la vida (pasado, presente y futuro).pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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(a)
(b)
5 µm
5 µm
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prokaryotes eukaryotes
small size (1–2 µm) (high S:V ratio) favours chemistry
rigid cell wall requires transport extracellular enzymes
metabolic diversity alternate energy sources • light, organics, inorganics alternative oxidants • O2, metals, CO2, etc.
larger size cells (10–25 µm) complex structures multicells/tissues
flexible cell walls phagocytosis particle (organism) uptake
metabolic specialization O2 respiration organic C as fuel
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–10
–8
–6
–4
–2
0
+2
+4
+6
+8
+10
+12
+14
–10
–8
–6
–4
–2
0
+2
+4
+6
+8
+10
+12
+14
fuels
P 0( )ε ω
oxidants
P 0( )ε ω
thermodynamics
it's not just a good idea... it's the law!
organ
ic
carbon
organ
ic
carbon
HCOOH
CH2O
CH4
H2
H2S
S0
Fe++ FeOOH
SO4
NO2– /NH4
+
NO3– /NH4
+
MnO2
NO3
– /N2
O2
CO2
glucose
∆G < 0
NH4+
Mn++ ∆G > 0
∆G =~ 0
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Haloferax
Sulfoiobus
DesulfurococcusThermoproteus
ThermofilumpSL50
pJP96pSL 12
marine Gp.I pSL 4 pSL 22 pSL 17
pJP 27pJP 78
Methanospirillum
Thermoplasma
Flavobacterium
Flexibacter Leptonema
Chlorobium
Chlamydia
Planctomyces
SynechococcusGlaeobacter
Agrobacterium Rhodocyclus
E. coli Desulfovibrio
Clostridium Heliobacterium Arthrobacter
BacillusThermus
Thermotoga
Aquifex
Homo
CoprinusCryptomonas
AchlyaCostaria
Porphyra
Zea
Babesia
Paramecium
Trypanosoma
Euglena
Dictyostelium
Entamoeba
Naegleria
Physarum
Vairimorpha
Encephalitozoon
Giardia
Tritrichomonas
Hexamita
0.10
Thermomicrobium
Methco.vonneiiii
Methco.janneschii
Thermococcus Methanopyrus
ARCHAEA BACTERIA
EUCARYA
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light
geothermal
CO2
CO2
CO2CO2
CO2
plantscyanobacteria
photosynthetic bacteria
reducedinorganics
H2, H2S, CO, Fe(ll), NH2, etc.
biomass+
organic C
predatory animalsprotists
organotrophsfungi
lithotrophs
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−20 ¡C 50 ¡C 115 ¡C
psychrophiles hyperthermophilesthermophilesmesophiles
physical
temperature
−3 0 3 6 9 12
extreme acidophiles alkalophilesneutralophilesacidophiles
chemical
pH
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organicfuels
inorganicfuels
oxidants
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20
15
10
5
00
(a)
( b)
50
Lake Michigan (freshwater sediment)% max
100
d e p t h ( c m )
NO2− NO3
−
SO4=
Mn++
Fe++
CH4
NH4+
O2
0
50
(a)
100
150
200
( b)
d e p t h ( m )
0 50
Black Sea (Marine Basin)% max
100
O2
NO3–
Mn++
NH4+
H2S
Fe++
NO2–
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time before Present (Gyr)
P O 2
( a t m )
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
Fe++ CONH
3 N
2
CH4
CO2
H2S
H2
O2
Mn4+
Fe3+
SO4=
NH3
N2
CH4
CO2
H2S
H2
O2
Mn4+
Fe3+
SO4=
NH3
N2
CH4 CO2
H2S
H2
firsteukaryotes
multi-celllife
man
prokaryoteworld
Fe3+
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or
Marsorbit
Marssurface
EarthD/A Ar5
2003 2005 2008
CO2+ e– donorCO2+ e
– donor
h vh v
(CH 2O) + oxidized e- donor(CH 2 O) + oxidized e- donor
ORGANISMSORGANISMS
anoxygenic Photosynthetic
bacteria
purple
green filamentous
heliobacter
green sulphur
cyanobacteria
chloroplasts
(plants and algae)
anoxygenic photosynthetic
bacteria
purple
green filamentous
heliobacter
green sulphur
cyanobacteria
chloroplasts
(plants and algae)
S°, SO4
2-,
Fe3+
O2
O2
H2, H
2S,
S°, Fe2+
H2O
H2O
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