'%#$F*'!,D)%#*H'%*-‐%!' &21!2&' +)!' ,)' (&"!-$#&' 1&%#$&' !-'!"'F!$F*'%!'@!1D!-!$!1'&')-&' (&B#"#&'F)B#"%!'@*1'"*'+)!'-*'@*,!!'21&-%!,'$*-D&$D*,' +)!' "!' @!1B#D&-' &$$!%!1' &')-'B!J*1'D1&G&J*=

' ' Z&,' %;G#"!,' 1!%!,' ,*$#&"!,H' ,)B&%*'&' "&' (&"D&'%!'B!1#D*$1&$#&'+)!'F&I'!-'OF#"!H' %#?$)"D&-' "&' @*,#G#"#%&%' %!' "*,'WJ/9!-!,' @1#B!1&' 2!-!1&$#/-X' %!' #-‐,!1D&1,!'"&G*1&"B!-D!'@*1',),'@1*@#*,'B!%#*,'I'$&@&$#%&%!,='7-'$&BG#*H',),'

$*"!2&,H'+)!'&%!BC,'%!'"&,'1!%!,'+)!'"!,' @1*9!!' "&' )-#9!1,#%&%' @*,!!-' "*,'$*-D&$D*,'%!',),'@&%1!,H'.!-!-'B&I*‐1!,'@*,#G#"#%&%!,'%!'#-,!1D&1,!'BC,'1C‐@#%*'!-'!"'B)-%*'"&G*1&"'I'!-'B!J*1!,'@)!,D*,='

' ' 7,D&' ,#D)&$#/-' 1!h!J&' !"' #B@*1D&-D!'1*"' +)!' .!-!' !"' W@#D)D*X' $)&-%*' "*,'J/9!-!,',&"!-'!-'G),$&'%!')-'D1&G&J*H'!,@!$#&"B!-D!',#',!'D1&D&'%!"'@1#B!1*='Z&' ,*$#/"*2&' I' %*$!-D!' %!' "&' 8-#9!1‐,#%&%' %!' OF#"!H' 7BB&-)!""!' <&1*L!DH'D1&D&'!,D!' D!B&'!-',)'!,D)%#*'WEl va‐lor histórico del pituto: clase media,

3./(@%$230." 6" '38(%(.23$230." 4523$1" (."ChileX=' :""A' "&' ![@!1D&' "*' %!?-!' $*B*'W)-&'@1C$.$&'B&,#9&H'%!D!1B#-&-D!'!'#-%#,@!-,&G"!'@&1&'*GD!-!1')-'D1&G&J*'*'G#!-!,'I',!19#$#*,X='

''7-'!"'&E*'STT5'>&*"&':11#*"&'45T6',!'.D)"/'%!'P1&G&J*'N*$#&"'!-'"&'8-#9!1,#‐%&%'N&-D*'P*BC,='R!,%!'!,!'B*B!-‐D*',!'!-$)!-D1&'D1&G&J&-%*'!-'"&'8-#‐9!1,#%&%' O!-D1&"H' %*-%!' ""!2/' 21&$#&,'&')-'@1*(!,*1='7,!'B#,B*'&E*'D1&G&J/'J)-D*'&';"'!-'!"'$!-D1*'%!'!,D)%#*,'%!'!,&'$&,&'%!'!,D)%#*,'$*B*'!-$)!,D&‐%*1&H'&"'&E*'@&,/'&',!1'"&'J!(&'%!'!,D)‐%#*,'I'&"',#2)#!-D!H' "&'-*BG1&1*-' J!(&'%!' "&'$&11!1&'%!'N*$#*"*2A&H'%*-%!',!'%!,!B@!E&'&$D)&"B!-D!=

' '7,D&'@1*(!,#*-&"'!,'$*-,$#!-D!'%!' "&',)!1D!'+)!'D)9*'&"'!B@!L&1'&'D1&G&J&1'%!,%!'+)!'!21!,/'$*-')-'W@#D)D*X'+)!H',!2_-'!""&H',!' "*'B!1!$A&'@*1'D*%*',)'!,()!1L*=' l' D&BG#;-' ,&G!' +)!' ,)' ![‐@!1#!-$#&' F)G#!1&' ,#%*' B)I' %#,.-D&'%!'-*'F&G!1'*GD!-#%*'!,&'&I)%&='O*-'

ST

)-' D*-*' %!' %!,#"),#/-' $*B!-D&' +)!'F)G#!1&'!,D&%*'!-D1!',!#,'B!,!,'I')-'&E*'G),$&-%*'D1&G&J*',#'&"'!21!,&1'-*',!'"!'%&G&'!,D&'*@*1D)-#%&%='N#'G#!-'!,'![#2!-D!' I' &$"&1&' +)!' +)#LC,'B)$F&,'$*,&,' "&,' F)G#!1&' 1!$F&L&%*H' !-' )-&',#D)&$#/-'%!'-!$!,#%&%'WF)G#!1&'&$!@‐D&%*'"*'+)!'9#-#!1&X=

Q$51$"!%%35‐la

Trabajadora

social

])!-D!^':1$F#9*'@1*@#*

' ':11#*"&' 1!$)!1%&' "*,'*G,DC$)"*,'+)!'D)9*'+)!',)@!1&1'@&1&'""!2&1'&'"&',#D)&‐$#/-' !-' +)!' ,!' !-$)!-D1&' &F*1&=' >*1',!1'@1#B!1&'2!-!1&$#/-H',#!B@1!'D)9*'+)!'!,(*1L&1,!'!"'%*G"!H'%!,%!'+)!'#G&'&"'$*"!2#*H'I&'+)!'G),$&G&',)12#1'%!'"&',#D)&$#/-'F)B#"%!'!-'+)!',!'!-$*-D1&‐G&='>*1'!,*H'$1!!'+)!'&BG&,'$*-%#$#*‐-!,' F&$!-' +)!' !"' $&B#-*' +)!' %!G!-'1!$*11!1'!,D*,'J/9!-!,'@&1&'$*-9!1.1‐,!'!-'@1*(!,#*-&"!,'I'&$$!%!1'&'@)!,‐D*,'%!'D1&G&J*H',!&'BC,'"&12*='

''R!1!Y'o*(1;'45g6'D)9*'+)!'#1'@*1'"&'9A&'BC,'![D!-,&'@&1&',)@!1&1,!'!-',)'!B‐@1!,&='7,D!'#-2!-#!1*'%!'"&'8-#9!1,#%&%'O&D/"#$&'#-21!,/'&'D1&G&J&1'&'"&'$*B@&‐EA&' 7%-&' $*B*' &-&"#,D&=' O*-' !"' @&,*'%!"'.!B@*';,D&'()!'&%+)#1#%&'@*1'icm'I'&"',&G!1'%!'-_B!1*,H'"*'&,$!-%#!1*-'@&1&'+)!'%!,&11*""&1&')-&'G&,!'%!'%&‐

D*,='])!')-'@1*$!,*'+)!'"!'D*B/'.!B‐@*H' $*-D1&1#*' &' *D1&,' @!1,*-&,' +)!'""!2&-'%#1!$D&B!-D!'&'"*,'@)!,D*,'BC,'&"D*,=' WO)&-%*'B!'&,$!-%#!1*-'!-' "&'7%-&H'$)&-%*'()!'"&'(),#/-H'I*'B!'!-‐$*-D1;'$*-')-'$*B@&E!1*'%!')-#9!1,#‐%&%'+)!'!-D1/'%#1!$D*'&'!,!'D1&G&J*'I'I*'I&'F&GA&'!,D&%*'D1!,'&E*,'D1&G&J&-‐%*'@&1&'""!2&1'&FA='k',!&H'x$)C"'!1&',)'-![*'$*-' "&'7%-&y'71&')-*'%!' "*,',*‐G1#-*,'%!')-*'%!'"*,'%)!E*,XH'$*B!-‐D&'!-' ,)'*?$#-&'%!' "&'8-#9!1,#%&%'%!'Z&,':B;1#$&,H'%*-%!'F*I'D1&G&J&'!-'!"'C1!&'%!'O*-D1*"'%!'>1!,)@)!,D*'I'>"&‐-#?$&$#/-']#-&-$#!1&=

' ' O)&-%*' #-21!,&-' &' "&' )-#9!1,#%&%H'"*,' WJ/9!-!,' @1#B!1&' 2!-!1&$#/-X' I&'$*-*$!-' !"' %#\$#"' ()D)1*' "&G*1&"' +)!'"!,' !,@!1&=' >*1' !,*H' I' $*-,$#!-D!,'%!'"&,'!,$&,&,'1!%!,'+)!'"!,'!-D1!2&-'"*,'!,D&G"!$#B#!-D*,H' !""*,' ,!' !,()!1L&-'@&1&'$*-,!2)#1"&,'@*1',),'@1*@#*,'B!‐%#*,=' OF&B*1'B&-.!-!' $*-D&$D*' $*-',),'$*B@&E!1*,'+)!'I&',*-'@1*(!,*1!,'%!'!%)$&$#/-'GC,#$&')'*D1*,'$!1$&-*,'+)!'%!'&"2_-'B*%*',!'1!"&$#*-&-'$*-'"&'@!%&2*2A&=':,A'9!'B&I*1!,'*@*1D)‐-#%&%!,H' I&' +)!' 9&1#*,' "!' F&-' %#$F*'+)!' "!,' @&,!' ,)' $)11A$)")B' $)&-%*'D!1B#-!='N#"9&'&@1*9!$F&'"&'9!-D&J&'%!'+)!',)'B&%1!'D1&G&J&'!-')-&'$&,&'@&1‐.$)"&1'!-'"&'+)!'!"'F#J*'%!'"&'@&D1*-&'!,DC'#-,D&"&-%*')-&'!B@1!,&'+)!'D!-‐%1C' 1!"&$#*-!,' $*-' OF#-&=' N!2_-' !,D&'J*9!-H' "&' $*B@&EA&' !,D&1A&' $*B@"!D&‐B!-D!'*@!1&.9&'!-'&@1*[#B&%&B!-‐D!'%*,'&E*,'BC,'I'I&'.!-!'!-'B!-D!')-&'D1&%)$D*1&'@&1&'$)&-%*'""!2)!'!,!'B*B!-D*^'N*"&-2!'N#"9&=

S`

''Z&'(&"D&'%!'B!1#D*$1&$#&',!2_-'Q#%&"H',!'%!G!'&'+)!'W!,')-'@&A,'+)!'@1!B#&'&'"&'@"&D&XH'!,@!$A?$&B!-D!'!-'!"'C1!&'%!' "&' !%)$&$#/-=' WN#' &' B#' F#J&' "!' (&"‐D/' (*1B&$#/-'!-'!"' $*"!2#*' "!'@&2*'!"'@1!)-#9!1,#D&1#*' %)1&-D!' D1!,' &E*,' ,#'!,'-!$!,&1#*' I' "&'%!J*' z.Y#' D&Y&t'@&1&'!-D1&1'&'"&')-#9!1,#%&%='7-D*-$!,'%!,‐@);,'%#2*'x!,'B;1#D*',#'"!'()!'G#!-'!-'"&'>N8y'c*H'@*1+)!'B#'9!$#-*'-*'D)9*'"&'@"&D&'@&1&'@*-!1'&',)'F#J&'!-')-'@1!‐)-#9!1,#D&1#*'I'@*1'!,*'-*'+)!%/=' 7-D*-$!,' !,' )-'@&A,'+)!',!'%!?-!'@*1'@"&‐D&,='7-'D;1B#-*,'"&G*1&"!,',!'%!?-!'@*1'-*BG1!,'%!'(&B#"#&,'I'!-' D;1B#-*,'%!'2*G!1-&G#"#%&%'I'&$$!,*'&"'@*%!1',!'%!?-!'@*1'@&1.‐%*,'@*"A.$*,='c*H'"&'B!1#‐D*$1&$#&' !-' OF#"!' D*%&9A&'-*'!,'"&'+)!',!'%!,!&XH'&1‐2)B!-D&=

L.$ "53(.(67/$ =39"#6)#$ ()?)$?"(./6=?)$5"$?)!6<65.5$=)(6.<

' ' Z&' !%)$&$#/-' ,)@!1#*1' .!-!' @1*' I'$*-D1&,'@&1&'!,D*,'J/9!-!,='N#'G#!-')-'KD)"*'@1*(!,#*-&"'-*'!,'-#-2)-&'2&1&-‐K&'%!'@*%!1'&$$!%!1'#-B!%#&D&B!-D!'&')-'G)!-'@)!,D*'%!'D1&G&J*H',A'"!,'2!‐-!1&'B*9#"#%&%',*$#&"H'&)-+)!'-*'@1*‐%)L$&'$&BG#*,'1&%#$&"!,='

''3*9#"#%&%'D*D&"H'&G,*")D&H'F*1#L*-D&"'I' 9!1.$&"' ,*-' "*,' %#,.-D*,' .@*,' +)!'!,D*,' J/9!-!,' @)!%!-' ![@!1#B!-D&1'I' +)!' "!,' @!1B#.1C-' &,$!-%!1H' B&-‐D!-!1,!' *' %!,$!-%!1' !-' "&' !,$&"&' ,*‐

$#*!$*-/B#$&=' 7"' !,D)%#*' WMovilidad

social intergeneracional por origen

9/.325L" (D3'(.23$" (-#N%32$" ](@30." '("la Araucanía, ChileX'![@"#$&' $&%&')-&'%!'!""&,='Z&'@1#B!1&'#-$")I!'&'"&,'@!1‐,*-&,'+)!'-*'1!@1*%)$!-'!"'*1#2!-',*‐$#&"'%!',),'@&%1!,'I' "&'&G,*")D&H'D&B‐G#;-' ""&B&%&' !,D1)$D)1&"H' ,!' *1#2#-&'$)&-%*'F&I')-' $&BG#*'!-'!"' D&B&E*'%!'"&'$"&,!'%!'*1#2!-'I'%!,.-*='7-'D&-‐D*H'"&'B*9#"#%&%'F*1#L*-D&"',!'1!?!1!'&"'

$&BG#*' %!' *$)@&$#/-'+)!' ![@!1#B!-D&-' "&,'@!1,*-&,' ,#-' +)!' F&I&')-&'B*%#?$&$#/-' !-' !"'!,D&D),='8-'!J!B@"*'%!'!""&',!1A&'W$)&-%*')-'#-‐%#9#%)*' ,!' %!,!B@!E&'$*B*' D1&G&J&%*1' &21A‐$*"&'2&-&-%*')-',&"&1#*'BA-#B*'I'")!2*'$&BG#&',)'*$)@&$#/-'&'&I)%&-‐D!' %!' $&1@#-D!1*' @*1' !"'

B#,B*' ,&"&1#*XH' I&' +)!' ,!' %!,@"&L&'%!-D1*' %!"' B#,B*' -#9!"' ,*$#&"=' ]#-&"‐B!-D!H'"&'B*9#"#%&%'9!1.$&"'!,'$)&-%*'"*,'#-%#9#%)*,',!'B)!9!-'%!')-'!,D1&‐D*',*$#&"'&'*D1*'I'$&BG#&-',)'!,D&D),H'"*'+)!'-*',#!B@1!'!,'@*,#.9*'I&'+)!',!'@)!%!'&,$!-%!1'*'%!,$!-%!1='

' '7-'OF#"!' "&'B&I*1A&'%!' "&,'@!1,*-&,'![@!1#B!-D&' "&'B*9#"#%&%' 9!1.$&"' &,‐$!-%!-D!=' ]"*1!-$#&' P*1$F!' I' m)#""!1‐B*'p*1B&"%' 1!&"#L&1*-' )-' !,+)!B&'%!'$"&,!,'I'%!'&$)!1%*'&'!""&,'(*1B&‐1*-' D1!,' !,D1&D*,^' ,)@!1#*1H' B!%#*' I'G&J*'4!"#$#"(3.5#)$M6='

[(@\."^3'$1="(."/9%‐minos laborales Chile

4("'(I.("#5%".5-‐

>%(4"'("8$-313$:

SS

' 'O*B*'@"&,B&1*-'!-'!"'!,D)%#*' WEs‐/%$&I2$230."6"-5D313'$'"4523$1"(."<F3‐1(L"(./%("1$"$'42%3#230."6"(1"15@%5XH')-'g5HUj'![@!1#B!-D/'&"2_-'.@*'%!'B*‐9#"#%&%'I')-'SeH`j',!'B&-.!-!'!-' "&'$"&,!'%!',),'@&%1!,=':',)'9!LH'%!'!,&'B*9#"#%&%' D*D&"')-'fej' ()!'9!1.$&"' I'%!'!""*H')-'5dHdjH'&,$!-%!-D!='

' ' 7"' &$$!,*' &' "&' !%)$&$#/-' ,)@!1#*1'!,' 9#,D*' $*B*' )-&' %!' "&,' $&),&,' %!'

!,D!' .@*' %!' B*9#"#%&%=' Z*,' J/9!-!,'!-D1!9#,D&%*,' @*1' "&' &$&%;B#$&' O"&)‐%#&'O*-$F&'$*#-$#%!-'$*-'!""*'I&'+)!'$1!!-' +)!' !"' &$$!,*' &' "&' )-#9!1,#%&%'"!,'!-D1!2&'D1!,'9!-D&J&,'!-'!,D!'CBG#‐D*H',#!-%*'"&'@1#B!1&'!"'$&BG#*'%!')-&'$"&,!',*$#&"'&'*D1&=

' ' 0*,&H' )-&' %!' "&,' !-D1!9#,D&%&,' %!'!,D!'!,D)%#*H'&?1B&'+)!'9#9#/'!,D&'![‐@!1#!-$#&'21&$#&,'&' "&')-#9!1,#%&%='WN#'

I"(3.5#)$M,$4=N3"?.$5"$(<.="=

:'1&AL'%!'"&,'*$F*'$"&,!,H'"*,'&)D*1!,'(*1B&1*-'"*,'!,D1&D*,',)@!1#*1H'B!%#*'I'G&J*='7"'@1#B!1*'!,DC'$*-(*1B&%*'@*1'"&,'D1!,'@1#B!1&,'$"&,!,='Z&'$"&,!'%!'D1&G&J&%*1!,'#-%!@!-%#!-D!,'I'"&,'$"&,!,'B&-)&"!,'$*11!,@*-%!-'&"'!,D1&D*'B!%#*'I'"&,'_".B&,'%*,H'&"'G&J*=

])!-D!^']='P*1$F!'I'm='p*1B&"%'!-'W7,D1&.?$&$#/-'I'B*9#"#%&%',*$#&"'!-'OF#"!^'!-D1!'"&'&%,$1#@$#/-'I'!"'"*21*X='

S5

)-*' "*'@#!-,&'&F*1&',AH'@*1+)!'%!'9#‐9#1' !-')-&'B!%#&2)&' $*-'@*L*'-!21*'&' 9#9#1' !-')-&' $&,&' $*-'G&E*' $&BG#&'"&' $*,&=' Z&' )-#9!1,#%&%' @!1B#D!' )-'$&BG#*'%!'9#%&H'!,'B)I'%#,.-D*H'!,')-'$&BG#*' $#!-D*' @*1' $#!-D*XH' $*B!-D&'!-'!"'!,D)%#*=

''Z&'B#,B&'*@#-#/-'.!-!'R!1!Y'o*(1;='7,D!' F*BG1!' %!' *1#2!-'B)I' F)B#"%!'&$"&1&' $*-' 21&-' (!"#$#%&%' +)!' F&' ![‐@!1#B!-D&%*')-'$&BG#*'%!'$"&,!H'+)!'![@"#$&' $*-' "&'B!DC(*1&' %!' )-' $!11*='N!2_-' ![@1!,&H' B*9#!-%*'B)$F*' "&,'B&-*,H';"'-*',!'!-$*-D1&G&'&"'$*B#!-‐L*'%!"'$!11*H'@!1*',A'G#!-'&G&J*'I'F*I'!,DC'!-'"&'B#D&%='7,D&'@*,#$#/-'"&'&D1#‐G)I!' D*D&"B!-D!' &"' &$$!,*' &' "&' !%)‐$&$#/-' ,)@!1#*1H' +)!' "!' F&' @!1B#.%*'$*-D&1'$*-')-'B!J*1' #-21!,*'!-'$*B‐@&1&$#/-' $*-' &"2)#!-' +)!' -*' @*,!!'!,D!'-#9!"'%!'!-,!E&-L&='WN#'D_'.!-!,'BC,'&E*,'%!'!,D)%#*'%!'!-,!E&-L&'GC‐,#$&'!"'@*1$!-D&J!'+)!'&)B!-D&'D)'1!-‐D&'!,'-&%&'4v6'N#'D!1B#-&'"&'!-,!E&-L&'B!%#&'@&1K,'%!'[H',#'D!1B#-&'"&'!-,!‐E&-L&',)@!1#*1',*-'$#-$*'[XH'$*B!-D&='

''7[#,D!')-&'21&-'%#(!1!-$#&'%!'#-21!,*'%!' &$)!1%*' &"' .@*'%!' !%)$&$#/-' $*-'+)!'$)!-D!'"&'@!1,*-&='N!2_-'%&D*,'%!'])D)1*'Z&G*1&"H'!-'@1*B!%#*'+)#!-'@*‐,!!'"&'!%)$&$#/-'B!%#&'$*B@"!D&'.!‐-!')-' #-21!,*'%!'w5TT=gfeH'B#!-D1&,'+)!' )-' #-%#9#%)*' +)!' .!-!' )-' KD)"*')-#9!1,#D&1#*'&)B!-D&'&'w`=`5U=5`T='

''8-'B&I*1'&$$!,*'&'*D1*'.@*'%!'G#!‐-!,'I',!19#$#*,'!,'!"'+)!'@*,!!-'!,D*,'J/9!-!,H'I&'+)!'"&'@*,#G#"#%&%'%!'%!,!B@!E&1,!'!-'!"'C1!&'+)!'!,D)%#&‐

1*-'"!,'@!1B#D!')-&'B!J*1&'!-'"&,'$*-‐%#$#*-!,' %!' 9#%&=' 7,D!' !,' !"' ,!2)-%*',#2-#?$&%*'+)!'"*,'@1*(!,#*-&"!,'%!'"&'0!2#/-'%!"'3&)"!'"!'!-D1!2&-'&'"&'!%)‐$&$#/-',)@!1#*1'$*B*'F!11&B#!-D&'%!'B*9#"#%&%',*$#&"=

' '>&*"&':11#*"&',!'F&'!,(*1L&%*'%!,%!',)' #-(&-$#&=' O*B!-L/' &' F&$!1"*' @&1&'*GD!-!1' G)!-&,' -*D&,' I' @*%!1' ,)12#1'I' "*' "*21/'$)&-%*'*GD)9*'!"'KD)"*'%!'D1&G&J&%*1&',*$#&"=':F*1&'"*'F&$!'@&1&'#-D!21&1' &' ,)' (&B#"#&' &' ,)' -)!9&' $*-‐%#$#/-'%!'9#%&H'%*-%!'.!-!')-'B&I*1'&$$!,*'&'G#!-!,'B&D!1#&"!,'I',!'1!"&$#*‐-&'$*-'*D1*'.@*'%!'2!-D!='O*-')-'D*-*'%!'&-,#!%&%H'$)!-D&'+)!',!'!-$)!-D1&'!-'!"'@1*$!,*'%!'G),$&1')-'-)!9*'")2&1'%*-%!'9#9#1H' "*'+)!'&-D!,' "!'1!,)"D&G&'#B@!-,&G"!='7,D&'$*-%#$#/-'"!'@!1B#D!'F&$!1'B&I*1!,'1!2&"*,'&',),'$!1$&-*,'*'#-9#D&1"*,'&'")2&1!,'%*-%!'!""*,'-*1‐B&"B!-D!' -*' 2&,D&1A&-H' 2!-!1&-%*'*D1*'.@*'%!'$*B@"#$&$#*-!,='WO)!,D&H'@*1+)!'D_'9&,'$*-D1&'"&'$*11#!-D!'$*-'@!1,*-&,'+)!'!,DC-'&$*,D)BG1&%&,'&'$#!1D*' .@*' %!' $*,&,' I' D_' !B@#!L&,' &'$*-*$!1'*D1*'.@*'%!'$*,&,H'*D1*'!,.‐"*'%!'9#%&'I'.!-!,'+)!'$F*$&1'I'D1&D&1'%!'$*-9!-$!1'&'"*,'*D1*,'+)!',!'9&I&-'J)-D*'$*-.2*'I',)G&-XH'$*B!-D&='

' ' 8-&' 9!L' BC,' !"' !,()!1L*' %!' >&*"&'D)9*',),'(1)D*,'!-'!"'"&12*'$&B#-*'+)!'1!$*11#/'@*1',!1'W@1#B!1&'2!-!1&$#/-X='O)!-D&'$*-')-'B!J*1'-#9!"'%!'9#%&'+)!'$*B@&1D!'$*-',),'(&B#"#&1!,H'!,@!$#&"‐B!-D!'$*-',),',*G1#-*,H'I&'+)!'G),$&'#-$!-.9&1"*,' %!,%!' $F#$*,' I' %!B*,‐D1&1"!,' +)!' !""*,' D&BG#;-' .!-!-' )-&'*@*1D)-#%&%'%!' ,)@!1&1,!'!-' "&' 9#%&='''''

Sf

7"'%A&'+)!'*GD)9*',)'%#@"*B&')-#9!1‐,#D&1#*H'>&*"&'@&,/'&' ,!1')-' 1!(!1!-D!'@&1&' D*%&',)' (&B#"#&='7[#,D!')-&'9&"*‐1&$#/-'F&$#&'"&'@1*(!,#/-='R!,@);,'%!"'$&BG#*'%!'$"&,!'I' "&'B!J*1'$*-%#$#/-'%!'9#%&H'!"'@1!,.2#*'@&,&'&',!1'!"'D!1‐$!1',#2-#?$&%*'+)!',!' "!'!-D1!2/'&' "&'!%)$&$#/-'D!1$#&1#&'$*B*'F!11&B#!-D&'%!'B*9#"#%&%=

' ' Z&' !%)$&$#/-' ,)@!1#*1' !-D1!2&' )-&'9!-D&J&' D&-D*' !-' D;1B#-*,' !$*-/B#‐$*,' $*B*' %!' 1!$*-*$#B#!-D*' ,*$#&"'@&1&'D*%*,'"*,'+)!'&$$!%!-'&'!""&='3)‐$F*,' J/9!-!,' &,$#!-%!-' !-' "&' !,$&"&',*$#*!$*-/B#$&'21&$#&,'&'"*,'#-21!,*,'I' 1!%!,' %!' ,),' @&%1!,V' ,#-' !BG&12*H'@&1&'"*,'WJ/9!-!,'@1#B!1&'2!-!1&$#/-X'!,D*',!'@1*%)$!'![$"),#9&B!-D!'@*1'"&'!%)$&$#/-',)@!1#*1=

''>!1*'D*%*'"*'G)!-*'.!-!'&"2*'-!2&.‐9*='N#'G#!-',!'@1*%)$!')-&',)@!1&$#/-'!$*-/B#$&'I',*$#&"H'!"'-#9!"'&"'+)!'"*‐21&-' &,$!-%!1' !,'BA-#B*=' 7"' %#1!$D*1'%!"'OiR7H'o)&-'7%)&1%*'m&1$A&Mb)#%*‐G1*H' @#!-,&' +)!' !,' -!$!,&1#*' $*-D&1'$*-''"&'!%)$&$#/-',)@!1#*1'@&1&'@*%!1'D!-!1'B*9#"#%&%H'@!1*'+)!'$*-'!""&'W,!'9&'&'"&'B#D&%'%!"'$!11*H'&'"&'@)-D&'%!"'$!11*'-*',!'""!2&X='

':%!BC,'%!'-*'""!2&1'&'"&,'$"&,!,'BC,'&"D&,H' !,D*,' J/9!-!,' ,)G!-' &' )-'-#9!"'$*-.2)*='7,D*'!,'"*'+)!'!"'&$&%;B#$*'%!"'R!@&1D&B!-D*'%!'N*$#*"*2A&'%!'"&'8-#9!1,#%&%'%!'OF#"!H'0&_"':D1#&H'""&B&'WB*9#"#%&%' &,$!-%!-D!' %!' $*1D*' &"‐$&-$!X=' WN!' &,$#!-%!' @1#-$#@&"B!-D!'&' $&D!2*1A&,' *$)@&$#*-&"!,' $*-.2)&,'!-' "&' !,$&"&=' N#' F)G#!1&' +)!' D1&%)$#1'!,D!'@1*$!,*'!-'@&"&G1&,'%!')-'G)!-'$*-,!J*'@&D!1-*H',!1A&'&"2*'&,A'$*B*^'rb#J*H'D!'9&'&'#1'G#!-'!-'D)'9#%&v,#!B‐@1!'+)!'-*'&,@#1!,'&'B)$F*{XH'![@*-!'!-',)'!,D)%#*'WCrecimiento económico

6"(4/%$&I2$230."4523$1L"5>4(%D$235.(4"sobre el caso chilenoX='7,D!'!,'!"'$&,*'%!'>&*"&H'+)!'"*21/',)G#1'%!')-&'$"&,!'G&J&'&')-&'$"&,!'B!%#&MG&J&=

''7"'%!$&-*'%!'N*$#*"*2A&'%!'"&'8-#9!1‐,#%&%' O!-D1&"H' Z)#,' m&J&1%*H' $*#-$#%!'$*-'!"'@!-,&B#!-D*'%!'+)!' "&'!%)$&‐$#/-',)@!1#*1'!,'!"'!"!B!-D*'+)!'2!‐-!1&'B*9#"#%&%',*$#&"H'&)-+)!'&,!2)1&'+)!'&_-'+)!%&'B)$F*'@*1'F&$!1='WP*‐%&9A&' "*,'B*-D*,'%!'B*9#"#%&%' ,*$#&"'!-' -)!,D1*' @&A,' ,*-' G&,D&-D!' G&J*,='7,D!' !,' )-' @&A,' +)!' ,)' !,D1)$D)1&' %!'*@*1D)-#%&%!,' D*%&9A&' !,DC' !-' %!,&‐11*""*='N#-'!BG&12*H' "*'+)!'*$)11!'!-'!,D!' @&A,' !-' !"' (*-%*H' !,' +)!' ,#' G#!-'!,'$#!1D*'F&'$1!$#%*H'"&'%#,D1#G)$#/-'%!'!,!'$1!$#B#!-D*'F&'$*-.-)&%*',#!-%*'%!,#2)&"'4v6H'D*%&9A&'"&'%!,#2)&"%&%',!'B&-.!-!'I'"&'!%)$&$#/-'@*1',A',*"&'-*'F&'2!-!1&%*'"*,'!(!$D*,'+)!',!'!,@!‐1&-'I'!"'B!1$&%*'D&B@*$*XH'$*B!-D&='

Juan Eduardo

García‐Huido‐

bro

Director del

Centro de In‐

D(4&@$230." 6"Desarrollo de la

Educación


Sd

O:3K$P.J$N3"$?"D)#.#Q

''3)$F&,'$*,&,'+)!%&-'@*1'F&$!1'I'!-'%#,.-D*,' CBG#D*,' @&1&'+)!' "*,' WJ/9!‐-!,'@1#B!1&'2!-!1&$#/-X'-*'9!&-'(1),‐D1&%&,',),'@*,#G#"#%&%!,'%!'D!-!1')-&'G)!-&'#-,!1$#/-'"&G*1&"'I')-'@*,D!1#*1'&,$!-,*'!-'"&'!,$&"&',*$#*!$*-/B#$&='

' ' 7"' @1#B!1' !"!B!-D*'+)!' !,' -!$!,&1#*' D!‐-!1' !-' $)!-D&' !,' !"'%;G#"' $&@#D&"' $)"D)1&"'$*-' !"' +)!' !,D*,' &%*‐"!,$!-D!,' #-21!,&-' &'"&' !%)$&$#/-' B!%#&' I'+)!' "*,' B&1$&' !-' ,)'%!,!B@!E*' &$&%;B#‐$*H'D&-D*'!-'!,D&'!D&@&'$*B*'!-' "&')-#9!1,#D&‐1#&=' 7,D!G&-' m!*|1*IH'#-9!,.2&%*1' %!"' O*-,!J*' N)@!1#*1' %!'7%)$&$#/-H' @#!-,&' +)!' @&1&' B!J*1&1'!,D&'(&"!-$#&'%!G!-'![#,.1'BC,'@*"A.‐$&,' @_G"#$&,' $*B*' !"' WB&"!K-' "#D!1&‐1#*XH'+)!'&@)-D&'&'&)B!-D&1'!"'&$$!,*'&' "#G1*,H')-'!"!B!-D*' #B@*1D&-D!'%!"'$&@#D&"'$)"D)1&"='

' ' O)&-%*' !,D*,' J/9!-!,' D!1B#-&-' "&'!%)$&$#/-'B!%#&',!'%!G!-',*B!D!1'&')-&'@1)!G&'+)!'%!D!1B#-&1C',)'()D)‐1*H'"&'>N8='R#,.-D&,'&)D*1#%&%!,'@#!-‐,&-'+)!'!,D!'B!$&-#,B*'%!',!"!$$#/-'-*' !,' !"' BC,' &%!$)&%*H' I&' +)!' !-',),'1!,)"D&%*,',!'1!h!J&'"&'G1!$F&',*‐$#*!$*-/B#$&'!-D1!'+)#!-!,'"&'1#-%!-='7,'%!$#1H'"*,'!,D)%#&-D!,'+)!'&,#,D!-'&'$*"!2#*,' B)-#$#@&"!,' -*' *G.!-!-H' &'-#9!"'2!-!1&"H'G)!-*,'@)-D&J!,H'@*1'"*'

+)!'-*' "*21&-'&$$!%!1'&' "&,')-#9!1,#‐%&%!,'%!'B&I*1'$&"#%&%='

''o)&-'7%)&1%*'m&1$A&Mb)#%*G1*'$*#-‐$#%!'$*-'!,D&'@*,D)1&'I'&$"&1&'+)!' "&',!"!$$#/-' +)!' ,!' !,DC' %&-%*' F*I' !-'%A&'!-'!"'@&A,'!,'%!'*1#2!-',*$#&"'I'-*'D&-D*'%!'!,()!1L*,'I'D&"!-D*,='N#'G#!-';"'!,DC'%!'&$)!1%*'$*-'"&'#%!&'%!'+)!'

![#,D&' )-&' ,!"!$$#/-H' !"',#,D!B&' $*-' +)!' ,!' F&$!'"!'@&1!$!'#-J),D*='Wl*'$1!*'+)!'D*%&'"&'!%)$&$#/-',)‐@!1#*1' %!G#!1&' D!-!1' )-'?"D1*'%!'$&"#%&%'#B@*1D&-‐D!='>!1*'!,!'?"D1*H' #-,#,D*H'-*'@)!%!',!1')-'?"D1*',*‐"&B!-D!' ,*$#&"H' ,#-*' +)!'.!-!'+)!',!1')-'?"D1*'%!'D&"!-D*V'+)!',!&-'"*,'B!‐J*1!,H' "*,'BC,' D&"!-D*,*,H'

"*,'BC,' !,(*1L&%*,' "*,' +)!' ""!2)!-' I'!,*'-*'!,'"*'+)!'!,DC'@&,&-%*XH'*@#-&='

' ' >&1&' B!J*1&1' !,D&' %!,9!-D&J&' +)!'9#9!-' B&I*1#D&1#&B!-D!' "*,' WJ/9!-!,'@1#B!1&'2!-!1&$#/-XH'%*,'&)D*1#%&%!,'$*#-$#%!-'!-'+)!'$&%&'#-,.D)$#/-'%!‐G#!1&'$*-D&1'$*-'!"',#,D!B&'+)!'"!'@&‐1!L$&'%!'&$)!1%*'&',)'B*%!"*'!%)$&.‐9*='Z&'J!(&'%!'"&'R#9#,#/-'%!'7%)$&$#/-'N)@!1#*1'%!"'3#-#,D!1#*'%!'7%)$&$#/-H'N&""I'<!-%!1,YIH'$1!!'+)!',!'%!G!'B!‐%#1' &' "*,' !,D)%#&-D!,'%!'&$)!1%*'&' "*'+)!'!,D)%#&1*-H'I&'+)!'%!'!,D&'(*1B&'!,D&1A&-' !-' #2)&"%&%' %!' $*-%#$#*-!,'@&1&'$*B@!.1'!-'!"' #-21!,*'&' "&'!%)‐$&$#/-',)@!1#*1'I'+)!'"&,'#-,.D)$#*-!,'!"#J&-'$*B*'"!,'@&1!L$&=' ' ' N#'G#!-'!-' "&'8,&$F' "&'>N8'.!-!')-'

;.$"85%-$"'("-(?5%$%"la brecha educacional

(4"7,("2$'$"3.4&/,‐ción posea el sistema

'("4(1(2230."7,("4("$'(2\("$"4,"-5'(15"(',2$&D5:"

Se

@!,*'#B@*1D&-D!H'0*%1#2*'Q#%&"'$*#-$#‐%!'$*-'"&'@*,D)1&'%!'+)!'$&%&'#-,.D)‐$#/-' D!-2&')-'@)-D*'%!'9#,D&'%#,.-D*'@&1&',!"!$$#*-&1H',#!B@1!'I'$)&-%*'D*‐%*,'D!-2&-')-'&"D*'-#9!"'%!'![#2!-$#&='n"' ![@"#$&' !,D&' *@$#/-' %#$#!-%*' +)!'&"2)-&,')-#9!1,#%&%!,'@)!%!-'G),$&1',/"*'&'"*,'B!J*1!,'@)-D&J!,'>N8V'*D1&,H'&'"*,'B!J*1!,'&")B-*,'%!'"*,'$*"!2#*,'I' *D1*' 21)@*H' +)!' -*' ,!' #-$"#-&' @*1'-#-2)-&' %!' !,D&,' &"D!1-&.9&,H' @)!%!'1!&"#L&1' ,)' @1*@#&' @1)!G&' !-' ()-$#/-'%!'$&%&'$&11!1&H'%*-%!'%!G!-'$)B@"#1'"*,'B!J*1!,' -#9!"!,=' P1!,' &"D!1-&.9&,'+)!' 1!h!J&-' "*' +)!' ,!2_-' !,D!' 9#$!‐11!$D*1'(&"D&'!-'!"',#,D!B&^'W+)!'D*%&,'"&,' )-#9!1,#%&%!,' %!?-&-' +)!' 9&-' &'D!-!1' &"D*,' !,DC-%&1!,' %!' ![#2!-$#&'@&1&'!"' #-21!,*'I'%!?-&-'$&%&')-*'"*'+)!'+)#!1!X=

''7-'!"'B*B!-D*'!-'+)!'1#-%!-'"&'>N8',!'"!,'@1!,!-D&'"&'*D1&'%!,9!-D&J&'+)!'.!-!-'!-'!"' #-21!,*^'"&'(&"D&'%!'#-(*1‐B&$#/-' 1!,@!$D*' &' "&,' #-,.D)$#*-!,='>&1&' N&""I' <!-%!1,YI' !,D&' (&"!-$#&' ,!'%!G!'!B@!L&1'&'$*11!2#1'%!,%!'!"'$*‐"!2#*=' 7""&' @"&-D!&' +)!' !,' -!$!,&1#*'G),$&1' "&' $*BG#-&$#/-'!-D1!' "&,'&@.‐D)%!,'I'"*,'2),D*,'%!'"*,'J/9!-!,='>&1&'!,D*'@1*@*-!'+)!',!'1!&"#$!-'9#,#D&,'&'"&,' #-,.D)$#*-!,' %!' !%)$&$#/-' ,)@!‐1#*1'I'&' "*,' $!-D1*,' ,*$#&"!,'@&1&'+)!'"*,' !,D)%#&-D!,' @)!%&-' W![@!1#B!-‐D&1'+);'!,'"*'+)!',!'F&$!'!-'!"'B)-%*'1!&"H'""&B;B*,"*'&,AH'I'$)C-D*'&@!"&'&'BAH',#'B!'2),D&H'-*'B!'2),D&'I' ")!2*'9!1'*YV',#'I*'B!'B!.!1&'!-'!,D*'D!-2*'F&G#"#%&%vX=

' 'm!*|1*I'@#!-,&'+)!'&%!BC,'%!G!-'

![#,.1'B!$&-#,B*,'+)!'@!1B#D&-' $*‐-*$!1'"&'$&"#%&%'%!'"*,'!,D&G"!$#B#!-‐D*,=' O*B*' ;"' @"&-D!&H' "*,' WJ/9!-!,'@1#B!1&' 2!-!1&$#/-X' -*' .!-!-' "*,'!"!B!-D*,'@&1&'J)L2&1'"&'$&"#%&%'%!'"&'#-,.D)$#/-'+)!'9&-'&'!"!2#1H'@*1+)!'&"',!1' !"' @1#B!1*'!-' "&' (&B#"#&' +)!' 9&' &'#-21!,&1'&'!,D!',#,D!B&H'-*'@*,!!'1!(!‐1!-D!,='>*1'!""*'@1*@*-!'+)!'!"'7,D&%*',!'F&2&'$&12*'%!'!,D!'D!B&H'I&'+)!',#'G#!-',!'F&'&9&-L&%*'$*-' "&'B&1$&'%!'&$1!%#D&$#/-H'&_-'(&"D&'!-'!,!',!-.%*=

'':"'-*'$*-D&1'$*-'"&'#-(*1B&$#/-'-!$!‐,&1#&H',)B&%*'&'"*,'G&J*,'@)-D&J!,'%!'"&'>N8H'!,D*,'J/9!-!,'![@!1#B!-D&-')-'%!,#2)&"' &$$!,*' &' "&' !%)$&$#/-' ,)@!‐1#*1H'+)!'1!h!J&'"&'!,$&,&'B!1#D*$1&$#&'+)!' ![#,D!V' D!B&' !-' !"' +)!' D&BG#;-'+)!%&'B)$F*'@*1'&9&-L&1='N!2_-'m&1‐$A&Mb)#%*G1*H',!'%!G!-'%&1'%*,'$*-%#‐$#*-!,' @&1&' +)!' ![#,D&' )-&' ,*$#!%&%'B!1#D*$1C.$&H' @!1*' !-' OF#"!' -#-2)-&',!'$)B@"!='Z&'@1#B!1&'!,'D*%*,'D!-2&-'"&'B#,B&'*@*1D)-#%&%'%!'&$$!%!1'&')-'@)!,D*'%!' D1&G&J*H'@!1*' $*B*'+)!%/'

[$116"O(.'(%4_6"P"M(8$"'("1$"X3D3430."'("Educación Superior del Ministerio de Edu‐

cación


Sg

%!B*,D1&%*H' ,!' &$$!%!' @1!(!1!-D!‐B!-D!' @*1' 1!%!,' I' W@#D)D*,XHI' -*' D*‐%*,'@*,!!-' "&,'-!$!,&1#&,='7-' ,!2)-‐%*'")2&1H'!,D!'![@!1D*'!-'"&'!%)$&$#/-'B!-$#*-&'+)!'"&,'9!-D&J&,'+)!'"*,'#-‐%#9#%)*,'*G.!-!-'!-'!,*,'@)!,D*,'"!,'%!G!-',!19#1'&'D*%*,H'!,'%!$#1H'%!G!-'@1#9#"!2#&1'&'D*%&'"&',*$#!%&%H',#-'!B‐G&12*H' "*'+)!',)$!%!'!-'OF#"!'!,'+)!'2&-&-' BC,' @*1' )-' @1*9!$F*H' "*' +)!'m&1$A&Mb)#%*G1*'$&"#?$&'%!'#-J),D*=

' '>&1&'&9&-L&1'!-'B&D!1#&'%!'B!1#D*‐$1&$#&H' !"' %#1!$D*1' %!"' OiR7' @1*@*-!'B!J*1&1' "&' !%)$&$#/-' @_G"#$&' %!'B&‐-!1&'+)!'W,!'&,!2)1!'&'$)&"+)#!1'-#E*'*'-#E&'I'J*9!-'$F#"!-*H'$)&"+)#!1&',!&'!"'-#9!"'%!'1!-D&'%!',)'(&B#"#&'I'$)&"‐+)#!1&',!&'!"'")2&1'%*-%!'F&G#D!H'D!-!1'&$$!,*'&')-&'!%)$&$#/-'%!'$&"#%&%X=

''7,D&',*")$#/-'"&'1!,@&"%&'!-'!"'F!$F*'%!'+)!'!"'*1%!-&B#!-D*'%!'"*,'&")B‐-*,' !-' !"' ,#,D!B&' $F#"!-*' W.!-!'+)!'9!1'$*-'!"' D&B&E*'%!' "*,'G*",#""*,'%!'

"*,' @&@C,' I' -*' $*-' $*-%#$#*-!,' @!1‐,*-&"!,='N#'-*'$*11!2#B*,'!,*'!,'B)I'%#\$#"' +)!' &9&-$!B*,' 1C@#%*' &' )-&'!%)$&$#/-H' &')-&' ,*$#!%&%'BC,' #2)&‐"#D&1#&X='

' ' P&-D*' "*,' $*"!2#*,' $*B*' "&,' )-#9!1‐,#%&%!,'.!-!-'D&1!&,'@!-%#!-D!,'+)!'@!1B#.1C-' %#,B#-)#1' IH' &' "&12*' @"&L*H'!"#B#-&1' "*,' *G,DC$)"*,' +)!' &(1*-D&-'"*,'WJ/9!-!,'@1#B!1&'2!-!1&$#/-X'@&1&'#-,!1D&1,!' !-' !"' B)-%*' "&G*1&"' I' &,‐$!-%!1' ,*$#&"B!-D!=' N#' $&%&' )-*' %!'!,D*,' !,D&G"!$#B#!-D*,' -*' &,)B!' ,)'1!,@*-,&G#"#%&%H' &' B)$F*,' J/9!-!,'+)!'!,DC-'@*1'!21!,&1'%!'"&'!%)$&$#/-',)@!1#*1' "!,' !,@!1&' "&' %)1&' 1!&"#%&%'+)!'%!G#/'&(1*-D&1'0*%1#2*'3&)1!#1&H'+)#!-'%!,@);,'%!')-'&E*'I'B!%#*'"*‐21/'#-,!1D&1,!'"&G*1&"B!-D!'!-',)'1)‐G1*H'"&'B_,#$&='

los ¨jóvenes primera generación¨ siempre están un paso atrás

Documents