la inmigraciÓn extranjera en espaÑa. los retos educativos, aja eliseo y otros

7/31/2019 LA INMIGRACIÓN EXTRANJERA EN ESPAÑA. LOS RETOS EDUCATIVOS, AJA ELISEO Y OTROS

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Gj hochmrjfhöo

d{~rjoldrj do DvpjújGev rd~ev dntfj~hqev

Dghvde JljArjofdvf FjrbeodggFegdf~hqe Heè +F/ Pdrdnj' ]/ Jf~hv x C/ J/ nd Prjnj(

Ljtcd AtodvHmojvh Qhgj

Fegdffhöo Dv~tnhev VefhjgdvOüc/:# 2000



Dv~d qegtcdo dv dg prhcdre nd gj otdqj fegdffhöo nd dv~tnhev vefhj#

gdv ztd gj Atonjfhöo –gj Fjh{j– kj ndfhnhne peodr do cjrfkj feo dg

êohce nd feo~rhbthr jg ndbj~d' jg joêghvhv x j gj nhqtgmjfhöo nd ftdv#~heodv nd mrjo ~rjovfdondofhj do otdv~rj vefhdnjn/

Gj fegdffhöo vd hohfhj feo to dv~tnhe vebrd gj hochmrjfhöo d{~rjoldrj

do Dvpjúj' dofjrmjne jkerj kjfd to júe' pdre ztd kex febrj dvpd#

fhjg rdgdqjofhj/ Dv ~jcbhèo to dv~tnhe fekdrdo~d feo gj gjber ztd ggd#

qj j fjbe gj Atonjfhöo –gj Fjh{j–' ztd ftdo~j feo qjrhev premrjcjv

nd jxtnj j gj ho~dmrjfhöo nhrhmhnev j hochmrjo~dv/

Dg dv~tnhe' jndcêv nd eardfdr toj qhvhöo mgebjg nd gj hochmrjfhöo do

otdv~re pjãv' kj ztdrhne hofhnhr dvpdfhjgcdo~d do dg jvpdf~e nd gj

dntfjfhöo' xj ztd dv~d ~drrdoe vdrê ndfhvhqe j gj kerj nd ajfhgh~jr e

nhahftg~jr gj ho~dmrjfhöo nd gjv vdmtonjv mdodrjfheodv nd hochmrjo~dv/

Gd vdmthrêo e~rev dv~tnhev' jüo do prdpjrjfhöo' vebrd dg pjpdg nd gj

ctldr' gj pegã~hfj ajchghjr' gj dntfjfhöo ebghmj~erhj' gj nremjnhffhöo'

vebrd e~rev jvpdf~ev nd gj hochmrjfhöo d{~rjoldrj' x ~jcbhèo vebrd

~dcjv nd jf~tjghnjn' ztd vd hrêo feoahmtrjone nd jftdrne feo gev

ho~drdvdv x gj dqegtfhöo nd gj prephj vefhdnjn/



Fegdffhöo Dv~tnhev Vefhjgdv

Oüc/ :

Gj hochmrjfhöo

d{~rjoldrj do DvpjújGev rd~ev dntfj~hqev

Dghvde JljArjofdvf Fjrbeodgg

Fegdf~hqe Heè +F/ Pdrdnj' ]/ Jf~hv x C/ J/ nd Prjnj(Ljtcd Atodv

Hmojvh Qhgj



Gj rdvpeovjbhghnjn nd gjv ephoheodv dch~hnjv do gev neftcdo~ev nd dv~j fegdffhöo ferrdvpeond d{fgtvhqjcdo~d

j vtv jt ~erdv/ Gj Aton jfhöo –gj Fjh{j– oe vd hndo~hahfj odfd vjrhjcdo ~d feo vtv ep hoheodv/

¨ Atonjfhöo –gj Fjh{j–' :888' :¬ dnhfhöo

¨ :888' Gj ho chmrjfhöo d{~rj oldrj do Dvpjú j' 2000' Fegdf~hqe Heè +F/ Pdrdnj' ]/ Jf~hv x C/J/ nd Prjnj( # Gj

rdmtgjfhöo n d gj dnt fjfhöo n d gev hochmrjo~dv' Dghvde Jlj # Ndvhmtj gnjn vefhjg' nhqdrvhnjn ft g~trj g x dnt fj#

fhöo' Arjofdvf Fjrbeodgg # Chmrjfhöo x jnegdvfdofhj' Ljtcd Atodv # Hoc hmrjfhöo ' dnt fjfhöo x gdomt j pre#

phj' Hmojvh Qhgj # Dg ndvjaãe ho ~drft g~trj g/ Dvpjúegdv j o ~d gj hochmrjfhöo ' Fegdf~hqe Heè

Dnh~jAtonjfhöo –gj Fjh{j–

Jq/ Nhjmeojg' 12:0;02; Bjrfdgeoj

Pj~reoj~e

Prdvhndo~d Levè Qhgjrjvjt Vjgj~

Qhfdprdvhndo~d :/¼ Levdp#Lejo Pho~ö Rth|

Qhfdprdvhndo~dvHvhnre Ajhoè Fjvjv Jo~eohe Brtajt Ohtbö Jgdljonre Pgjvdofhj Mjrfãj

Vdfrd~jrheRhfjrne Aerodvj Rhbö

Qefjgdv Lejo Jo~egã Vdmtrj Levdp Rjceo Aerfjnj Aeroèv Lernh Cdrfjndr Chrö Ltghe Chrjggdv BjgjmtèCjrhj Jvvtcpfhö Rjajr~ VdrrjCjotdg Rjqdo~öv Odmrj Lejo Qhgjg~j Beh{

Nhrdf~er MdodrjgGthv Ceordjg Jmtv~ã

Fegdffhöo Dv~tnhev Vefhjgdv

Nhrdf~er Levdp C/ Fjrrjt



ÃONHFD

PRDVDO^JFHÖO = Levè QhgjrjvjtPrdvhndo~d nd gj Atonjfhöo –gj Fjh{j–

HO^RENTFFHÖO MDODRJG 8

H/ GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ

DO DVPJÚJ' 2000 :6Fegdf~hqe Heè

Vão~dvhv ndg feo~dohne :>

:/ Ho~rentffhöo :;

2/ Nd pjãv nd dchmrjfhöo/// j pjãv ndhochmrjfhöo :8

6/ Pjoerjcj chmrj~erhe dvpjúeg do dgfeo~d{~e ctonhjg x dtrepde 2:

>/ µZthèodv veo x nd nöond qhdodo5 2=

4/ Dg fjve pjr~hftgjr nd Fdt~j x Cdghggj 66

1/ µNöond dv~êo5 6>=/ Nhv~rhbtfhöo per vd{e x mrtpev

nd dnjn >0

;/ Khlev nd hochmrjo~dv do gj dvftdgjdvpjúegj >;

8/ Hochmrjfhöo d{~rjoldrj x ~rjbjle 40

:0/ Dqegtfhöo d hofhndofhj nd gev d{~rjoldrevdo dg cdrfjne nd ~rjbjle dvpjúeg 42

::/ Fjrjf~drãv~hfjv nd gev ~rjbjljnerdvhochmrjo~dv 46

:2/ µZtè ~rjbjle rdjgh|jo gev ~rjbjljnerdvhochmrjo~dv5 44

:6/ Do~rd gj nhvfrhchojfhöo do dg jffdve jgcdrfjne gjberjg x gj dv~jbhghnjn ltrãnhfj 48

:>/ Jpre{hcjfhöo j nhqdrvjv ~hpegemãjv nd gjvfectohnjndv chmrjo~dv 12

Bhbghemrjaãj 1;

PÊM/



HH/ GJ RDMTGJFHÖO ND GJ DNTFJFHÖOND GEV HOCHMRJO^DV 18Dghvde Jlj

Vão~dvhv ndg feo~dohne =0

:/ Ho~rentffhöo =2

2/ Dg cjrfe vefhjg x ltrãnhfe nd gj hochmrjfhöo =6

6/ Gj fecpgdlhnjn ndg ndrdfke atonjcdo~jgj gj dntfjfhöo =1

>/ Dg jffdve j gj dntfjfhöo bêvhfj< ~enevgev ohúev x löqdodv ~hdodo dg ndrdfke jgj dntfjfhöo'hofgthnev gev khlev ndhochmrjo~dv do vh~tjfhöo hrrdmtgjr =8

4/ Gjv pegã~hfjv fecpdovj~erhjv<gev hochmrjo~dv fece jgtcoev feoodfdvhnjndv dntfj~hqjv dvpdfhjgdv ;0

1/ Gj feofdo~rjfhöo nd jgtcoev hochmrjo~dvdo jgmtoev fdo~rev pübghfev fece rhdvmend frdjfhöo nd dvftdgjv#mtd~ev ;6

=/ Gjv oercjv nd gjv fectohnjndv jt~öoecjv ;1

;/ Gj ctg~hftg~trjghnjn 8:

8/ Gjv pdrvpdf~hqjv nd gj otdqj gdx 8>

:0/ Üg~hcjv rdagd{heodv 81

HHH/ NDVHMTJGNJN VEFHJG' NHQDRVHNJNFTG^TRJG X DNTFJFHÖO 88Arjofdvf Fjrbeodgg

Vão~dvhv ndg feo~dohne :00

:/ Dg dv~jne nd gj ftdv~höo :0:

2/ Gj ajg~j nd cendgev x nd rdadrdo~dv :04

6/ Gj nhqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg fece prd~d{~e x gdmh~hcjfhöo nd gj d{fgtvhöo vefhjg :0=

>/ Gj phdnrj jomtgjr< dg feofdp~e ndho~dmrjfhöo ::6

HQ/ CHMRJFHÖO X JNEGDVFDOFHJ ::8 Ljtcd Atodv

Vão~dvhv ndg feo~dohne :20

PÊM/



:/ Ho~rentffhöo :22

2/ Vjghr' dchmrjr nd gj hoajofhj :2>

6/ Jgmtoev kjo frdfhne e kjo ojfhne jztã'gj mrjo cjxerãj jfjbj nd qdohr :24

>/ Dg prebgdcj nd vdr jnegdvfdo~d :28

4/ Kjo nd dv~jr do gj dvftdgj' pdre zthvhdrjodv~jr ~rjbjljone :6>

1/ Gev ztd jonjo vegev :68

=/ Pto~e ahojg/// per jkerj :>>

Q/ HOCHMRJFHÖO' DNTFJFHÖOX GDOMTJ PREPHJ :>4Hmojvh Qhgj

Vão~dvhv ndg feo~dohne :>1

:/ Ho~rentffhöo :>8

2/ Gjv pdrveojv hochmrjo~dv x gj jnzthvhfhöondg gdomtjld :40

6/ Jgmtojv ftdv~heodv vebrd gj dntfjfhöobhghom÷d x gj hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj :46

>/ Dntfjfhöo' gdomtj prephj d hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj :16

QH/ DG NDVJAÃE HO^DRFTG TRJG/DVPJÚEGDV JO^D GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO :1=Fegdf~hqe Heè

Vão~dvhv ndg feo~dohne :1;

:/ Ho~rentffhöo :=6

2/ Ndvnd nöond vd kjbgj :=4

6/ Vebrd zthèodv vd kjbgj x föce vd feov~rtxdge ztd vd nhfd :;:

>/ Pevhfheodv nd gev dvpjúegdv jo~d gevd{~rjoldrev :;8

4/ Gj dvftdgj<fjcpe nd jffhöo ho~drftg~trjgpjrj gev jmdo~dv dntfj~hqev :88

Bhbghemrjaãj 2:2

PÊM/



do bgjofe



=GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■

Dv~d qegtcdo dv dg prhcdre nd gj otdqj Fegdffhöo nd dv~tnhev vefhj#

gdv ' zt d gj Atonj fhöo –gj Fjh{ j–kj ndfhnhne peodr do c jrfkj feo dg êohc e

nd feo~rhbt hr jg ndbj~d' jg joêghvhv x j gj nhqt gmjfhöo nd ftdv~heodv nd mrjo

~rjovfdondofhj do otdv~rj vefhdnjn/

Kjfd t oev jú ev' –gj Fjh{ j–ndfhnhö gjo |jr gj Fegdffhöo nd dv~tn hev

dfeoöchfev ' j ~rjqèv nd vt Vdrqhfhe nd Dv~tnhev' ~jo~e feo dg ebld~hqe nd

feo~rhbthr j g ndbj~d vdrdoe x at onj c do~jne nd gev mrjondv ~dc jv dfeoöc h#fev' fec e feo dg nd feo~rhbthr j t oj c jxer nhqtgmjfhöo nd gev chvc ev' ajfh#

gh~jone vt fecprdovhöo/Vd ~rj~jbj nd nev ebld~hqev fecpgdcdo~jrhev x nhaã#

fhgdv nd vdpjrjr' ftjo ne pjrj j areo~jr gev fjc bhev x gev feoaghf~ev nd ot dv#

~rj èpefj o e bjv~j feo jfdr~jr feo gj vegt fhöo ~èfo hfj/ Dv hcprdvfho nhbgd

ztd gj vegtfhöo vdj fecprdonhnj x jfdp~jnj per gj cjxer pjr~d nd gev

hcpghfjnev/

Dv~j otdqj Fegdffhöo vebrd jvto~ev vefhjgdv vd hohfhj feo to dv~tnhe

vebrd gj ho c hmrjfhöo d{~rjo ldrj do Dvpjúj ' dofjrmjne jk erj kjfd to jú e'

pdre zt d kex febrj dvpdfhj g rdgdqjofhj/Dv ~jc bhèo to dv~t nhe fekdrdo ~d feo

gj gjber ztd ggdqj j fjbe gj Atonjfhöo –gj Fjh{j–' zt d ftdo~j feo premrj#c jv nd jxtnj j gj ho~dmrjfhöo nhrhmhnev j hoc hmrjo ~dv/

Dg dv~tnhe' jndc êv nd eardfdr to j qhvhöo mgebjg nd gj hoc hmrjfhöo do

ot dv~re pjãv' kj z tdrhne ho fhnhr dvpdfhjgc do~d do dg jvpdf~e nd gj dntfj#

fhöo' xj zt d dv~d ~drrdoe vdrê ndfhvhqe j gj kerj nd ajfhgh~jr e nhahft g~jr gj

Prdvdo~jfhöo



ho ~dmrjfhöo nd gjv vdmto njv mdodrjfheodv nd hoc hmrjo~dv/ Gd vdmthrêo e~rev

dv~tnhev' jü o do prdpjrjfhöo' vebrd dg pjpdg nd gj c tldr' gj pegã~hfj ajc hghjr'

gj dntfjfhöo ebghmj~erhj' gj nremjnhffhöo' vebrd e~rev jvpdf~ev nd gj hoc h#

mrjfhöo d{~rjo ldrj' x ~jc bhèo vebrd ~dc jv nd jf~tj ghnjn zt d vd hrêo feoah#

mtrjo ne nd j ftdrne feo gev ho~drdvdv x gj dqegtfhöo nd gj prephj vefhdnjn/

Feoahjc ev do z td gev jo êghvhv' gev jrmtc do~ev x gjv ephoheodv ztd

feo~donrêo dv~ev qegücdodv feo~rhbtxjo j vtpdrjr gev rd~ev ztd gj vefhdnjn

dvpjúegj ~hdod pgjo~djnev/

Levè Qhgjrjvjt

Prdvhndo~d nd gj Atonjfhöo –gj Fjh{j–

; ■ PRDVDO^JFHÖO



8GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■

Dv~d ghbre prd~dond eardfdr jg gdf~er toj ho~rentffhöo rhmtrevj x vho~è~h#

fj j toj ftdv~höo ztd qj j dv~jr fjnj qd| cêv prdvdo~d do dg ndbj~d vebrd dg

at~tre nd otdv~rj vefhdnjn/ Oev rdadrhcev jg ~dcj nd gjv chmrjfheodv x dg pre#

bgdcj dntfj~hqe ztd feoggdqj/

Gev ceqhchdo~ev nd pebgjfhöo pjrdfdo vdr toj nd gjv fjrjf~drãv~hfjv nd

otdv~re ~hdcpe/ Jtoztd gjv fharjv ~enjqãj oe pdrch~do kjbgjr nd mrjondv ndv#

pgj|jchdo~ev +jpdojv dg 2$ nd gj pebgjfhöo ctonhjg(' gjv ~dondofhjv honhfjo tojtcdo~e nd gjv chmrjfheodv/ Dg feovjbhne adoöcdoe nd gj mgebjgh|jfhöo dfeoö#

chfj' nd gj ho~drojfheojgh|jfhöo nd gev cdnhev nd fectohfjfhöo'per toj pjr~d'

x gev ndvdzthghbrhev x ndvhmtjgnjndv do dg bhdodv~jr cj~drhjg' per e~rj' veo ajf~e#

rdv ztd d{pghfjrãjo'do pjr~d'dv~jv ~dondofhjv/

Gj hochmrjfhöo kj njne ztd kjbgjr do otdv~re pjãv rdfhdo~dcdo~d x frdd#

cev ztd qj j vdr ~dcj nd joêghvhv ardftdo~d ntrjo~d gev prö{hcev júev/ Do gev

~d{~ev ztd vhmtdo' dg gdf~er dofeo~rjrê hoaercjfheodv nd fjrêf~dr mdodrjg' pdre

dvpdfhjgcdo~d vebrd gj hochmrjfhöo dfeoöchfj' dv ndfhr' gj nd jztdggjv pdrveojv

nd pjãvdv cêv pebrdv ztd qhdodo j otdv~re pjãv feo gj dvpdrjo|j nd dofeo~rjr

tojv cdlerdv feonhfheodv nd qhnj x nd ~rjbjle pjrj dggjv x pjrj vtv khlev/ X ndo#~re nd dv~d cjrfe ~rj~jrdcev feo cêv preatonhnjn to jvpdf~e feofrd~e nd dv~j

prebgdcê~hfj<dg nd gj hochmrjfhöo leqdo'dg nd gj vdmtonj mdodrjfhöo e dg nd gev

prebgdcjv dntfj~hqev ztd pgjo~dj gj hoajofhj x gj jnegdvfdofhj nd tojv ajchghjv

ztd jareo~jo' j qdfdv ~rjtcê~hfjcdo~d' fjcbhev nd feo~d{~e vefhjg x ftg~trjg/

^jcbhèo kjfdcev toj brdqd jpre{hcjfhöo jg odfdvjrhe fjcbhe nd cdo~jghnjn

Ho~rentffhöo mdodrjg



x nd jf~h~tn nd gj pebgjfhöo jt~öf~eoj ardo~d jg rd~e nd gj ho~drftg~trjghnjn ztd

vd qj j pgjo~djr x' do dv~d vdo~hne' dv~d ~rjbjle zthdrd vtcjrvd j gj trmdo~d gjber

nd hoaercjfhöo x vdovhbhgh|jfhöo nd gj pebgjfhöo dvpjúegj jg rdvpdf~e pjrj dqh#

~jr pevhbgdv bre~dv nd rjfhvce x {doeaebhj/

Dvpjúj kjbãj vhne' kjv~j kjfd pefjv nèfjnjv' to pjãv ztd doqhjbj feo#

~homdo~dv hcper~jo~dv nd dchmrjo~dv jg fdo~re x oer~d nd Dtrepj/ J pjr~hr nd

gev vd~do~j vd hoqhdr~d gj ~dondofhj x dcphd|j j feoqdr~hrvd do gtmjr nd ndv~hoe

nd hochmrjo~dv/ Fece dv gömhfe' dv~j hochmrjfhöo oe dv kecemèodj x oe ge dv

do ctfkev vdo~hnev/ Ndvnd gev ltbhgjnev fdo~redtrepdev ztd rdvhndo do

Bjgdjrdv j gev lerojgdrev oer~djarhfjoev ztd vd hov~jgjo do Jonjgtfãj e Fj~j#gtúj' gj ce~hqjfhöo' gj fecpevhfhöo' gj dnjn' gjv d{pdf~j~hqjv x gjv aercjv nd

rdgjfhöo feo gj vefhdnjn ztd gdv jfemd veo ctx nhv~ho~ev/

Dg fjpã~tge prhcdre nd dv~d ghbre jojgh|j j aeone gj hcper~jofhj otcèrh#

fj nd dv~d adoöcdoe' vt dqegtfhöo rdfhdo~d x gjv fjrjf~drãv~hfjv nd fjnj fegdf~h#

qe x nd vt hovdrfhöo vefhjg/ Gjv fharjv veo hgtv~rj~hqjv jtoztd kjx ztd ~dodr do

ftdo~j gjv nhahftg~jndv nd toj qjgerjfhöo ftjo~h~j~hqj d{jf~j j fjtvj nd gev fjc#

bhev jfdgdrjnev ztd vd prentfdo do dv~d ~drrdoe' per ge ftjg gjv dv~jnãv~hfjv

ztdnjo rêphnjcdo~d ebvegd~jv/ Per e~rj pjr~d feoqhdod rdfernjr gj hcper~jofhj

otcèrhfj nd gev oe rdmtgjrh|jnev/ Do ftjgzthdr fjve vd kjo t~hgh|jne gev üg~hcev

nj~ev nhvpeohbgdv' ge ztd pdrch~d toj jpre{hcjfhöo vhmohahfj~hqj j gj vh~tjfhöo

jf~tjg dvpjúegj/ Gjv dv~jnãv~hfjv nd dvfegjrh|jfhöo x nd dnjn nd gev hochmrjo~dv

oev pdrch~do ~dodr toj prhcdrj jpre{hcjfhöo jg pdve ftjo~h~j~hqe ndg ~dcj

prherh~jrhe nd dv~d ghbre<dg rd~e dntfj~hqe/

Dg fjpã~tge vdmtone ~rj~j nd gj rdmtgjfhöo ltrãnhfj nd gev hochmrjo~dv x

nd toj cjodrj dvpdfhjg nd gj rdmtgjfhöo nd gj dntfjfhöo nd gev hochmrjo~dv

x nd vtv khlev/ Dg jt~er jojgh|j gjv feovdftdofhjv ~dörhfjv x gj jpghfjfhöo prêf~h#

fj dvpdfhjgcdo~d nd gj Gdx Ermêohfj nd D{~rjoldrãj nd :8;4 x nd gjv ztd ndbdo

ndrhqjrvd nd gj Gdx Ermêohfj vebrd ndrdfkev x ghbdr~jndv nd gev d{~rjoldrev do

Dvpjúj x vt ho~dmrjfhöo vefhjg ztd kj do~rjne do qhmer dg 2 nd adbrdre nd 2000/Feovhndrj gjv fecpd~dofhjv prephjv nd gjv fectohnjndv jt~öoecjv do dv~d

~drrdoe x jgdr~j vebrd pevhbgdv ho~drprd~jfheodv drröodjv nd gj Gdx Mdodrjg nd

Dntfjfhöo per ge ztd vd rdahdrd j dgdffhöo nd fdo~rev nd dovdújo|j pübghfj per

gev pjnrdv' gj ftjg penrãj ndrhqjr kjfhj toj feofdo~rjfhöo jr~hahfhjg do aercj nd

mtd~ev dvfegjrdv'd~f/

:0 ■ HO^RENTFFHÖO MDODRJG



Do dg fjpã~tge ~drfdre vd jojgh|j dg rd~e nd gj ho~drftg~trjghnjn x föce gj

nhqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg ptdnd feoqdr~hrvd do gdmh~hcjfhöo nd gj d{fgtvhöo vefhjg/ Do

dv~d vdo~hne kjx ztd vdr feovfhdo~dv nd ztd oe vöge gj nhqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg d{pgh#

fj gjv rj|eodv ndg pevhbgd feoaghf~e/ Dv ebqhe ztd do~rd dg cjmoj~d êrjbd hov~j#

gjne do Cjrbdggj' ztd mdodrjgcdo~d dv bhdo jfdp~jne per gj vefhdnjn rdfdp~e#

rj' x dg cjmrdbã ztd cjgqhqd do gjv d{pge~jfheodv jmrãfegjv' ztd mdodrjgcdo~d

dv rdfkj|jne' gj ftdv~höo atonjcdo~jg oe dv nd nhqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg vhoe nd ndvh#

mtjgnjn vefhjg/ Dg jt~er hovhv~d do gj odfdvhnjn nd toj dntfjfhöo do gj ho~drftg#

~trjghnjn ztd ptdnd prentfhrvd do gev fdo~rev dntfj~hqev mrjfhjv prdfhvjcdo~d

j gj prdvdofhj do dg jtgj nd fkhfev x fkhfjv prefdndo~dv nd e~rjv ftg~trjv/ Jptdv~j per dghchojr jpre{hcjfheodv dztãqefjv x aegfgörhfjv j dv~ev ~dcjv x

rdfgjcj gj trmdofhj nd toj dgjberjfhöo epdrj~hqj ndg feofdp~e nd ho~dmrjfhöo/

Dg fjpã~tge ftjr~e ~rj~j nd gj prebgdcê~hfj dvpdfãahfj nd gj jnegdvfdo#

fhj' d~jpj xj nd per vã fecpgdlj' dntfj~hqjcdo~d kjbgjone' pjrj gev oj~hqev' x

ztd pjrj gev hochmrjo~dv ~hdod nhahftg~jndv jújnhnjv per gjv feo~rjnhffheodv

do~rd gj ftg~trj ajchghjr nd erhmdo x gjv aercjv ftg~trjgdv nd gev jnegdvfdo~dv

jf~tjgdv nd gj vefhdnjn rdfdp~erj/ Nhv~homtd do~rd ~rdv vh~tjfheodv dvpdfãahfjv<

gev fkhfev x fkhfjv ztd xj ojfhdreo jztã' kjo frdfhne' vd kjo dvfegjrh|jne cêv

e cdoev x kjo ggdmjne j gj jnegdvfdofhj/Feov~h~txdo'per ge ~jo~e' ge ztd ggjcj#

cev gj vdmtonj mdodrjfhöo/ Do vdmtone gtmjr' gev fkhfev x fkhfjv ztd qhdodo xjjnegdvfdo~dv feo vt ajchghj x ztd ndbdo jvtchr gev fjcbhev'gjv frhvhv x gjv ebgh#

mjfheodv do to nebgd vdo~hne< gjv ztd veo prephjv nd gj jnjp~jfhöo ndg prefdve

hochmrj~erhe x gjv ztd feoggdqj dg kdfke nd vdr jnegdvfdo~d/ Ahojgcdo~d dv~êo

gev fkhfev ‖rjrjcdo~d veo fkhfjv‖ ztd qhdodo vegev' ztd vho ~dodr :; júev oh

ajchghjrdv feoefhnev ztd vd dofjrmtdo nd dggev' jpjrdfdo do gjv fjggdv nd otdv#

~rjv fhtnjndv/

Do dg fjpã~tge ztho~e' dg jt~er ~rj~j ndg jprdonh|jld nd gjv gdomtjv/

D{peod gjv cjodrjv nd föce vd jprdond toj gdomtj x vtv hcpghfjfheodv

ferrdvpeonhdo~dv do dg fjve nd gjv ajchghjv ztd chmrjo/ Jper~j' jndcêv' jgmtojv

hndjv preqdohdo~dv nd gj dntfjfhöo bhghom÷d pjrj fecprdondr dg prefdve nd

jnzthvhfhöo ndg gdomtjld do dg feo~d{~e dvfegjr nd gj hoajofhj ztd prefdnd nd

ajchghjv hochmrjo~dv/

Dg fjpã~tge vd{~e x üg~hce ndvfrhbd gj pdrfdpfhöo ztd ~hdodo gev dvpj#

úegdv ardo~d jg d{~rjoldre/ µVecev rjfhv~jv5 Dv nhaãfhg rdvpeondr j dv~j prdmto~j

::GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■



ptdv~e ztd vh vd aerctgj do dv~ev ~èrchoev' gj cjxerãj nd fhtnjnjoev dvpjúegdv

njrêo toj rdvptdv~j odmj~hqj/ Vho dcbjrme'dv~e oe oev kjfd hoctodv j bre~dv

nd {doeaebhj do nd~drchojnev feo~d{~ev x vh~tjfheodv feofrd~jv/ Vd ptdndo

ebvdrqjr rdjffheodv ztd ndoe~jo to ~rj~e nhvfrhchoj~erhe prentfhne'prebjbgd#

cdo~d nd to cene hofeovfhdo~d'per dg vhcpgd kdfke nd ~dodr ndgjo~d toj pdr#

veoj pdr~dodfhdo~d j toj d~ohj nhv~ho~j j gj jt~öf~eoj/

Fjnj fjpã~tge'rdjgh|jne per dvpdfhjghv~jv do gj cj~drhj' qj prdfdnhne nd

toj brdqd vão~dvhv ndg feo~dohne pjrj ajfhgh~jr gj do~rjnj do dg ~dcj ferrdvpeo#

nhdo~d/ Dv~ev rdvücdodv' vho dcbjrme' oe d{hcdo nd gj gdf~trj ndg ~d{~e fec#

pgd~e vh dg gdf~er zthdrd ajchghjrh|jrvd feo gj prebgdcê~hfj jotofhjnj/ Ctfkecdoev gj d{hcd' per vtptdv~e' dv~j brdqd prdvdo~jfhöo ztd vöge prd~dond dv~h#

ctgjr dg pjve j gjv pêmhojv vhmthdo~dv/

Dv~d qegtcdo kj vhne feernhojne per Lernh Per~j' nhrdf~er nd gj

Atonjfhöo Ljtcd Beahgg x mrjo feoefdner ndg adoöcdoe nd gj hochmrjfhöo

d{~rjoldrj' dvpdfhjgcdo~d do ~ene ge ztd vd rdahdrd j gj ho~drftg~trjghnjn x j gj

rdgjfhöo do~rd hochmrjo~dv x jt~öf~eoev do dg vdoe nd gj dvftdgj x do gev

jcbhdo~dv neond ptdnd ajfhgh~jrvd gj dntfjfhöo j ~rjqèv ndg ~hdcpe ghbrd/

Bjrfdgeoj'cjr|e ndg 2000

:2 ■ HO^RENTFFHÖO MDODRJG



:6

H/ Gj hochmrjfhöo d{~rjoldrjdo Dvpjúj' 2000

Fegdf~hqe Heè

Dzthpe nd hoqdv~hmjfhöo vefhjg aercjne per Fjrgev Pdrdnj'

]jg~dr Jf~hv x Chmtdg Êomdg nd Prjnj



:> ■ GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[ RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ' 2000

Vão~dvhv ndg feo~dohne

Vh ebvdrqjcev gj vh~tjfhöo dtrepdj feo pdrvpdf~hqj khv~örhfj'

pendc ev feov~j~jr ztd do gev ü g~hc ev vhmgev k jo vjghne n dg q hdle feo ~h#

odo ~d cêv nd ;0 chggeodv nd pdrveojv9 do fjc bhe' kj ggdmjne j

Dtrepj t o oü c dre o e vtpdrher j 20 c hggeodv nd d{~rjoldrev/Dg prhc d#

re nd dv~ev agtlev ~tq e vt erhmdo do gj èpefj fegeohjg zt d' vebrd gj

bjvd nd toj rdprdvhöo cêv e cdoev gemrjnj nd gjv ftg~trjv jt~öf~e#

oj v' kjbãj hc ptdv~e gjv feonhfheodv c êv hnöodjv pjrj to j vdo~j#

c hdo~e qdo~jleve nd gev fegeoev dtrepdev/ Dvpjú j ~ec ö pjr~d c tx

jf~hqj do dv~d agtle c hmrj~erhe' vebrd ~ene kjfhj Jcèrhfj Gj~hoj +neo #

nd vd hov~jgjreo do~rd ; x :0 chggeodv nd dvpjúegdv(/Dg vdmtone agtle

chmrj~erhe ~hdod ztd qdr feo gj d{pjovhöo dfeoöchfj ndg fjph~jghvce

nd gj pevmtdrrj nd gev júev ftjrdo~j x fhoftdo~j do gj Dtrepj ndvj#

rreggjnj' x preqhdod nd pjãvdv pebrdv' mdemrêahfjc do~d fdrfjo ev +o er#

~d nd Êarhfj' ^trzt ãj' d~f/( e bhdo nd jo ~hmtj v fegeohj v +Jcèrhfj

Gj~ ho j' Jarhfj x Jvhj(' pdre ~j c bhèo ndg vt r nd Dtrepj +Per~t mjg'

Dvpjú j' H~jghj' Mrdfhj(/

Do dv~d feo~d{~e' Dvpjú j at ofheoö' j pjr~hr nd gev júev fho#ftdo ~j' fec e pdrhadrhj pebrd nd Dtrepj' doqhjo ne nev c hggeodv nd

dchmrjo~dv +pr hofhpj gc do~d j Arjofhj ' Jgdcjo hj ' Vt h| j ' Mrjo

Brd~j ú j x Pjãvdv Bj lev( / Do t o pdrãen e pe v~drhe r ‖jú ev vd~do ~j x

efkdo~j‖' dv~d agtle nd dc hmrjfhöo vd nd~tqe d ho fgt ve vd rdmhv~rö dg

rd~eroe nd c dnhe chggöo nd dc hmrjo ~dv do~rd :8=4 x : 8809c hdo~rjv

~jo ~e' t o feo~ho mdo~d frdfhdo~d nd hoc hmrjo ~dv d{~rjoldrev ep~ö per

rjnhfjrvd do Dvpjú j/J pdvjr nd dv~d fjc bhe nd ~dondo fhj ~enjqãj do

:888 kjx cêv dvpjúegdv rdvhndo~dv do dg d{~rjoldre +toev 2'2 chgge#

odv<nev nd fjnj ~rdv do Jcèrhfj x dg rdv~e do pjãvdv dtrepdev( ztd

d{~rjoldrev rdvhndo~dv do Dvpjúj +jgrdndner nd 0 '= c hggeo dv(/ Per ~jo~e' do ~èrchoev j bvegt~ev Dvpjúj dv ~enjqãj cêv to pjãv nd

dchmrjo~dv ztd nd hoc hmrjo ~dv' pdre gjv ~don dofhj v ge feoahmtrjo

fjnj qd| c êv fec e pjãv rdfdp~er' feov~h~txèo nevd do ot dqe pjãv nd

hoc hmrjfhöo/ Per e~re gjne' do ~èrc hoev rdgj~hqev' gev rdvhndo~dv do



:4GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■

vh~tjfhöo rdmtgjr dzthqjgdo jg :';$ ndg ~e~jg nd gj pebgjfhöo9 vh hofer#

perjc ev j gev ojfheojgh| jnev x e~rev oe feo ~j bhgh| jnev gj fharj vd

penrãj dgdqjr jg 2$/ Vöge gj prdvdo fhj nd t o ot c drevãvhc e feo ~ho #

mdo~d nd c hmrjo ~dv hrrdmt gjrdv jg~drjrãj nd aerc j vhmohahfj~hqj dv~jv

fharjv9 pdre èv~d oe pjrdfd vdr dg fjve jf~tjgc do~d/ Per ~jo~e' gj

hcper~jofhj otcèrhfj nd gj pebgjfhöo d{~rjoldrj do Dvpjúj dv

pdz t dú j x c do er jü o vh gj fec pj rjc ev feo gj zt d d{hv~d do e~rev

pj ãvdv dt repdev/ Oe ebv~j o ~d' ndbhne j vt ndvhmt jg nhv~rhbt fhöo per

dg ~drrh~erhe oj fheojg' vt prdvdofhj dv dvpdfhjgc do~d vhmohahfj~hqj do

jgmto jv |eo jv c hdo~rjv ztd do e~rjv jpdojv dv pdrfdp~hbgd/

Dg feo~d{~e vefhedfeoöchfe dvpjúeg nd gev júev efkdo~j x

oeqdo~j nhahdrd do dgdcdo~ev dvdofhjgdv ndg ztd fjrjf~drh|ö j gev pjã#

vdv dtrepdev ndg oer~d nd Dtrepj do dg pdrãene :8 40#=4' nt rjo~d dg

ztd rdfhbhdreo gj cjxer pjr~d nd vtv hochmrjo~dv/Jg ~drchojr dg vhmge

[[ ' Dvpjú j vd do ftdo~rj do gj dofrt fhljnj nd vdr' j gj qd| ' to pj ãv ztd

ftdo~j feo to hcper~jo~d oücdre nd fhtnjnjoev ztd qhqdo do dg

d{~rjoldre x feo toj frdfhdo~d prdvdofhj nd fhtnjnjoev nd e~rev pjã#

vdv ztd ggdmjo pjrj q hqhr do Dvpjúj / µFtêgdv veo gev nj~ev pjrj pdovjr

dv~j otdqj vh~tjfhöo do gj ztd oev dofeo~rjcev5 E µztè feovdftdo#fhjv vd ptdndo ndrhqjr nd gj chvcj5 Pjrj rdvpeondr j dv~jv x e~rjv

prdmt o~jv' zt d dv~êo do gj epho höo pü bghfj' vd kj dgjberjne dg prdvdo#

~d hoaerc d/ Do gjv pêmhojv ahoj gdv vd prdvdo~jo qjrhjv ~hpegemãjv pjrj

ho~do~jr jpre{hcjroev j gj pgtrjghnjn nd vh~tjfheodv ztd prdvdo~jo

gev hoc hmrjo~dv d{~rjoldrev do Dvpjúj / Do vtc j' oh ~enev gev hoc h#

mrjo ~dv veo hmtjgdv' oh vd ptdnd jareo~jr t oj rdjghnjn nhqdrvj +gj

dvpjúegj( j pjr~hr nd frh~drhev pegã~hfev ztd rdvpeondo j e~rjv prebgd#

c ê~hfjv' gjv ztd jnep~j gj Tohöo Dtrepdj do rdvptdv~j j gjv ndcj o#

njv nd gev pjãvdv dtrepdev nd hochmrjfhöo ©~rjnhfheojg¹/

J fec hdo |ev nd gev júev vd~do ~j vd prent le gj frhvhv n dg c end#

ge ztd kjbãj mjrjo~h|jne dg frdfhchdo~e nd gev pjãvdv fjph~jghv~jv fdo#

~rjgdv ndvnd dg ahoj g nd gj vdmto nj mrjo mt drrj/ Gjv c enjghnjndv nd

rdvegtfhöo nd nhfkj frhvhv jbrhdreo gjv ptdr~jv j ~rjovaercjfheodv



:1 ■ GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[ RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ' 2000

vefhjgdv j dvfjgj pgjod~jrhj ztd kjo hofhnhne do gev prefdvev chmrj~e#

rhev/ Dg ndoec hojne otdqe erndo ho~drojfheojg vd feov~h~txd jvã do dg

feo~d{~e prhofhpjg ztd feoahmtrjrê otdqjv nhoêchfjv chmrj~erhjv

ndvnd do ~eo fdv/ Dg feo fdp~e zt d vho~do~h| j gj fgjqd nd gjv ~rjovaer#

cjfheodv ndg pdrãene jf~tjg dv dg nd mgebjgh|jfhöo/ Gj mgebjgh|jfhöo

dfeoöchfj hcpghfj gj ceqhghnjn x agd{hbhghnjn nd ~enev gev ajf~erdv

pren t f~hqev' ho fgt hnj gj c joe nd eb rj' per ge zt d vd erhmhoj t o j

mdodrjgh|jfhöo nd gjv chmrjfheodv ho~drojfheojgdv<dg ~rjbjle ~jcbhèo

vd c to nhjgh|j/

Gjv otdqjv nhoêchfjv chmrj~erhjv vtrmhnjv do dg üg~hce ~drfhe

ndg vhmge [[ rdvpeondo j gj rdermjoh|jfhöo ~drrh~erhjg x gjv feonhfheodv

ztd mdodrjo hcper~jo~dv ndcjonjv nd ~rjbjle per gj mgebjgh|jfhöo

dfeoöc hfj' x vd kjo qhv~e hofrdc do~jnjv per dg aho nd gj ©mtdrrj arãj¹

x gj frhvhv ndg d{ bgeztd ndg Dv~d/ J fec hdo |ev ndg jú e 2000 prê f~hfj#

c do~d oe zt dnjo pj ãvdv jhvgjnev nd gev agtlev ~rjo vojfheoj gdv/ Vho

dcb jrme' lto ~e j gjv otdqjv nhoêc hfjv x cenj ghnjndv nd gev agtlev

c hmrj~erhev vd ndvjrreggjo pegã~hfjv c hmrj~erhjv rdv~rhf~hqjv9dv~jv ü g~h#

c jv oe jfjbjo feo gj hoc hmrjfhöo pdre gj feonhfheojo jg ebghmjrgj j

jnep~jr nd~drc hojnj v cenjghnjndv/ Jvã' do gev pjãvdv ndg oer~d' gjvrdv~rhffheodv prd~dondo prdqdohr a gtlev hrrdmtgjrdv' feo~regjr x ghc h~jr

j gev rdatmhjnev x bjgjofdjr c hmrjfheodv gjberjgdv x ajc hghjrdv9 per

vt pjr~d' gev ot dqev pjãvdv nd hoc hmrjfhöo +dvpdfhjgc do~d do Jvhj(

ho~do~jrêo hc pdnhr dg jvdo~jc hdo~e nd cho erãjv è~ohfjv/ Dv~jv c dnh#

njv fkefjo' per to gjne' feo gev ndrdfkev kt c jo ev x' per e~re' feo~rj

gjv odfdvhnjndv ndg cdrfjne nd ~rjbjle ztd d{hmd toj eadr~j dv~jbgd

nd cjoe nd ebrj/Vt dadf~e do gev pjãvdv fdo~rjgdv ndg fecdrfhe cto#

nhjg pjrdfd vdr dg nd ajqerdfdr gj rjnhfjfhöo nd gev hochmrjo~dv x vtv

ajc hghj v' c enhahfjo ne gj fec pevhfhöo è~o hfj nd ~jgdv vefhdnjn dv' pdre'

do mdodrjg' nhfkjv c dnhnjv ~hdondo j c jo~dodr gj c joe nd ebrjhoc hmrjnj do vh~t jfheodv nd prdfjrhdnjn gjberjg x d{fgtvhöo vefhjg/

Do dg föc pt~e mgebjg nd gj pebgjfhöo c to nhjg' gev c hmrjo ~dv

fec peodo t o adoöc doe nd jgfjo fdv bjv~jo~d ghc h~jnev +do ~eroe j g



:=GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■

:'=$(' dv ndfhr' ndvnd dg pto~e nd qhv~j ftjo~h~j~hqe' gj chmrjfhöo ho~dr#

ojfheojg dv gj d{fdpfhöo' oe gj rdmgj do~rd gev mrtpev ktcjoev ztd

pt dbgjo dg pgjo d~j/ Vho dc bjrme' vt vhmohahfjfhöo dv ctfke cjxer

ztd ge ztd honhfjo gjv fharjv< dv~jcev jo~d toj rdqegtfhöo ~rjovojfheojg

ztd dv~ê rddv~rtf~trjone gj vefhdnjn j dvfjgj pgjod~jrhj' x gjv chmrjfhe#

odv ho~drojfheojgdv veo pjr~d nd dv~d prefdve/ Gjv prho fhpjgdv ~do ndo#

fhjv ztd fjrjf~drh|jo j gjv chmrjfheodv do dv~d pdrãene nd mgebjgh#

|jfhöo ndg vhv~dc j c t onhjg veo ' vhmt hdo ne j gev d{pdr ~ev Fjv~gdv x

Chggdr' gj mge bj gh | jfhö o +gj ch~jn nd gev dv~jnev d{hv~do~dv do dg

c to ne pjr~hfhpjo nd aerc j o e~jbgd do dv~d prefdve' vhdone fjnj qd|

c doev gjv |eojv ndg ct one ztd zt dnjo j g c jrmdo nd gjv ferrhdo~dv

chmrj~erhjv ~rjovojfheojgdv(9gj n hqdrv hah fj fhöo +gev agtlev jf~tj gdv

vd jgdljo frdfhdo~dcdo~d nd to cendge üohfe<kjx rdatmhjnev nd mtd#

rrj' rdatmhjnev dfeoöc hfev' c jo e nd ebrj bjrj~j' ~rjbjljnerdv jg~j#

c do~d ftj ghahfjnev' dv~tnhjo ~dv' nhrdf~hqev x dc prdvjrhev9 fed{hv~do

agt lev nd jvdo ~j c hdo ~e feo c eqhc hdo ~ev ~dc perjgdv x c hmrjfheo dv

fhrft gjrdv9mrtpev feo dv~jbhghnjn ltrãnh fj' feo feo~rj~ev x pdrchvev

nd fer~e pgj|e d hrrdmtgjrdv9fegdf~hqev zt d dc hmrjo ghbrdc do~d lt o~e

j e~rev zt d dv~êo vtld~ev j rdndv nd ~rêahfe nd pdrveojv' d~f/(9gj j fd #gdrjfhöo +dg qegtcdo nd chmrjo~dv vd kj ctg~hpghfjne ntrjo~d gjv

üg~hcjv nèfjnjv x oe fdvj nd frdfdr do fjvh ~enjv gjv rdmheodv

ntrjo ~d gev üg~hc ev qdho~d jú ev' jt ozt d feo ho ~dovhnjndv nhadrdo#

~dv( x gj ad choh| j fh öo +dgdcdo~e fgjqd nd gj otdqj vh~tjfhöo' jt o#

ztd j ge gjrme nd gj khv~erhj gjv ctldrdv kjo dv~jne prdvdo~dv do gev

ceqhchdo~ev chmrj~erhev9lto~e j gjv ztd vd ndvpgj|jo jfecpjújo#

ne e pjrj rdto hrvd feo vt pjrdlj c jvftghoj ' fjnj qd| veo c êv gjv

ztd dchmrjo vegjv' vdj nd aercj hondpdonhdo~d e peohdone do c jr#

fkj gj fjndoj chmrj~erhj j gj ztd pev~drhercdo~d vd hoferperjo gev

kecbrdv/Dv~d prefdve dv~ê tohne j gj ~dondofhj j gj ©adchoh|jfhöo¹frdfhdo~d nd rjc jv gjberjgdv do~drjv' zt d dv t o prent f~e ~jo ~e nd

gev dvatdr|ev nd gjv ctldrdv per mjojr jt~eoecãj fece toj feovd#

ftdofhj nd gjv o dfdvhnjndv ndg c drfjne nd ~rjbjle(/



:/ Ho~rentffhöo

Do gj nèfjnj nd gev júev vd~do~j vd nd~hdod do Dvpjúj dg ~rjnhfheojg agt#

le nd vjghnj nd dchmrjo~dv jg d{~rjoldre' rd~eroj cdnhe chggöo nd dchmrjo~dv +gj

cjxer pjr~d ndvnd dg fdo~re nd Dtrepj(9per e~re gjne' vd ho~dovhahfjo x nhqdrvh#

ahfjo gev jvdo~jchdo~ev nd d{~rjoldrev/ Do~rd dv~ev üg~hcev' lto~e j toj atdr~d

prdvdofhj nd fhtnjnjoev ndg Prhcdr Ctone +Tohöo Dtrepdj' Dv~jnev Tohnev'

Ljpöo x Fjojnê(' ndv~jfjo gev fhtnjnjoev cjrreztãdv x gj~hoejcdrhfjoev' jnd#

cêv nd feo~homdo~dv cdoerdv ndg rdv~e nd Êarhfj x Jvhj/ Per ~jo~e' dv~jcev jo~d

toj nhqdrvhnjn nd agtlev hochmrj~erhev' prentf~e nd gj pjr~hftgjr hovdrfhöo ndDvpjúj do dg feo~d{~e ho~drojfheojg jvã fece nd gjv rdfhdo~dv ~rjovaercjfheodv

do vt dv~rtf~trj dfeoöchfj +cjxer ho~drojfheojgh|jfhöo' arjmcdo~jfhöo ndg

cdrfjne gjberjg'd~f/(/

:; ■ GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[ RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ' 2000

Vh dv~d dv dg cj rfe c tonhjg' dg feo~d{~e hoc dnhj~e nd rdadrdo#

fhj pjrj Dvpjúj dv dg nd gev pjãvdv dtrepdev' dvpdfhjgc do~d gev nd gj

Tohöo Dt repdj/ Gj c dnhj nd ~enev gev pjãvdv ndg ggjc jne Dvpjfhe

Dfeoöchfe Dtrepde +gj Tohöo Dtrepdj cêv gj DA^J( vd vh~üj do dg

>'8$' Dvpjúj vd doftdo~rj do ~rd gev pjãvdv zt d ~hdodo c doev nd nev

d{~rjo ldrev per fjnj fhdo kjbh~jo ~dv lto ~e feo Per~tmjg' Mrdfhj'

H~j ghj ' Hvgjo nhj x Aho gjo nhj/ Do ndaho h~hqj' ndg feo lt o ~e nd gev c hmrjo#

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dv~ev nj~ev ftjone oev doardo~jcev j nhvftrvev ztd doaj~h|jo gj

vtptdv~j ©jqjgjofkj¹ nd hochmrjo~dv d hovhv~do do ztd gj {doeaebhj

dv~ê ghmjnj j to vtptdv~e tcbrjg nd ~egdrjofhj rdvpdf~e jg oücdre nd

d{~rjo ldrev9 vh dv~e at drj jvã' gjv c jo hadv~jfheodv nd ho ~egdrjo fhj vd#

rãjo ctx vtpdrherdv do Gt{dcbtrme x Vth|j j gjv ztd vd prentfdo'

per dldc pge' do Arjofhj e dg Rdho e Tohne/ Vho dc bjrme' gj dqhndofhj

oe feoahrcj ~jgdv vtptdv~ev/




Dg feo~d{~e vefhedfeoöchfe dvpjúeg nd gev júev efkdo~j x oeqdo~j

nhahdrd do dgdcdo~ev dvdofhjgdv ndg ztd fjrjf~drh|ö j gev pjãvdv dtrepdev ndg

oer~d nd Dtrepj do dg pdrãene :840#=4' ntrjo~d dg ztd rdfhbhdreo gj cjxer pjr#

~d nd vtv hochmrjo~dv/ Jg fecdo|jr dg vhmge [[H' Dvpjúj vd doftdo~rj do gj

dofrtfhljnj nd vdr' j gj qd|' to pjãv ztd ftdo~j feo to hcper~jo~d oücdre nd

fhtnjnjoev ztd qhqdo do dg d{~rjoldre x feo toj frdfhdo~d prdvdofhj nd fhtnj#

njoev nd e~rev pjãvdv ztd ggdmjo pjrj qhqhr do Dvpjúj/ µFtêgdv veo gev nj~ev

pjrj pdovjr dv~j otdqj vh~tjfhöo do gj ztd oev dofeo~rjcev5 E µztè feovd#

ftdofhjv vd ptdndo ndrhqjr nd gj chvcj5 Pjrj rdvpeondr j dv~jv x e~rjv prdmto#

~jv' ztd dv~êo do gj ephohöo pübghfj' vd kj dgjberjne dg prdvdo~d hoaercd/ Do gjvpêmhojv ahojgdv vd prdvdo~jo qjrhjv ~hpegemãjv pjrj ho~do~jr jpre{hcjroev j gj

pgtrjghnjn nd vh~tjfheodv ztd prdvdo~jo gev hochmrjo~dv d{~rjoldrev do Dvpjúj/

Do vtcj' oh ~enev gev hochmrjo~dv veo hmtjgdv' oh vd ptdnd jareo~jr toj rdjghnjn

nhqdrvj +gj dvpjúegj( j pjr~hr nd frh~drhev pegã~hfev ztd rdvpeondo j e~rjv pre#

bgdcê~hfjv' gjv ztd jnep~j gj Tohöo Dtrepdj do rdvptdv~j j gjv ndcjonjv nd gev

pjãvdv dtrepdev nd hochmrjfhöo ©~rjnhfheojg¹/

2/ Nd pjãv nd dchmrjfhöo/// j pjãv nd hochmrjfhöo

Vh ebvdrqjcev gj vh~tjfhöo dtrepdj feo pdrvpdf~hqj khv~örhfj' pendcevfeov~j~jr ztd do gev üg~hcev vhmgev kjo vjghne ndg qhdle feo~hodo~d cêv nd ;0

chggeodv nd pdrveojv9do fjcbhe'kj ggdmjne j Dtrepj to oücdre oe vtpdrher j

20 chggeodv nd d{~rjoldrev/ Dg prhcdre nd dv~ev agtlev ~tqe vt erhmdo do gj èpe#

fj fegeohjg ztd' vebrd gj bjvd nd toj rdprdvhöo cêv e cdoev gemrjnj nd gjv ftg#

~trjv jt~öf~eojv' kjbãj hcptdv~e gjv feonhfheodv cêv hnöodjv pjrj to jvdo~j#

chdo~e qdo~jleve nd gev fegeoev dtrepdev/ Dvpjúj ~ecö pjr~d ctx jf~hqj do

dv~d agtle chmrj~erhe' vebrd ~ene kjfhj Jcèrhfj Gj~hoj +neond vd hov~jgjreo

do~rd ; x :0 chggeodv nd dvpjúegdv(/ Dg vdmtone agtle chmrj~erhe ~hdod ztd qdr

feo gj d{pjovhöo dfeoöchfj ndg fjph~jghvce nd gj pevmtdrrj nd gev júev ftj#

rdo~j x fhoftdo~j do gj Dtrepj ndvjrreggjnj' x preqhdod nd pjãvdv pebrdv' mde#mrêahfjcdo~d fdrfjoev +oer~d nd Êarhfj' ^trztãj' d~f/( e bhdo nd jo~hmtjv fege#

ohjv +Jcèrhfj Gj~hoj' Jarhfj x Jvhj(' pdre ~jcbhèo ndg vtr nd Dtrepj +Per~tmjg'

Dvpjúj'H~jghj'Mrdfhj(/



20 ■ GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[ RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ' 2000

Do dv~d feo~d{~e Dvpjúj atofheoö' j pjr~hr nd gev júev fhoftdo~j' fece

pdrhadrhj pebrd nd Dtrepj'doqhjone nev chggeodv nd dchmrjo~dv +prhofhpjgcdo~d

j Arjofhj' Jgdcjohj' Vth|j'Mrjo Brd~júj x Pjãvdv Bjlev(/ Do to pdrãene pev~drher

‖júev vd~do~j x efkdo~j‖ dv~d agtle nd dchmrjfhöo vd nd~tqe d hofgtve vd rdmhv~rö

dg rd~eroe nd cdnhe chggöo nd dchmrjo~dv do~rd :8=4 x :8809 chdo~rjv ~jo~e'to

feo~homdo~d frdfhdo~d nd hochmrjo~dv d{~rjoldrev ep~ö per rjnhfjrvd do Dvpjúj/

J pdvjr nd dv~d fjcbhe nd ~dondofhj ~enjqãj do :888 kjx cêv dvpjúegdv rdvhndo#

~dv do dg d{~rjoldre +toev 2'2 chggeodv< nev nd fjnj ~rdv do Jcèrhfj x dg rdv~e do

pjãvdv dtrepdev( ztd d{~rjoldrev rdvhndo~dv do Dvpjúj +jgrdndner nd 0'= chgge#

odv(/ Per ~jo~e' do ~èrchoev jbvegt~ev Dvpjúj dv ~enjqãj cêv to pjãv nd dch#mrjo~dv ztd nd hochmrjo~dv +qèjvd mrêahfe :(' pdre gjv ~dondofhjv ge feoahmtrjo

fjnj qd| cêv fece pjãv rdfdp~er'feov~h~txèonevd do otdqe pjãv nd hochmrjfhöo/

Mrêahfe :

DVPJÚEGDV RDVHNDO^DV DO DG D[^RJOLDRE/D[^RJOLDREV RDVHNDO^DV DO DVPJÚJ +:881(

Vdmüo gj üg~hcj fharj eahfhjg nhvpeohbgd nd d{~rjoldrev feo pdrchve nd

rdvhndofhj' j fechdo|ev nd :888 kjbãj do Dvpjúj =:8/1>= hochmrjo~dv/ J dv~j

fjo~hnjn kjx ztd vtcjr e~rev rdvhndo~dv gdmjgdv oe feo~jbhgh|jnev do nhfkj

Rdvhndo~dvd{~rjoldrev

Dchmrjo~dv

Jpê~rhnjv

Efdjoãj

Jcèrhfj ndg Vtr

Jcèrhfj Fdo~rjg

Jcèrhfj ndg Oer~d

Êarhfj

Rdv~e nd Dtrepj

Tohöo Dtrepdj

0 400/000 :/000/000 :/400/000



2:GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■

dv~jnãv~hfj +toev 61/000+:( (' toj pjr~d nd gjv cêv nd :24/000 pdrveojv ztd kjo

eb~dohne gj ojfheojghnjn dvpjúegj ndvnd :844'+2( x toj fharj oe nd~drchojnj nd

hrrdmtgjrdv/ Do ~èrchoev rdgj~hqev' gev rdvhndo~dv do vh~tjfhöo rdmtgjr dzthqj#

gdo jg :';$ ndg ~e~jg nd gj pebgjfhöo dvpjú egj9 vh hoferperjcev j gev ojfheoj#

gh|jnev x e~rev oe feo~jbhgh|jnev gj fharj vd penrãj dgdqjr jg 2$/ Vöge gj prdvdo#

fhj nd to otcdrevãvhce feo~homdo~d nd chmrjo~dv hrrdmtgjrdv jg~drjrãj nd aercj

vhmohahfj~hqj dv~jv fharjv9pdre èv~d oe pjrdfd vdr dg fjve jf~tjgcdo~d/ Per ~jo~e'

gj hcper~jofhj otcèrhfj nd gj pebgjfhöo d{~rjoldrj do Dvpjúj dv pdztdúj x

cdoer jüo vh gj fecpjrjcev feo gj ztd d{hv~d do e~rev pjãvdv dtrepdev/ Oe

ebv~jo~d' ndbhne j vt ndvhmtjg nhv~rhbtfhöo per dg ~drrh~erhe ojfheojg' vt prdvdo#fhj dv dvpdfhjgcdo~d vhmohahfj~hqj do jgmtojv |eojv9 chdo~rjv ztd do e~rjv jpd#

ojv dv pdrfdp~hbgd/

6/ Pjoerjcj chmrj~erhe dvpjúeg do dg feo~d{~ectonhjg x dtrepde

J fechdo|ev nd gev júev vd~do~j vd prentle gj frhvhv ndg cendge ztd

kjbãj mjrjo~h|jne dg frdfhchdo~e nd gev pjãvdv fjph~jghv~jv fdo~rjgdv ndvnd dg

ahojg nd gj vdmtonj mrjo mtdrrj/ Gjv cenjghnjndv nd rdvegtfhöo nd nhfkj frhvhv

jbrhdreo gjv ptdr~jv j ~rjovaercjfheodv vefhjgdv j dvfjgj pgjod~jrhj ztd kjohofhnhne do gev prefdvev chmrj~erhev/ Dg ndoechojne otdqe erndo ho~drojfhe#

ojg vd feov~h~txd jvã do dg feo~d{~e prhofhpjg ztd feoahmtrjrê otdqjv nhoêch#

fjv chmrj~erhjv ndvnd do~eofdv/ Dg feofdp~e ztd vho~do~h|j gj fgjqd nd gjv ~rjov#

aercjfheodv ndg pdrãene jf~tjg dv dg nd mgebjgh|jfhöo/ Gj mgebjgh|jfhöo dfeoö#

chfj hcpghfj gj ceqhghnjn x agd{hbhghnjn nd ~enev gev ajf~erdv prentf~hqev'

hofgthnj gj cjoe nd ebrj'per ge ztd vd erhmhoj toj mdodrjgh|jfhöo nd gjv chmrj#

fheodv ho~drojfheojgdv<dg ~rjbjle ~jcbhèo vd ctonhjgh|j/

Gjv otdqjv nhoêchfjv chmrj~erhjv vtrmhnjv do dg üg~hce ~drfhe ndg

vhmge [[ rdvpeondo j gj rdermjoh|jfhöo ~drrh~erhjg x gjv feonhfheodv ztd mdodrjo

+:( Dg Chohv~drhe ndg Ho~drher oe hofgtxd do gjv fharjv nd rdvhndo~dv j jgmtoev fegdf~hqev d{~rjoldrev ztd vd doftdo~rjodo vh~tjfhöo rdmtgjr do Dvpjúj/ Dv dg fjve nd gev ztd nhvpeodo nd ~jrld~j nd dv~tnhjo~dv' gev veghfh~jo~dv nd jvhge' gjvpdrveojv feo jvhge xj feofdnhne e gev fectoh~jrhev feo ~jrld~j preqhvheojg e ~dcperjg/+2( Pjr~d nd gj pebgjfhöo ztd kj jnzthrhne gj ojfheojghnjn dvpjúegj kj ajggdfhne ntrjo~d dv~ev ftjrdo~j júev/ Pdre vtvkhlev eftpjo to dvpjfhe ho~drcdnhe do~rd hochmrjfhöo x vefhdnjn jt~öf~eoj' ptdv~e ztd feov~h~txdo toj ©vdmtonjmdodrjfhöo¹ ztd ~jcbhèo penrãj vdr hofgthnj do otdv~rev fêgftgev/




hcper~jo~dv ndcjonjv nd ~rjbjle per gj mgebjgh|jfhöo dfeoöchfj' x vd kjo qhv#

~e hofrdcdo~jnjv per dg aho nd gj ©mtdrrj arãj¹ x gj frhvhv ndg d{ bgeztd ndg Dv~d/

J fechdo|ev ndg júe 2000 prêf~hfjcdo~d oe ztdnjo pjãvdv jhvgjnev nd gev a gt#

lev ~rjovojfheojgdv/ Vho dcbjrme lto~e j gjv otdqjv nhoêchfjv x cenjghnjndv nd

gev agtlev chmrj~erhev vd ndvjrreggjo pegã~hfjv chmrj~erhjv rdv~rhf~hqjv9 èv~jv üg~h#

cjv oe jfjbjo feo gj hochmrjfhöo pdre gj feonhfheojo jg ebghmjrgj j jnep~jr

nd~drchojnjv cenjghnjndv/ Jvã' do gev pjãvdv ndg oer~d' gjv rdv~rhffheodv prd~do#

ndo prdqdohr agtlev hrrdmtgjrdv' feo~regjr x ghch~jr j gev rdatmhjnev x bjgjofdjr

chmrjfheodv gjberjgdv x ajchghjrdv9 per vt pjr~d' gev otdqev pjãvdv nd hochmrj#

fhöo +dvpdfhjgcdo~d do Jvhj( ho~do~jrêo hcpdnhr dg jvdo~jchdo~e nd choerãjvè~ohfjv/ Dv~jv cdnhnjv fkefjo' per to gjne' feo gev ndrdfkev ktcjoev x' per

e~re' feo~rj gjv odfdvhnjndv ndg cdrfjne nd ~rjbjle ztd d{hmd toj eadr~j dv~j#

bgd nd cjoe nd ebrj/ Vt dadf~e do gev pjãvdv fdo~rjgdv ndg fecdrfhe ctonhjg

pjrdfd vdr dg nd ajqerdfdr gj rjnhfjfhöo nd gev hochmrjo~dv x vtv ajchghjv' cenhah#

fjone gj fecpevhfhöo è~ohfj nd ~jgdv vefhdnjndv'pdre' do mdodrjg' nhfkjv cdnh#

njv ~hdondo j cjo~dodr gj cjoe nd ebrj hochmrjnj do vh~tjfheodv nd prdfjrhd#

njn gjberjg x d{fgtvhöo vefhjg/

Gj vtcj ~e~jg nd chmrjo~dv ho~drojfheojgdv oe vd feoefd d{jf~jcdo~d

ndbhne j gj fjrdofhj nd nj~ev do jgmtojv |eojv x j gj oe feomrtdofhj nd gjv

atdo~dv nhvpeohbgdv/ Oe ebv~jo~d d{hv~do jgmtojv dv~hcjfheodv ztd pdrch~dojfdrfjroev j gj cjmoh~tn ndg adoöcdoe/ Do gj nèfjnj nd gev oeqdo~j' gj EH^

dv~hcjbj ztd d{hv~ãjo do~rd =0 x ;4 chggeodv nd chmrjo~dv +nd gev ftjgdv 60#64

chggeodv veo ~rjbjljnerdv' ztd dzthqjgdo jg :'2#:'>$ nd gj atdr|j gjberjg cto#

nhjg('+6( x cêv nd 20 chggeodv nd rdatmhjnev +qèjvd ~jbgj :(/ Dg feolto~e +nd 80 j

:04 chggeodv nd pdrveojv rdvhnhdone atdrj ndg pjãv nd ojfhchdo~e( rdprdvdo~j

jgrdndner ndg :'=$ nd gj pebgjfhöo ctonhjg' dv ndfhr' jpre{hcjnjcdo~d dg qegt#

cdo nd frdfhchdo~e jotjg nd èv~j/ Vho feovhndrjr j gev rdatmhjnev' gj cjmoh~tn

x nhv~rhbtfhöo per rdmheodv nd gev chmrjo~dv dv gj vhmthdo~d<

+6( EH ' EHC' JFOTR< Chmrjo ~dv' rdat mhjn ev x feepdrj fhöo ho ~dro jfheoj g/ Toj jpe r~j fhöo feo lto~ j pjrj gjFeoadrdofhj Ho~drojfheojg vebrd gj Pebgjfhöo x dg Ndvjrregge # FHPN :88>' Mhodbrj':88>'pêm/ 2/




^jbgj :

NHV^RHBTFHÖO ND GEV CHMRJO^DV HO^DROJFHEOJGDVPER RDMHEODV/ :886 +DO CHGGEODV ND PDRVEOJV(Rdmhöo rjbjljnerdv Ajchghjrdv ^e~jg

Êarhfj 4 j 1 :: j :> :1 j 20

Jcèrhfj ndg Oer~d = ; j :0 :4 j :=

Jcèrhfj Fdo~rjg x Vtr 6 j 4 > j = = j :2

Jvhj +vho Dv~jnev Êrjbdv( 2 j > > j 4 1 j 8

Dv~jnev Êrjbdv 4 : j 2 1 j =

Dtrepj +vho d{#TRVV x Xtmevgjqhj( ; :2 20

^e~jg ctonhjg 60 j 64 >0 j 40 =0 j ;4ATDO^D< Dv~hcjfheodv nd gj Ermjoh|jfhöo Ho~drojfheojg ndg ^rjbjle/+>(

Per ~jo~e' do dg föcpt~e mgebjg vd ~rj~j nd to adoöcdoe nd jgfjofdv

bjv~jo~d ghch~jnev/ Ndvnd dg pt o~e nd qh v~j ftjo~h~j ~hqe gj c hmrjfhöo ho ~droj#

fheojg dv gj d{fdpfhöo ' oe gj rdmgj do~rd gev mrtpev ktcjoev ztd ptdbgjo dg

pgjod~j/ Vho dcbjrme' vt vhmohahfjfhöo dv ctfke cjxer ztd ge ztd honhfjo

gjv fharjv< dv~jc ev jo~d t oj rdqegtfhöo ~rjovojfheojg zt d dv~ê rddv~rtf~t#

rjone gj vefhdnjn j dvfjgj pgjod~jrhj x gjv chmrjfheodv ho~drojfheojgdv veo

pjr~d nd dv~d prefdve/ Gjv prhofhpjgdv ~dondofhjv ztd fjrjf~drh|jo j gjv chmrj#

fheodv do dv~d pdrãene nd mgebjgh|jfhöo ndg vhv~dcj ctonhjg veo' vhmthdone jgev d{pdr~ev Fjv~gdv x Chggdr<

‖ Mgebjgh|jfhöo/ Do :880' vebrd 208 dv~jnev d{hv~do~dv do dg ctone' gj ch~jn

pjr~hfhpjo nd aercj oe~jbgd do dv~d prefdve +>6 fece pjãvdv nd rdfdpfhöo'

62 fece pjãvdv nd vjghnj x 26 fece pjãvdv nd rdfdpfhöo x vjghnj(/ Fjnj qd|

cdoev |eojv ndg ctone ztdnjo jg cjrmdo nd gjv ferrhdo~dv chmrj~erhjv

~rjovojfheojgdv/

‖ Nhqdrvhahfjfhöo/ Gev agtlev jf~tjgdv vd jgdljo frdfhdo~dcdo~d nd to cendge

üohfe9 kjx rdatmhjnev nd mtdrrj' rdatmhjnev dfeoöchfev' cjoe nd ebrj bjrj~j'

~rjbjljnerdv jg~jcdo~d ftjghahfjnev' dv~tnhjo~dv' nhrdf~hqev x dcprdvjrhev9fed{hv~do agtlev nd jvdo~jchdo~e feo ceqhchdo~ev ~dcperjgdv x chmrjfheodv

fhrftgjrdv +feo hnjv x qtdg~jv vtfdvhqjv(9 mrtpev feo dv~jbhghnjn ltrãnhfj' feo

+>( Vd d{fgtxd ndghbdrjnjcdo~d j gj d{#TRVV' ptdv~e ztd kjv~j gev júev oeqdo~j gev chggeodv nd rtvev +24('tfrjohjoeve bhdgerrtvev ndvpgj|jnev j e~rjv rdpübghfjv drjo feovhndrjnev chmrjo~dv ho~droev/ ^jcpefe vd hofgtxd j gj d{# Xtmevgjqhj' ndbhne j gj vh~tjfhöo nd mtdr rj ztd vd ndvjrreggjbj do dg cecdo~e nd rdjgh|jr gj dv~hcjfhöo/



2> ■ GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[ RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ' 2000

feo~rj~ev x pdrchvev nd fer~e pgj|e d hrrdmtgjrdv9 fegdf~hqev ztd dchmrjo

ghbrdcdo~d lto~e j e~rev ztd dv~êo vtld~ev j rdndv nd ~rêahfe nd pdrveojv'd~f/

‖ Jfdgdrjfhöo/ Dg qegtcdo nd chmrjo~dv vd kj ctg~hpghfjne ntrjo~d gjv üg~hcjv

nèfjnjv x oe fdvj nd frdfdr do fjvh ~enjv gjv rdmheodv ntrjo~d gev üg~hcev

qdho~d júev'jtoztd feo ho~dovhnjndv nhadrdo~dv/

‖ Adchoh|jfhöo/ Vd ~rj~j nd to dgdcdo~e fgjqd nd gj otdqj vh~tjfhöo cto#

nhjg/ Jtoztd j ge gjrme nd gj khv~erhj gjv ctldrdv kjo dv~jne prdvdo~dv do

gev ceqhchdo~ev chmrj~erhev' do gj jf~tjghnjn vd gjv doftdo~rj do ~enjv gjv

rdmheodv x do ~enev gev ~hpev nd agtlev/ Jndcêv' lto~e j gjv ztd vd ndvpgj#

|jo jfecpjújone e pjrj rdtohrvd feo vt pjrdlj cjvftghoj' fjnj qd| veo

cêv gjv ztd dchmrjo vegjv' vdj nd aercj hondpdonhdo~d e peohdone do cjr#

fkj gj fjndoj chmrj~erhj j gj ztd pev~drhercdo~d vd hoferperjo gev kec#

brdv/ Dv~d prefdve dv~ê tohne j gj ~dondofhj j gj ©adchoh|jfhöo¹ frdfhdo~d

nd rjcjv gjberjgdv do~drjv' ztd dv to prentf~e ~jo~e nd gev dvatdr|ev nd

gjv ctldrdv per mjojr jt~eoecãj fece toj feovdftdofhj nd gjv odfdvhnj#

ndv ndg cdrfjne nd ~rjbjle/

Vh dv~d dv dg cjrfe ctonhjg' dg feo~d{~e hocdnhj~e nd rdadrdofhj pjrj

Dvpjúj dv dg nd gev pjãvdv dtrepdev' dvpdfhjgcdo~d gev nd gj Tohöo Dtrepdj/

Fjvh nhdfhotdqd chggeodv nd d{~rjoldrev rdvhndo do gev nhdfhefke pjãvdv dt#repdev ndg mrêahfe 2/ Gev feo~homdo~dv cêv otcdrevev vd tbhfjo do Jgdcjohj

+1'8 chggeodv(' Arjofhj +6'1 chggeodv(' dg Rdhoe Tohne +2 chggeodv(' Vth|j +cêv

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4/ Dg fjve pjr~hftgjr nd Fdt~j x Cdghggj

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~hqe dv~ê jahofjne do Fj~jgtúj/

Gj nhv~rhbtfhöo dvpjfhjg nd gjv nhadrdo~dv fegeohjv oe vd ndbd jg j|jr oh j

jgmüo cdfjohvce nd jvhmojfhöo jt~ecê~hfe9 dg prefdve chmrj~erhe dv to kdfkevefhjg' cendgjne ~jcbhèo per gjv d{pdf~j~hqjv x ndfhvheodv nd gev jf~erdv hcpgh#

fjnev do èg/ Jndcêv' gev prefdvev nd chmrjfhöo ~rjovojfheojg oe feodf~jo

mdodrjgcdo~d j nev pjãvdv' vhoe j fecjrfjv feofrd~jv nd fjnj toe nd dggev/ Do

dg fjve dvpjúeg dv~ê neftcdo~jnj gj atdr~d rdgjfhöo nd gev cjrreztãdv nd

Ojner feo gjv fecjrfjv ndg Bjh{ Ggebrdmj~' ndg Dcptrnà x ndg ^jrrjmeoèv do

Fj~jgtúj' nd gev prefdndo~dv nd Jgktfdcjv feo Cjnrhn9 gev nd Etlnj feo

Ctrfhj e gjv ctldrdv nechohfjojv nd gj rdmhöo vtredv~d ndg pjãv feo gj |eoj nd

Jrjqjfj do Cjnrhn/

Do rdvtcdo' do dg pjoerjcj ndg Dv~jne dvpjúeg gj nhv~rhbtfhöo nd gev

rdvhndo~dv d{~rjoldrev dv ctx qjrhjnj/ Vh jmrtpjcev j gev rdvhndo~dv per feo~h#

odo~dv nd prefdndofhj' pjrj dg feolto~e eb~dodcev to precdnhe nd nhv~rhbt#

fhöo oe vhdcprd rdfeoefhbgd do gjv nhqdrvjv fectohnjndv jt~öoecjv e preqho#

fhjv/ Gj nhv~rhbtfhöo ndg feolto~e +qèjvd mrêahfe 4( ctdv~rj ztd fjvh gj ch~jn

prefdnd nd Dtrepj +vebrd ~ene nd gj Tohöo Dtrepdj(9 gd vhmtdo e~rev nev mrjo#

ndv bgeztdv +do ~eroe j gj ftjr~j pjr~d fjnj toe(< jarhfjoev x jcdrhfjoev9 ahojg#

cdo~d vd doftdo~rjo gev prefdndo~dv nd Jvhj +cdoev ndg :0$( x Efdjoãj +pre#

perfhöo cãohcj(/ Do dg ohqdg nd gjv fectohnjndv jt~öoecjv vd ebvdrqjo nev

cendgev pegjrdv ztd vd jgdljo ndg precdnhe< do toe' gj mrjo cjxerãj dv erhmhoj#

rhj nd Dtrepj +qèjvd mrêahfe 1(9dv gj vh~tjfhöo ztd oev dofeo~rjcev do Bjgdjrdv'

do neond ~rdv nd fjnj ftj~re hochmrjo~dv veo dtrepdev9 do dg vdmtone' gj mrjo

cjxerãj dv erhmhojrhj nd Êarhfj +qèjvd mrêahfe =(' vh~tjfhöo ztd vd prdvdo~j do

Ctrfhj do neond nev nd fjnj ~rdv veo jarhfjoev/ To ~drfdr cendge rdph~d dg

mdodrjg ndg Dv~jne pdre fjcbhjone gj feoahmtrjfhöo nd gjv prefdndofhjv< jvã' do

Fj~jgtúj gj cjxerãj +pdre cdoev ndg 40$( dv erhmhojrhj nd Êarhfj9 do Cjnrhn'per

dg feo~rjrhe'vd ~rj~j nd toj cjxerãj prefdndo~d nd Jcèrhfj +fjvh dg >0$(/




Mrêahfe 4

^E^JG ND RDVHNDO^DV D[^RJOLDREV DO DVPJÚJ DO :88;VDMÜO FEO^HODO^D ND PREFDNDOFHJ

Mrêahfe 1

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=/ Nhv~rhbtfhöo per vd{e x mrtpev nd dnjn

Dv~jcev gdlev jüo nd pendr feoefdr feo gj vtahfhdo~d prdfhvhöo x jf~tj#

ghnjn gj nhv~rhbtfhöo per vd{e' dnjn' dv~jne fhqhg +e mrtpe nd feoqhqdofhj( e

ohqdg nd hov~rtffhöo nd gj pebgjfhöo nd erhmdo d{~rjoldre/ Vho dcbjrme' pend#

cev rdjgh|jr toj jpre{hcjfhöo j gj vh~tjfhöo nd gev fegdf~hqev hochmrjo~dv per

vd{e x mrtpev nd dnjn/

J( Nhv~rhbtfhöo per vd{e

Do ftjo~e j gj fecpevhfhöo per vd{ev' gev nj~ev nhvpeohbgdv ctdv~rjo

ztd do dg feolto~e nd gj pebgjfhöo d{~rjoldrj d{hv~d to prdnechohe gdqd nd gev

kecbrdv< gjv ctldrdv rdprdvdo~jo dg >=$ ndg ~e~jg do :882 x dg >1'>$ do :88;

+qèjvd mrêahfe ;(/ Vho dcbjrme' dv~j nhv~rhbtfhöo cdnhj dvfeond nhadrdofhjv

hcper~jo~dv/ Per feo~hodo~dv nd prefdndofhj vd ebvdrqj ztd dg feolto~e nd

dtrepdev prdvdo~j toj nhv~rhbtfhöo dzthghbrjnj' feo nhvfrd~e prdnechohe adcd#

ohoe9 do fjcbhe' do~rd gev erhmhojrhev nd Jcèrhfj d{hv~d toj cjrfjnj cjxerãj

adcdohoj9 per dg feo~rjrhe' gev kecbrdv veo ctfkev cêv otcdrevev ztd gjv

ctldrdv do~rd gev ggdmjnev nd Êarhfj x' feo cdoer ho~dovhnjn'do~rd gev jvhê~hfev/

Jndcêv nd vt qegtcdo jbvegt~e' ho~drdvj feoefdr ftêg dv gj hcper~jo#fhj rdgj~hqj nd gev vd{ev ndo~re nd fjnj fegeohj chmrjo~d' njne ztd ‖per ge

mdodrjg‖ gjv prhofhpjgdv pdrveojv nd rdadrdofhj x rdndv nd veghnjrhnjn vd dv~j#

bgdfdo feo honhqhntev nd gj chvcj ojfheojghnjn/ Ndvnd gj pdrvpdf~hqj nd mèod#

re oe dv ge chvce pdr~dodfdr j to mrtpe fjrjf~drh|jne per dg dzthghbrhe do~rd

vd{ev +vh~tjfhöo ztd' do prhofhphe' ajfhgh~j gj rdprentffhöo nd gev regdv nd gj

vefhdnjn nd erhmdo(' ztd j e~re neond gjv ctldrdv feov~h~txdo toj cjxerãj fgj#

rj +fhrftov~jofhj cêv prephfhj j to fjcbhe nd gev pjpdgdv ~rjnhfheojgdv(' e j to

~drfdre do dg ztd gjv ctldrdv veo choerãj +ge ztd ptdnd rdaer|jr dg feo~reg

vefhjg cjvftghoe(/ Gjv ctldrdv fectoh~jrhjv veo cjxerãj rdvpdf~e j gev kec#

brdv nd vt chvcj ojfheojghnjn' d{fdp~e do ~rdv fjvev< Per~tmjg +>6$( d H~jghj+64':$( x Mrdfhj/ Dv~j fecpevhfhöo cjxerh~jrhjcdo~d adcdohoj vd d{pghfjrãj

per gj dgdqjnj dnjn nd gjv pdrveojv< ptdv~e ztd do gj ©~drfdrj dnjn¹ gj cer~jgh#

njn dv cjxer do~rd gev qjreodv' pjrdfd gömhfe ztd do~rd feo~homdo~dv nd dnjn

jqjo|jnj prdnechodo gjv ctldrdv qhtnjv/ Vho dcbjrme' gev cjxerdv perfdo~jldv

nd adchoh|jfhöo vd rdmhv~rjo do~rd gev fegdf~hqev prefdndo~dv nd Rdpübghfj

>0 ■ GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[ RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ' 2000



Mrêahfe ;

RDVHNDO^DV :88;/ MRJONDV ÊRDJV ND PREFDNDOFHJ' VDMÜO VD[E

Nechohfjoj x Fegecbhj +6 nd fjnj ftj~re(9 Dftjner' Brjvhg' Mthodj Dftj~erhjg'

Ahghphojv'Pdrü x Fjbe Qdrnd +ndg 10 jg =0$(' do~rd gev ztd prdnechojo gjv ctldrdv

dfeoöchfjcdo~d jf~hqjv/ Do fjcbhe'gjv cjrreztãdv ‖gj prhofhpjg fegeohj nd ctld#

rdv oe fectoh~jrhjv‖ vöge veo dg 6:';$ nd gjv pdrveojv prefdndo~dv nd dvd pjãv/

Dg prdnechohe cjvftghoe dv cjrfjne do~rd gev hochmrjo~dv prefdndo~dv

nd Êarhfj x jgme cdoer do~rd gev nd Dtrepj ndg Dv~d9 gjv ojfheojghnjndv neond

cêv ndv~jfjnj dv gj prdvdofhj nd qjreodv veo Vdodmjg' Jrmdghj x Pjihv~êo +cêv

ndg =4$(9 Mjcbhj' Cjrrtdfev d H~jghj +feo cêv ndg 10$(/ Gev mrtpev do gev ztd

d{hv~d to fgjre prdnechohe nd toe nd gev nev vd{ev dv~êo'do prhofhphe'do vh~tj#

fhöo cêv prdfjrhj ndbhne j ztd doftdo~rjo cjxerdv nhahftg~jndv pjrj rdprent#fhr gjv pjt~jv rdgjfheojgdv x gjv cenjghnjndv nd feepdrjfhöo x veghnjrhnjn kjbh#

~tjgdv do vtv pjãvdv nd erhmdo' do gev ztd gjv dv~rtf~trjv ajchghjrdv jnep~jo to

pjpdg fdo~rjg/ Jtoztd gjv atdo~dv nhvpeohbgdv oe pdrch~do feo~rjv~jrge adkjfhdo#

~dcdo~d'd{hv~d to jg~e oücdre nd veg~drev x nd fjvjnev ftxe föoxtmd pdrcjod#

fd do dg pjãv nd erhmdo'fhrftov~jofhj ztd honhfj ~jcbhèo cjxer hodv~jbhghnjn ndg

>:GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■

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fegdf~hqe' ztd feovdrqj atdr~dv qãoftgev feo gj vefhdnjn nd erhmdo x oe jfjbj

nd ©hov~jgjrvd¹ do Dvpjúj/ Gjv pevhbhghnjndv nd hovdrfhöo nd gev fjvjnev ztd oe

feoqhqdo feo vt ajchghj dv~êo rdv~rhomhnjv per gj jf~tjg oercj~hqj mtbdrojcdo#

~jg' ztd d{hmd gj jfrdnh~jfhöo d{prdvj nd ztd vd ftdo~j feo dcpgde e rdftrvev

dfeoöchfev dv~jbgdv x qhqhdonj nd ©fjrjf~drãv~hfjv x jcpgh~tn feovhndrjnjv oer#

cjgdv do gj |eoj nd rdvhndofhj¹9 gj vh~tjfhöo gjberjg nd mrjo pjr~d nd gj hochmrj#

fhöo nhahftg~j dg ftcpghchdo~e nd nhfkev rdzthvh~ev/

Gj adchoh|jfhöo nd gj hochmrjfhöo dv toj rdjghnjn do Dvpjúj/ Dg ~e~jg nd

ctldrdv d{~rjoldrjv do vh~tjfhöo rdmtgjr do :88; dv nd 66>/000' fharj ztd rdprd#

vdo~j do ~eroe jg 0';$ rdvpdf~e jg ~e~jg nd gj pebgjfhöo adcdohoj do Dvpjúj/ Gjprefdndofhj nd dv~jv hochmrjo~dv +qèjvd mrêahfe 8( ctdv~rj to cjrfjne prdne#

chohe nd gjv dtrepdjv +>=';$(' pjr~hftgjrcdo~d nd gjv ggdmjnjv nd pjãvdv fect#

oh~jrhev9 dg vdmtone mrjo mrtpe ge fecpeodo gjv erhmhojrhjv ndg feo~hodo~d

jcdrhfjoe' x vt qegtcdo vtpeod cêv nd gj ch~jn ztd dg nd gjv dtrepdjv +2=$(/

Feo cdoer qegtcdo jpjrdfdo gjv nd erhmdo jarhfjoe +:1'4$( x gjv jvhê~hfjv

+;'6$(/ Gj dqegtfhöo rdmhv~rjnj do~rd :882 x :88;' ctdv~rj ztd dg oücdre ~e~jg

nd ctldrdv vd hofrdcdo~ö cêv ztd dg nd kecbrdv9 per feo~hodo~dv nd prefd#

ndofhj' gj pebgjfhöo adcdohoj ztd cêv frdfhö atd gj erhmhojrhj nd Êarhfj vdmth#

nj per gjv nd Jcèrhfj x Dtrepj9 dg cdoer hofrdcdo~e ge d{pdrhcdo~ö dg feo#

~homdo~d adcdohoe prefdndo~d nd Jvhj/+8( Ntrjo~d dg pdrãene :882#:88;' gjvojfheojghnjndv ztd cêv kjo jtcdo~jne vtv dadf~hqev nd ctldrdv veo Dftjner

+vd kj ~rhpghfjne(' Ftbj' Mjcbhj' Pdrü x Jrmdghj +vd kjo ntpghfjne(' Rdpübghfj

Nechohfjoj' Oertdmj' Cjrrtdfev x Pegeohj kjo jtcdo~jne cêv ndg fhdo per

fhdo/ Do fjcbhe' nhvchotxö dg oücdre nd ctldrdv prefdndo~dv nd Vtdfhj'

Jrmdo~hoj' Dv~jnev Tohnev' Qdod|tdgj x Fkhgd/

Gev nj~ev honhfjo gj hcper~jo~d cjmoh~tn ndg fegdf~hqe nd ctldrdv pre#

fdndo~dv nd pjãvdv nd gj TD/ J pdvjr nd vt cjmoh~tn dv~d feo~homdo~d' zth|ê

feo gj d{fdpfhöo nd gjv per~tmtdvjv' vd fjrjf~drh|j per vt hoqhvhbhghnjn vefhjg<

oh gev dv~tnhev d{hv~do~dv oh gjv hcêmdodv nhatonhnjv per gev cdnhev nd fectoh#

fjfhöo pdrch~do vtpeodr ztd fjvh gj ch~jn nd gjv ctldrdv d{~rjoldrjv prefdnd

nd gj Dtrepj fectoh~jrhj/ Dv~j ajg~j nd qhvhbhghnjn oe ptdnd j~rhbthrvd j toj

jtvdofhj ndg cdrfjne nd ~rjbjle'+:0( gj d{pghfjfhöo ptdnd dofeo~rjrvd do dg


+8( Qèjvd Fegdf~hqe Heè'©Jpre{hcjfhö jgv preldf~dv chmrj~erhv nd gdv neodv chmrjo~v j Dvpjoxj¹'do Reztd' Cjrhj#Àomdgv+nhr/( Neoj h c hmrjfhö j gj Cdnh~drrào hj effhndo ~jg ' HFC'Bjrfdgeoj' :888'pêmv/ :66#:4=/+:0( Jtoztd toj pjr~d nd gjv rdvhndo~dv fectoh~jrhjv veo jofhjojv ztd xj vd kjo rd~hrjne nd gj qhnj jf~hqj'jgrdndner ndgj ~drfdrj pjr~d nd ~rjbjljnerjv d{~rjoldrjv do vh~tjfhöo rdmtgjr prefdnd nd pjãvdv nd gj Tohöo Dtrepdj/



Mrêahfe 8

RDVHNDO^DV D[^RJOLDREV VDMÜO VD[E X FEO^HODO^DND PREFDNDOFHJ +:88;(

~drrdoe hndegömhfe +gev ©dtrepdev bgjofev¹ oe veo pdrfhbhnev fece hochmrjo#

~dv oh fece ~rjbjljnerdv' vhoe fece ~trhv~jv' rdvhndo~dv rhfev e dldft~hqev nd

~rjovojfheojgdv( x do dg pegã~hfe#jnchohv~rj~hqe +cjxer ajfhghnjn pjrj eb~dodr

pdrchvev nd rdvhndofhj x ~rjbjle9 ©eftg~jfhöo¹ nd gjv ~rjbjljnerjv fectoh~jrhjv

do gjv dv~jnãv~hfjv gjberjgdv ndvnd :882'd~f/(/

Oe d{hv~d to üohfe ajf~er ztd d{pghztd gj nhadrdo~d fecpevhfhöo per vd{e nd gjv nhv~ho~jv fegeohjv9 ho~drqhdodo jztã ajf~erdv rdgjfheojnev ~jo~e feo

gjv vefhdnjndv nd erhmdo fece feo gj nd ndv~hoe/ Do dg fjve nd gev rdvhndo~dv

dtrepdev dg rdgj~hqe dzthghbrhe dv~ê rdgjfheojne feo gj prdvdofhj cjxerh~jrhj nd

cj~rhceohev ltbhgjnev/ Do e~rev fjvev' ge ztd ftdo~j dv gj d{~rjffhöo trbjoj ndg

feo~homdo~d chmrjo~d<do jgmtoev fjvev +dvpdfhjgcdo~d dg nd cjmrdbãdv x jarhfj#

oev vtbvjkjrhjoev(' dg è{ene nd gjv ctldrdv rtrjgdv dv~ê atdr~dcdo~d dv~hmcj~h#

|jne' ge ztd d{pghfj dg prdnechohe nd kecbrdv do gev agtlev prefdndo~dv nd

dvev cdnhev x dg fjrêf~dr prdadrdo~dcdo~d trbjoe nd gjv ctldrdv ggdmjnjv nd

nhfkev pjãvdv/ Lto~e j gev ajf~erdv prephev nd gjv fectohnjndv nd erhmdo hofhndo

gev feonhfheojo~dv ndg cdrfjne gjberjg do gj vefhdnjn nd ndv~hoe< gj cjxerãj ndgev dchmrjo~dv nd Ahghphojv kjfhj e~rev pjãvdv veo kecbrdv' vho dcbjrme'j H~jghj

x Dvpjúj ggdmjo prhofhpjgcdo~d ctldrdv ndbhne j ztd doftdo~rjo fegefjfhöo

do dg vdrqhfhe necèv~hfe/ Prdfhvjcdo~d dv~d ~hpe nd ndcjonj x gj pegã~hfj nd

feo~homdo~dv ndg Mebhdroe ajfhgh~jo' fece qdrdcev' gj frdfhdo~d adchoh|jfhöo

nd gj hochmrjfhöo prefdndo~d nd pjãvdv gj~hoejcdrhfjoev x jvhê~hfev/

>6GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■

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B( Mrtpev nd dnjn

Gev nj~ev nd ztd nhvpeodcev' do ftjo~e j gj fecpevhfhöo per dnjndv

nd gj pebgjfhöo nd erhmdo d{~rjoldre' veo dvfjvev' nd nhaãfhg jffdve x oe vhdc#

prd ctx d{jf~ev/ Gj ~jbgj 4 vho~d~h|j gj hoaercjfhöo preperfheojnj per dg EPH

do bjvd j to ahfkdre nd gj Fechvjrãj Mdodrjg nd Neftcdo~jfhöo/

^jbgj 4

PEBGJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ PER MRTPEV ND DNJN X ERHMDO +:88;(

Erhmdo 0 j :4 :1 j 24 21 j >4 >1 j 14 11 x cêv

^e~jg d{~rjoldrev :0'= :6'6 >;'4 :;'4 8'0Tohöo Dtrepdj 1'0 :0': >0'= 21'8 :1'2

Cjmrdb :8'2 :1'; 4>'6 ;'; 0';

Jcèrhfj ndg Vtr ;'6 :6'= 4='; :4': 4'0

Jvhj :>'4 :='2 40'> :>'8 2'=

Jcèrhfj Fdo~rjg x Fjrhbd ::'0 :='1 4='2 ::'6 2';

Êarhfj Vtbvjkjrhjoj :4'2 :>'8 1:'1 ='0 :'0

Dtrepj ndg Dv~d :6'0 :>'2 4;'0 :2'2 2'0

Jcèrhfj ndg Oer~d 1'; ::'4 >0'0 22'> :;';

E~rev Dtrepj >'0 4'= 26'8 64'0 60'8

Efdjoãj 4'4 1'6 >>'> 2>'2 :2'2

Ndvfeoefhne :0': :2': >:'= :4'6 :6'6

^e~jg dvpjúegdv :='4 :1'4 28'4 2:'8 :>'4

Atdo~d<Dgjberjfhöo prephj nd nj~ev preperfheojnev per dg EPH do bjvd j ahfkdrev nd gj Fechvjrãj Mdodrjg nd Neftcdo~jfhöo/

Gj pebgjfhöo hoajo~hg +cdoer nd :1 júev( rdprdvdo~j dg :0'=$ nd ~enev

gev d{~rjoldrev fdovjnev9 dg vdmcdo~e ltqdohg +do~rd :1 x 24 júev( hofgtxd fjvh

jg :>$9 gev jntg~ev#löqdodv +nd 21 kjv~j >4 júev( veo dg feo~homdo~d cêv otcd#

reve< >;'4$9 dg mrtpe nd dnjn cjntrj +kjv~j 14( vtpeod dg :;'4$ x gev cjxerdv

dg 8$9jndcêv' vd ndvfeoefd gj dnjn nd to 0':$/ Gev pdrahgdv do atofhöo ndg êrdj

nd prefdndofhj ctdv~rjo ztd gev ndg rdv~e nd Dtrepj veo gev cêv doqdldfhnev

+60'8( vdmthnev per gev nd Jcèrhfj ndg Oer~d x nd gj Tohöo Dtrepdj/ Dv~jv chv#cjv êrdjv nd prefdndofhj vtpdrjo jcpghjcdo~d dg precdnhe do dg mrtpe nd

dnjn cjntrj +64$' 22'>$ x 21'8$qv/ :;'4$(/ Do dg d{~rdce feo~rjrhe' gjv êrdjv

nd prefdndofhj feo cjxer preperfhöo nd ohúev veo Êarhfj +Cjmrdb :8'2$ x

Êarhfj Vtbvjkjrhjoj :4'2$(' vdmthnj per Jvhj x Dtrepj ndg Dv~d/ Do dg vdmcdo~e

cjxerh~jrhe nd dnjn +nd 21 j >4 júev( ndv~jfjo gev prefdndo~dv nd Êarhfj

>> ■ GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[ RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ' 2000



Vtbvjkjrhoj +1:'1$( vdmthnev per gev nd Dtrepj ndg Dv~d' Jcèrhfj Fdo~rjg x Dg

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^JVJV ND JF^HQHNJN


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^e~jgd{~rjoldrev

Dtrepj Êarhfj Jvhj Jcèrhfjndg Oer~d

JcèrhfjGj~hoj

Efdjoãj



Gev nj~ev jo~drherdv peodo nd rdghdqd ztd vdr hochmrjo~d oe dv hmtjg

ztd vdr ~rjbjljner/ Jndcêv' gj dqegtfhöo do gev júev rdfhdo~dv' ~rjv dg prefdve

nd rdmtgjrh|jfhöo nd :88:' ctdv~rj to hofrdcdo~e feov~jo~d nd gev rdvhndo~dv

vho pdrchve nd ~rjbjle/ Dv~d dv to honhfjner jpre{hcjne nd gj dqegtfhöo nd gev

©hojf~hqev¹ e rdvhndo~dv vho pdrchve nd ~rjbjle/ Jvã' do~rd :882 x :88; dg ~e~jg

nd rdvhndo~dv d{~rjoldrev frdfhö cêv ndg 44$9 do dg chvce pdrãene gev oe

fectoh~jrhev feo pdrchve nd ~rjbjle jtcdo~jreo vöge jgme cêv nd gj ~drfdrj

pjr~d/ Do e~rjv pjgjbrjv< kjo jtcdo~jne cêv gev ©hojf~hqev¹ ztd gev ~rjbjljne#

rdv/ Ptdnd ho~drprd~jrvd dv~d kdfke fece ztd vd dv~ê prentfhdone to prefdve

nd rdgj~hqj ©oercjgh|jfhöo¹ ndcemrêahfj nd gev fegdf~hqev hochmrjnev'ztd ndljond vdr fjvh d{fgtvhqjcdo~d cjoe nd ebrj pjrj hoferperjr pebgjfhöo ©hojf~hqj¹'

vdjo cdoerdv nd dnjn e jntg~ev dofjrmjnev nd gjberdv necèv~hfjv/

:0/ Dqegtfhöo d hofhndofhj nd gev d{~rjoldrevdo dg cdrfjne nd ~rjbjle dvpjúeg

Do :888' gev 280/000 ~rjbjljnerdv d{~rjoldrev njnev nd jg~j do gj Vd#

mtrhnjn Vefhjg fectoh~jrhev x oe fectoh~jrhev rdprdvdo~jo dg 2'2$ ndg ~e~jg nd

gj pebgjfhöo eftpjnj do dg pjãv/ Vh gj fecpjrjfhöo gj dv~jbgdfdcev feo gev

pjrjnev' dofeo~rjcev 8'; ~rjbjljnerdv hochmrjo~dv per fjnj :00 ndveftpjnevjt~öf~eoev/ Vdmüo dv~ev nj~ev oe ptdnd kjbgjrvd nd aercj mdodrjgh|jnj'

pjrj dg feo lt o ~e ndg pjãv' nd toj ©prdvhöo¹ hc per~jo~d nd gj c joe nd ebrj

hochmrjnj vebrd dg cdrfjne nd ~rjbjle dvpjúeg/ D{hv~do' vho dcbjrme' rdmhe#

odv neond gj preperfhöo do~rd ~rjbjljnerdv d{~rjoldrev x jt~öf~eoev ctdv~rj

fharjv jgme vtpdrherdv/ D{fdp~tjone gj fhtnjn nd Cdghggj neond vtpeodo dg 8$'

gjv fectohnjndv jt~öoecjv do neond gj preperfhöo nd ~rjbjljnerdv d{~rjold#

rev dv cjxer veo Bjgdjrdv x Fjojrhjv +cêv ndg 4$(' Ctrfhj x Cjnrhn +cêv ndg

6$(9 dg rdv~e vd jltv~j jg precdnhe e dv~ê per ndbjle nd èg/ Do Cjnrhn' Fj~jgtúj

x Ctrfhj dv fgjre dg prdnechohe nd gev ~rjbjljnerdv oe fectoh~jrhev +do pre#

perfhöo nd 6%: do gjv nev prhcdrjv rdmheodv x nd ;%: do gj üg~hcj(9 do fjcbhe'do Bjgdjrdv x Fjojrhjv dg qegtcdo nd jvjgjrhjnev fectoh~jrhev vd jfdrfj bjv~jo#

~d jg ndg ~e~jg nd oe fectoh~jrhev/

^dohdone do ftdo~j dv~jv fharjv oe ptdnd jahrcjrvd ztd gj rddv~rtf~trj#

fhöo nd gj atdr|j nd ~rjbjle do Dvpjúj kjxj vhne feovdftdofhj nd gj hochmrj#

fhöo d{~rjoldrj/ Do prhcdr gtmjr per toj ftdv~höo ~dcperjg< dv~j pebgjfhöo vöge




vd kj kdfke vhmohahfj~hqj j ahojgdv nd gev efkdo~j x fechdo|ev nd gev júev

oeqdo~j' pdre gev fjcbhev do gj dv~rtf~trj eftpjfheojg fecdo|jreo toj nèfj#

nj jo~dv/ Do vdmtone gtmjr' nhaãfhgcdo~d dg 2'2$ nd gev ~rjbjljnerdv ptdnd mdod#

rjr ~rjovaercjfheodv ztd jadf~jo nd aercj vtv~jofhjg j btdoj pjr~d nd gev ~rj#

bjljnerdv jt~öf~eoev/ Do ~ene fjve' gj atdr|j nd ~rjbjle hochmrjo~d vd kj hofer#

perjne j prefdvev ztd xj dv~jbjo do cjrfkj' pe~dofhêonegev do jgmtojv efj#

vheodv' x j vdf~erdv dvpdfãahfev/Ftdv~höo jpjr~d dv gj hofhndofhj ztd gj cjoe nd

ebrj hochmrjo~d ptdnj ~dodr do dvpjfhev x jf~hqhnjndv ctx ndghch~jnjv/

::/ Fjrjf~drãv~hfjv nd gev ~rjbjljnerdv hochmrjo~dvGev ~rjbjljnerdv prefdndo~dv nd gj Tohöo Dtrepdj rdprdvdo~jo jgrdnd#

ner nd to ~drfhe ndg ~e~jg x feo~rjv~j nd cjodrj oe~jbgd feo gjv dv~jnãv~hfjv nd

rdvhndo~dv' do dggjv vtpeodo cêv ndg >:$9 per dg feo~rjrhe' gev d{~rjoldrev oe

fectoh~jrhev veo pefe cêv nd gj ch~jn nd gev rdvhndo~dv pdre rdprdvdo~jo nev

nd fjnj ~rdv ~rjbjljnerdv/ Dv~ev nj~ev peodo nd cjohahdv~e dg fjrêf~dr prdpeo#

ndrjo~dcdo~d dfeoöchfe nd pjr~d nd gjv chmrjfheodv prefdndo~dv nd gev pjã#

vdv nd gj pdrhadrhj ctonhjg/

Do~rd gev fegdf~hqev ojfheojgdv nd ~rjbjljnerdv' dg cêv otcdreve' feo

nhadrdofhj' dv dg cjrreztã +=6/2;= pdrchvev nd ~rjbjle(' vdmthne per dg nd MrjoBrd~júj x Jgdcjohj +feo cêv nd 20/000 jg~jv do gj Vdmtrhnjn Vefhjg(' Arjofhj'

Per~tmjg' H~jghj x Pdrü vd doftdo~rjo do~rd gjv ::/000 x :=/000 jg~jv' gd vhmtdo gj

Rdpübghfj Nechohfjoj x Fkhoj feo fjvh :0/000 jg~jv x cêv nd ::/000 pdrchvev

nd ~rjbjle/ Ndg rdv~e' vöge Ahghphojv' Jrmdo~hoj' Dv~jnev Tohnev x Dftjner vebrd#

pjvjo gjv 4/000 jg~jv do gj Vdmtrhnjn Vefhjg e pdrchvev nd ~rjbjle do vt fjve/

Dg joêghvhv fecpjrj~hqe do~rd dg feolto~e nd gev ~rjbjljnerdv d{~rjoldrev

x jt~öf~eoev ctdv~rj jgmtojv ftdv~heodv nd ho~drèv +qèjvd ~jbgj 8(/ Per dldc#

pge' gj preperfhöo do~rd vd{ev dv prêf~hfjcdo~d hnèo~hfj do jcbev fegdf~hqev

+nev ~drfhev nd qjreodv' to ~drfhe nd ctldrdv(' fhrftov~jofhj ztd peod nd rdghd# qd gj hc per~jofhj nd gj c jo e nd ebrj adcdoho j do gj ho c hmrjfhöo d{~rjold#

rj do Dvpjúj ~jo~e do~rd gev oe fectoh~jrhev fece do~rd gev fectoh~jrhev/ Gjv

~rjbjljnerjv d{~rjoldrjv veo tojv :00/000 do vh~tjfhöo rdmtgjr9 j èv~jv kjx ztd

vtcjr dg mrtpe nd cjmoh~tn ndvfeoefhnj nd gjv ztd ~rjbjljo nd aercj hrrdmtgjr/

Gjv fegeohjv cêv otcdrevjv nd kecbrdv veo gjv nd Cjrrtdfev' Per~tmjg'Fkhoj'

Pdrü' Jrmdo~hoj'Rdhoe Tohne' Arjofhj x Vdodmjg9 gev mrtpev cêv hcper~jo~dv nd




ctldrdv prefdndo nd Cjrrtdfev' Rdpübghfj Nechohfjoj' Pdrü' Ahghphojv x Rdhoe

Tohne/ Gjv ~dondofhjv rdfhdo~dv ctdv~rjo to hofrdcdo~e feo~hote d hcper~jo~d

nd gjv ctldrdv ~rjbjljnerjv oe fectoh~jrhjv +cêv ndg 40$ do~rd :882#8;( x toj

nhvchotfhöo' kjv~j :88>' x to frdfhchdo~e pev~drher cdoer nd gev qjreodv/ Gj

nhv~rhbtfhöo per vd{e nd gev ~rjbjljnerdv qjrãj nd aercj oe~jbgd do~rd nhv~ho~jv

fegeohjv d{~rjoldrjv/ Ghch~êoneoev j gev mrtpev cêv otcdrevev' dg prdnechohe

cjvftghoe dv ndv~jfjne do dg fjve nd jrmdghoev'mjcbhjoev' vdodmjgdvdv' pjihv~j#

oãdv +jgrdndner ndg 84$('khonüdv x cjrreztãdv +do ~eroe jg ;4$(9do fjcbhe'gjv

ctldrdv veo cjxerãj do gjv fegeohjv nechohfjoj +;4$(' ahghphoj' pdrtjoj' fegec#

bhjoj +jgrdndner ndg 14$( x brh~êohfj +cêv ndg 40$(/^jbgj 8

VD[E X NDPDONDOFHJ GJBERJG/ Ê^JG EFTPJNEV X D[^RJOLDREV

ê~jg ê~jgeftpjnev Oe fectoh~jrhev

d{~rjoldrevdo Dvpjúj

DPJ >^ 8; P^ 8; Jg~jv V/V/:r ~rhcdv~rd :888

$ $ $

ê~jg pebgjfhöo :00'0 :00'0 :00'0

Kecbrdv 1>'6 16'> 1>'4

Ctldrdv 64'= 61'1 64'4

ê~jg d{~rjoldrev :00'0 :00'0 :00'0

Jvjgjrhjnev =='6 ;8'1 =8'1

Ftdo~j prephj 22'1 :0'> 20'>

Oe fgjvhahfjbgdv 0': ‖ ‖

Atdo~d< Dgjberjfhöo prephj do bjvd j gjv nhqdrvjv atdo~dv honhfjnjv/

Gj nhv~rhbtfhöo dvpjfhjg nd gev ~rjbjljnerdv nd jcbev vd{ev dv~ê atdr~d#

cdo~d nhadrdofhjnj< fjvh gj ch~jn nd gjv ~rjbjljnerjv oe fectoh~jrhjv rdvhnd do gj

Fectohnjn nd Cjnrhn x do ~eroe j gj ftjr~j pjr~d do Fj~jgtúj9 do~rd gjv ndcêv

rdmheodv vöge ndv~jfj Jonjgtfãj/ Gev kecbrdv vd nhv~rhbtxdo do to dvpjfhe cêvjcpghe' do prhcdr gtmjr do Fj~jgtúj +: nd fjnj 6( x Cjnrhn +: nd fjnj 4(' gtdme

Jonjgtfãj'Ctrfhj x Fectohnjn Qjgdofhjoj/ Do dg fjve nd gev dtrepdev fectoh~j#

rhev gev qjreodv prdahdrdo Cjnrhn'Fj~jgtúj' Jonjgtfãj x gj Fectohnjn Qjgdofhjoj

+gev per~tmtdvdv'jndcêv' Mjghfhj' Fjv~hggj x Gdöo x dg Pjãv Qjvfe(9 gjv ctldrdv ~rj#

bjljo prdadrdo~dcdo~d do Cjnrhn'pdre ~jcbhèo do Fj~jgtúj'Bjgdjrdv x Fjojrhjv/




Jvhchvce' gj preperfhöo do~rd jvjgjrhjnev x ~rjbjljnerdv per ftdo~j pre#

phj dv vhchgjr do~rd gev d{~rjoldrev do vt feolto~e x gev dvpjúegdv +=8$ qv/

==$(9 vho dcbjrme vh fecpjrjcev gj vh~tjfhöo nd gev oe fectoh~jrhev feo dg

feolto~e nd eftpjnev jtcdo~j cêv nd nhd| pto~ev gj ~jvj nd vjgjrh|jfhöo do~rd

jztdggev/ Gj vjgjrh|jfhöo vtpdrj dg 8=$ do gev fegdf~hqev prefdndo~dv nd

Ahghphojv' Rdpübghfj Nechohfjoj x Pdrü' x dg 80$ do~rd gev nd Pegeohj' Jrmdghj'

Fegecbhj' Mthodj Dftj~erhjg x Fjbe Qdrnd +d{fdp~tjone j pegjfev x jrmdghoev'

gev ndcêv veo fegdf~hqev aercjnev per ctldrdv dcpgdjnjv per ftdo~j jldoj'

mdodrjgcdo~d do gj rjcj ndg vdrqhfhe necèv~hfe(/ Vöge dg :0$ nd gev d{~rjoldrev

oe fectoh~jrhev ~hdod pdrchve per ftdo~j prephj' do jgmtoev fegdf~hqev ndv~j#fjo gev pdztdúev dcprdvjrhev x preadvheojgdv ghbdrjgdv +dv dg fjve nd mrjo pjr~d

nd gev khonüdv'fkhoev x jrmdo~hoev('x do e~rev ‖gj cjxerãj‖ gev jr~dvjoev'qdond#

nerdv jcbtgjo~dv t e~rjv ahmtrjv ndg vdf~er hoaercjg ztd veo' do rdjghnjn' to

vtfdnêode jo~d gj ajg~j nd dcpgde jvjgjrhjne +vh~tjfhöo do gj ztd vd doftdo~rj

cêv nd gj ch~jn nd gev vdodmjgdvdv(/ Do~rd :882 x :88; vd kj prentfhne to hofrd#

cdo~e oe~jbgd +vebrd dg >0$( nd gev ~rjbjljnerdv per ftdo~j jldoj x toj nhvch#

otfhöo cdoer nd gev jt~öoecev/ Dv~j dqegtfhöo dv' per to gjne' gömhfj ~dohdone

do ftdo~j gj rdfhdo~d hcpgjo~jfhöo nd ctfkev nd dv~ev ~rjbjljnerdv do Dvpjúj'

ztd nhahftg~j gj jnzthvhfhöo nd rdftrvev pjrj dv~jbgdfdrvd nd aercj ntrjndrj per

ftdo~j prephj/ Per e~re' ctdv~rj gjv nhahftg~jndv ztd gj nhoêchfj ndg cdrfjnegjberjg x gj pegã~hfj nd pdrchvev nd ~rjbjle epeodo j gj feoveghnjfhöo ndg mrtpe

nd jt~öoecev xj d{hv~do~d/ Do dg fjve nd gev ~rjbjljnerdv fectoh~jrhev oe pend#

cev vdmthr gj dqegtfhöo ndbhne j gj ajg~j nd nj~ev ndvnd :882 kjv~j :888/

:2/ µZtè ~rjbjle rdjgh|jo gev ~rjbjljnerdv hochmrjo~dv5

©^rjbjljner hochmrjo~d oe dv hmtjg j ~rjbjljner prdfjrhe¹

Gev dvpjfhev eftpjnev per gev ~rjbjljnerdv d{~rjoldrev do gj dv~rtf~trjeftpjfheojg ctdv~rjo' per to gjne' toj nhqdrvhahfjfhöo nd vh~tjfheodv' pegjrh|j#

fhöo pe~dofhjnj per gj mgebjgh|jfhöo dfeoöchfj ho~drojfheojg9 per e~re' gj aer#

cjfhöo nd nd~drchojnev ©ohfkev¹ gjberjgdv do gev ztd vt prdvdofhj dv ndv~jfj#

nj/ Gev ~rjbjljnerdv hochmrjo~dv do feolto~e +qèjvd ~jbgj :0(' fectoh~jrhev x

oe fectoh~jrhev' dv~êo eftpjnev cêv ardftdo~dcdo~d ztd gev jt~öf~eoev do gj




jmrhftg~trj +fjvh dg nebgd< :6'8 qv/ ='=$ (' gev ohqdgdv veo vhchgjrdv do gev vdrqh#

fhev x do gj feov~rtffhöo +8$ x :0$( x bjv~jo~d cdoerdv do gj hontv~rhj +1$ x

20'1$(/ Ndo~re nd dv~j ~öohfj' gev ~rjbjljnerdv oe fectoh~jrhev jfdo~üjo vt

prdvdofhj do gj jmrhftg~trj +:;'6$( x jgme do gev vdrqhfhev' ndvfdonhdone vt

pdve do gj feov~rtffhöo/

^jbgj :0

NHV^RHBTFHÖO ND ^RJBJLJNERDV PER VDF^ERDV DFEOÖCHFEVX RJCJV ND JF^HQHNJN

Eftpjnev D{~rjoldrev

Dvpjúj

^enev

Oe TDVdf~er dfeoöchfe

Vdrqhfhev 1:'> 1:'= 16'6

Jmremjojndrãj x pdvfj ='= :6'8 :;'6

Feov~rtffhöo :0'2 8': ;':

Hontv~rhj 20'1 1': 1';

Oe fgjvhahfjbgd ‖ ;'1 6'4

Rjcj nd jf~hqhnjn

Fecdrfhe' kev~dgdrãj' rdpjrjfheodv 22'> 24': 2:'>

Ahojo|jv' vdmtrev x vdrqhfhev 8': :>'6 6';

Jmrhftg~trj'mjojndrãj'pdvfj ='= :6'8 :;'6

Vdrqhfhe necèv~hfe 2'= :6'2 6:'6Feov~rtffhöo :0'2 8': ;':

E~rev vdrqhfhev 26'> 8'2 1'=

Hontv~rhjv cjotajf~trdrjv :8'4 4': 1'1

Hontv~rhjv d{~rjf~hqjv :': 0'8 0'2

E~rjv jf~hqhnjndv 6'8 0': 0'>

Vho hoaercjfhöo 0'0 ;'> 6':

Rdvpdf~e jg feolto~e nd gev d{~rjoldrev' fhofe rjcjv nd jf~hqhnjn feo#

fdo~rjo j ~rdv nd fjnj ftj~re ~rjbjljnerdv njnev nd jg~j do gj Vdmtrhnjn Vefhjg'

pdre dg pdve nd fjnj toj dv nhv~ho~e< ndv~jfjo gjv rjcjv ahojo|jv x fecdrfhe

vebrd ~ene gjv rjcjv ©ahojo|jv' vdmtrev x vdrqhfhev¹ x ©fecdrfhe' kev~dgdrãj x

rdpjrjfheodv¹' bjljone ctfke do fecpjrjfhöo feo gev d{~rjoldrev oe fectoh~j#

rhev gj preperfhöo nd gev ztd vd eftpjo do vdrqhfhe necèv~hfe x bjv~jo~d gev

ztd ge kjfdo do jmrhftg~trj9 dv~jone bjv~jo~d hmtjgjnev do gj rjcj nd feov~rtf#

fhöo hofgtve feo gev jt~öf~eoev/ Gj hcjmdo ztd vd ndvprdond ndg feolto~e nd




gev d{~rjoldrev njnev nd jg~j do gj Vdmtrhnjn Vefhjg dv bjv~jo~d cêv pevh~hqj ztd

gj ztd vd ndvprdond nd gev pdrchvev nd ~rjbjle j d{~rjoldrev oe fectoh~jrhev x'

~jcbhèo' jgme cdler ztd gj nd gev prephev ~rjbjljnerdv jt~öf~eoev/ Do jztdggev

ndv~jfj per dofhcj nd gev jt~öf~eoev gj ndnhfjfhöo j ©ahojo|jv' vdmtrev x vdrqh#

fhev¹ x j gj rjcj nd ©fecdrfhe' kev~dgdrãj x rdpjrjfheodv¹9 pdre ~jcbhèo vd eft#

pjo ctfke cêv ztd gev jt~öf~eoev do vdrqhfhe necèv~hfe x jmrhftg~trj/ Dv~e dv'

gj pegjrh|jfhöo ndg feolto~e nd gev d{~rjoldrev' per to gjne' do eftpjfheodv nd

prdv~hmhe x' per e~re' do eftpjfheodv ndvprdv~hmhjnjv ptdnd honhfjr e~rj pegjrh#

njn ho~droj do ftjo~e ztd gev oe fectoh~jrhev jfdo~tjrãjo gjv üg~hcjv'chdo~rjv

ztd gev fectoh~jrhev vd ndvdcpdújrãjo prdadrdo~dcdo~d do gjv nd prdv~hmhe/Pjrj feoefdr dg ©hcpjf~e¹ ftjo~h~j~hqe nd gev ~rjbjljnerdv d{~rjoldrev

do gev cdrfjnev nd ~rjbjle vd ptdnd rdgjfheojr vt qegtcdo feo dg ~e~jg nd eft#

pjnev do fjnj toj nd gjv rjcjv nd jf~hqhnjn/ Nd ~jg cene vd fecprtdbj ztd gj

jper~jfhöo nd cjoe nd ebrj hochmrjo~d vhmtd vhdone rdntfhnj' hofgtve do gjv

jf~hqhnjndv do gjv ztd vd doftdo~rj cêv prdvdo~d/ Do gj feov~rtffhöo x dg

fecdrfhe choerhv~j' per fjnj fhdo eftpjnev jpdojv kjx cêv nd nev hochmrjo#

~dv9 do gj jmremjojndrãj x gj kev~dgdrãj do ~eroe jg 6'4$9 vöge do dg vdrqhfhe

necèv~hfe gj cjoe nd ebrj d{~rjoldrj ptdnd jgfjo|jr to pdve ndv~jfjne +do

~eroe jg :;'$(/ Dv~jv fharjv' ztd vd rdahdrdo j gj cdnhj dv~j~jg' oe njo ftdo~j nd

feofdo~rjfheodv cêv dgdqjnjv do fhdr~ev cdrfjnev nd ~rjbjle gefjgdv/ Do ~enefjve' vjgqjone nhfkjv d{fdpfheodv' feoqhdod prdfjqdrvd feo~rj dg prdlthfhe nd

ztd gev hochmrjo~dv eftpjo ptdv~ev nd ~rjbjle do rjcjv ztd dv~êo vhdone

jbjoneojnjv per gj pebgjfhöo jt~öf~eoj/ Do fjve nd eftrrhr ~jg prefdve nd

vtv~h~tfhöo oe pendcev qdrhahfjrge do dg feolto~e nd toj jf~hqhnjn vhoe do

ctx nd~drchojnjv eftpjfheodv x rdmheodv' toj qd| jojgh|jne nd aercj ceoe#

mrêahfj dg atofheojchdo~e nd gev cdrfjnev nd ~rjbjle gefjgdv/

Oe ~enev gev hochmrjo~dv ndvdcpdújo eftpjfheodv nd pefe prdv~hmhe'

fece kdcev qhv~e/ Jkerj' feo dg aho nd feoefdr gj pevhfhöo vefhjg ztd eftpjo

gev hochmrjo~dv j pjr~hr nd vt hovdrfhöo do dg cdrfjne gjberjg kdcev jmrtpjne

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jg~e' cdnhe x bjle +qèjvd mrêahfe :2(/+::( J ahojgdv nd :88;' dg 2='2$ nd gev ~rjbj#


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dv ndvhmtjg' x feo jgmtoev pjãvdv hod{hv~do~d/

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cdo~d j gjv rjcjv nd jf~hqhnjn dfeoöchfj neond vd dcpgdj gj cjxerãj nd gev

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ajqerdfdo gj vdmrdmjfhöo x cjrmhojgh|jfhöo nd fhdr~ev fegdf~hqev è~ohfev/ Dg

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rãj frhv~hjoj +fj~öghfev' pdre ~jcbhèo pre~dv~jo~dv' d~f/(9 do to pgjoe ho~drcd#

nhe' pefe qhvhbgd' vd vh~tjrãjo khonthv~jv x btnhv~jv' x do dg pege cêv jgdljne gev

nd rdghmhöo ctvtgcjoj/+:>(

Ptdnd ~dodrvd do ftdo~j' ~jcbhèo' dg ~hpe nd qãoftgev khv~örhfev d{hv~do#

~dv do~rd gj vefhdnjn nd erhmdo x gj nd ndv~hoe nd gev chmrjo~dv< jgrdndner ndg >0$

nd gev d{~rjoldrev +cêv ndg =4$ nd gev hochmrjo~dv ndg drfdr Ctone( prefdnd nd

jo~hmtjv fegeohjv dvpjúegjv do gj Jcèrhfj khvpjoj'Ahghphojv'oer~d nd Cjrrtdfev x

Mthodj Dftj~erhjg/ Do efjvheodv'gjv ktdggjv nd gj prdvdofhj fegeohjg kjo pdrntrjne

kjv~j kex'x feov~h~txdo toe nd gev dgdcdo~ev ztd d{pghfjo gj prdvdofhj nd fhdr~ev

fegdf~hqev'jvã fece vtv d{pdf~j~hqjv x jf~h~tndv jo~d gj vefhdnjn jt~öf~eoj/

E~rj ~hpegemãj ztd hndo~hahfj vh~tjfheodv cjrfjnjcdo~d nhadrdo~dv dv gj

bjvjnj do frh~drhev lt rãn hfe#jnc ho hv~rj~ hqev/ Do atofhöo nd vt vh~tjfhöo gdmjg'gjv pebgjfheodv nd erhmdo d{~rjoldre pdr~dodfdo j jgmtoj nd dv~jv fj~dmerãjv<


+:6( Dg fjve cêv ardftdo~d vd kj njne rdvpdf~e j cjrreztãdv nd erhmdo fjcpdvhoe' prefdndo~dv ndg Rha' ftxj gdomtjkjbh~tjg dv dg jcj|hmk~ +e bdrdbdr( x oe dg êrjbd nhjgdf~jg cjrreztã/ ^jcbhèo do efjvheodv vd kj prd~donhnefectohfjrvd do êrjbd feo fhtnjnjoev hrjoãdv'ftxj gdomtj dv dg pdrvj/+:>( Ebqhjcdo~d oe oev rdadrhcev jztã j ohomüo ~hpe nd ©nhv~jofhj ~degömhfj¹ e nef~rhojg' vhoe j gjv hcêmdodv vefhjgdv'fjrmjnjv nd qjgerjfheodv' ztd vd feov~rtxdo jgrdndner nd fjnj toe nd dv~ev mrjondv rdadrdo~dv ftg~trjgdv/ Gjfeov~h~tfhöo nd ©ge ctvtgcêo¹ fece dg pjrjnhmcj nd ge d{~rjúe%pdghmreve ~hdod ctfke cdoev ztd qdr feo ge rdghmheveztd feo gev mrjondv ho~drdvdv mdepegã~hfev/ Dgge oe hcphnd ztd do gj prêf~hfj vefhjg vd feov~rtxjo dv~drde~hpev ztdatofheojo nd aercj dahfhdo~d fece bjrrdrjv j gj ©ho~dmrjfhöo¹ nd fhdr~ev fegdf~hqev/



‖ ojfheojgh|jnev9

‖ fhtnjnjoev fectoh~jrhev9

‖ oe fectoh~jrhev feo pdrchvev nd gjrmj ntrjfhöo9

‖ oe fectoh~jrhev feo pdrchvev nd fer~j ntrjfhöo9

‖ oe fectoh~jrhev feo pdrchvev ~dcperjgdv +feo toj ntrjfhöo cdoer nd 8

cdvdv(' vh~tjfhöo nd hnj x qtdg~j x vho ndrdfke j rdvhndofhj pdrcjodo~d9

‖ veghfh~jo~dv nd jvhge do dvpdrj nd rdvegtfhöo9

‖ hrrdmtgjrdv +do jgmtoj nd gjv nhqdrvjv vh~tjfheodv feoefhnjv(' frhchojgh|jnev

per gev cdnhev nd fectohfjfhöo x cüg~hpgdv ndfgjrjfheodv pegã~hfjv/

Pjrdfd ebqhe ztd gjv ftdv~heodv rdgjfheojnjv feo gj fhtnjnjoãj x gj ho~d#mrjfhöo vefhjg dv~êo atdr~dcdo~d feonhfheojnjv per dg gtmjr ztd vd eftpd do

dv~j dvfjgj/

Ndvnd e~re êomtge rdvtg~j atonjcdo~jg ~dodr do ftdo~j gj dv~rtf~trj x

ndovhnjn nd gjv rdndv vefhjgdv feov~h~thnjv per gev fegdf~hqev chmrjo~dv/ Dg pre#

fdve chmrj~erhe oe dv prentf~e nd gj ©ghbrd ndfhvhöo honhqhntjg x rjfheojg¹' vhoe

rdvtg~jne nd toj fecpgdlj feoltofhöo nd ajf~erdv vefhjgdv do~rd gev ztd ndv~j#

fjo gev nd fjrêf~dr dfeoöchfe' pegã~hfe e khv~örhfe' pdre ~jcbhèo gev qãoftgev

vefhjgdv nd fjrêf~dr ~rjovojfheojg ztd vd dv~jbgdfdo do~rd gjv vefhdnjndv nd erh#

mdo x nd ndv~hoe/ Dv~jv rdndv' do gj cdnhnj do ztd vd feoveghnjo x d{pjondo'

jnzthdrdo toj nhoêchfj prephj' rdgj~hqjcdo~d hondpdonhdo~d nd gjv ~dondofhjv

dfeoöchfjv e gjv pegã~hfjv chmrj~erhjv/ Nd vtv fjrjf~drãv~hfjv ndpdond do pjr~d

gj fjndofhj +cêv e cdoev ndvpgj|jchdo~ev( x fecpevhfhöo +honhqhntev' mrtpev

ajchghjrdv fecpgd~ev' d~f/( nd gev agtlev chmrj~erhev' jvã fece gjv aercjv nd

hovdrfhöo do gj vefhdnjn nd ndv~hoe/T~hgh|jone dv~d frh~drhe penrãj dv~jbgdfdrvd

toj fgjvhahfjfhöo ztd nhv~homthdvd' jg cdoev' ~rdv ~hpev nhadrdofhjnev<

‖ fegeohj jo~hmtj feo rdndv feoveghnjnjv< fegdf~hqev do gev ztd ~hdodo to pdve

hcper~jo~d gev mrtpev ajchghjrdv' d{hv~d toj ©vdmtonj mdodrjfhöo¹'x ~jo~e gjv

rdgjfheodv do~rd hochmrjo~dv fece feo gev jt~öf~eoev ~hdodo fjojgdv ahrcd#

cdo~d dv~jbgdfhnev9+:4(

‖ fegeohj jo~hmtj feo cjrfjne prdnechohe nd to vd{e< j pdvjr nd vt rdgj~hqj

jo~hm÷dnjn dv~ev feo~homdo~dv vd doftdo~rjo do vh~tjfhöo nd preqhvheojghnjn


+:4( Gj atdr|j nd nhfkev qãoftgev oe prdlt|mj vt feo~dohne9 gj d{pdrhdofhj nd e~rev pjãvdv ctdv~rj' per dg feo~rjrhe' gjfecpj~hbhghnjn do~rd rdndv vefhjgdv vöghnjv x vh~tjfheodv nd nhvfrhchojfhöo x d{fgtvhöo nd gj pebgjfhöo prefdndo~d ndgj hochmrjfhöo/



pregeomjnj' do gj cdnhnj do ztd oe dv~jbgdfdo mrtpev ajchghjrdv feo gj

pebgjfhöo jt~öf~eoj +pjrdljv ch{~jv(/ Nd ge feo~rjrhe vd aercjo rdndv tohvd#

{tjgdv ztd ptdndo ajfhgh~jr' per dldcpge' gjv dv~rj~dmhjv nd hovdrfhöo gjberjg

pdre'do fjcbhe' ~hdondo j rdaer|jr toj vh~tjfhöo nd mtd~e9

‖ fegeohj nd hcpgjo~jfhöo rdfhdo~d< do dv~ev fjvev' gj cjxerãj ~hdod ajchghjrdv

fdrfjoev do dg pjãv nd erhmdo' chdo~rjv ztd vtv rdgjfheodv do ndv~hoe +feo

e~rev hochmrjo~dv e feo jt~öf~eoev( veo jüo arêmhgdv/ Dv~j fhrftov~jofhj

hcpeod toj dv~rj~dmhj nd qhnj ©nhqhnhnj¹ do~rd gjv d{hmdofhjv ztd vd pgjo~djo

do dg pjãv nd hochmrjfhöo +bêvhfjcdo~d nd erndo cj~drhjg( x gjv ztd prefd#

ndo nd gj vefhdnjn nd erhmdo +jadf~hqjv pdre ~jcbhèo cj~drhjgdv(/ Do gj cdnh#nj do ztd gj atdr|j nd gjv vdmtonjv vd hcpeomj j gjv prhcdrjv' gj hovdrfhöo nd

gev hochmrjo~dv vdrê vhdcprd preqhvheojg/ Do dv~d vdo~hne' gjv nhahftg~jndv

jnchohv~rj~hqjv ztd vd prdvdo~jo pjrj feovdmthr gj rdtohahfjfhöo ajchghjr

feov~h~txdo to ebv~êftge pjrj gjv pegã~hfjv nd hovdrfhöo vefhjg pgdoj' bjvjnj

do dg rdvpd~e nd gev ndrdfkev fhtnjnjoev/

^jcbhèo fjbd jr~hftgjr toj fgjvhahfjfhöo j pjr~hr nd frh~drhev vefhedfe#

oöchfev/ Gev nj~ev xj prdvdo~jnev pdrch~do hndo~hahfjr jg cdoev dv~ev ftj~re

mrjondv bgeztdv<

‖ Gev hochmrjo~dv ztd kjo qdohne jfecpjújone j gj hoqdrvhöo nd fjph~jg ~rjov#ojfheojg/ Dv~d fjph~jg kj jtcdo~jne feov~jo~dcdo~d ndvnd gev júev vdvdo~j x

dv~ê prdvdo~d do cêv nd 6/000 dcprdvjv/ Per vt erhmdo' vd ~rj~j cjxerh~jrhj#

cdo~d nd fjph~jg dtrepde'oer~djcdrhfjoe x ljpeoèv' ge ztd pdrch~d d{pghfjr

dg hofrdcdo~e nd gev agtlev prefdndo~dv nd dv~ev pjãvdv +ztd vd kjo ctg~hpgh#

fjne per vdhv do~rd :810 x :880(/

‖ Gev rdo~hv~jv x ltbhgjnev ndg oer~d nd Dtrepj ztd qhqdo do |eojv ~trãv~hfjv

+vebrd ~ene do gj fev~j cdnh~drrêodj x gev nev jrfkhphègjmev( jpreqdfkjone

dg fghcj bdohmoe x gjv qdo~jljv fecpjrj~hqjv nd gjv nhadrdofhjv nd rdo~j do~rd

vt pjãv x Dvpjúj/ Toj pjr~d nd dggev oe dv~ê rdmhv~rjnj j pdvjr nd rdvhnhr ~ene

dg júe do dg pjãv9 per e~rj pjr~d' gjv atdo~dv d{hv~do~dv oe pdrch~do ftjo~hahfjr

feo prdfhvhöo dg qegtcdo x dqegtfhöo nd dv~d mrtpe/

‖ To ~drfdr vdf~er dv~ê aercjne per cjoe nd ebrj rdgj~hqjcdo~d ftjghahfjnj

ftxj ndfhvhöo nd qdohr j Dvpjúj ebdndfd j to fêgftge rjfheojg nd gjv qdo~jljv

ztd gdv ptdnd vtpeodr feo rdgjfhöo j ~rjbjljr do vt pjãv/ Vd ~rj~j mdodrjgcdo#




~d nd preadvheojgdv' pdztdúev dcprdvjrhev e pdrveojv feo ftjghahfjfheodv

cdnhjv ftxj ndcjonj oe dv~ê ftbhdr~j per cjoe nd ebrj gefjg/ Dv~j vh~tjfhöo

dv ~ãphfj nd to vdf~er nd gj hochmrjfhöo gj~hoejcdrhfjoj' pdre ~jcbhèo nd

bjv~jo~dv dtrepdev pjrj zthdodv ~rjbjljr do Dvpjúj' vebrd ~ene do dg vdf~er

vdrqhfhev +~trhvce'ftg~trj'd~f/(' ptdnd rdper~jr qdo~jljv fecpjrj~hqjv/

‖ Gev hochmrjo~dv ztd qhdodo j fjtvj nd gj prdfjrhdnjn x dg ndvdcpgde fröohfe

nd vt pjãv x ftxe ohqdg nd ftjghahfjfhöo dv bjle e ctx bjle+:1( feov~h~txdo dg

ftjr~e mrtpe/ Dv~d fegdf~hqe dv dg cêv ardftdo~d do gj hochmrjfhöo jarhfjoj'

vebrd ~ene do gj cjrreztã'x ~jcbhèo dv~ê prdvdo~d do to vdf~er cdoer nd gj

hochmrjfhöo gj~hoejcdrhfjoj' jvhê~hfj x ndg Dv~d dtrepde/ Dv~d ~hpe nd hochmrj#fhöo evfhgj'ndvnd dg pto~e nd qhv~j gjberjg'do~rd dg ndvdcpgde x gj eftpjfhöo

do vdf~erdv nd jf~hqhnjn pefe ftjghahfjnev x feo ardftdofhj vtcdrmhnev/+:=(

Gjv nhadrdo~dv ~hpegemãjv prdvdo~jnjv rdagdljo jvpdf~ev pjrfhjgdv nd gj

vh~tjfhöo vefhjg nd gjv pebgjfheodv nd erhmdo d{~rjoldre/ Pjrj feoefdr nd ztè

aercj x feo ztè hcper~jofhj epdrjo do gj qhnj rdjg dv odfdvjrhe rdjgh|jr dv~t#

nhev nd fjve ztd ~domjo do ftdo~j gj ctg~hnhcdovheojghnjn ndg kdfke chmrj~e#

rhe/ Ndvnd toj qhvhöo nd feolto~e vöge ptdnd rdjgh|jrvd toj jpre{hcjfhöo

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~erhe do Dvpjúj ~hdod toj khv~erhj rdfhdo~d x jgmtoev prefdvev jpdojv dv~êo do

ajvd hohfhjg/ Veo dvfjvev gev mrtpev nd d{~rjoldrev ftxe jvdo~jchdo~e vdj jo~h#

mte x ztd ftdo~do feo toj vdmtonj mdodrjfhöo pgdojcdo~d hov~jgjnj do gj

dnjn jntg~j/ Fjrdfdcev jüo nd gj vtahfhdo~d pdrvpdf~hqj ~dcperjg pjrj rdjgh|jr

jahrcjfheodv atdr~dv rdvpdf~e j gj feoahmtrjfhöo nd choerãjv è~ohfjv9 pend#

cev' vho dcbjrme' jndgjo~jr toj prhcdrj fgjvhahfjfhöo do~rd gjv fectohnjndv

è~ohfjv nd erhmdo d{~rjoldre rdvhndo~dv do dg pjãv nhv~homthdone ~rdv mrjondv

mrtpev<

‖ Jztdggev fjrjf~drh|jnev per vt kecemdodhnjn è~ohfj x dfeoöchfj feo gj

pebgjfhöo jt~öf~eoj9pdrveojv ztd oe vd nhv~homtdo per vtv rjvmev aãvhfev'ztd

eftpjo qhqhdonjv x ptdv~ev nd ~rjbjle vhchgjrdv'e vtpdrherdv'j gj cdnhj/ Dv~ev


+:1( Oe ptdnd jahrcjrvd ztd ~enev gev hochmrjo~dv nd dv~ev pjãvdv vdjo ©oe ftjghahfjnev¹9per dg feo~rjrhe' do gev júevrdfhdo~dv vd ebvdrqj gj do~rjnj nd tohqdrvh~jrhev x pdrveojv feo dv~tnhev nd ohqdg vdftonjrhe ztd' vho dcbjrme' dv~êojnvfrh~jv j gev ptdv~ev cdoev j~rjf~hqev ndg cdrfjne gjberjg/ Do dv~d fjve'cêv ztd gj ftjghahfjfhöo honhqhntjg ge ztd vd~hdod do ftdo~j dv gj ©cjrfj è~ohfj¹ nd gev ~rjbjljnerdv' jvã fece gj pe~dofhj e ndbhghnjn nd vtv rdndv vefhjgdv do dgctone ndg ~rjbjle/+:=( J dv~d mrtpe ptdndo jvhchgjrvd' do btdoj cdnhnj'gev veghfh~jo~dv nd jvhge' ndbhne j gj prdfjrhdnjn nd vt vh~tjfhöodo ~jo~e oe vd prentfd gj feofdvhöo e vt d{ptgvhöo ndg pjãv/



veo gev fegdf~hqev ztd rdvtg~jo hoqhvhbgdv j gj kerj nd pgjo~djr dg ©prebgdcj¹

nd gj hochmrjfhöo9 do gj prêf~hfj oe veo pdrfhbhnev fece mrtpev è~ohfev nhad#

rdofhjnev per gj pebgjfhöo cjxerh~jrhj/ Do Dvpjúj èv~d ptdnd vdr dg fjve nd

jgmtoev mrtpev nd d{~rjoldrev ©bgjofev¹ ztd vdj per vt fjrêf~dr choerh~jrhe e

vt chcd~hvce feo gj pebgjfhöo jt~öf~eoj pjvjo ndvjpdrfhbhnev/

‖ Mrtpev è~ohfev ztd cjo~hdodo vtv pjt~jv ftg~trjgdv nhadrdofhjgdv nd cjodrj

qhvhbgd' pdre ztd vd hovdr~jo do to dv~j~tv dfeoöchfe vhchgjr jg cdnhe nd gev

jt~öf~eoev' x oe vtardo jf~h~tndv nd d{fgtvhöo/ Do dv~d vdmcdo~e pendcev

hofgthr' per dldcpge' j mrtpev preadvheojgdv nd erhmdo gj~hoejcdrhfjoe x ndg

Cdnhe Erhdo~d'e j rdvhndo~dv prefdndo~dv nd pjãvdv nd gj Tohöo Dtrepdj/

‖ Fegdf~hqev ztd vd pevhfheojo fece choerãjv è~ohfjv'dv ndfhr' do vh~tjfhöo nd

hoadrherhnjn e cjrmhojfhöo rdvpdf~e j gj cjxerãj vefhjg' vdj per nhvfrhchoj#

fhöo ltrãnhfj' hovdmtrhnjn do dg dv~j~tv nd rdvhndo~d' oe jffdve j gj fhtnjnj#

oãj' ajg~j nd ndrdfkev pegã~hfev x vefhjgdv' hcpdnhcdo~ev j gj ceqhghnjn vefhjg

x dfeoöchfj' nhvfrhchojfhöo è~ohfj e rjfhjg' qhegdofhj rjfhv~j' d~f/ Gev cêv

jadf~jnev'do dg fjve dvpjúeg' veo gev mh~joev +pgdojcdo~d dvpjúegdv ndvnd dg

pto~e nd qhv~j ltrãnhfe( x gev hochmrjo~dv cjmrdbãdv x fdo~rejarhfjoev/

Gj pdrvhv~dofhj nd choerãjv è~ohfjv vtrmhnjv nd gev prefdvev chmrj~erhev

jf~tjgdv do Dvpjúj ebghmjrê j rdpgjo~djr otcdrevjv ftdv~heodv/ Do~rd e~rjv'vjbdr µftêg dv gj fecüo hndo~hnjn dtrepdj do gj ztd oev qjcev j ho~dmrjr dggev

x oeve~rev5' µztè pjvj feo jztdggjv choerãjv prdvdo~dv do Dvpjúj ztd kex oe

veo dtrepdjv pdre ztd feov~h~txdreo pjr~d nd gj hndo~hnjn nd Dtrepj x Dvpjúj

do e~rev ~hdcpev +fjve ndg Hvgjc(5 E vjbdr< µztè pjvjrê feo gjv ~rjnhfheodv ftg#

~trjgdv nd gev otdqev pjãvdv ztd vd hrêo ho~dmrjone do gj Tohöo Dtrepdj5'

+fjvev nd gev pjãvdv ndg d{#Dv~d dtrepde x ^trztãj///(5 Per e~re gjne' dv~j vh~tj#

fhöo ~jcbhèo hcpghfj vjbdr ftêg dv gj hndo~hnjn dvpjúegj x dg pjpdg nd gjv pgtrj#

gdv hndo~hnjndv prdvdo~dv kex nãj do dg Dv~jne dvpjúeg' dv~e dv' föce ltmjrê dg

dv~jne nd gjv jt~eoecãjv do gj ndahohfhöo x mdv~höo nd gj fhtnjnjoãj nd gjv

choerãjv è~ohfjv nd erhmdo d{~rjoldre x jvhge nd gev jt~öf~eoev/ Gev dv~tnhev ndhochmrjfhöo' ~jg fece kjo honhfjne jgmtoev jt~erdv ndvnd dg rdfeoefhchdo~e

nd gj d~ohfhnjn' pjvjrêo j aercjr pjr~d nd gj mdv~jfhöo x nd gj mdv~höo nd gj pgt#

rjghnjn è~ohfj' dv ndfhr' nd gj feov~rtffhöo ndg cjpj vefhjg nd gj jg~drhnjn do dg

Dv~jne dvpjúeg x do Dtrepj/




Bhbghemrjaãj

FEGDF^HQE Heè/' Ho c hmrjo~dv' ~rj bj lj ne rdv' fht nj nj o ev/ To j qhvhöo nd gjv

chmrjfheodv ndvnd Dvpjúj ' Tohqdrvh~j~ nd Qjgëofhj' Pj~reoj~ Vtn#Oern'

Qjgdofhj' :888/

MRDMERHE MHG' F/' Chmrj fhöo adc do ho j / Vt hc pjf~e do gj v rdgj fheo dv nd

mèodre' Ojrfdj' Cjnrhn':88;/

H\ZTHDRNE' J/' Gj ho c hmrj fhöo ho dvpdrjnj < gj pebgjfhöo d{~rjo ldrj do Dvpjú j

+:88:#:884( ' re~~j'Cjnrhn' :881/

C JR^ÃOD\ Q DHMJ ' T/' Gj vh~tjfhöo vefhj g nd gev ho c hmrjo~dv do Dvpjú j' ^re~~j'

Atonjfhöo :¼ nd Cjxe'Cjnrhn':88=/

EBVDRQJ^ERHE PDRCJODO^D ND GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO +EPH(' Honhfjnerdv nd gj hochmrjfhöo

x dg jvhge do Dvpjúj +oücdrev : jg =(' HCVDRVE'Cjnrhn' :88;#:888/

EH ' EHC' JFOTR/' Chmrjo~dv' rdat mhjnev x feepdrjfhöo ho ~drojfheo jg/ Toj

jper~jfhöo feolto~j pjrj gj Feoadrdofhj Ho~drojfheojg vebrd Pebgjfhöo

x Ndvjrregge'Mhodbrj':88>/

P JLJRDV' C/' Gj hochmrjfhöo do Dvpjúj/ Rd~ev x preptdv~jv' Hfjrhj' Jo~rj|x~'

Bjrfdgeoj':88;/^DHC +GÖPD\ M JRFÃJ 'B/'nhrdf~er(' J~gjv nd gj ho c hmrjfhöo c jmrdbã do Dvpjú j'

Tohqdrvhnjn Jt~öoecj nd Cjnrhn' EPH'Cjnrhn':881/




18

HH/ Gj rdmtgjfhöo nd gj dntfjfhöond gev hochmrjo~dv

Dghvde Jlj

Fj~dnrê~hfe nd Ndrdfke Feov~h~tfheojg

nd gj Tohqdrvhnjn nd Bjrfdgeoj



=0 ■ GJ RDMTGJFHÖO ND GJ DNTFJFHÖO ND GEV HOCHMRJO^DV


Dg ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo nd gev hochmrjo~dv atd hohfhjgcdo~d

rdntfhne j gev rdvhndo~dv pdre do gev üg~hcev júev kj vhne rdfeoefhne

do vt qdrnjndrj nhc dovhöo feov~h~tfheojg' jbjrfjone j ~enev gev

o húev x löqdodv do dnjn dvfegjr' jg c jrmdo nd gj vh~tjfhöo gdmjg nd vtv

ajc hghjv' ~rj~jc hdo ~e zt d kj rdfemhne feo fgjrhnjn dg jr~ãftge 8 nd gj

Gdx Ermêo hfj nd gev ndrdfkev nd gev d{~rjo ldrev ndg 2000 / Vd rdfeoefd'

per ~jo ~e j o hqdg gdmjg' dg ndrdfke j gj dnt fjfhöo bê vhfj x mrj~t h~j

ztd gj Feov~h~tfhöo dv~jbgdfd pjrj ©~enev¹ fece to ndrdfke atonj#

cdo~jg/Pdre oe bjv~j feo dg rdfeoefhchdo~e nd gj hmtjgnjn do dg jffd#

ve j gj dntfjfhöo' perztd gj vh~tjfhöo vefhjg x ftg~t rjg nd ct fkev

hoc hmrjo ~dv +o e nd ~enev(' fec e ~jc bhèo nd ohúev dvpjúegdv do vh~tj #

fheodv ndvajqerdfhnjv' gdv nhahftg~j dg premrdve o erc jg nd gev fhfgev

dntfj~hqev/Dg dv~jbgdfhchdo~e nd cdnhnjv pjrj fecpdovjr gjv nhahftg#

~jndv vd atonjcdo~j do dg prhofhphe vefhjg nd gj prephj Feov~h~tfhöo

zt d' ~jo~e do dntfjfhöo fece do e~rev ndrdfkev' dv~hct gj j gev pend#

rdv pübghfev pjrj rdceqdr gev ebv~êftgev ztd vd epeomjo j gj hmtjg#

njn rdjg x dadf~hqj/

Dg prhofhpjg prebgdcj dvfegjr vtrmhne dv~ev júev kj vhne gj

feofdo~rjfhöo jr~hahfhjg nd jgtcoev hochmrjo~dv do jgmtojv dvftdgjv

pü bghfjv' perzt d j gj feo fdo ~rj fhöo oj~t rjg nd gj ho c hmrjfhöo do

jgmto ev bjrrhev vd jú jnd gj kt hnj nd gev jgtc oev jt ~öf~eoev j e~rjv

dvftdgjv vho hoc hmrjo ~dv' mdodrjgc do~d feofdr~jnjv/ Vd hohfhj jvã to

prefdve nd vdmrdmjfhöo ndvnd gj dvftdgj zt d' jndc êv' pt dnd vhmo hahfjr

gj mtd~h|jfhöo nd jgmto ev fdo~rev dvfegjrdv/ Gj Gdx Ermêohfj n d

Erndoj fhöo Mdodrjg ndg Vhv~dcj Dnt fj~hqe +GEMVD(' nd :880 ' x gj Gdx

Ermêohfj nd gj Pjr~hfhpjfhöo' Dqjgt jfhöo x dg Mebhdroe nd gev fdo~rev

nefdo~dv +GEPDM(' nd :884' kjo dv~jbgdfhne qãjv pjrj gj rdvegtfhöo nddv~d prebgdc j' ahljon e gev c hvcev frh~drhev nd cj~rhftgjfhöo pjrj gev

fdo~rev pübghfev x pjrj gev feofdr~jnev x pevhbhgh~jone dg dv~jbgdfh#

c hdo~e nd pegã~hfjv fecpdovj~erhjv/ Do rdjghnjn dv~jv gdxdv oe vd rdahd#

rdo d{prdvjcdo~d j gev jgtcoev hochmrjo~dv vhoe j gev ©jgtcoev feo



=:GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■

o dfdvhnjndv dnt fj~hqjv dvpdfhjgdv¹' ndrhqjn jv nd vtv feo nhfheo dv

vefhjgdv e ftg~trjgdv ndvajqerdfhnjv' ztd jbjrfj ~jo ~e ho c hmrjo ~dv

fec e j oj fheojgdv ztd vd doftdo~rdo do dv~j vh~tjfhöo/

Gj nhv~rhbtfhöo nd fec pd~dofhjv dntfj~hqjv nd o tdv~re vhv~dc j

jt~eoöchfe rdvdrqj jg Dv~jne üohfjcdo~d gj jprebjfhöo nd gdxdv

bêvhfjv' nd gãodjv mdodrjgdv' x j~rhbtxd j gjv fec to hnjndv jt ~öoec jv

dg pendr nd jprebjr gjv gdxdv ztd ndvjrreggdo jzt dggjv bjvdv' gev rdmgj#

cdo~ev ztd feofrd~do gjv gdxdv x ~enj gj mdv~höo ndg vhv~dcj dvfegjr/

Gjv FFJJ kj o rdjgh| jne t o dldrfhfhe ndvhmtjg nd dv~j fec pd~do fhj<c hdo~rjv dg Pjãv Qjvfe ftdo ~j feo t oj gdx mdodrjg nd dntfjfhöo x feo

rdmgjcdo~ev dvpdfãahfev pjrj gev jgtcoev feo odfdvhnjndv dntfj~hqjv

dvpdfhjgdv' ahljo ne do feofrd~e cdnhnjv pjrj gev jgtc oev hoc hmrjo #

~dv' e~rjv FFJJ kjo dgjberjne ü ohfjc do~d rdmgjcdo ~ev' vho jprebjr

gj gdx prdqhj zt d ferrdvpeond jg Pjrgjc do~e' x kjo prdv~jne to j

j~dofhöo ndvhmtjg j gev jgtcoev feo cjxerdv nhahftg~jndv pjrj vt aer#

cjfhöo/

Dv~jv ndahfhdofhjv ptdndo vdr dg erhmdo nd gev oe~jbgdv ndvdzth#

ghbrhev do dg rdpjr~e nd jgtcoev hochmrjo~dv do~rd gjv dvftdgjv pübgh#

fjv x gjv feofdr~jnjv' per ajg~j nd pegã~hfjv pübghfjv zt d ndvjrreggdo

gev frh~drhev vefhjgdv nd gjv gdxdv bêvhfjv ndg Dv~jn e/ Do efjvheo dv dv~j

jt vdofhj vd ltv~hahfj' per gjv jnc ho hv~rjfheodv x per gev prephev fdo#

~rev feofdr~jnev' do dg ndrdfke n d gev pjnrdv j gj dgdffhöo nd fdo~re

nefdo~d pjrj vtv khlev' aerc tgjne feo mrjo jc bhm÷dnjn' perztd ~jg

ndrdfke do vdo~hne dv~rhf~e o e d{hv~d/ Gj Feov~h~tfhöo rdfeoefd üo hfj#

c do~d dg ndrdfke nd gev pjnrdv j dgdmhr gj aerc jfhöo rdghmhevj x c erjg

pj rj vt v khlev zt d dv~è nd jftdrne feo vt v prephjv feo qhffheo dv' x

fece feregjrhe' dg ndrdfke j dgdmhr do~rd to j dvftdgj pü bghfj e t oj

prhqjnj / Pdre gev fdo~rev feo fdr~j nev dv~êo jvhc hgjnev j gev pü bghfev'

do ftjo ~e j gj c j~rhftgjfhöo' perztd veo ahoj ofhjnev per gev pendrdv

pü bghfev/ Dg jr~ãft ge 46 nd gj GEND o e ndlj gtmjr j nt nj v +©Gj jnc h#

vhöo nd jgtcoev do gev fdo~rev feofdr~jnev vd jltv~jrê jg rèmhcdo

dv~jbgdfhne pjrj gev fdo~rev pübghfev¹( x gj GEPDM feofrd~j gj c hvc j



:/ Ho~rentffhöo

Gj hcper~jofhj nd gj dntfjfhöo pjrj ~enev gev ohúev x ohújv nd ftjg#

zthdr pjãv dv~j atdrj nd ntnj9 nd dggj ndpdondo dg pgdoe ndvjrregge nd vt pdrve#ojghnjn'dg jprdonh|jld nd gjv ~èfohfjv ztd gd pdrch~hrêo do dg at~tre to dcpgde

jndftjne x gj ajfhghnjn e nhahftg~jn pjrj vt ho~dmrjfhöo do gj vefhdnjn9 gj prephj

feoqhqdofhj vefhjg ndg pjãv ndpdond do btdoj pjr~d nd gj dntfjfhöo nd gj hoajo#

fhj x gj ltqdo~tn/ J gj qhv~j nd dv~jv nhcdovheodv' gj Feov~h~tfhöo dvpjúegj kj

rdfeoefhne dg ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo fece ndrdfke atonjcdo~jg +jr~/ 2= FD('


ebghmjfhöo nd gev fdo~rev pübghfev x feofdr~jnev nd j~dondr j gev

jgtc oev feo odfdvhnjndv dntfj~hqjv dvpdfhjgdv/ Do rdjghnjn' gj veghfh#

~tn pjrj ztd gev khlev vd cj~rhftgdo do nd~drchojne fdo~re pübghfe e

feofdr~jne dv t oj prdadrdofhj +©to ho ~drèv gdmã~hc e¹' vd nhfd do ~èrc h#

oev ltrãnhfev(' zt d dv~ê vtbernhoj nj j gev frh~drhev nd pgjo hahfjfhöo

dntfj~hqj x j gjv cdnhnjv fecpdovj~erhjv ztd ahld gj jnc hohv~rjfhöo

jt~eoöchfj/

Gj dnt fjfhö o nd gev ho c hmrjo ~dv prdvdo ~j e~ rev preb gdc jv

fjrjf~drãv~hfev fece gj ho ferperjfhöo ~jrnãj j g vhv~dc j dvfegjr' zt d vdkj hofrdcdo~jne do gev üg~hcev júev per dg ndvjrregge nd gj rdjmrtpj#

fhöo ajc hghjr x ptdnd gjv~rjr ~ene dg rdv~e ndg fhfge dntfj~hqe' gj nhah#

ftg~jn jnhfheojg pjrj dg jprdonh|jld nd gjv gdomtjv eahfhjgdv nd gjv

FFJJ' x dg fkezt d feo gjv hndjv ftg~t rjgdv nec hoj o~dv' zt d vtdgd

jbernjrvd j ~rjqèv nd gjv ~èfohfjv nd gj ctg~hftg~trjghnjn/Dg Dv~jne x

gjv FFJJ x' j e~re ohqdg' c to hfhphev x EOM' ~hdodo ~jrdjv hc per~jo~dv

x nh aãfhgdv do ~ene dv~d êc bh~e' zt d vdmt rjc do ~d penrêo jb ern jrvd

feo cjxer dahfjfhj j pjr~hr nd gj otdqj gdx nd gev ndrdfkev nd gev

d{~rjoldrev jprebjnj do dodre nd 2000/Nd gj rdvegtfhöo nd dv~ev pre#

bgdc jv ndpdon d oe vöge gj ho~dmrjfhöo vefhjg nd gev hoc hmrjo ~dv' x per ~jo~e gj feoqhqdofhj nd ~enev' vhoe gj c hvcj qhmdofhj nd gev prhofh#

phev ndc efrê ~hfev' zt d vd at onj c do ~jo ' fec e nhfd gj Feov~h~t fhöo '

do dg rdvpd~e j gj nhmo hnjn nd ~enjv gjv pdrveojv/



ne~êonegd feo gev cê{hcev hov~rtcdo~ev nd pre~dffhöo ltrãnhfj pjrj kjfdrge

rdjg/ enev dv~ev jrmtcdo~ev vebrd gj hcper~jofhj nd gj dntfjfhöo vd ctg~hpgh#

fjo per chg ftjone vd ~rj~j nd gj aercjfhöo nd gev ohúev hochmrjo~dv' per gj

dvpdfhjg nhahftg~jn ztd d{pdrhcdo~jo jg dofeo~rjrvd feo toj gdomtj nhadrdo~d j

gj prephj' feo nhv~ho~jv hndjv rdghmhevjv x ftg~trjgdv x' do gj cjxerãj nd gev fjvev'

per dofeo~rjrvd do gj dvfjgj dfeoöchfe#vefhjg cêv bjlj/// Pdre' jndcêv' gj dnt#

fjfhöo nd gev hochmrjo~dv ~hdod e~rj atofhöo hcper~jo~d pjrj gj vefhdnjn' per#

ztd j ~rjqèv nd dggj gev chvcev pjnrdv do~rjo do feo~jf~e feo gj ftg~trj ndg

pjãv' ajqerdfhdone vt ho~dmrjfhöo/

Gömhfjcdo~d' gj dntfjfhöo nd gev hochmrjo~dv oe vöge ndpdond nd vtvprebgdcjv dvpdfãahfev vhoe ~jcbhèo nd gev ajf~erdv mdodrjgdv ndg vhv~dcj dnt#

fj~hqe' fece ptdnd vdr gj d{hv~dofhj nd to btdo vhv~dcj nd bdfjv e' do dv~ev

cecdo~ev' gev dadf~ev nd gj d{~dovhöo nd gj dntfjfhöo kjv~j gev :1 júev' pdre

dv~jv pêmhojv vd fdo~rjrêo do gev jvpdf~ev pjr~hftgjrdv nd gj dntfjfhöo nd gev

hochmrjo~dv/ J vt qd|' ctfkev nd dv~ev prebgdcjv oe ndpdondo vöge ndg vhv~d#

cj dntfj~hqe vhoe ztd qhdodo feonhfheojnev per gjv pegã~hfjv mdodrjgdv nd

hochmrjfhöo +qhqhdonj' vdrqhfhev vefhjgdv' d~f/(' perztd nd dggjv ndpdond ztd vd

feovhmj toj ho~dmrjfhöo dahfj| e' per dg feo~rjrhe' vd frddo oüfgdev nd cjrmhoj#

fhöo/ Pdre gj pegã~hfj dntfj~hqj do vã chvcj jfdo~üj e nhvchotxd jgmtojv fjrjf#

~drãv~hfjv nd gj vh~tjfhöo nd gev hochmrjo~dv do fjnj pjãv'dvpdfhjgcdo~d rdvpdf#~e j gjv feonhfheodv nd gj vdmtonj mdodrjfhöo/ Pjrj erndojr gj pgtrjghnjn nd

prebgdcjv do gj dntfjfhöo nd gev hochmrjo~dv' vdmthrè ~rdv dldv ztd cd pjrdfdo

bêvhfev< dg jffdve jg vhv~dcj dntfj~hqe' gj odfdvhnjn nd pegã~hfjv fecpdovj~e#

rhjv x gj ctg~hftg~trjghnjn/ Pdre jo~dv feoqhdod rdpjvjr brdqdcdo~d gjv oercjv

mdodrjgdv nd gj hochmrjfhöo' ztd nd~drchojo dg ftjnre ndo~re ndg ztd vd hovfrh#

bd gj dntfjfhöo' x rdjgh|jr toj brdqd rdadrdofhj j gj fecpgdlhnjn ndg ndrdfke j

gj dntfjfhöo do Dvpjúj/

2/ Dg cjrfe vefhjg x ltrãnhfe nd gj hochmrjfhöoGj hochmrjfhöo dfeoöchfj ztd ggdmj j Dvpjúj nd pjãvdv cêv pebrdv vd

hovfrhbd do gj ~dondofhj fecüo j gev ndcêv pjãvdv nd gj Tohöo Dtrepdj' preqe#

fjnj per dg cjxer ohqdg nd qhnj rdvpdf~e j gev pjãvdv ghcã~readv' pdre dv ctfke

cêv rdfhdo~d x rdntfhnj ztd do gj cjxerãj nd jztèggev/ Fechdo|j j cdnhjnev nd

gev júev efkdo~j x gj adfkj fgjqd do ztd jagerj dg otdqe adoöcdoe vefhjg dv

=6GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■



:88:' perztd gj rdmtgjrh|jfhöo nd dvd júe preperfheoj toj vh~tjfhöo gdmjg j

::0/000 hochmrjo~dv ztd kjv~j do~eofdv fjrdfãjo nd neftcdo~jfhöo x dv~jbjo

do vh~tjfhöo hrrdmtgjr/ Pdvd j dv~d hofrdcdo~e' gj hochmrjfhöo do Dvpjúj dv rdnt#

fhnj' dvpdfhjgcdo~d vh vd fecpjrj feo Jgdcjohj' Kegjonj' Arjofhj e dg Rdhoe

Tohne/

Vho dcbjrme' gev fhtnjnjoev ptdndo ~dodr toj hcjmdo nhadrdo~d' per gj

feofdo~rjfhöo nd gev hochmrjo~dv do jgmtojv fhtnjndv' x ndo~re nd dggjv' do

jgmtoev bjrrhev ztd ptdndo ggdmjr jg :0' dg :4 e dg 20$ nd gj pebgjfhöo/ Gj ~do#

ndofhj j gj jmrtpjfhöo dv fjrjf~drãv~hfj mdodrjg nd gj hochmrjfhöo' do pjr~d erh#

mhojnj per rj|eodv dfeoöchfjv +prdfhe nd gev jgzthgdrdv' vebrd ~ene( x do pjr~dper rj|eodv pvhfegömhfjv +pre{hchnjn feo gev fecpj~rhe~jv e ajchghjrdv(/ Do

~ene fjve'dv to ajf~er dvdofhjg do gev pgjo~djchdo~ev vebrd gj dntfjfhöo nd gev

hochmrjo~dv' fece vd qdrê/ Cjnrhn x Bjrfdgeoj rdüodo to ~drfhe ndg ~e~jg nd

hochmrjo~dv rdvhndo~dv9 do Cjnrhn' prhofhpjgcdo~d hbdrejcdrhfjoev +nd Pdrü'

Rdpübghfj Nechohfjoj' Jrmdo~hoj( x do Bjrfdgeoj' cjrreztãdv x mjcbhjoev/

E~rev oüfgdev veo gev cjrreztãdv do Ctrfhj x do Jgcdrãj x gev per~tmtdvdv do

Ktdgqj/ Vh jnep~jcev' fece honhfjner cêv feoefhne' gj hochmrjfhöo oer~djarh#

fjoj +Cjrrtdfev' Jrmdghj x ^üod|(' 2 nd fjnj 6 nd dv~ev hochmrjo~dv do vh~tj#

fhöo rdmtgjr vd gefjgh|jo do vöge 4 FFJJ +Fj~jgtúj' Fectohnjn Qjgdofhjoj'

Ctrfhj' Jonjgtfãj x Cjnrhn(/

Gj oercj prhofhpjg ztd kj rdmtgjne gj hochmrjfhöo kjv~j kjfd pefe kj

vhne gj Gdx Ermêohfj =%:8;4 nd D{~rjoldrãj +GED' do jndgjo~d(9 vt ~ã~tge eahfhjg

drj ©nd gev ndrdfkev x ghbdr~jndv nd gev d{~rjoldrev do Dvpjúj¹ pdre ndoechojr#

gj jvã rdvtg~j to vjrfjvce' perztd vd ~rj~jbj nd toj gdx dvdofhjgcdo~d peghfãjfj/

Vd jprebö do qãvpdrjv ndg homrdve nd Dvpjúj do gj do~eofdv ggjcjnj Fectohnjn

Dfeoöchfj Dtrepdj +:8;1(' neond gj hochmrjfhöo vã drj to adoöcdoe hcper~jo#

~d' ztd gev mebhdroev dtrepdev prd~donãjo feo~regjr ~jo~e do vtv pjãvdv fece

do gev otdqev chdcbrev/ Dg ebld~hqe fdo~rjg nd gj GED drj rdntfhr jg cãohce gj

ggdmjnj nd ~rjbjljnerdv d{~rjoldrev' jnch~hrgev vhdcprd per pdrãenev fer~ev +dg

prhcdr pdrchve nd ~rjbjle x rdvhndofhj vöge penãj ntrjr to júe x vt rdoeqjfhöo

drj per e~re júe( x ndvprdeftpjrvd nd ftjgzthdr e~re jvpdf~e nhadrdo~d jg ~rjbj#

le x jg erndo pübghfe/ Gj gdx vtpeoãj ztd dg hochmrjo~d ftjone jfjbjbj dg feo#

~rj~e nd ~rjbjle e pdrnãj dg dcpgde ndbãj qegqdr hocdnhj~jcdo~d j vt pjãv' x vh

oe ge kjfãj' vd gd d{ptgvjbj/ Gj GED oe prdqdãj toj hochmrjfhöo dv~jbgd' oh' per

=> ■ GJ RDMTGJFHÖO ND GJ DNTFJFHÖO ND GEV HOCHMRJO^DV



dgge' gj rdjmrtpjfhöo ajchghjr e gj prdv~jfhöo nd gev vdrqhfhev vefhjgdv j gev hoch#

mrjo~dv/ ^enev dv~ev dgdcdo~ev vd kjo ho~rentfhne pev~drhercdo~d' j qdfdv

cdnhjo~d oercjv nd ãoahce mrjne'ztd qdoãjo hcptgvjnjv per gev ~rj~jnev ho~dr#

ojfheojgdv e per gj ltrhvprtndofhj nd gev ~rhbtojgdv/

Do gj prêf~hfj' gj cjxerãj nd gev hochmrjo~dv ztd phdrndo vt ~rjbjle' x

pjr~hr nd jkã do~rjo do gj hrrdmtgjrhnjn' oe vd cjrfkj vhoe ztd btvfj to otdqe

~rjbjle x preftrj vt rdmtgjrh|jfhöo ndvptèv/ Jndcêv' gj do~rjnj nd gev hoch#

mrjo~dv' ztd vd kjbãj prexdf~jne ctx dvfjvj per gjv nhaãfhgdv feonhfheodv gdmj#

gdv' kj vhne hcper~jo~d x vd kj rdjgh|jne nd aercj hrrdmtgjr/Btdoj pjr~d nd gev

~rjbjljnerdv d{~rjoldrev do~rj do Dvpjúj fece ptdnd' fece ~trhv~j' feo topdrchve fer~e pjrj qhvh~jr j to ajchghjr e fjctagjne do fjcheodv x bjrfev ndv#

nd dg oer~d nd Êarhfj9 btvfj ndvptèv ~rjbjle x ahojgcdo~d ho~do~j rdmtgjrh|jr vt

vh~tjfhöo/ Gj prephj gdx' feo vt ntrd|j' kj hcptgvjne gj ggdmjnj nd hochmrjo~dv

do vh~tjfhöo hrrdmtgjr/ jcbhèo gj jpjrhfhöo nd feo~rj~ev gjberjgdv nd ntrjfhöo

ctx fer~j kjo feo~rhbthne j hofrdcdo~jr dg oücdre nd ~rjbjljnerdv hrrdmtgj#

rdv' hofgtve ftjone ktbhdrjo hohfhjne gdmjgcdo~d gj dv~jofhj do Dvpjúj e ktbhd#

rjo feovdmthne rdmtgjrh|jr vt vh~tjfhöo do jgmüo cecdo~e/ Èv~jv kjo vhne fjt#

vjv pdrcjodo~dv nd mdodrjfhöo nd begvjv nd hrrdmtgjrdv' nd gj prdfjrhdnjn nd

gev hochmrjo~dv x' per feovhmthdo~d' nd vt nhahftg~jn pjrj jffdndr j gev vdrqhfhev

vefhjgdv dgdcdo~jgdv'do~rd dggev gj dntfjfhöo/

E~rjv fjtvjv nd gj frhvhv ndg cendge hcpgjo~jne per gj GED veo nd

fjrêf~dr ltrãnhfe/ Gjv vdo~dofhjv ndg rhbtojg Feov~h~tfheojg x ndg rhbtojg

Vtprdce' d honhrdf~jcdo~d gj ltrhvprtndofhj ndg ^rhbtojg Dtrepde nd Nd#

rdfkev Ktcjoev' kjo ftdv~heojne premrdvhqjcdo~d gjv ghch~jfheodv nd gj gdx j

gev ndrdfkev nd gev hochmrjo~dv/ Gj prephj jnchohv~rjfhöo kj ~dohne ztd kjfdr

ardo~d j gjv begvjv nd hochmrjo~dv hrrdmtgjrdv feo gj prectgmjfhöo nd qjrhjv

©rdmtgjrh|jfheodv¹ +:8;1' :88: x :881( x gj prdqhvhöo nd gev ©feo~homdo~dv¹

jotjgdv' ztd vd qhdodo jprebjone ndvnd :886 x atofheojo rdjgcdo~d fece

rdmtgjrh|jfheodv doftbhdr~jv' perztd dg oücdre nd pdrchvev ztd vd feofdndo

+kjo pjvjne nd 20/000 do gev prhcdrev júev j 60/000 do gev üg~hcev( qjo cjxe#

rh~jrhjcdo~d j hochmrjo~dv hrrdmtgjrdv ztd xj vd doftdo~rjo do Dvpjúj/ Do ~ene

fjve' gj rdjghnjn dv ztd' pdvd j ~enjv gjv nhahftg~jndv d{hv~d to qegtcdo hcper#

~jo~d nd hochmrjfhöo dv~jbgd' ztd ggdqj jztã cêv nd fhofe júev x ztd vdmtrj#

cdo~d vd pgjo~dj pdrcjodfdr'jg cdoev'toev ftjo~ev júev cêv/ Dv~j fjrjf~drãv#




~hfj rdvtg~j ndfhvhqj perztd hcpeod j gev pendrdv pübghfev gj ebghmjfhöo nd

preftrjr vt ho~dmrjfhöo do gj vefhdnjn' ne~êonegdv' fece cãohce' nd gev vdrqh#

fhev vefhjgdv dgdcdo~jgdv x ajfhgh~êonegdv fjtfdv nd pjr~hfhpjfhöo/

Jo~d dv~j rdjghnjn' do dg üg~hce gtv~re gev mebhdroev kjo jfdp~jne to

fhdr~e fjcbhe nd erhdo~jfhöo' jpghfjone ~rj~jnev ho~drojfheojgdv ajqerjbgdv

+per dldcpge' nd pre~dffhöo nd gev ohúev( x rdmtgjone per oercjv hoadrherdv

jgmtojv feonhfheodv dgdcdo~jgdv pjrj toj pebgjfhöo hochmrjo~d nd fjrêf~dr

dv~jbgd' fece dg ndrdfke j gj rdjmrtpjfhöo ajchghjr' gjv prdv~jfheodv do vh~tj#

fhöo nd ndvdcpgde' d~f/ Ahojgcdo~d' dg mebhdroe vd ndfhnhö j toj rdaercj cêv

jcbhfhevj pjrj ferrdmhr gev cjxerdv ndadf~ev ndg vhv~dcj x cenhahfö dg Rdmgj#cdo~e nd jpghfjfhöo nd gj gdx do adbrdre nd :881/ Vd ho~rentldreo gev pdrchvev

nd ~rjbjle x nd rdvhndofhj hondahohnev' j pjr~hr nd 4 júev nd rdvhndofhj feoahr#

cjnj' vd rdmtgö gj rdjmrtpjfhöo ajchghjr' vd jcpghjreo gev ndrdfkev nd gev hoch#

mrjo~dv///~ene dgge do feo~rj nd gj GED/

Dv~j ferrdffhöo nd gj GED per vt rdmgjcdo~e dv hgdmjg' perztd ohomüo

rdmgjcdo~e ptdnd cenhahfjr toj gdx' pdre gj vh~tjfhöo d{hmãj fjcbhev' ~jo~e

pjrj ndcefrj~h|jr gev feo~regdv vebrd gj hochmrjfhöo otdqj fece pjrj gemrjr gj

ho~dmrjfhöo nd gev hochmrjo~dv feo qjrhev júev nd dv~jofhj/ Do dv~j gãodj qjrhev

pjr~hnev pegã~hfev prdvdo~jreo do cjr|e nd :88; vdonjv prepevhfheodv nd gdx

do gjv Fer~dv pjrj dgjberjr toj otdqj gdx' ztd kj vhne jprebjnj rdfhdo~dcdo~d

feo gj ndoechojfhöo nd Gdx Ermêo hfj vebrd gev ndrdfkev x ghbdr~jndv nd gev

d{~rjoldrev do Dvpjúj x vt ho~dmrjfhöo vefhjg' x kj do~rjne do qhmer dg 2 nd

adbrdre nd 2000/ Vdmtrjcdo~d dv~j otdqj gdx cdlerjrê gjv feonhfheodv nd gj

hochmrjfhöo' dvpdfhjgcdo~d gj rdmtgjr' d honhrdf~jcdo~d ajqerdfdrê gj vegtfhöo

nd jgmtoev prebgdcjv d{hv~do~dv do gj dntfjfhöo nd gev hochmrjo~dv'pdre èv~ev

rdzthdrdo gj cenhahfjfhöo nd e~rjv ctfkjv oercjv vdf~erhjgdv' ~jo~e ndg Dv~jne

fece nd gjv fectohnjndv jt~öoecjv' ztd ptdndo ~jrnjr cdvdv e júev do fjc#

bhjrvd' x ztd veo gjv qhmdo~dv do gj jf~tjghnjn/

6/ Gj fecpgdlhnjn ndg ndrdfke atonjcdo~jgj gj dntfjfhöo

Dg ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo' rdfeoefhne do dg jr~ãftge 2= nd gj Feov~h~t#

fhöo +FD(' pevdd to feo~dohne fecpgdle x vt rdmtgjfhöo ndbd ~dodr do ftdo~j

qjrhjv qdr~hdo~dv/




Do prhcdr gtmjr' kjx ztd nhv~homthr do~rd dg ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo

©fece ghbdr~jn¹' ztd pdrch~d j gev pjnrdv dgdmhr dg ~hpe nd dovdújo|j pjrj vtv

khlev cêv jfernd feo vtv hndjv' x dg ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo fece prdv~jfhöo'

ztd ebghmj j gjv hov~h~tfheodv j preperfheojr gj dovdújo|j bêvhfj nd aercj mrj#

~th~j j ~enev/ Vd ~rj~j nd nev ahmtrjv ltrãnhfjv ctx nhv~ho~jv/ Gj prhcdrj dv to

~rjnhfheojg ndrdfke vtbld~hqe nd gev fhtnjnjoev ardo~d j gev pendrdv pübghfev'

ztd gdv mjrjo~h|j gj frdjfhöo nd fdo~rev prhqjnev x gj aercjfhöo nd vtv khlev nd

jftdrne feo gev frh~drhev ztd gev pjnrdv feovhndrdo cêv jndftjnev' doqhêone#

gdv j fdo~rev pübghfev e prhqjnev/ Do fjcbhe' gj vdmtonj'dg ndrdfke j gj dntfj#

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j feov~rthr dvftdgjv' aercjr cjdv~rev x dv~jbgdfdr' do ndahoh~hqj' gev fdo~rev

odfdvjrhev pjrj ztd ~enev gev ohúev x löqdodv ztd ndvddo aercjrvd do dg vhv~d#

cj pübghfe ptdnjo kjfdrge/

Do vdmtone gtmjr' gj ~jrdj nd jprebjr gjv gdxdv x ndcêv oercjv vebrd

dntfjfhöo vd rdpjr~d do~rd dg Dv~jne +gjv Fer~dv x dg mebhdroe fdo~rjg( x gjv

fectohnjndv jt~öoecjv +gev pjrgjcdo~ev x gev mebhdroev jt~eoöchfev(/ Do ge

atonjcdo~jg' dg Dv~jne ~hdod pe~dv~jn pjrj jprebjr gjv ©gdxdv bêvhfjv¹ x gjv

fectohnjndv jt~öoecjv pjrj dgjberjr vtv prephjv gdxdv +rdvpd~jone gev frh~d#

rhev bêvhfev ndg Dv~jne(' jprebjr gev rdmgjcdo~ev dldft~hqev nd gjv gdxdv' nhf~jr gev rdmgjcdo~ev ermjoh|j~hqev x mdv~heojr ~ene dg vdrqhfhe nd dovdújo|j/ Gj dnt#

fjfhöo dv' lto~e feo gj vjohnjn' gj cêv qegtchoevj nd gjv fecpd~dofhjv nd gjv

fectohnjndv jt~öoecjv +FFJJ(' ~jo~e do pdrveojg fece do rdftrvev prdvt#

ptdv~jrhev' pdre vt hcper~jofhj pegã~hfj oe dv cdoer' perztd gd ferrdvpeond

dgjberjr gjv gdxdv x gev rdmgjcdo~ev pjrj vt dldftfhöo/ Jndcêv' do gjv FFJJ

feo gdomtj prephj feeahfhjg +Fj~jgtúj' Pjãv Qjvfe' Mjghfhj' Hvgjv Bjgdjrdv' Fect#

ohnjn Qjgdofhjoj x pjrfhjgcdo~d Ojqjrrj(' ~hdod toj hofhndofhj oe~jbgd dg dv~j#

bgdfhchdo~e nd gj gdomtj ernhojrhj do gj dovdújo|j x gj ahljfhöo nd gj dovdújo|j

nd gjv nev gdomtjv/

Do gev prhcdrev júev ndg dv~jne jt~eoöchfe' gjv fecpd~dofhjv do dnt#

fjfhöo ferrdvpeonãjo vöge j = FFJJ +Fj~jgtúj' Pjãv Qjvfe' Mjghfhj' Jonjgtfãj'

Ojqjrrj' Fectohnjn Qjgdofhjoj x Fjojrhjv('cjo~dohdone dg Dv~jne ~enj gj mdv#

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do :882 gjv fecpd~dofhjv dntfj~hqjv vd ~rjvgjnjreo j ~enjv gjv FFJJ per hmtjg

==GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■



x do gev üg~hcev júev dg Dv~jne kj hne ~rjvpjvjone j gjv nhadrdo~dv FFJJ ~enev

gev cdnhev pdrveojgdv +cjdv~rev' hovpdf~erdv///('cj~drhjgdv +dnhahfhev'dvftdgjv(

x ahojofhdrev'ztd gjv prhcdrjv ~doãjo ndvnd :4 júev jo~dv/

Gj fecpgdlhnjn oercj~hqj nd gj Feov~h~tfhöo jüo vd ctdv~rj do gj ho~re#

ntffhöo nd prhofhphev x qjgerdv fece gev feo~dohnev do dg 2=/2 +©Gj dntfjfhöo

~donrê per ebld~e dg pgdoe ndvjrregge nd gj pdrveojghnjn ktcjoj do dg rdvpd~e

j gev prhofhphev ndcefrê~hfev nd feoqhqdofhj x j gev ndrdfkev x ghbdr~jndv ato#

njcdo~jgdv©(' x do dg dv~jbgdfhchdo~e nd to prhofhphe mdodrjg nd pjr~hfhpjfhöo

nd ~enev gev jadf~jnev' nd cene ztd jgtcoev ‖j pjr~hr nd fhdr~j dnjn‖ preadve#

rdv x pjnrdv ho~drqhdodo do gj mdv~höo nd gev fdo~rev vev~dohnev feo aeonevpübghfev/ Dv ndfhr' gj Feov~h~tfhöo nd~drchoj gjv hndjv ztd ndbdo mthjr gj dntfj#

fhöo +gev qjgerdv( x gj aercj mdodrjg nd mdv~höo nd gev fdo~rev +pjr~hfhpjfhöo(/

Dg ndvjrregge ndg ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo prdqhv~e do gj Feov~h~tfhöo do

vtv rjvmev atonjcdo~jgdv kj vhne rdjgh|jne per ~rdv gdxdv bêvhfjv ndg Dv~jne' x

per jgmtoev rdmgjcdo~ev ~jcbhèo bêvhfev/ Gjv gdxdv veo< Gdx Ermêohfj ;%:8;4'

nd 6 nd ltghe' rdmtgjnerj ndg ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo +GEND(9 Gdx Ermêohfj

:%:880' nd 6 nd ef~tbrd'nd erndojfhöo mdodrjg ndg vhv~dcj dntfj~hqe +GEMVD(

x Gdx Ermêohfj 8%:884' nd 20 nd oeqhdcbrd' nd gj pjr~hfhpjfhöo' gj dqjgtjfhöo x

dg mebhdroe nd gev fdo~rev nefdo~dv +GEPDM(/ Ndvptèv qdrdcev gjv oercjv

prhofhpjgdv nd gjv FFJJ jprebjnjv do ndvjrregge nd dv~jv gdxdv bêvhfjv' pdre

jkerj ndbdcev rdfernjr jgmtoev rjvmev atonjcdo~jgdv ndg vhv~dcj dntfj~hqe

mdodrjg ztd kjo ho~rentfhne dv~jv gdxdv/

Gj dovdújo|j bêvhfj dv' vdmüo nhfd gj Feov~h~tfhöo' ebghmj~erhj pjrj

~enev/ Hohfhjgcdo~d jbjrfjbj ndvnd gev 1 kjv~j gev :> júev' pdre gj GEMVD gj kj

d{~donhne kjv~j gev :1 júev' nhqhnhèonegj do gj dntfjfhöo prhcjrhj x gj vdftonj#

rhj ebghmj~erhj/ Per ~jo~e' dg rdv~e nd fhfgev dntfj~hqev' jo~dv nd gev 1 júev x ndv#

ptèv nd gev :1' dv qegto~jrhe' ghch~êonevd dg Dv~jne j rdmtgjr vtv mrjondv gãodjv/

Do gj dovdújo|j bêvhfj d{hv~do ~rdv ~hpev nd fdo~rev dvfegjrdv< gev pübghfev veo

fev~djnev ão~dmrjcdo~d per gjv FFJJ' ~hdodo to preadverjne dvfemhne cdnhjo#~d epevhfheodv' vd rhmdo per dg prhofhphe nd odt~rjghnjn hndegömhfj x veo mdv~he#

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=; ■ GJ RDMTGJFHÖO ND GJ DNTFJFHÖO ND GEV HOCHMRJO^DV



feoefãj fece ©hndjrhe¹ x jkerj fece ©fjrêf~dr prephe¹ ndg fdo~re/ Gev fdo~rev

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phe' pdre rdfhbdo vtbqdofheodv pübghfjv ztd ahojofhjo do mrjo pjr~d vt atofhe#

ojchdo~e9 j fjcbhe' dv~êo ebghmjnev j ftcpghr jgmtojv feonhfheodv nd gev fdo#

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cj~rhftgjfhöo nd gev jgtcoev9 èv~jv pjvjo dvdofhjgcdo~d per gev frh~drhev nd

pre{hchnjn nd ~dodr j e~re kdrcjoe do dg fdo~re x nd rdo~j nd gj ajchghj/

>/ Dg jffdve j gj dntfjfhöo bêvhfj< ~enev gev ohúevx löqdodv ~hdodo dg ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo' hofgthnevgev khlev nd hochmrjo~dv do vh~tjfhöo hrrdmtgjr

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fhj ~hdodo gj cjxerãj nd gev ndrdfkev nd gev dvpjúegdv' gev ztd dv~êo do vh~tj#

fhöo hrrdmtgjr fjrdfdo nd ndrdfkev' x ~jg jahrcjfhöo dv preatonjcdo~d ajgvj'

perztd ~enev ~hdodo per ge cdoev gev ndrdfkev ztd vd feovhndrjo prephev nd

~enj pdrveoj' x do~rd dggev vd hofgtxd gj dntfjfhöo/ Gjv prephjv gdxdv kjo fjãne

do dv~d drrer' perztd gj jo~drher Gdx Ermêohfj nd D{~rjoldrãj x gj jüo qhmdo~d

Gdx Ermêohfj ndg Ndrdfke j gj Dntfjfhöo rdfeoefãj dg ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöovöge j ©gev d{~rjoldrev ztd vd kjggdo gdmjgcdo~d do Dvpjúj¹ e j ©gev d{~rjoldrev

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cjrmdo nd gj vh~tjfhöo gdmjg nd vtv pjnrdv/ Dg ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo nd ~enev

gev ohúev jrrjofj nd gj Ndfgjrjfhöo Tohqdrvjg nd gev Ndrdfkev Ktcjoev +EOT'

:8>;(' vd feofrd~j ctfke do dg Pjf~e Ho~drojfheojg nd gev Ndrdfkev Dfeoöch#

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fkev ndg ohúe +EOT' :8;8(' ztd do vt jr~ãftge 2; hovhv~d do ztd dg ndrdfke j gj

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ohúev x löqdodv hochmrjo~dv pjrj jffdndr j gj dntfjfhöo do gjv chvcjv feonh#




fheodv ztd gev dvpjúegdv/ Pdre jndcêv' fece dg jr~ãftge :0/2 FD ebghmj j ho~dr#

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GEND ztd rdv~rhomdo gj dntfjfhöo j gev hochmrjo~dv do vh~tjfhöo rdmtgjr e feo

pdrchve nd rdvhndofhj rdvtg~jbjo hofeov~h~tfheojgdv/

Jo~d gj atdr|j hontnjbgd nd dv~ev ~rj~jnev x gj fgjrhnjn nd dv~d jrmt#

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feonhfheodv ztd gev dvpjúegdv¹ +jr~/ 2/2(/ Gj otdqj Gdx Ermêohfj nd gev ndrd#

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:/ enev gev d{~rjoldrev cdoerdv nd nhdfhefke júev ~hdodo ndrdfke j gj dntfj#

fhöo do gjv chvcjv feonhfheodv ztd gev dvpjúegdv' ndrdfke ztd fecprdond

dg jffdve j toj dovdújo|j bêvhfj' mrj~th~j x ebghmj~erhj' j gj eb~dofhöo nd gj

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x jxtnjv/

2/ Gev d{~rjoldrev ~donrêo ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo nd oj~trjgd|j oe ebghmj~erhj

do gjv chvcjv feonhfheodv ztd gev dvpjúegdv/ Do feofrd~e' ~donrêo ndrdfke

j jffdndr j gev ohqdgdv nd dntfjfhöo hoajo~hg x vtpdrherdv j gj dovdújo|j

bêvhfj x j gj eb~dofhöo nd gjv ~h~tgjfheodv ztd ferrdvpeonjo j fjnj fjve' x jg jffdve jg vhv~dcj pübghfe nd bdfjv x jxtnjv/

Dv~d rdfeoefhchdo~e oe vöge dv pevh~hqe perztd jfdp~j ztd ~enev gev

ohúev' fece pdrveojv' ~hdodo dg ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo vhoe ~jcbhèo perztd gj

dntfjfhöo dv toj nd gjv qãjv prhofhpjgdv pjrj gj ho~dmrjfhöo nd gev hochmrjo~dv

do gj otdqj vefhdnjn/ Gj pèrnhnj nd to ~rjbjle do dg cecdo~e nd rdoeqjfhöo

ndg pdrchve' ptdnd jfjrrdjr gj hrrdmtgjrhnjn' ztd j ge cdler jbjoneoj j gev

pefev cdvdv mrjfhjv j to otdqe feo~homdo~d/

4/ Gjv pegã~hfjv fecpdovj~erhjv< gev hochmrjo~dv fecejgtcoev feo odfdvhnjndv dntfj~hqjv dvpdfhjgdv

Gj Feov~h~tfhöo rdfeoefd dg prhofhphe nd ©hmtjgnjn gdmjg¹ +jr~/ :>(' ztd

prekãbd ~enj nhvfrhchojfhöo per rj|öo nd ojfhchdo~e' rj|j' vd{e' rdghmhöo' d~f/'

pdre jndcêv rdfeoefd dg prhofhphe nd ©hmtjgnjn vefhjg¹ +jr~/ 8/2(' ztd ebghmj j

gev pendrdv pübghfev j frdjr gjv feonhfheodv pjrj ztd gjv pdrveojv x gev mrtpev

;0 ■ GJ RDMTGJFHÖO ND GJ DNTFJFHÖO ND GEV HOCHMRJO^DV



do ztd vd ho~dmrjo ~domjo toj jt~èo~hfj hmtjgnjn nd eper~tohnjndv'dghchojone

gev ebv~êftgev dfeoöchfev' ftg~trjgdv x vefhjgdv ztd vd epeomjo/ Dv~d prhofhphe

nd hmtjgnjn vefhjg feofdnd to jcpghe cjrmdo j gev pendrdv pübghfev pjrj vt

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gdmhvgjner ndvjrreggjrê dg prhofhphe nd hmtjgnjn vefhjg j ~rjqèv nd gjv gdxdv ztd

rdmtgjo gev nhadrdo~dv êcbh~ev9 dg mebhdroe x gj jnchohv~rjfhöo ge ~ecjrêo doftdo~j jg feofrd~jr gjv gdxdv cdnhjo~d gev rdmgjcdo~ev9 x gev ltdfdv x ~rhbtojgdv

ge t~hgh|jrêo fece frh~drhe nd ho~drprd~jfhöo nd gjv oercjv jg nhf~jr vdo~dofhj/

Vt hcper~jofhj do dg êcbh~e nd gj hochmrjfhöo dv~ê atdrj nd ntnj' per#

ztd mdodrjgcdo~d dg hochmrjo~d' jg cdoev do gev prhcdrev júev' vd doftdo~rj

do feonhfheodv nd hoadrherhnjn rdvpdf~e jg rdv~e nd fhtnjnjoev do fjvh ~enev

gev jvpdf~ev nd vt qhnj +~rjbjle' qhqhdonj' ftg~trj///( x oe vöge fece honhqhnte'

toe j toe' vhoe fece mrtpe vefhjg +cjrmhojfhöo' {doeaebhj' nhahftg~jndv pjrj gj

pjr~hfhpjfhöo///(/ ^enev gev pendrdv pübghfev' jg dgjberjr x jpghfjr gjv oercjv'

~hdodo ptdv gj ebghmjfhöo nd feovhndrjr dv~j vh~tjfhöo pjrj preceqdr gj hmtjg#

njn rdjg x dadf~hqj nd gev honhqhntev x nd gev fegdf~hqev nd hochmrjo~dv/

Do cj~drhj dntfj~hqj' gj GEMVD feo~hdod gjv prhcdrjv cdnhnjv dvpdfãah#

fjv pjrj fecpdovjr gjv ndvhmtjgnjndv ndrhqjnjv nd gjv vh~tjfheodv dfeoöchfjv

x vefhjgdv nd ~enj ãonegd' x rdjgh|j gj epfhöo nd oe nhv~homthr do pjr~hftgjr j gev

jgtcoev hochmrjo~dv vhoe nd feovhndrjr ztd jztèggjv vd jpghfjrêo j gev jgtcoev

feo odfdvhnjndv dntfj~hqjv dvpdfhjgdv +o/d/d/' do jndgjo~d(' jztdggev ztd ~hdodo

feonhfheodv cêv nhaãfhgdv pjrj prevdmthr feo oercjghnjn vtv dv~tnhev x prdfh#

vjo rdftrvev jnhfheojgdv/ Gj j~dofhöo j dv~d ~hpe nd jgtcojne vd rhmd per gev

prhofhphev nd oercjgh|jfhöo x nd ho~dmrjfhöo vefhjg' x gj dvfegjrh|jfhöo vdrê do

gev fdo~rev mdodrjgdv vhdcprd ztd vdj pevhbgd x vöge jftnhrêo j tohnjndv e fdo#

~rev nd dntfjfhöo dvpdfhjg ftjone gjv odfdvhnjndv ndg jgtcoe oe ptdnjo vdr

j~donhnjv per to fdo~re ernhojrhe/

J feo~hotjfhöo gj GEMVD ho~rentfd toj vdrhd nd cdnhnjv ndv~hojnjv j

fecpdovjr gjv ndvhmtjgnjndv do gj dntfjfhöo' kjbhgh~jone j gev pendrdv pübgh#

fev pjrj jnep~jr jffheodv dvpdfãahfjv do ajqer nd gj hmtjgnjn +©jffheodv pevh~h#

;:GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■



qjv¹ dv gj d{prdvhöo ctx vhmohahfj~hqj ztd t~hgh|j gj d{pevhfhöo nd ce~hqev nd gj

gdx(' ztd ptdndo rdfjdr ~jo~e vebrd pdrveojv fece vebrd mrtpev e êcbh~ev

~drrh~erhjgdv ztd vd doftdo~rdo do vh~tjfheodv ndvajqerjbgdv/ Dv~jv pegã~hfjv nd

dntfjfhöo fecpdovj~erhjv dv~êo ndv~hojnjv j dqh~jr gjv ndvhmtjgnjndv ndrhqjnjv

nd ajf~erdv vefhjgdv'dfeoöchfev'ftg~trjgdv'mdemrêahfev' è~ohfev e nd e~rj ãone#

gd +neond dqhndo~dcdo~d fjbdo gev prebgdcjv ndrhqjnev nd gj hochmrjfhöo( x

~jo~e dg Dv~jne fece gjv FFJJ ndbdo ahljr vtv ebld~hqev prhofhpjgdv nd pegã~hfj

fecpdovj~erhj +jr~/ 16/6 x >(/

Do dg fjve nd ohúev feo feonhfheodv pdrveojgdv ztd vtpeomjo toj ndv#

hmtjgnjn hohfhjg pjrj jffdndr j gj dntfjfhöo ebghmj~erhj e pjrj premrdvjr do gevohqdgdv vtpdrherdv' gj jnchohv~rjfhöo ndbd mjrjo~h|jr gjv feonhfheodv cêv ajqe#

rjbgdv pjrj gj dvfegjrh|jfhöo' ge ztd ptdnd ho~rentfhr feonhfheodv dvpdfhjgdv do

gj nhv~rhbtfhöo nd gev ohúev per fdo~rev/Ftjone oe vd ~rj~d vöge nd fjvev honh#

qhntjgdv vhoe ztd dg feolto~e nd to fdo~re dvfegjr ~domj dvpdfhjgdv nhahftg~jndv

pjrj jgfjo|jr gev ebld~hqev mdodrjgdv nd gj dntfjfhöo bêvhfj'ndbhne j vtv feonh#

fheodv vefhjgdv' gev pendrdv pübghfev gdv ne~jrêo feo gev rdftrvev ktcjoev x

cj~drhjgdv odfdvjrhev pjrj fecpdovjr gj vh~tjfhöo/ Gj gdx jújnd ztd gj ermjoh#

|jfhöo x premrjcjfhöo nd dv~ev fdo~rev vd jnjp~jrê j gjv odfdvhnjndv dvpdfãah#

fjv ndg jgtcojne' ge ztd hcpghfj toj mrjo ghbdr~jn nd epfheodv ermjoh|j~hqjv x

nd premrjcjfhöo/ Dg Dv~jne ptdnd prepeodr j gjv FFJJ premrjcjv dvpdfãahfevpjrj jgfjo|jr gev ebld~hqev nd gj pegã~hfj dntfj~hqj fecpdovj~erhj/

J vt qd|' gj Gdx Ermêohfj 8%:884' nd 20 nd oeqhdcbrd' nd gj pjr~hfhpj#

fhöo' gj dqjgtjfhöo dg mebhdroe nd gev fdo~rev nefdo~dv +GEPDM( do vt Nhvpe#

vhfhöo Jnhfheojg vdmtonj feofrd~j gj rdadrdofhj j gev jgtcoev feo o/d/d/ fece

gev ztd rdzthdrjo' do to pdrãene nd vt dvfegjrh|jfhöo e ge gjrme nd ~enj dggj'

jpexev x j~dofheodv dntfj~hqjv dvpdfãahfjv per ©pjndfdr nhvfjpjfhnjndv aãvhfjv'

pvãzthfjv e vdoverhjgdv' per cjohadv~jr ~rjv~eroev mrjqdv nd feontf~j' e per

dv~jr do vh~tjfheodv vefhjgdv e ftg~trjgdv ndvajqerdfhnjv¹/ Dv~j gdx feofrd~j'

ptdv' ctfke cêv gjv fjtvjv ztd ndbdo erhdo~jr gjv pegã~hfjv fecpdovj~erhjv<

chotvqjgãjv'feontf~j x vh~tjfhöo vefhjg e ftg~trjg ndvajqerdfhnj/

Dv~j üg~hcj fjtvj' ©vh~tjfhöo vefhjg e ftg~trjg ndvajqerdfhnj¹' ptdnd

hofgthr j dvfegjrdv hochmrjo~dv nd ajchghjv feo prebgdcjv dfeoöchfe#vefhjgdv e

ztd ~hdodo dvpdfhjg nhahftg~jn feo gj gdomtj' pdre ~jcbhèo ptdnd jadf~jr j gev

ojfheojgdv nd gjv fjpjv vefhjgdv cêv bjljv/ Per e~rj pjr~d' oe ~hdod per ztè




hofgthr j ~enev gev hochmrjo~dv' perztd toj pjr~d nd dggev vhmtdo feo oercjgh#

njn gev dv~tnhev/ Gev dadf~ev nd dv~j fj~dmerãj pjrdfdo pevh~hqev do gj cdnhnj

ztd oe re~tgj nd gj chvcj cjodrj j ~enev gev hochmrjo~dv' pdre fecper~j e~rev

prebgdcjv odmj~hqev'prhofhpjgcdo~d per gj nhahftg~jn pjrj dqjgtjr gjv odfdvhnj#

ndv dntfj~hqjv dvpdfhjgdv +cêv fgjrjv do dg fjve nd gev jgtcoev nhvfjpjfh~jnev

e feo prebgdcjv nd feontf~j( x per gev ebv~êftgev pjrj kjfdr ardo~d j gj mtd~h#

|jfhöo' ztd ojnhd ntnj do fecbj~hr do gjv e~rjv nev fj~dmerãjv x do fjcbhe vd

jnch~d ctfke cêv aêfhgcdo~d pjrj gev hochmrjo~dv' hofgtve ~derh|jone ztd vd

dofeo~rjrêo ctfke cdler feo ohúev nd vt chvce erhmdo/

1/ Gj feofdo~rjfhöo nd jgtcoev hochmrjo~dvdo jgmtoev fdo~rev pübghfev fece rhdvmend frdjfhöo nd dvftdgjv#mtd~ev

Dg prhofhpjg prebgdcj ztd vd dv~ê ebvdrqjone do ~enjv gev ctohfhphev

feo to jg~e oücdre nd jgtcoev hochmrjo~dv dv vt feofdo~rjfhöo do jgmtoev

fdo~rev dvfegjrdv pübghfev' fece rdvtg~jne nd nev adoöcdoev ~e~jgcdo~d nhad#

rdo~dv9 per toj pjr~d' gj feofdo~rjfhöo ©oj~trjg¹ nd gev hochmrjo~dv do fhdr~ev

bjrrhev' per gev prdfhev cêv bjrj~ev nd gjv qhqhdonjv'per gj j~rjffhöo nd fecpj#

~rhe~jv e ajchghjrdv ztd xj qhqdo jggã' d~f/' pdre per e~rj pjr~d' per gj ndvdrfhöond gjv ajchghjv jt~öf~eojv ztd prdahdrdo ~rjvgjnjr j vtv khlev j e~rjv dvftdgjv

neond oe kjxjo hochmrjo~dv e vt preperfhöo oe vdj ~jo jg~j/ Dg adoöcdoe vd

jfjbj feoqhr~hdone do toj ©feofdo~rjfhöo jr~hahfhjg¹ nd jgtcoev hochmrjo~dv do

gev fdo~rev pübghfev x kthnj nd gev jgtcoev jt~öf~eoev j gev fdo~rev feofdr~j#

nev' nd aercj ztd vh gev kjbh~jo~dv hochmrjo~dv nd to bjrrhe rdprdvdo~jo dg 20$

e dg 60$ gj preperfhöo nd jgtcoev hochmrjo~dv do gev fdo~rev pübghfev veo dg

40$ e dg 10$ ndg jgtcojne/ Do gjv FFJJ ztd vdmtãjo bjle gj fecpd~dofhj nd gj

jnchohv~rjfhöo fdo~rjg +©~drrh~erhe CDF¹(' do dg ftrve :88=#8;' dg 8:'>$ ndg

jgtcojne hochmrjo~d vd feofdo~rjbj do fdo~rev pübghfev/ Do Fj~jgtúj'ztd ~hd#

od pgdojv fecpd~dofhjv do dntfjfhöo ndvnd dg prhofhphe' do dg chvce ftrve'gev 8/000 jgtcoev cjrreztãdv ztd ftrvjbjo dv~tnhev oe tohqdrvh~jrhev vd rdpjr#

~ãjo jvã< ;/616 +86$(' do fdo~rev pübghfev x 166 +=$( do fdo~rev feofdr~jnev/

Do dg êrdj nd Mhreoj' do dg üohfe fjve ztd kj ggdmjne jg rhbtojg Vtpdrher nd

Ltv~hfhj nd Fj~jgtúj' dg rdpjr~e drj èv~d< :04 jgtcoev hochmrjo~dv do fdo~rev

pübghfev x 2 jgtcoev do fdo~rev feofdr~jnev/

;6GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■



Gjv aercjv nd dv~j feofdo~rjfhöo veo nhqdrvjv/ Do efjvheodv' gj fjtvj vd

doftdo~rj do gj prephj gdmhvgjfhöo nd gjv FFJJ' ztd pe~dofhjo gj dgdffhöo nd

fdo~rev feofdr~jnev per gjv ajchghjv jt~öf~eojv j ~rjqèv ndg cjg ggjcjne ndrd#

fke j gj dgdffhöo nd fdo~re' ztd vd jojgh|jrê dovdmthnj9 do e~rjv efjvheodv' vd

prentfd per toj prêf~hfj jnchohv~rj~hqj ztd rdvdrqj' e pdrch~d rdvdrqjr'gjv pgj#

|jv nd gjv dvftdgjv feofdr~jnjv nd cjodrj nhvfrhchoj~erhj j gev jgtcoev jt~öf#

~eoev9 do e~rev fjvev' vd ~rj~j nd prêf~hfjv nd gev prephev fdo~rev feofdr~jnev

ztd ndvjohcjo j gjv ajchghjv hochmrjo~dv pjrj cj~rhftgjr j vtv khlev do vtv fdo#

~rev feo ctx nhqdrvev jrmtcdo~ev +gev pjmev ztd kjo nd rdjgh|jr per gjv jf~hqh#

njndv fecpgdcdo~jrhjv' gjv qdo~jljv nd ztd jftnjo j dvftdgjv neond doftdo#~rdo fecpj~rhe~jv' d~f/(/ Gj feofdo~rjfhöo ©oj~trjg¹ dv rdvtg~jne nd gj jmrtpj#

fhöo nd gev hochmrjo~dv do nd~drchojnev bjrrhev' gj feofdo~rjfhöo ©jr~hahfhjg¹ vd

prentfd per gj ndfhvhöo nd ctfkjv ajchghjv jt~öf~eojv nd rd~hrjr j vtv khlev nd

gev fdo~rev dvfegjrdv ztd jgfjo|jo to ~jvj vhmohahfj~hqj nd jgtcoev hochmrjo~dv'

dvpdfhjgcdo~d ftjone gj prephj jnchohv~rjfhöo ge dv~hctgj e prectdqd otdqev

fdo~rev feofdr~jnev' vho odfdvhnjn' perztd do gj |eoj xj d{hv~do vtahfhdo~dv

fdo~rev pübghfev/ Per ~enev dv~ev fjchoev vd dv~ê ggdmjone j toj vh~tjfhöo prd#

eftpjo~d/ Gev jgtcoev hochmrjo~dv vd feofdo~rjo do fdo~rev nefdo~dv pübgh#

fev do toj preperfhöo ctx vtpdrher j gj ~jvj nd gj pebgjfhöo hochmrjo~d ndg

chvce bjrrhe' chdo~rjv ztd gev dv~tnhjo~dv jt~öf~eoev vd rdatmhjo do gev fdo#~rev feofdr~jnev/ Jvã fechdo|j'ndvnd gj dvftdgj' gj vdmrdmjfhöo vefhjg/ Jndcêv'

jtoztd oe vhdcprd' gev fdo~rev pübghfev ferrdo to mrjqd pdghmre nd feoqdr~hrvd

do dvftdgjv#mtd~ev' feo gj feovhmthdo~d ndmrjnjfhöo x cjrmhojfhöo nd vtv

jgtcoev/

Dg prhofhpjg jrmtcdo~e nd gjv dvftdgjv'x j qdfdv jnchohv~rjfheodv' feo#

vdrqjnerjv do ajqer nd dv~j erhdo~jfhöo rdvtg~j pjr~hftgjrcdo~d ajrhvde' x feo#

vhv~d do gj hoqefjfhöo jg ndrdfke nd gev pjnrdv nd dgdmhr to fdo~re nefdo~d

pjrj vtv khlev/ Do rdjghnjn'~jg ndrdfke oe d{hv~d do gj gdmhvgjfhöo dvpjúegj' pdre

vd jgdmj feo toj feoatvhöo ‖qegto~jrhj e oe‖ feo dg ndrdfke rdfeoefhne per gj

Feov~h~tfhöo x per dg Pjf~e Ho~drojfheojg nd gev Ndrdfkev Dfeoöchfev' Vefhj#gdv x Ftg~trjgdv nd gj EOT +:811(' nd ztd gev pjnrdv ptdndo dgdmhr pjrj vtv

khlev gj dntfjfhöo rdghmhevj x cerjg ztd dv~è nd jftdrne feo vtv feoqhffheodv'

x fece feregjrhe' dg ndrdfke nd gev pjnrdv j ep~jr do~rd gj dvftdgj pübghfj x gj

prhqjnj/

;> ■ GJ RDMTGJFHÖO ND GJ DNTFJFHÖO ND GEV HOCHMRJO^DV



Pjrj ajfhgh~jr gj fecprdovhöo nd ho~drprd~jfhöo ltrãnhfj vd ptdndo vd#

mthr qjrhev pjvev/ Do prhcdr gtmjr' dv dqhndo~d ztd gj ajftg~jn nd gev pjnrdv pjrj

dgdmhr to fdo~re feofrd~e vev~dohne per gev pendrdv pübghfev oe dv to ndrdfke

jbvegt~e'perztd gj prephj gdx ho~rentfd ghch~jfheodv j gj dgdffhöo nd to fdo~re

vhdcprd ztd d{hv~j cêv ndcjonj ztd eadr~j nd pgj|jv per gj rjfheojgh|jfhöo nd

gev rdftrvev pübghfev ztd ndbd rdjgh|jr gj jnchohv~rjfhöo/ Do vdmtone gtmjr'

vdmüo gjv gdxdv bêvhfjv ndg Dv~jne' gev frh~drhev nd jnchvhöo nd jgtcoev kjo nd

vdr hmtjgdv do gev fdo~rev pübghfev x do gev feofdr~jnev x ~enev gev fdo~rev

pübghfev x feofdr~jnev nd toj chvcj |eoj ndbdo ~dodr gj chvcj preperfhöo

nd jgtcoev feo o/d/d/Gj gdmhvgjfhöo oe eardfd ntnjv/ Gj GEPDM hovhv~d do vt d{pevhfhöo nd

ce~hqev do gj dvfegjrh|jfhöo nd gev jgtcoev feo o/d/d/do gev ©fdo~rev nefdo~dv

vev~dohnev feo aeonev pübghfev¹ +d{prdvhöo ztd hofgtxd hodztãqefjcdo~d j gev

feofdr~jnev( x jújnd ztd pjrj dgge gev fdo~rev nd toj chvcj |eoj ndbdrêo

dvfegjrh|jr j dv~ev jgtcoev do hmtjg preperfhöo' nd jftdrne feo gev gãch~dv x

rdftrvev ztd nd~drchod gj jnchohv~rjfhöo/ Cêv jndgjo~d' gj d{pevhfhöo nd ce~h#

qev vd rdahdrd d{prdvjcdo~d j gjv cenhahfjfheodv ztd gj gdx ho~rentfd do dg

rèmhcdo jpghfjbgd j gev fdo~rev feofdr~jnev ©pjrj ztd ~enev gev fdo~rev vev~d#

ohnev feo aeonev pübghfev vdjo nd hmtjg cene pjr~ãfhpdv nd gjv cdnhnjv ztd

ajqerdfdo gj fjghnjn nd gj dovdújo|j x ztdndo vecd~hnev j dzthqjgdo~dv cdfj#ohvcev nd feo~reg vefhjg¹/ jcbhèo nd cene d{prdve dv~jbgdfd ztd vd ~rj~j nd

oercjv bêvhfjv ztd ebghmjo j gjv FFJJ/

Dg oücdre 2 nd gj Nhvpevhfhöo Jnhfheojg Prhcdrj nd gj chvcj gdx rdfjg#

fj gj ebghmjfhöo nd gev fdo~rev vev~dohnev feo aeonev pübghfev nd dvfegjrh|jr j

gev jgtcoev jo~dv fh~jnev'nd jftdrne feo gev gãch~dv ztd ahld gj jnchohv~rjfhöo'

jújnhdone ztd vd ndbdrê rdvpd~jr toj preperfhöo dzthqjgdo~d nd nhfkev jgtc#

oev per tohnjn do gev fdo~rev nefdo~dv nd fjnj |eoj' vjgqe do vtptdv~ev do

ztd vdj jfeovdljbgd e~re frh~drhe pjrj mjrjo~h|jr toj cdler rdvptdv~j dntfj~hqj

j gev jgtcoev/ Vtbrjxj ~jcbhèo ztd gev rdftrvev jnhfheojgdv ztd gj jnchohv~rj#

fhöo vtchohv~rd ndbdo rdpjr~hrvd feo gev chvcev frh~drhev pjrj ~enev gev fdo#

~rev vev~dohnev feo aeonev pübghfev/ Ahojgcdo~d' pjrj ajfhgh~jr gj dvfegjrh|jfhöo

x toj cdler ho~dmrjfhöo' gjv jnchohv~rjfheodv dntfj~hqjv penrêo fegjberjr feo

e~rjv jnchohv~rjfheodv' hov~h~tfheodv x jvefhjfheodv feo rdvpeovjbhghnjndv

vebrd gev fegdf~hqev jadf~jnev/




Toj jbtonjo~d ltrhvprtndofhj ndg ^rhbtojg Vtprdce fehofhnd do gev

gãch~dv ndg ggjcjne ndrdfke j gj dgdffhöo nd to fdo~re nefdo~d' ltv~hahfjnev do

rj|eodv cj~drhjgdv x prdvtptdv~jrhjv< gev pendrdv pübghfev ~hdodo ajftg~jndv

pjrj dv~jbgdfdr to rj~he nd jgtcoev per fgjvd ztd mjrjo~hfd gj fjghnjn cãohcj

nd gj dovdújo|j' jtoztd dgge hcpghztd gj oe jnchvhöo nd cêv jgtcoev' x gj

vtbernhojfhöo nd gj dgdffhöo nd fdo~re j gj d{hv~dofhj nd pgj|jv/ Do dg aeone'

fece nhfd gj V^V 60=:%86' gj dgdffhöo nd fdo~re dv toj cjohadv~jfhöo nd prdad#

rdofhj ztd vöge vdrê vj~hvadfkj ftjone vdj pevhbgd/

Do rdjghnjn'to pjve cêv do dg rj|eojchdo~e ltrãnhfe feontfd j jahrcjr

ztd gj dgdffhöo nd fdo~re oe dv to ndrdfke do vdo~hne dv~rhf~e' hofgtve vh jgmt#ojv oercjv ge ndoechojo jvã' vhoe toj fj~dmerãj ztd gj ~derãj ltrãnhfj ndoech#

oj ©ho~drèv gdmã~hce¹ x ftxe fjrêf~dr pdrch~d aerctgjr gj prdadrdofhj per to

fdo~re feofrd~e'pdre oe mjrjo~h|j vt eb~dofhöo/ To ndrdfke vhdcprd ndbd vdr

vj~hvadfke' to ho~drèv gdmã~hce' oe9 pdrch~d d{prdvjr toj prdadrdofhj' pdre gj

chvcj vöge vd rdjgh|jrê vh vd njo gjv feonhfheodv odfdvjrhjv/ Gj ajftg~jn nd gev

pjnrdv pjrj ep~jr j to fdo~re feofrd~e vev~dohne feo aeonev pübghfev oe dv'

ptdv' ebv~êftge j gjv pegã~hfjv nd gev pendrdv pübghfev ztd nhv~rhbtxdo j gev

jgtcoev feo odfdvhnjndv dntfj~hqjv dvpdfhjgdv do~rd nhqdrvev fdo~rev pjrj

vtpdrjr gjv feonhfheodv ndvajqerjbgdv nd jgmtoev nd dggev/

=/ Gjv oercjv nd gjv fectohnjndv jt~öoecjv

Xj vd kj d{pghfjne ztd gjv fecpd~dofhjv nd gjv fectohnjndv jt~öoe#

cjv +FFJJ( veo hcper~jo~dv perztd ~hdodo pendr pjrj jprebjr gjv gdxdv' gev

rdmgjcdo~ev dldft~hqev +ztd ndvjrreggjo gj gdx(' gev rdmgjcdo~ev ermjoh|j~hqev x

pjrj rdjgh|jr ~enj gj mdv~höo nd gj dntfjfhöo' rdvpd~jone vhdcprd gjv gdxdv bêvh#

fjv ndg Dv~jne/ jcbhèo kjx ztd rdfernjr ztd vöge = FFJJ ~tqhdreo dv~jv fec#

pd~dofhjv ndvnd dg hohfhe +Fj~jgtúj' Pjãv Qjvfe' Mjghfhj' Jonjgtfãj' Ojqjrrj'

Fjojrhjv x Fectohnjn Qjgdofhjoj(9 chdo~rjv ztd gjv ndcêv gj rdfhbhdreo

ctfke cêv ~jrnd' nd cjodrj ztd dv gömhfe dvpdrjr nd gjv prhcdrjv toj oercj#

~hqj vtpdrher/ jcbhèo vd ndbd rdfernjr ztd gj hcper~jofhj nd gj hochmrjfhöo

do gjv nhv~ho~jv FFJJ dv ctx nhqdrvj +nev nd fjnj ~rdv hochmrjo~dv rdvhndo do

Fj~jgtúj' Fectohnjn Qjgdofhjoj' Ctrfhj' Jonjgtfãj x Cjnrhn(' ge ztd d{pghfj#

rãj'do ~derãj'toj nhadrdo~d ho~dovhnjn ndg ~rj~jchdo~e/




Vh fjcbhjcev gev nev frh~drhev' rdvtg~j ztd gjv FFJJ cêv ho~drdvjnjv do

gdmhvgjr vebrd gj dntfjfhöo nd gev hochmrjo~dv' per ~dodr hochmrjfhöo hcper~jo#

~d x pgdojv fecpd~dofhjv ndvnd dg hohfhe' vdrãjo Fj~jgtúj' gj Fectohnjn Qjgdo#

fhjoj x Jonjgtfãj/ Gj rdjghnjn' vho dcbjrme' dv nhadrdo~d' x rdvtg~j ztd gj fect#

ohnjn jt~öoecj ztd cêv x cdler kj ndvjrreggjne vtv fecpd~dofhjv kj vhne dg

Pjãv Qjvfe'ztd ~dörhfjcdo~d ~hdod cdoev ho~drèv do dg ~dcj perztd gj preper#

fhöo nd hochmrjo~dv dv rdgj~hqjcdo~d bjlj/ Do~rd dg rdv~e ptdndo ebvdrqjrvd

mrjnev nhqdrvev nd ho~drèv x ~jcbhèo erhdo~jfheodv pegã~hfjv nhadrdo~dv/

Gömhfjcdo~d gjv oercjv vebrd dntfjfhöo nd gev hochmrjo~dv pjr~do nd

gjv oercjv ndnhfjnjv j gj dntfjfhöo' x do dv~d vdo~hne gj prhcdrj ebvdrqjfhöodv dg dvfjve ho~drèv nd gjv FFJJ per dgjberjr gdxdv dntfj~hqjv/ Vöge dg Pjãv

Qjvfe ~hdod toj gdx mdodrjg vebrd dntfjfhöo oe tohqdrvh~jrhj +Gdx :%:886' nd gj

Dvftdgj Pübghfj Qjvfj(' chdo~rjv ztd gjv ndcêv FFJJ vd feoaercjo feo ndv#

pgdmjr gjv gdxdv bêvhfjv cdnhjo~d ndfrd~ev' ge ztd vtpeod oe vöge toj cjgj ~èf#

ohfj ltrãnhfj vhoe' vebrd ~ene' toj cjrmhojfhöo ndg Pjrgjcdo~e rdvpdf~hqe' x

toj rdntffhöo nd gj gdmh~hchnjn ndcefrê~hfj nd gj oercj' perztd gev ndfrd~ev

gev jprtdbj üohfjcdo~d dg mebhdroe' vho ndbj~d pübghfe' chdo~rjv ztd gj jpre#

bjfhöo nd gjv gdxdv pdrch~d gj pjr~hfhpjfhöo nd ~enjv gjv atdr|jv pegã~hfjv' jfec#

pjújnj nd toj nhvftvhöo pübghfj cêv e cdoev ho~dovj/

Per ndahohfhöo' gjv oercjv jt~eoöchfjv dv~êo ebghmjnjv j feofrd~jr gev

prhofhphev nd gj GEMVD do pegã~hfjv fecpdovj~erhjv pjrj dg ~rj~jchdo~e nd gev

jgtcoev feo o/d/d/x nd gj GEPDM pjrj feovdmthr ztd gev fdo~rev pübghfev x gev

feofdr~jnev dvfegjrhfdo do hmtjg preperfhöo j dv~ev jgtcoev/ Jndcêv ptdndo

dgjberjr pegã~hfjv dntfj~hqjv prephjv pjrj kjfdr ardo~d j gj hoferperjfhöo ~jrnãj

nd gev hochmrjo~dv e btvfjr vegtfheodv cêv hcjmhoj~hqjv j gev fdo~rev dvfegjrdv

feo rhdvme nd cjrmhojghnjn/ Gj mrjo qdo~jlj nd dv~d ~hpe nd fecpd~dofhj dv ztd

gj gdx bêvhfj ndg Dv~jne jvdmtrj tojv feonhfheodv cãohcjv hmtjgdv pjrj ~enev x

eardfd j gjv FFJJ gj pevhbhghnjn nd d{pdrhcdo~jr pegã~hfjv pübghfjv cêv dadf~h#

qjv' vdmüo gjv feonhfheodv x gev fjrjf~drdv nd gj dntfjfhöo do vt ~drrh~erhe/ Vho

dcbjrme' jkerj qdrdcev ztd gjv FFJJ oe kjo kdfke mrjondv jqjofdv do dv~j

gãodj' feo gj d{fdpfhöo qjvfj' perztd oe kjo feofrd~jne ndcjvhjne gev ebld~h#

qev mdodrjgdv nd gjv gdxdv bêvhfjv x jpdojv kjo btvfjne vegtfheodv otdqjv/

Do dg Pjãv Qjvfe' dg Ndfrd~e :>%:88= nd jnchvhöo nd jgtcoev do fdo#

~rev pübghfev x feofdr~jnev ndvjrreggj gj prephj gdx qjvfj'xj fh~jnj'x ndnhfj gjv

;=GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■



nhvpevhfheodv jnhfheojgdv j gjv gãodjv mdodrjgdv pjrj dg ~rj~jchdo~e nd gev jgtc#

oev feo o/d/d/' ztd rdmtgj j vt qd| feo cjxer nd~jggd do dg Ndfrd~e ::;%:88;/

Vhmthdone gjv erhdo~jfheodv nd gj GEMVD' prdqè cdnhnjv pevh~hqjv pjrj gtfkjr

feo~rj gj nhvfrhchojfhöo' mdodrjgcdo~d fece rdatdr|ev pjrj cjo~dodr gj fjgh#

njn nd gj dovdújo|j' do dg cjrfe nd toj dvftdgj fecprdovhqj d ho~dmrjnerj/ J

vt qd|' dv~d ndfrd~e kj vhne ndvjrreggjne per e~rjv oercjv vtbernhojnjv/ Do

feolto~e'ndv~jfj gj j~dofhöo prdv~jnj j gev jgtcoev feo o/d/d/nd erhmdo vefhjg'

hofgtve t~hgh|jone d{prdvjcdo~d dg ~èrchoe nd ©hochmrjo~dv¹' xj do gj prephj

gdx' x gj hovhv~dofhj do gj ebghmjfhöo nd ~enev gev fdo~rev vev~dohnev feo aeonev

pübghfev nd jnch~hr j gev jgtcoev o/d/d/ nd jftdrne feo gev frh~drhev nd dvfegj#rh|jfhöo ndg Ndpjr~jcdo~e/ Pjrj dqh~jr gj vdmrdmjfhöo nd gev fdo~rev vh~tjnev

do do~eroev ndvajqerdfhnev' pdrch~d cjxer dgjv~hfhnjn do gjv premrjcjfheodv

nd jtgj x do gj ermjoh|jfhöo nd mrtpev x prectdqd ztd dg preadverjne vdj dg

cêv jndftjne j gev prebgdcjv ndg fdo~re/ Jndcêv' toj Erndo nd 60 nd ltghe nd

:88; vebrd jgtcojne feo o/d/d/ ndrhqjnjv nd vh~tjfheodv vefhjgdv ndvjrreggj dg

jo~drher Ndfrd~e' jareo~jone dvpdfãahfjcdo~d gj dvfegjrh|jfhöo ~jrnãj x dg

rdatdr|e ghom÷ãv~hfe nd jgtcoev hochmrjo~dv'jvtchdone nhrdf~jcdo~d gj odfdvh#

njn nd cdnhnjv nd nhvfrhchojfhöo pevh~hqj/ Do~rd èv~jv' dv ctx hcper~jo~d gj

prdadrdofhj do gj eadr~j nd pgj|jv dvfegjrdv do gj dntfjfhöo hoajo~hg' ztd do dg

Pjãv Qjvfe dv mrj~th~j ndvnd gev 6 júev/ jcbhèo prdqè premrjcjv nd ho~drqdo#fhöo mgebjg do fdo~rev nd cdnhev vefhjgdv ndvajqerdfhnev' hofgtxdone fece frh#

~drhev pjrj vt nd~drchojfhöo gj rdo~j' gj pdr~dodofhj j mrtpev è~ohfev choerh~j#

rhev x j ajchghjv nd rdfhdo~d hochmrjfhöo/

Do Fj~jgtúj' dg Ndfrd~e =2%:881 ztd dv~jbgdfd dg rèmhcdo nd jnchvhöo

nd jgtcoev do gev fdo~rev nefdo~dv vev~dohnev feo aeonev pübghfev rdprentfd

x ftjo~hahfj gev frh~drhev nd gj gdx bêvhfj pjrj gev vtptdv~ev nd ajg~j nd pgj|jv

+pre{hchnjn ndg fdo~re' rdo~j' d~f/(' pdre jg chvce ~hdcpe nj ctfkj atdr|j jg

vtptdv~e ndrdfke nd gev pjnrdv j dgdmhr to fdo~re feofrd~e x ndbhgh~j per ~jo~e

gj premrjcjfhöo dntfj~hqj/ Oe rdprentfd gj hovhv~dofhj nd gj GEPDM nd ztd gev

fdo~rev pübghfev x gev feofdr~jnev ndbdo dvfegjrh|jr per hmtjg j gev jgtcoevfeo o/d/d/x vd ghch~j j erndojr ztd fjnj fdo~re rdvdrqd nev pgj|jv per tohnjn e

mrtpe pjrj pevhbgdv jgtcoev o/d/d/' prdqhvhöo ztd feodf~jnj feo dg ~rj~jchdo~e

ztd kjfd dg Ndfrd~e 288%:88=' vebrd gj j~dofhöo dntfj~hqj jg jgtcojne feo

odfdvhnjndv dntfj~hqjv dvpdfhjgdv'pjrdfd rdadrhrvd üohfjcdo~d j gjv o/d/d/ndrh#

qjnjv nd gjv chotvqjgãjv' pdre oe j gjv nd fjtvj vefhjg' neond do~rjrãjo gev hoch#

;; ■ GJ RDMTGJFHÖO ND GJ DNTFJFHÖO ND GEV HOCHMRJO^DV



mrjo~dv/ Dv' ptdv' toj oercj~hqj ztd hmoerj gev prebgdcjv nd gj feofdo~rjfhöo

nd hochmrjo~dv do jgmtojv dvftdgjv pübghfjv d hofgtve ge ajqerdfd jg prdvdrqjr j

gev fdo~rev feofdr~jnev nd gj ggdmjnj nd hochmrjo~dv' feo dg jrmtcdo~e ndg nd#

rdfke j gj dgdffhöo nd fdo~re/ Do gev üg~hcev ~hdcpev gj nhatvhöo per gev cdnhev

nd fectohfjfhöo nd dv~j nhvfrhchojfhöo do~rd fdo~rev pübghfev x feofdr~jnev'

rdaer|jnj per gj fecpjrjfhöo feo jgmtoev jxto~jchdo~ev ztd kjbãj gemrjne to

~rj~jchdo~e cêv hmtjgh~jrhe x per dg dfe nd gj Vdo~dofhj ndg fjve Mhreoj' jo~dv

fh~jnj' feontle j gj jprebjfhöo nd toj Rdvegtfhöo ndg Ndpjr~jcdo~e nd Do#

vdújo|j do :888 ztd kj dv~jbgdfhne gj rdvdrqj nd 4 pgj|jv pjrj jgtcoev feo

o/d/d/ do jgmtoev fdo~rev nd jgmtojv fhtnjndv' feo fjrêf~dr d{pdrhcdo~jg x vhohofgthr ohomtoe nd Bjrfdgeoj/

Do Fjojrhjv' dg Ndfrd~e :2%:88> vebrd jnchvhöo nd jgtcoev do fdo~rev

vev~dohnev feo aeonev pübghfev vhmtd gev frh~drhev nd gj GEND' ztd vd preatonh#

|jo do dg Ndfrd~e 26%:884 vebrd dntfjfhöo erhdo~j~hqj pjrj feovdmthr dg ndvj#

rregge ho~dmrjg' gj ho~dmrjfhöo vefhjg x dg rdvpd~e j gj nhqdrvhnjn/ Ndvjrreggjne

per Erndo nd :8 nd cjxe ndg chvce júe'prdqè cdnhnjv fecpdovj~erhjv hovph#

rjnjv do gj GEMVD pjrj kjfdr ardo~d j vh~tjfheodv x fdo~rev ndvajqerdfhnev

+oüfgdev ndprhchnev' ajchghjv feo prebgdcjv(/ Jndcêv' gj Erndo nd = nd jbrhg

nd :88= prdv~j j~dofhöo j gj nhqdrvhnjn ndg jgtcojne/

Jgmtojv FFJJ pjvjo per jg~e gj feovhndrjfhöo nhadrdofhjnj nd gev jgtc#

oev feo o/d/d/ ndrhqjnjv nd vh~tjfheodv vefhjgdv e ftg~trjgdv x' per ~jo~e' vtv oer#

cjv vebrd jnchvhöo vd rdahdrdo ~e~jg e prhofhpjgcdo~d j gev jgtcoev nhvfjpj#

fh~jnev/ Do gj Fectohnjn Qjgdofhjoj dg Ndfrd~e 2>1%:88:' nd gev ndrdfkev x

ndbdrdv nd gev jgtcoev'vd rdahdrd j gjv cdnhnjv pjrj fecpdovjr fjrdofhjv vefhe#

ftg~trjgdv' prhofhpjgcdo~d pegã~hfj nd bdfjv x pevhbgdv rdgjfheodv nd gev fdo~rev

dvfegjrdv feo e~rev nd gj jnchohv~rjfhöo jt~eoöchfj/ E~rjv nev örndodv vd rdahd#

rdo j gev jgtcoev feo o/d/d/'pdre vho feo~dcpgjr gjv nd erhmdo vefhjg/ Ge chvce

vtfdnd do Jonjgtfãj' neond dg Ndfrd~e =2%:881 vebrd jnchvhöo nd jgtcoev'

rdmtgj gj dvfegjrh|jfhöo nd gev jgtcoev feo o/d/d/' ndvjrreggjnj per Erndo nd :1

nd cjr|e' pdre oe cdofheoj j gev nd erhmdo vefhjg/ ^jcbhèo do Mjghfhj dg

Ndfrd~e ;=%:884' nd jnchvhöo nd jgtcoev do gev fdo~rev pübghfev x feofdr~j#

nev' vhmtd gev frh~drhev nd gj GEND' pdre vho rdadrdofhj j gev prebgdcjv nd erhmdo

vefhjg9~jcpefe jpjrdfdo èv~ev do dg Ndfrd~e 620%:881 ztd ndvjrreggj gj GEPDM'

jtoztd ndbd ~dodrvd do ftdo~j ztd gj hochmrjfhöo do dv~j fectohnjn jt~öoecj

dv ctx rdntfhnj/




Pjrj dg ggjcjne ©~drrh~erhe CDF¹' gjv :0 FFJJ ztd jvtchdreo ctfke cêv

~jrnd gj fecpd~dofhj vebrd dntfjfhöo'dg mebhdroe fdo~rjg nhf~ö dg Rdjg Ndfrd~e

288%:881' vebrd dntfjfhöo fecpdovj~erhj nd jgmtoev fegdf~hqev hofgtxdone j

dv~tnhjo~dv pdr~dodfhdo~dv j choerãjv è~ohfjv e ftg~trjgdv/ Vd ahlj dvpdfhjgcdo~d

do gj nhv~rhbtfhöo jndftjnj do~rd gev fdo~rev vev~dohnev feo aeonev pübghfev x

feo~hdod to premrjcj pjrj gtfkjr feo~rj dg jbvdo~hvce dvfegjr/ Prdqè jxtnjv

pjrj gev ~rjovper~dv x dg fecdner' do fjve nd rdo~jv bjljv' x nhqdrvev premrjcjv

nd j~dofhöo dntfj~hqj/ Dg Rdjg Ndfrd~e 611%:88=' vebrd dg rèmhcdo nd dgdffhöo

nd fdo~re dntfj~hqe' jújnd j gev frh~drhev nd gj GEND e~rev fecpgdcdo~jrhev'

fece gj pdr~dodofhj j ajchghj otcdrevj' gj chotvqjgãj aãvhfj do kdrcjoev epjnrdv ndg jgtcoe x e~rjv fhrftov~jofhjv ztd ptdndo nd~drchojr gev fdo~rev nd

aercj pübghfj x prdqhj j gj vdgdffhöo/ Gj Erndo nd 21 nd cjr|e ndg chvce júe

ndvjrreggj dg ndfrd~e jo~drher x dofechdonj j gjv fechvheodv nd dvfegjrh|jfhöo

jnep~jr cdnhnjv pjrj dvfegjrh|jr j gev jgtcoev feo o/d/d/ nd erhmdo ftg~trjg x

vefhjg x pjrj dqh~jr gj feofdo~rjfhöo' pdrch~hdone gj rdvdrqj nd pgj|jv/

jo~e dv~jv oercjv fece gjv jprebjnjv per gjv FFJJ vtdgdo prdqdr' feo

nhadrdo~dv ndoechojfheodv'dzthpev pvhfepdnjmömhfev pjrj dg vdmthchdo~e nd gev

jgtcoev feo o/d/d/ x gj erhdo~jfhöo ndg preadverjne/ Vdmtrjcdo~d dv~ev dzthpev

veo jndftjnev pjrj ftcpghr vt atofhöo rdvpdf~e j gev jgtcoev feo chotvqjgãjv e

nd feontf~j nhaãfhg' pdre rdvtg~jo cdoev ü~hgdv pjrj gev hochmrjo~dv feo nhahftg~j#ndv pjrj vdmthr dg rh~ce dvfegjr'perztd vd ~rj~j nd prebgdcjv ctx nhadrdo~dv/

Toj ftdv~höo pjr~hftgjr vd pgjo~dj do gjv FFJJ feo nev gdomtjv feeahfhj#

gdv' do dvpdfhjg ftjone vd t~hgh|j gj gdomtj prephj +fj~jgêo' dtvidrj e mjggdme('

fece gdomtj oercjg nd gj dovdújo|j/ Dg jr~ãftge :6 nd gj GEMVD dv~jbgdfd ztd

gj dntfjfhöo prhcjrhj feo~rhbthrê j ndvjrreggjr' do~rd e~rjv fjpjfhnjndv' gj t~hgh|j#

fhöo nd cjodrj jprephjnj nd gj gdomtj fjv~dggjoj x nd gj gdomtj eahfhjg prephj nd

gj fectohnjn jt~öoecj' x gjv gdxdv jt~eoöchfjv ~hdondo j dv~jbgdfdr gj dntfj#

fhöo do vt gdomtj rdvpdf~hqj' ge ztd kj vhne jqjgjne per dg ^rhbtojg Feov~h~t#

fheojg/ Dgge ptdnd vhmohahfjr toj nhahftg~jn jnhfheojg pjrj dg ohúe d{~rjoldre'

dvpdfhjgcdo~d nd dvfegjrh|jfhöo ~jrnãj' pdre do mdodrjg gjv FFJJ kjo frdjne

vdrqhfhev dntfj~hqev dvpdfhjgdv pjrj rdaer|jr dg jprdonh|jld nd gj gdomtj ftjone

vd ~rj~j nd jgmtoj nhadrdo~d ndg fjv~dggjoe/ Do Mjghfhj'dg Ndfrd~e =8%:88> pdrch#

~d gj d{dofhöo nd gjv prtdbjv nd dqjgtjfhöo ndg mjggdme +pdre oe nd gjv fgjvdv('

ntrjo~d to júe' prerremjbgd vh d{hv~d ltv~hahfjfhöo' pjrj gev jgtcoev hoferperj#

nev j gj dovdújo|j ndvnd dg d{~rjoldre/

80 ■ GJ RDMTGJFHÖO ND GJ DNTFJFHÖO ND GEV HOCHMRJO^DV



;/ Gj ctg~hftg~trjghnjn

Bjle dv~d ~èrchoe vtdgdo jmrtpjrvd ftdv~heodv ctx nhadrdo~dv' ztd ~hd#

odo jndcêv to ~rj~jchdo~e nhv~ho~e' perztd chdo~rjv gjv d{prdvheodv ftg~trjgdv

prephjcdo~d nhfkjv veo fecpd~dofhj d{fgtvhqj nd gjv FFJJ' gjv ztd jadf~jo j

gj rdghmhöo ptdndo vdr ndrdfkev atonjcdo~jgdv ftxj rdmtgjfhöo ferrdvpeond jg

Dv~jne/ Fehofhndo vho dcbjrme' qhv~jv ndvnd gj dntfjfhöo' do feonhfheojr gj

jt~edv~hcj x gj ho~dmrjfhöo nd gev jgtcoev ztd pevddo toj ftg~trj nhv~ho~j j gj

cjxerh~jrhj/

Gj dovdújo|j nd gj gdomtj cj~droj nd gev ohúev hochmrjo~dv dv feovhnd#rjnj toêohcdcdo~d ctx hcper~jo~d per gev pdnjmemev' oe vöge per gjv qdo~j#

ljv preadvheojgdv ztd ptdnd rdper~jrgdv do dg at~tre' vhoe dvpdfhjgcdo~d per gjv

cdlerjv ztd ho~rentfd do dg oüfgde ajchghjr x per gj jt~edv~hcj ztd preperfhe#

oj jg dv~tnhjo~d/ Pjrdfd ztd gj cjxerãj nd hochmrjo~dv qjgerjo ctx pevh~hqj#

cdo~d gj hofgtvhöo nd gj dovdújo|j nd vt gdomtj do gj dntfjfhöo nd vtv khlev/

Pdre jndcêv' gj hoferperjfhöo nd dv~jv gdomtjv jg vhv~dcj dvfegjr vtpeod fhdr~j

ebghmjfhöo ho~drojfheojg/

Gj Feoqdofhöo vebrd gev ndrdfkev ndg ohúe nd :8;8 dv~jbgdfd ztd vd

ndbdrê hoatonhr dg rdvpd~e kjfhj gj gdomtj ndg hoajo~d x dg Dv~j~t~e Ltrãnhfe ndg

^rjbjljner Chmrjo~d +Feovdle nd Dtrepj' :88=( feovhndrj gj dovdújo|j nd gj gdo#mtj cj~droj ndg ~rjbjljner hochmrjo~d fece ndbdr nd gev pendrdv pübghfev nd

©ermjoh|jr' do ge pevhbgd'ftrvev dvpdfhjgdv pjrj gev khlev nd gev ~rjbjljnerdv hoch#

mrjo~dv' ndv~hojnev j dovdújrgdv gj gdomtj cj~droj' pjrj ajfhgh~jr' do~rd e~rjv

fevjv' dg rd~eroe j vt dv~jne nd erhmdo¹/ J ohqdg fectoh~jrhe d{hv~d gj rdvegtfhöo

vebrd gj nhqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg nd gev khlev nd hochmrjo~dv nd gj Fectohnjn Dtrepdj

do gj ztd dg Pjrgjcdo~e Dtrepde feovhndrj ztd dv odfdvjrhe ztd gj Nhrdf~hqj ndg

Feovdle ==% >;1' rdgj~hqj j gj dvfegjrh|j fhöo nd gev khlev nd gev ~rjbjljnerdv

dchmrjo~dv +nd Dv~jnev chdcbrev('vd jpghztd ~jcbhèo j gev khlev nd gev fhtnjnj#

oev nd ~drfdrev pjãvdv ztd rdvhnjo gdmjgcdo~d do gj TD/ Dg Pjrgjcdo~e Dtrepde

prd~dond preceqdr gj dovdújo|j nd gj gdomtj cj~droj nd gev hochmrjo~dv' vho

ndljr nd gjne gj gdomtj ndg pjãv nd jfemhnj' feo dg aho nd ajqerdfdr gj ho~dmrjfhöo

nd èv~ev/ J vt qd| ~jcbhèo rdfeoefd gj hcpevhbhghnjn ndg jprdonh|jld nd ~enjv gjv

gdomtjv nd gev hochmrjo~dv x vd phnd j gev Dv~jnev chdcbrev ztd feo jrrdmge j

vtv fhrftov~jofhjv ojfheojgdv x vhv~dcjv gdmjgdv' eard|fjo toj aercjfhöo ho~dmrj#




nj do gev pgjodv nd dv~tnhe nd gj gdomtj ndg pjãv nd jfemhnj x toj dovdújo|j

fecpgdcdo~jrhj do gj gdomtj ndg pjãv nd erhmdo x ztd j~hdonj gjv hohfhj~hqjv nd

dv~ev d{~rjoldrev pjrj aecdo~jr dg jprdonh|jld nd vt gdomtj cj~droj/

Do dv~j gãodj Dvpjúj ~hdod ahrcjne to jftdrne feo Cjrrtdfev +Feoqd#

ohe nd Feepdrjfhöo Ftg~trjg do~rd Dvpjúj x Cjrrtdfev nd :> nd ef~tbrd nd

:8;0( ftxe jr~ãftge > nhfd ztd dg mebhdroe dvpjúeg ajfhgh~jrê gj dovdújo|j nd gj

gdomtj êrjbd j gev jgtcoev cjrreztãdv dvfegjrh|jnev do dv~jbgdfhchdo~ev prh#

cjrhev x vdftonjrhev dvpjúegdv/ Pdre gj hcprdvhöo mdodrjg dv ztd gj dovdújo|j

nd gj gdomtj cj~droj nd gev hochmrjo~dv oe vd kj feovhndrjne vdrhjcdo~d/ Do

jgmtoev ctohfhphev e fdo~rev dvfegjrdv vd kj ggdmjne j jftdrnev feo jvefhjfhe#odv ftg~trjgdv d{~rjoldrjv e feo EOMv pjrj rdjgh|jr fgjvdv do kerjrhe d{~rjdvfe#

gjr pdre pjrdfdo ctx choerh~jrhev gev fdo~rev ztd kjo ggdmjne j hoferperjr

dv~j dovdújo|j fece jvhmoj~trj rdmtgjr/

Gj rdghmhöo vtpeod jüo pjrj ctfkev ptdbgev' hofgthnev jgmtoev dtre#

pdev' to dgdcdo~e nd hndo~hahfjfhöo fegdf~hqj nd prhcdr erndo' pdre do Dvpjúj

rhmd gj ghbdr~jn rdghmhevj/ Dg jr~ãftge 2=/6 FD dv~jbgdfd ztd ©gev pendrdv pübghfev

mjrjo~h|jo dg ndrdfke ztd jvhv~d j gev pjnrdv pjrj ztd vtv khlev rdfhbjo gj aer#

cjfhöo rdghmhevj x cerjg ztd dv~è nd jftdrne feo vtv prephjv feoqhffheodv¹' j

pjr~hr ndg rdfeoefhchdo~e nd gj ghbdr~jn hndegömhfj x rdghmhevj ztd feo~hdod dg

jr~ãftge :1 nd gj prephj Feov~h~tfhöo/ Vho dcbjrme'dg cjonj~e ndg jr~ãftge 2=/6

FD oe dv to ndrdfke jbvegt~e' fece kj nhfke gj V^V nd 2> nd ltohe nd :88>'

perztd do~rd e~rjv fevjv gev pendrdv pübghfev oe ptdndo mjrjo~h|jr ztd do

~enev x fjnj toe nd gev pto~ev ndg ~drrh~erhe ojfheojg d{hv~jo fdo~rev jnjp~j#

nev j gjv cüg~hpgdv feofdpfheodv hndegömhfjv/

Gj Gdx Ermêohfj nd Ghbdr~jn Rdghmhevj' nd :8;0' dv~jbgdfd ztd gev pend#

rdv pübghfev jnep~jrêo gjv cdnhnjv odfdvjrhjv pjrj ajfhgh~jr gj aercjfhöo rdghmhe#

vj do gev fdo~rev nefdo~dv pübghfev/ Do dv~d vdo~hne' gj GEND rdfeoefd ztd gev

pjnrdv ~donrêo ndrdfke j ztd vtv khlev rdfhbjo gj aercjfhöo rdghmhevj x cerjg

ztd dv~è nd jftdrne feo vtv prephjv feoqhffheodv x rdfeoefd dg ndrdfke j~enev gev jgtcoev j ztd vt ghbdr~jn nd feofhdofhj x vtv feoqhffheodv rdghmhevjv

x cerjgdv vdjo rdvpd~jnjv/ Per vt pjr~d' gj nhvpevhfhöo jnhfheojg vdmtonj nd gj

GEMVD dv~jbgdfd ztd gj dovdújo|j nd gj rdghmhöo vd jltv~jrê j gev Jftdrnev nd

Dvpjúj feo gj Vjo~j Vdnd x gjv ndcêv feoadvheodv/ Dg Rdjg Ndfrd~e 2>6;%:88>'

nd :1 nd nhfhdcbrd' ztd rdmtgj gj dovdújo|j nd gj rdghmhöo do dg vhv~dcj dntfj#




~hqe' dv~jbgdfd ztd ©dg Dv~jne' ~dohdone do ftdo~j gjv frddofhjv rdghmhevjv d{hv#

~do~dv do gj vefhdnjn dvpjúegj' dv~jbgdfdrê'do vt fjve'jftdrnev e feoqdohev nd

feepdrjfhöo feo gjv hmgdvhjv x feoadvheodv ztd per vt êcbh~e x oücdre nd frd#

xdo~dv kjxjo jgfjo|jne oe~erhe jrrjhme do Dvpjúj¹/ Do dv~d vdo~hne ndv~jfjo

gev Jftdrnev feo gj Vjo~j Vdnd nd 6 nd dodre nd :8=8 vebrd dovdújo|j x ftg~t#

rj' neond vd prdqè gj dovdújo|j nd gj rdghmhöo Fj~öghfj do ~enev gev ohqdgdv

nefdo~dv dzthpjrêonevd jg rdv~e nd jvhmoj~trjv' pdvd j oe vdr nd fjrêf~dr ebgh#

mj~erhe' ge ztd qhdod preqefjone pegèchfjv vebrd gj dovdújo|j nd gj rdghmhöo/

Pdre jkerj ho~drdvj ndv~jfjr gev jftdrnev feo gjv e~rjv feoadvheodv ztd ptdnjo

~dodr hofhndofhj do gjv pebgjfheodv nd hochmrjo~dv/ Dvev jftdrnev vd kjo ahrcj#ne feo gjv feoadvheodv dqjomèghfjv' hvrjdgh~jv d hvgêchfjv' x kjo vhne jprebjnev

rdvpdf~hqjcdo~d per ~rdv gdxdv nd :882/ Èv~jv mjrjo~h|jo j gev jgtcoev' j vtv

pjnrdv x j gev örmjoev dvfegjrdv nd mebhdroe ztd ge veghfh~do' dg dldrfhfhe ndg

ndrdfke nd gev jgtcoev j rdfhbhr dovdújo|j rdghmhevj +dqjomèghfj' hvrjdgh~j' hvgê#

chfj( do gev fdo~rev nefdo~dv pübghfev x prhqjnev feofdr~jnev' do gev ohqdgdv

nd dntfjfhöo hoajo~hg' prhcjrhj x vdftonjrhj/ Pdre do rdjghnjn gj hov~rtcdo~j#

fhöo nd dv~jv oercjv pjrdfd dofeo~rjrvd ctx rd~rjvjnj jo~d gev prebgdcjv

prêf~hfev nd vt jpghfjfhöo/

E~rjv nhahftg~jndv pjrj gj ho~dmrjfhöo nd gev jgtcoev hochmrjo~dv vd

dofeo~rjrãjo do nd~drchojnev jvpdf~ev nd gj ctg~hftg~trjghnjn' ztd qjo vhdonejvtchnev premrdvhqjcdo~d per dg vhv~dcj dvfegjr'fece dg rdvpd~e j ahdv~jv rdgh#

mhevjv nhadrdo~dv nd gjv eahfhjgdv' gj j~dofhöo j gj nhv~rhbtfhöo nd jghcdo~ev

rdfkj|jnev per e~rjv rdghmheodv e j gjv fechnjv do kerjv dvpdfhjgdv +Rjcjnêo('

d~f/ Cêv nhaãfhg dv' vdmtrjcdo~d' d{fgthr nd gj dntfjfhöo hndjv x ~öphfev vebrd

e~rev ptdbgev' dvpdfhjgcdo~d nd erhmdo jarhfjoe e gj~hoejcdrhfjoe/ Gjv FFJJ

qhdodo rdjgh|jone to feo~reg nd gev ghbrev nd ~d{~e pjrj jvdmtrjr ztd oe rdpre#

ntfdo hndjv rjfhv~jv'{doöaebjv e feo~rjrhjv jg rdvpdf~e j e~rjv ftg~trjv' pdre dg

prephe cè~ene nd feo~reg vd doftdo~rj do do~rdnhfke/

Do jgmtojv FFJJ vd kjo jnep~jne hohfhj~hqjv pevh~hqjv' nd ctx nhadrdo#

~d ~hpe x jgfjofd' pdre tohnjv per gj büvztdnj ndg rdvpd~e j gj nhqdrvhnjn/ Do

Jonjgtfãj gj Erndo nd :0 nd dodre nd :882 feofdnd vtbqdofheodv' ndv~hojnjv

j gev jxto~jchdo~ev' pjrj preceqdr gj ho~dmrjfhöo vefhjg x ftg~trjg nd gev hoch#

mrjo~dv/ Jndcêv' gj Erndo nd 21 nd cjxe nd :88> dv~jbgdfd dg premrjcj nd

dntfjfhöo ©Qhqhr lto~ev¹' pjrj preceqdr gj dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg' fdo~rjne do




dg ptdbge mh~joe pdre feo rdadrdofhjv j e~rjv d~ohjv choerh~jrhjv/ Gj nhatvhöo nd

ftg~trjv nd gev hochmrjo~dv x choerãjv è~ohfjv do~rd ~enev gev dv~tnhjo~dv kj

vhne pdrvdmthnj per gj Erndo nd :8 nd nhfhdcbrd nd :884'ztd cjrfj gjv pjt~jv

pjrj ztd gj ©Dntfjfhöo do Qjgerdv¹ vd hofgtxj do gev pgjodv nd dv~tnhe x do gev

ftrrãftgev/ Do Fjojrhjv' vd kj jprebjne ~jcbhèo toj Erndo nd :88=' vebrd

j~dofhöo j gj nhqdrvhnjn ndg jgtcojne' x dv ctx pevhbgd ztd do e~rjv FFJJ vd

kjxjo rdjgh|jne hohfhj~hqjv vdcdljo~dv/

8/ Gjv pdrvpdf~hqjv nd gj otdqj gdx

Xj vd kj vdújgjne ztd gj otdqj Gdx Ermêo hfj >% 2000 ' nd :: nd dodre'

vebrd ndrdfkev x ghbdr~jndv nd gev d{~rjoldrev do Dvpjúj x vt ho~dmrjfhöo

vefhjg oe fjcbhj gj rdmtgjfhöo ndg ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo bêvhfj nd gev ohúev x

löqdodv d{~rjoldrev' perztd dg Rdmgjcdo~e nd :881 xj gj d{~donãj ~jcbhèo j gev

khlev nd ajchghjv do vh~tjfhöo hrrdmtgjr' do jpghfjfhöo nd gev ~rj~jnev ho~drojfhe#

ojgdv x nd gj prephj Feov~h~tfhöo/Nd ~enjv aercjv'jndcêv nd ferrdmhr gj GED nd

:8;4' gj otdqj gdx vtpeod to jqjofd per dg kdfke chvce nd dgdqjr gj rdmtgjfhöo

qhmdo~d jg rjome nd gdx' ztd ajfhgh~j vt feoefhchdo~e x dahfjfhj' dvpdfhjgcdo~d

pjrj gj jnchohv~rjfhöo dntfj~hqj' x vdmtrjcdo~d ~jcbhèo vtpeod to premrdve

per gj fgjrhnjn feo ztd d{prdvj gj hmtjgnjn nd gev hochmrjo~dv feo gev fhtnjnj#oev do dg ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo' hofgthne dg vhv~dcj nd bdfjv x nd ~ã~tgev/ Pdre

gj hoagtdofhj nd gj otdqj gdx vebrd gj dntfjfhöo vdrê vebrd ~ene honhrdf~j per#

ztd jg cdlerjr gj vh~tjfhöo mdodrjg nd gev hochmrjo~dv x gjv pevhbhghnjndv nd vt

ho~dmrjfhöo vefhjg rdpdrft~hrê do vt cdler hovdrfhöo do dg vhv~dcj dntfj~hqe/ Gj

jcpghjfhöo nd vtv ndrdfkev x gj nhvchotfhöo nd gj jrbh~rjrhdnjn' gj ~dondofhj j

ajfhgh~jr toj pdrcjodofhj do gev pdrchvev nd ~rjbjle x rdvhndofhj' gjv pevhbhghnj#

ndv nd gj rdmtgjrh|jfhöo x gj nhvchotfhöo nd gjv fjtvjv nd d{ptgvhöo' do ndahoh~h#

qj' dg rdfeoefhchdo~e nd toj vh~tjfhöo nhmoj pjrj gjv pdrveojv ztd kjo hochmrj#

ne j Dvpjúj ~donrê vdmtrjcdo~d dadf~ev pevh~hqev do gj dntfjfhöo nd vtv khlev/

Per e~rj pjr~d' gj otdqj gdx nd ndrdfkev nd gev d{~rjoldrev rdfeoefd

feo cjxer fgjrhnjn x pe~dofhj gjv atofheodv nd gjv FFJJ do gev êcbh~ev do ztd

~hdodo fecpd~dofhjv' fece dv gj dntfjfhöo x' gömhfjcdo~d' dgge ndbd feontfhr

j to cjxer ho~drèv nd gjv hov~h~tfheodv jt~eoöchfjv do gj rdvegtfhöo nd gev pre#

bgdcjv dvpdfãahfev nd gj dovdújo|j/ Pdre ~jcbhèo gjv fecpd~dofhjv nd gjv

8> ■ GJ RDMTGJFHÖO ND GJ DNTFJFHÖO ND GEV HOCHMRJO^DV



FFJJ' x pjrfhjgcdo~d nd gev jxto~jchdo~ev' do cj~drhj nd qhqhdonj x trbjohv#

ce +rdferndcev gj hcper~jofhj nd gj feofdo~rjfhöo nd pebgjfhöo hochmrjo~d

pjrj gj ferrdf~j nhv~rhbtfhöo nd gev jgtcoev do gjv dvftdgjv(' vjohnjn' jvhv~dofhj

vefhjg' ftg~trj' d~f/ ndbdo rdpdrft~hr do gj jpghfjfhöo nd pegã~hfjv pübghfjv ztd

cdlerdo gj vh~tjfhöo nd gjv ajchghjv hochmrjo~dv x nd otdqe hoagtxjo honhrdf~j#

cdo~d do dg rdonhchdo~e dvfegjr nd gev jgtcoev/

Nd ~enjv aercjv' d{hv~d to pto~e do gj gdx ztd ptdnd ~dodr to dadf~e

ctfke cêv nhrdf~e vebrd gj dntfjfhöo' do feofrd~e vebrd jgmtojv dvftdgjv feo#

fdr~jnjv ztd dqh~jo gjv pegã~hfjv nd dzthghbrhe do~rd dv~tnhjo~dv jt~öf~eoev d

hochmrjo~dv j ~rjqèv nd prêf~hfjv vhbhghojv fece gj cjgj hoaercjfhöo j gev pjnrdv'gj rdjgh|jfhöo nd jf~hqhnjndv fecpgdcdo~jrhjv nd pjme do kerjv hofeoqdohdo~dv'

d~f/ Vd ~rj~j nd gj fgêtvtgj jo~hnhvfrhchoj~erhj feo~dohnj do dg jr~ãftge 2:' hovphrj#

nj do gev ~rj~jnev ho~drojfheojgdv x do feofrd~e do gj Feoqdofhöo vebrd ~enjv

gjv aercjv nd nhvfrhchojfhöo rjfhjg +EOT' :814(/ Gj fgêtvtgj pjr~d nd toj ndahoh#

fhöo nd gj nhvfrhchojfhöo'j dadf~ev nd dv~j gdx'fece ftjgzthdr ~hpe nd jf~ev ztd'

bjvjnev do frh~drhev nd rj|j'feger t erhmdo ojfheojg' prent|fjo dg dadf~e nd ghch#

~jr dg dldrfhfhe nd gev ndrdfkev rdfeoefhnev do feonhfheodv nd hmtjgnjn' do gev

êcbh~ev pegã~hfe'dfeoöchfe' vefhjg x ftg~trjg/ J feo~hotjfhöo'qjrhev pêrrjaev ndg

chvce jr~ãftge ~hphahfjo'feo fjrêf~dr dldcpghahfjner x jbhdr~e' toj vdrhd nd feo#

ntf~jv ztd vd feovhndrjo nhvfrhchoj~erhjv9 èv~jv jbjrfjo' ndvnd gjv jf~tjfheodvnd atofheojrhev dofjrmjnev nd to vdrqhfhe pübghfe' j gjv feontf~jv nd gev pjr#

~hftgjrdv ztd hcpeomjo hgdmã~hcjcdo~d feonhfheodv cêv mrjqevjv j gev d{~rjold#

rev'x dvpdfhjgcdo~d j gev dcprdvjrhev ztd prjf~hztdo gj ndoechojnj nhvfrhchoj#

fhöo honhrdf~j/Toe nd vtv jpjr~jnev feovhndrj jf~ev nd nhvfrhchojfhöo<

©^enev gev ztd hcpeomjo feonhfheodv cêv mrjqevjv ztd j gev dvpjúe#

gdv' e ztd hcpghztd rdvhv~dofhj j ajfhgh~jr j to d{~rjoldre bhdodv e vdrqhfhev eard#

fhnev jg pübghfe' vöge per vt feonhfhöo nd ~jg e per pdr~dodfdr j toj nd~drch#

ojnj rj|j' rdghmhöo'd~ohj e ojfheojghnjn¹/

J vt qd|' dg jpjr~jne vhmthdo~d vd rdahdrd j to ~hpe nd feontf~j vdcdljo#~d do rdgjfhöo feofrd~j feo gj dntfjfhöo' do~rd e~rev ndrdfkev/ enjv dv~jv nhv#

frhchojfheodv feov~h~txdo hoarjffheodv ctx mrjqdv ztd gj gdx vjofheoj feo

ctg~j ndvnd toe kjv~j nhd| chggeodv nd pdvd~jv/




:0/ Üg~hcjv rdagd{heodv

Dg ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo nd gev hochmrjo~dv atd hohfhjgcdo~d rdntfhne j

gev rdvhndo~dv pdre' do gev üg~hcev júev kj vhne rdfeoefhne do vt qdrnjndrj

nhcdovhöo feov~h~tfheojg' jbjrfjone j ~enev gev ohúev x löqdodv do dnjn dvfe#

gjr' jg cjrmdo nd gj vh~tjfhöo gdmjg nd vtv ajchghjv' ~rj~jchdo~e ztd kj rdfemhne

feo fgjrhnjn dg jr~ãftge 8 nd gj Gdx Ermêohfj nd gev ndrdfkev nd gev d{~rjoldrev

nd 2000/ Vd rdfeoefd'per ~jo~e j ohqdg gdmjg' dg ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo bêvhfj x

mrj~th~j ztd gj Feov~h~tfhöo dv~jbgdfd pjrj ©~enev¹ fece to ndrdfke atonjcdo#

~jg/ Pdre oe bjv~j feo dg rdfeoefhchdo~e nd gj hmtjgnjn do dg jffdve j gj dntfj#

fhöo' perztd gj vh~tjfhöo vefhjg x ftg~trjg nd ctfkev hochmrjo~dv +oe nd ~enev('

fece ~jcbhèo nd ohúev dvpjúegdv do vh~tjfheodv ndvajqerdfhnjv' gdv nhahftg~j dg

premrdve oercjg nd gev fhfgev dntfj~hqev/ Dg dv~jbgdfhchdo~e nd cdnhnjv pjrj

fecpdovjr gjv nhahftg~jndv vd atonjcdo~j do dg prhofhphe vefhjg nd gj prephj

Feov~h~tfhöo ztd' ~jo~e do dntfjfhöo fece do e~rev ndrdfkev' dv~hctgj j gev

pendrdv pübghfev pjrj rdceqdr gev ebv~êftgev ztd vd epeomjo j gj hmtjgnjn rdjg

x dadf~hqj/

Dg prhofhpjg prebgdcj dvfegjr vtrmhne dv~ev júev kj vhne gj feofdo~rj#

fhöo jr~hahfhjg nd jgtcoev hochmrjo~dv do jgmtojv dvftdgjv pübghfjv' perztd j gj

feofdo~rjfhöo oj~trjg nd gj hochmrjfhöo do jgmtoev bjrrhev vd jújnd gj kthnj ndgev jgtcoev jt~öf~eoev j e~rjv dvftdgjv vho hochmrjo~dv' mdodrjgcdo~d feofdr~j#

njv/ Vd hohfhj jvã to prefdve nd vdmrdmjfhöo ndvnd gj dvftdgj ztd' jndcêv'ptdnd

vhmohahfjr gj mtd~h|jfhöo nd jgmtoev fdo~rev dvfegjrdv/ Gj Gdx Ermêohfj nd

Erndojfhöo Mdodrjg ndg Vhv~dcj Dntfj~hqe +GEMVD(' nd :880' x gj Gdx Ermêohfj

nd gj Pjr~hfhpjfhöo' Dqjgtjfhöo x dg Mebhdroe nd gev fdo~rev nefdo~dv +GEPDM('

nd :884' kjo dv~jbgdfhne qãjv pjrj gj rdvegtfhöo nd dv~d prebgdcj' ahljone gev

chvcev frh~drhev nd cj~rhftgjfhöo pjrj gev fdo~rev pübghfev x pjrj gev feofdr~j#

nev x pevhbhgh~jone dg dv~jbgdfhchdo~e nd pegã~hfjv fecpdovj~erhjv/ Do rdjghnjn

dv~jv gdxdv oe vd rdahdrdo d{prdvjcdo~d j gev jgtcoev hochmrjo~dv vhoe j gev

©jgtcoev feo odfdvhnjndv dntfj~hqjv dvpdfhjgdv¹' ndrhqjnjv nd vtv feonhfheodvvefhjgdv e ftg~trjgdv ndvajqerdfhnjv' ztd jbjrfj ~jo~e hochmrjo~dv fece j ojfhe#

ojgdv ztd vd doftdo~rdo do dv~j vh~tjfhöo/

Gj nhv~rhbtfhöo nd fecpd~dofhjv dntfj~hqjv nd otdv~re vhv~dcj jt~eoö#

chfe rdvdrqj jg Dv~jne üohfjcdo~d gj jprebjfhöo nd gdxdv bêvhfjv' nd gãodjv




ztd vtdgd jbernjrvd j ~rjqèv nd gjv ~èfohjv nd gj ctg~hftg~trjghnjn/ Dg Dv~jne x gjv

FFJJ x' j e~re ohqdg' ctohfhphev x EOM' ~hdodo ~jrdjv hcper~jo~dv x nhaãfhgdv do

~ene dv~d êcbh~e' ztd vdmtrjcdo~d penrêo jbernjrvd feo cjxer dahfjfhj j pjr#

~hr nd gj otdqj gdx nd gev ndrdfkev nd gev d{~rjoldrev jprebjnj do dodre nd

2000/ Nd gj rdvegtfhöo nd dv~ev prebgdcjv ndpdond oe vöge gj ho~dmrjfhöo vefhjg

nd gev hochmrjo~dv' x per ~jo~e gj feoqhqdofhj nd ~enev' vhoe gj chvcj qhmdofhj

nd gev prhofhphev ndcefrê~hfev' ztd vd atonjcdo~jo' fece nhfd gj Feov~h~tfhöo'

do dg rdvpd~e j gj nhmohnjn nd ~enjv gjv pdrveojv/

8; ■ GJ RDMTGJFHÖO ND GJ DNTFJFHÖO ND GEV HOCHMRJO^DV



88

HHH/ Ndvhmtjgnjn vefhjg'nhqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg x dntfjfhöo

Arjofdvf Fjrbeodgg

Preadver nd Pdnjmemãj nd gj Tohqdrvhnjn nd Mhreoj x

Nhrdf~er ndg Cêv~dr do D{fgtvhöo Vefhjg x Nhqdrvhnjn Ftg~trjg



:00 ■ NDVHMTJGNJN VEFHJG' NHQDRVHNJN FTG^TRJG X DNTFJFHÖO


Gev hc per~j o ~dv fjc bhev ~dfo egömhfev x vefhj gdv qhqhnev do gjv

üg~hcjv nèfjnjv kjo efjvheojne preatonjv ~rjovaercjfheodv do gjv

vefhdnjndv nd ot dv~re do~ero e/ Toe nd dv~ev fjc bhev vefhjgdv kj vhne

gj c tg~hpghfjfhöo nd gj nhqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg nd vtv fecpeo do~dv' nhqdr#

vhnjn ztd' do efjvheodv' dv tvjnj fec e gdmh~hc jfhöo nd gj d{fgtvhöo

vefhjg ztd pjndfdo nd~drcho jnev fegdf~hqev c hoerh|j nev' do~rd dggev'

ctfkev nd gev hochmrjnev ztd prefdndo nd pjãvdv dcpebrdfhnev nd

e~rev feo~hodo ~dv/

Dg frdfhc hdo~e ndg oü c dre nd gev c hdc brev nd dv~ev fegdf~hqev'

zt d qj j feo~hot jr vdmüo gj ephohöo nd fjvh ~enev gev d{pdr~ev' kj

pgjo ~djne otdqev prebgdc jv +jg c hvc e ~hdc pe zt d kj ndvdo ~drrj ne

e~rev' oe ~j o o tdqev' rdadrhnev j gj d{fgtvhöo vefhjg ndg fegdf~hqe mh~j#

oe(' rdvpdf~e j gjv rdgjfheodv do~rd dntfjfhöo' d{fgtvhöo vefhjg x nhqdr#

vhnjn ftg~trjg/

J toj ho hfhj g feo v~j~jfhöo nd zt d d{hv~d toj ajg~j nd c jrfev

~dörhfev feoveghnjnev x nd cendgev nd ho~drqdofhöo jltv~jnev jg jztã

x jg jkerj' dg jr~ãftge jpt o~j gj odfdvhnjn nd ~ec jr toj fhdr~j nhv#~jofhj ardo~d j gev prebgdcjv dntfj~hqev x vefhjgdv ztd pgjo~dj dv~j

ctg~hftg~trh|jfhöo x dv~j d{fgtvhöo vefhjg frdfhdo~dv do otdv~rj vefhd#

njn ztd oev pdrch~j nhv~homthr gjv fjtvjv nd gjv nhvatofheodv nd vtv

vão~ecjv/Vd rdzthdrd dg nhvfdrohchdo~e odfdvjrhe pjrj ztd gjv ftdv~he#

odv trmdo~dv oe oev kjmjo ndvfthnjr gjv hcper~jo~dv/

Do dv~d vdo~hne' dg jr~ãftge prd~dond jper~jr jgmtojv rdagd{he#

odv vebrd jgmto ev pto~ev bêvhfev' j lthfhe ndg jt ~er<

j( Dg rd~e dntfj~hqe cêv hcper~jo~d oe vdrãj feovdmthr gj jfdp~jfhöo

nd gj nhqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg do vã chvc j' vhoe fec e dntfjr gjv jf~h~t#ndv x gjv feoqhffheodv pjrj ztd oe vd t ~hghfd dv~j n hqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg

fece gdmh~hcjfhöo nd gj d{fgtvhöo vefhjg/Oe vd ~rj~jrãj nd peodr dg

jfdo~e vebrd gj nhqdrvhnjn x dg khpe~è~hfe dorhztdfhchdo~e ztd

vtpeo d' vhoe vebrd dg kdfke nd vdr hmtjgdv do n hmohnjn x ndrdfkev/



:/ Dg dv~jne nd gj ftdv~höo

Toe nd gev neftcdo~ev cêv hcper~jo~dv nd dv~ev üg~hcev júev' per ge

ztd vd rdahdrd jg joêghvhv ndg kdfke dntfj~hqe x cêv dvpdfãahfjcdo~d ~enjqãj jvtv d{pdf~j~hqjv nd at~tre' dv dg ggjcjne ©Hoaercd Ndgerv¹/ Rdjgh|jne pjrj gj

TODVFE per gj Fechvhöo Ho~drojfheojg vebrd Dntfjfhöo pjrj dg Vhmge [[H' dv~d

hoaercd pgjo~dj gev rd~ev x gjv prherhnjndv j ~dodr do ftdo~j do dg otdqe vhmge/

T~hgh|jone to jaer~tojne vãchg jrzth~df~öohfe' vd jahrcj do èg ztd gev ftj~re

phgjrdv vebrd gev ftjgdv ndbd atonjcdo~jrvd gj dntfjfhöo ndg vhmge prö{hce

:0:GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■

b( Vd kjfd honhvpdovjbgd toj hc pghfjfhöo nd ~enj gj fec to hnjn dnt#

fj~hqj x gj qegt o~j n d{pgãfh~j nd gev rdvpeovjbgdv nd gjv jnc hohv~rj#

fheodv pjrj ztd gj gjber nd gev fdo~rev dntfj~hqev do dv~j dntfj#

fhöo ho~drftg~trjg x feo~rj gj d{fgtvhöo ptdnj ~dodr jgmtoj pevhbh#

ghnjn nd è{h~e/

f( Dv trmdo~d jfjbjr feo gjv jpre{hcj fheodv pj~droj ghv~jv dztãqefjv

e aegfgörhfjv j dv~ev ~dc jv' zt d jkemjo x eftg~jo gev ebld~hqev ato#

njc do~jgdv feo to vhc tgjfre nd rdgjfheodv ho~drftg~trjgdv' ahdv~jv

x rh~tjgdv ndvfeo ~d{~t jgh| jn ev x qj fãev nd rdadrdo ~dv x nd vdo ~hne/n( Dv prdfhve rdfeovhndrjr x dgjberjr nd aerc j epdrj~hqj dg feofdp~e

nd ho ~dmrjfhöo/ Ndbd qdrvd fec e t o prefdve nd ghbdrjfhöo fegdf~hqj

nd gev cdfjohvcev nd d{fgtvhöo vefhjg qhmdo ~dv' zt d oev hcpghfj j

~enev' d{fgtxdo~dv x d{fgthnev' prefdve zt d ndbdo hohfhjr gev c hdc#

brev ndg mrtpe cjxerh~jrhe ztd veo zthdodv nhvpeodo nd pendr x

rdftrvev pjrj kjfdrge/

Gev eb ld~hqev at onj c do~j gdv nd t oj dnt fjfhöo fãqhfj' ho ~drftg#

~trjg x dc jofhpjnerj' vdrêo' ptdv' gev prefdvev nd dovdújo |j nd gjv

kjbhghnjndv pdrveojgdv x vefhjgdv odfdvjrhjv pjrj jgfjo|jr dv~j ho~d#mrjfhöo' pjrj mdv~heojr gev hodqh~jbgdv feoaghf~ev fe~hnhjo ev ztd dc dr#

mdrêo' x pjrj c enhahfjr jf~h~tndv x jf~tj fheodv do gj gãodj nd to j

cjxer hcpghfjfhöo pdrveojg do gj gtfkj feo~rj ~enj aercj nd d{fgt#

vhöo vefhjg x do pre nd gj veghnjrhnjn/



veo< jprdondr j feoefdr' jprdondr j kjfdr' jprdondr j qhqhr lto ~ev x jprdo#

ndr j vdr/

Peodr j to chvce ohqdg nd hcper~jofhj dv~ev ftj~re ebld~hqev jnzthdrd

toj dvpdfhjg vhmohahfjfhöo' jztã x jkerj' do tojv vefhdnjndv pev~hontv~rhjgdv

ztd premrdvhqjcdo~d' x fece feovdftdofhj ndg hofrdãbgd ndvjrregge nd gjv ~èf#

ohfjv nd gj hoaercjfhöo x nd gj fectohfjfhöo' vd doftdo~rjo hocdrvjv do pre#

fdvev nd fecpgdlh|jfhöo frdfhdo~dv/ Cê{hcd vh ~dodcev do ftdo~j dg kdfke

pjrjnölhfe ztd dv~d cjxer ndvjrregge ~dfoegömhfe kj fegjberjne ‖e per ge

cdoev oe ge kj hcpdnhne‖ do dg kdfke ebld~hqe nd ztd vd kjmj ~enjqãj cêv

jofkj x preatonj gj arjf~trj do~rd rhztd|j x pebrd|j' do~rd gev ho~dmrjnev x gevd{fgthnev'do gtmjr nd feovdmthr dg ndvdjbgd dadf~e feo~rjrhe/

Per ~ene dgge' dv~jv vefhdnjndv nd gj ©~drfdrj rdqegtfhöo hontv~rhjg¹ oe

vöge kjo qhv~e jtcdo~jr do vt vdoe gjv ndvhmtjgnjndv vefhjgdv' vhoe ztd kjo qhv#

~e frdfdr otdqjv aercjv nd ndvhmtjgnjn x nd d{fgtvhöo vefhjg' rdgjfheojnjv feo

dg jtcdo~e nd gj nhqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg nd vtv chdcbrev' j fjtvj' prhofhpjgcdo~d'

nd gjv chmrjfheodv ho~drojfheojgdv/

Dadf~hqjcdo~d' gev preatonev fjcbhev ~dfoegömhfev j ztd oev kdcev

rdadrhne x ztd kdcev qhqhne prhofhpjgcdo~d do gjv ~rdv üg~hcjv nèfjnjv' dv~êo

ajfhgh~jone x dv~hctgjone gev ndvpgj|jchdo~ev nd toj j e~rj pjr~d ndg ctone/Oe vöge nd gjv cdrfjofãjv x nd gev rdftrvev' vhoe ~jcbhèo nd gjv hndjv' nd gjv

hcêmdodv' nd gev cdovjldv/// x nd gjv pdrveojv' do efjvheodv ftjvh dojldojnjv

per dg ndvde nd qhqhr do jztdggev pjrjãvev ndg feovtce fecptgvhqe ztd eard#

fdo gjv vdntf~erjv hcêmdodv nd gj ptbghfhnjn x nd gev cdnhev nd fectohfjfhöo

cjvhqev ztd kex vd nhatondo per ~ene dg pgjod~j/

Dv' do pjr~d'per dv~j rj|öo ztd oe dchmrj dg cêv pebrd' oh dg cêv kjc#

brhdo~e' oh dg cêv odfdvh~jne'fece fecüocdo~d vd vhmtd frdxdone/ Pjrj pendr

dchmrjr dv prdfhve kjbdr jgfjo|jne to fhdr~e ohqdg nd ndvjrregge dfeoöchfe x

nd jffdve j gj hoaercjfhöo/ Penrãj ndfhrvd ptdv' aer|jone to pefe gj vdcêo~hfj

x feo dg rhdvme nd ztd pjrd|fj to ltdme nd pjgjbrjv' ztd dg ebld~hqe atonjcdo#

~jg' dg ce~er nd gj cjxer pjr~d nd gev dchmrjo~dv dfeoöchfev oe dv ~jo~e kthr

nd gj pebrd|j vhoe hr kjfhj to cjxer bhdodv~jr pjrj èg x gev vtxev/

Dv~d jtcdo~e nd gj hochmrjfhöo x ndg ctg~hftg~trjghvce kj vhne rdfhdo~d

x vübh~e do gev pjãvdv ndg vtr nd Dtrepj' per gjv fjtvjv pegã~hfjv' dfeoöchfjv x




vefhjgdv per ~enev feoefhnjv/ Jvã' vh ntrjo~d gj nèfjnj nd gev vdvdo~j Dvpjúj'

Mrdfhj' H~jghj x Per~tmjg ~doãjo ~enjqãj to vjgne chmrj~erhe odmj~hqe +dv ndfhr<

drj cjxer gj fharj nd gev ztd dchmrjbjo ztd gj nd gev ztd hochmrjbjo' do toj

nhadrdofhj nd 44:' >64' =82 x :/600 chggjrdv nd pdrveojv' rdvpdf~hqjcdo~d(' do

gj nèfjnj nd gev efkdo~j' dv~ev vjgnev drjo xj ~enev pevh~hqev +640' 21;' ==0 x

2=0 ~jcbhèo do chgdv nd pdrveojv x do dg chvce erndo(/

Dv~d fjcbhe nd ~dondofhj dv prebjbgdcdo~d gj rj|öo nd gj mdodrjgh|jnj

feoqhffhöo' ctx rdpd~hnj do gev cdnhev nd fectohfjfhöo' nd ztd Dvpjúj kj

pjvjne' do pefev júev' nd vdr to pjãv nd dchmrjo~dv j vdr to pjãv nd hochmrj#

fhöo/ Jahrcjfhöo prdfhph~jnj d hofhdr~j' xj ztd'vh dv hoodmjbgd ztd vd kj hoqdr~h#ne gj ~dondofhj'ndbdcev rdfernjr ~jcbhèo ztd ~enjqãj veo vhd~d gev rdvhndo~dv

feo ojfheojghnjn dvpjúegj do dg d{~rjoldre per fjnj hochmrjo~d d{~rjfectoh~j#

rhe rdvhndo~d do Dvpjúj' vdmüo gjv dv~jnãv~hfjv eahfhjgdv ndg júe :881/

Jndcêv'ojnj kjfd pdovjr ztd kjxjcev ~efjne ~dfke' oh ctfke cdoev'

do dv~ev ceqhchdo~ev chmrj~erhev kjfhj otdv~re pjãv/ Jg feo~rjrhe< ~ene pjrdfd

honhfjr ztd dv~jv hochmrjfheodv vd hofrdcdo~jrêo' x ctx feovhndrjbgdcdo~d' do

gev prö{hcev júev/ D{peonrdcev jgmtojv rdadrdofhjv jfdrfj ndg atonjcdo~e nd

dv~jv prdnhffheodv<

:/ Gj ephohöo nd gj prêf~hfj ~e~jghnjn nd dvpdfhjghv~jv vebrd dg kdfke chmrj~e#rhe fehofhnd' do gãodjv mdodrjgdv'feo dv~j arjvd ztd Bhfkjrj Ikjndr xj d{fgj#

cö j ahojgdv nd gev efkdo~j< Ohomtoj bj rrdrj peghfãj fj penrê kjfdr nd

ctre nd feo~dofhöo nd gev otdqev agtlev chmrj~erhev do dg Cdnh~drrêode/

Vh ajg~j to ndvjrregge dfeoöchfe do gj erhggj vtr ztd nhvtjnj j gev fjonh#

nj~ev j gj dchmrjfhöo' ztd gev rd~domj do vtv fjvjv' ztd gdv zth~d gjv

mjo jv nd pjr~hr' nd kthr' jvhv~hrdc ev do gev prö{hc ev ndfdohev j to j

ho~dovhahfjfhöo nd gjv chmrjfheodv/ Qdcev' nãj j nãj' do gev cdnhev nd

fectohfjfhöo' gj nrjcê~hfj feoahrcjfhöo nd jztdggj prdnhffhöo/ Ndvmrj#

fhjnjcdo~d' dg ndvjrregge dfeoöchfe do gj erhggj vtr' do Êarhfj' oe vd prent#

fd' vhoe ztd' jg feo~rjrhe' gj nhadrdofhj do~rd dggev x oeve~rev dv' fece xjvjbdcev'fjnj qd| cjxer/

2/ jcbhèo' j prhofhphev nd gev oeqdo~j' ctfkev ndcömrjaev' dfeoechv~jv x

vefhögemev' fece Ghqh#Bjffh' jahrcjbjo ~d{~tjgcdo~d< Dtrepj fecd~d to

mrjqd drrer jg rdv~rhomhr gj hoc hmrjfhöo ' xj zt d gj odfdvh~jrê/ ^jcbhèo




drjo nd dv~j ephohöo gev d{pdr~ev fj~jgjodv ndg Ndpjr~jcdo~e nd Pegã~hfj

drrh~erhjg nd gj Mdodrjgh~j~ nd Fj~jgtúj' ztd do dg júe :886 cjohadv~jreo

ztd vdrãj prdfhve hcper~jr 640/000 hochmrjo~dv do gev prö{hcev 64 júev'

vöge do jztdggj fectohnjn jt~öoecj/ Dv ndfhr :0/000 fjnj júe/ Gj pegã~hfj

jf~tjg nd feo~homdo~dv' üohfe vhv~dcj nd jffdndr fece ~rjbjljner d{~rjold#

re d{~rjfectoh~jrhe j Dvpjúj' vd kj ztdnjne vhdcprd ctx per ndbjle nd

dv~j fharj/

6/ Gj üg~hcj rdadrdofhj' cêv jf~tjg' ferrdvpeond jg hoaercd dfeoöchfe ndg júe

:88; ndg Bjofe Bhgbje#Qh|fjxj/ Gev d{pdr~ev nd dv~d bjofe ~enjqãj qjo cêv

jggê do vtv prdqhvheodv/ Pjr~do nd gj khpö~dvhv nd ztd dv hovev~dohbgd dg ohqdgnd bhdodv~jr jf~tjg' feo~jone üohfjcdo~d feo gj prentffhöo x gjv fe~h|jfhe#

odv nd gj pebgjfhöo jf~hqj jt~öf~eoj'xj ztd dv~j pebgjfhöo nhvchothrê feo#

vhndrjbgdcdo~d rdvpdf~e j gj pebgjfhöo pjvhqj ztd' do fjcbhe' frdfdrê/ X

jahrcjo ~d{~tjgcdo~d< do gj jf~tjghnjn d{hv~d to aèrrde feo~reg nd gev agt#

lev c hmrj ~erhev' feo to ftpe jo tjg nd do ~rjnj nd ~rjbj ljnerdv nd 60/000

pdrveo jv per júe/ Do otdv~re pjãv' gj pebgjfhöo d{~rjoldrj rdprdvdo ~j dg

:$ nd gj pebgjfhöo ~e~jg' vdmüo dg Fdove nd Pebgjfhöo nd :88:' ardo~d jg

1$ do Arjofhj' per ge zt d oe vd ptdnd dvmrhc hr dg jrmtc do~e nd gj fekd#

vhöo vefhjg e ftg~trjg pjrj ghc h~jr gj hoc hmrjfhöo j Dvpjúj / To jt c do~e

nd nhfke ftpe jot jg kjv~j gjv :00/000 pdrveoj v' c h~hmjrãj dg hc pjf~eodmj~hqe ndrhqjne nd gj dvfjvd| nd cjoe nd ebrj ztd vd prdqè do jgmüo

c ec do~e nd gjv prö{hc jv nev nèfjnj v/ Pdre pjrj nhvpeodr nd nhfkj

c jo e nd ebrj' prdpjrjnj d ho~dmrjnj' do dg at~t re' vd odfdvh~j to j pegã~h#

fj nd hochmrjfhöo ndvnd dv~d chvce cecdo~e +///( Dv~j vh~tjfhöo +dg nèah#

fh~ do gj pebgjfhöo jf~hqj( o e vd rdvegqdrãj' pdre vd c h~hmjrãj feo t o

ft pe prec dnhe nd :00/000 hoc hmrjo ~dv per júe' rdpjr~hnev do ~eroe j

80/000 kjv~j dg jú e 2020 x :20/000 do jndgjo~d/

Fece kjo kdfke oe~jr nhqdrvev dfeoechv~jv x ndcömrjaev' dv~jv prdqh#

vheodv j gjrme pgj|e veo bjv~jo~d jrrhdvmjnjv/ Nd kdfke' dg perfdo~jld nd gev

jntg~ev ztd ~rjbjljo feo feo~rj~e do otdv~re pjãv dv nd gev cêv bjlev nd gj

Tohöo Dtrepdj +vöge to >2$ nd gjv ctldrdv ardo~d jg fjvh ;0$ nd gjv ctldrdv

vtdfjv' per dldcpge('per ge ztd to fjcbhe hcper~jo~d do gjv pegã~hfjv vefhjgdv'

nd pre~dffhöo ajchghjr' d~f/ penrãj ghbdrjr vhmohahfj~hqjv rdvdrqjv nd dv~j pebgj#

fhöo dv~jnãv~hfjcdo~d hojf~hqj/ Pdre j fer~e pgj|e' vh vd vhmthdrj ndvnd kex gj

:0> ■ NDVHMTJGNJN VEFHJG' NHQDRVHNJN FTG^TRJG X DNTFJFHÖO



rdfecdonjfhöo nd gev d{pdr~ev fh~jnev' dg júe ztd qhdod vd qdrãjo ctg~hpghfj#

nev per ~rdv gev pdrchvev nd ~rjbjle jotjgdv' x vh vd cjo~tqhdvd dv~d rh~ce' dgge

penrãj vtpeodr nebgjr gj pebgjfhöo hochmrjnj jf~tjg do to pdrãene jpre{hcj#

ne nd ~rdv e ftj~re júev/

Xj vd qd' ptdv' ztd dg frdfhchdo~e ndg ctg~hftg~trjghvce do otdv~rj

vefhdnjn qj j vdr' feo ~enj vdmtrhnjn' to ~dcj nd at~tre/ Oe vd kjfd ctx nhaãfhg

hcjmhojr gj fecpevhfhöo nd otdv~rjv dvftdgjv vh do ~rdv e ftj~re júev vd ntpgh#

fjrj gj pebgjfhöo d{~rjoldrj hochmrjnj/ Jtoztd vöge atdrj per dv~j rj|öo' per

dv~j nhcdovhöo at~trj' xj ztdnjrãj cêv ztd ltv~hahfjnj gj odfdvhnjn nd jareo~jr

dg rd~e nd kjbhgh~jr j otdv~re vhv~dcj dntfj~hqe pjrj rdjgh|jr toj dntfjfhöopjrj gj feoqhqdofhj ho~drftg~trjg' dg rdvpd~e j gj nhqdrvhnjn x dg rdfkj|e nd ~ene

~hpe nd d{fgtvhöo vefhjg per rj|eodv è~ohfjv e ftg~trjgdv/

Nev nd gev phgjrdv nd gj dntfjfhöo ndg fh~jne Ho aerc d Ndgerv' jprdo#

ndr j feoqhqhr x jprdondr j vdr ' jnzthdrdo' ptdv'toj dvpdfhjg vhmohahfjfhöo x

rdghdqd do dv~d feo~d{~e nd frdfhdo~d fecpgdlhnjn ftg~trjg x nd ndvhmtjgnjn

vefhjg/ Fecpgdlhnjn ftg~trjg fhdr~jcdo~d rdpjr~hnj nd cjodrj pefe kecemèodj

do dg ~drrh~erhe ndg dv~jne dvpjúeg' feo atdr~dv feofdo~rjfheodv' jndcêv nd do

gj fectohnjn nd Cjnrhn' dvpdfhjgcdo~d do gjv preqhofhjv fev~drjv ndg

Cdnh~drrêode e ghcã~readv feo dggjv' |eojv do gjv ztd vd vtpdrj' feo ardftdofhj'

gj cdnhj dtrepdj ndg perfdo~jld nd fhtnjnjoev d{~rjfectoh~jrhev rdvpdf~e j

gev jt~öf~eoev/

2/ Gj ajg~j nd cendgev x nd rdadrdo~dv

Kdcev doaj~h|jne jg ahojg ndg pto~e jo~drher gj d{prdvhöo jt~öf~eoev'

perztd vd ndbd rdfeoefdr ztd'do jgmtojv nd dv~jv |eojv' x ctx vhomtgjrcdo~d

do Fj~jgtúj' feo dg ~èrchoe jt~öf~eoe vd ndvhmoj' do ctfkev fjvev' vhcpgd#

cdo~d jg ztd ggdmö jo~dv/ ^rdv nd fjnj ftj~re fj~jgjodv' vdmüo gev fdovev eah#

fhjgdv' e dggev'e vtv pjnrdv e vtv jbtdgev ojfhdreo atdrj nd Fj~jgtúj/Ftjone vdnhfd nd jgmtojv nd dv~jv rdmheodv ztd veo ~hdrrjv nd pjve' oe vd nhfd ~enj gj

qdrnjn< gj qdrnjn dv ztd veo ~hdrrjv nd pjve' pdre ~jcbhèo nd jvdo~jchdo~e/

Jndcêv' ftjone vd kjbgj nd ctg~hftg~trjghvce d hochmrjfhöo' vegdcev egqhnjr j

e~re fegdf~hqe ztd hochmrö j otdv~re dv~jne kjfd xj cdnhe vhmge' x ztd vhmtd

vhdone ftg~trjgcdo~d nhv~ho~e x vefhjgcdo~d ndvhmtjg< dg ptdbge mh~joe/ Vt




oücdre' vdmüo ~enjv gjv dv~hcjfheodv' vtpdrj dg nd ~enev gev d{~rjoldrev d{~rj#

fectoh~jrhev lto~ev/

Kjx ztd rdfeoefdr' vho dcbjrme' ztd d{hv~d to fhdr~e ndvfeofhdr~e per

pjr~d nd gev jmdo~dv vefhedntfj~hqev jo~d dv~jv rdgj~hqjcdo~d otdqjv chmrjfhe#

odv ho~drojfheojgdv' ndrhqjne ndg kdfke ztd' oh rdvtg~j vdr nd ctfkj t~hghnjn gj

d{pdrhdofhj preadvheojg jo~drher feo gev chdcbrev nd gj fectohnjn mh~joj' oh

ptdndo hcper~jrvd cdfêohfjcdo~d d{pdrhdofhjv rdjgh|jnjv do e~rev pjãvdv feo

toj cjxer ~rjnhfhöo ztd gj otdv~rj do jfemdr chmrjfheodv d{~rjfectoh~jrhjv do

dv~d vhmge/ Gj d{pdrhdofhj nd e~rev pjãvdv'jndcêv nd vdr nhaãfhgcdo~d jnjp~jbgd'

dv~ê do efjvheodv cêv ggdoj nd arjfjvev ztd nd è{h~ev/

Vh vd ho~do~jvd hcper~jr' per dldcpge' j Fj~jgtúj gj d{pdrhdofhj nd e~rev

pjãvdv fece gj ndg Ztdbdf' do dg Fjojnê' do gj ermjoh|jfhöo nd gjv fgjvdv nd

jfemhnj pjrj jnegdvfdo~dv nd hoferperjfhöo ~jrnãj j otdv~re vhv~dcj dntfj~hqe'

vd kjrãjo dqhndo~dv gjv nhahftg~jndv ztd dgge vtpeonrãj' xj ztd gj rdjghnjn gho#

m÷ãv~hfj' vefhjg x pegã~hfj ndg Ztdbdf veo ctx nhadrdo~dv nd gj fj~jgjoj' ctfke

cêv nd ge ztd do efjvheodv vd jahrcj' jtoztd vdj ~jcbhèo to ~drrh~erhe bhgho#

m÷d/ D hofgtve gjv fjrjf~drãv~hfjv nd gj hochmrjfhöo ztd rdfhbd/ Dg dvatdr|e nd

jnjp~jfhöo nd dv~jv d{pdrhdofhjv d{~rjoldrjv j otdv~rj rdjghnjn' vtpeod j qdfdv

~jo~e ~rjbjle fece frdjr to otdqe cendge/ Per dve'j cdotne'oev honhfjo cêv

bhdo jztdgge ztd oe ndbdcev kjfdr' gev drrerdv do gev ztd oe ndbdcev fjdr/

Honhfjfhöo'fhdr~jcdo~d' ojnj ndvprdfhjbgd/

Ndbdcev rdfeoefdr' jndcêv' ztd dv~j ajg~j nd d{pdrhdofhj kjfd ztd

~enjqãj kjxj pefj rdagd{höo feoveghnjnj x' per ge ~jo~e' to dvfjve cjrfe ~dörh#

fe rdqjghnjne j pjr~hr ndg ftjg pendr feov~rthr cendgev nd ho~drqdofhöo jn

kef/ Oe dv cdoev fhdr~e ztd fjnj qd| veo cêv gev hoqdv~hmjnerdv eftpjnev x

prdeftpjnev per dv~ev ~dcjv do otdv~rjv tohqdrvhnjndv' pdre gev cjdv~rev' gev

~rjbjljnerdv x dntfjnerdv vefhjgdv' veo ~enjqãj epdrjrhev feo dvfjvjv kdrrj#

chdo~jv dvpdfãahfjv x ~jcbhèo' ~ene kjx ztd ndfhrge' feo dvfjvd| nd rdftrvev/

Dv~j ajg~j nd cendgev nd ho~drqdofhöo x nd rdadrdo~dv ~dörhfev vd kjo vtpghne'fece oe penãj vdr nd e~re cene' feo qegto~jrhvce d hcpreqhvjfhöo' dvpdfhjg#

cdo~d per pjr~d nd gjv jvefhjfheodv nd veghnjrhnjn feo gev d{fgthnev/

Dv~d jf~hqhvce qegto~jrhv~j' hontnjbgdcdo~d veghnjrhe x jo~hrrjfhv~j' do

gj nèfjnj nd gev efkdo~j dgjberö nhvftrvev x qjgerjfheodv ztd' do efjvheodv'

rdvtg~jreo to pefe homdotjv jfdrfj nd dv~d ctg~hftg~trjghvce x ndg kdfke




chmrj~erhe d{~rjfectoh~jrhe' ~enjqãj do~eofdv hofhphdo~d/ Vd dvftfkjo kex

~enjqãj jztdggev fjo~ev j gj ~egdrjofhj' jztdggjv jahrcjfheodv ztd qdãjo do gj

nhqdrvhnjn toj mrjo rhztd|j' x ztd feovhndrjbjo pefe cdoev ztd toj eadovj

jahrcjr ztd gj hochmrjfhöo d{~rjoldrj drj to prebgdcj ztd kjbãj ztd jbernjr

fece ~jg/

Pdre jztdggev nhvftrvev vöge ~hdodo kex prdnhfjcdo~e do~rd gev pefev

ztd ptdndo feovdrqjr jztdggj homdothnjn ‖j cdotne fecbhojnj feo btdojv

nevhv nd pj~drojghvce‖ e do~rd jztdggev ~dörhfev jgdljnev nd gj rdjghnjn' ztd

prjf~hfjo to ~erde nd vjgöo / Do~rd gev preadvheojgdv ztd vd kjo vtcdrmhne do

dggj' dv~jv qjgerjfheodv vd cj~h|jo fjnj qd| cêv' kjv~j dg d{~rdce nd jahrcjr ztd dv hcpevhbgd dv~d dorhztdfhchdo~e ct~te do dg feo~d{~e vefhjg jf~tjg' xj

ztd vd rdzthdrdo feonhfheodv prdqhjv x jf~h~tndv vefhjgdv ctx nhv~ho~jv j gjv

prdvdo~dv pjrj ztd vdj pevhbgd/

Dv~j otdqj nhqdrvhnjn ztd cjgqhqd do~rd oeve~rev' ndbdcev rdfeoefdr

ztd oe dv ~enjqãj pdrfhbhnj per gj cjxerãj nd otdv~rev feofhtnjnjoev x feo#

fhtnjnjojv fece toj mrjo rhztd|j' x ztd oe ge vdrê kjv~j ztd oe jprdonjcev

~enev j mdv~heojr jndftjnjcdo~d gev prebgdcjv ztd fecper~j gj feoqhqdofhj

feo dv~j otdqj nhqdrvhnjn x feo gj ndvhmtjgnjn vefhjg ztd gj jaghmd/ Dv~j dv toj

ftdv~höo frtfhjg' ztd rd~ecjrdcev x jcpghjrdcev cêv jndgjo~d/

6/ Gj nhqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg fece prd~d{~e x gdmh~hcjfhöond gj d{fgtvhöo vefhjg

Jo~d gj dqegtfhöo nd gj feoaghf~hqhnjn do dv~ev otdqev feo~d{~ev vefhj#

gdv' nj gj hcprdvhöo ztd per gj hodqh~jbgd gdo~h~tn feo ztd rdjffheojo gjv hov~h#

~tfheodv' toj qd| cêv'oe kjo vhne dggjv' kjv~j jkerj' gjv ztd kjo feontfhne gev

prebgdcjv' vhoe ztd ~enev kdcev hne to pefe j rdcegztd nd èv~ev/ Jndcêv'

kjx ztd ~dodr do ftdo~j ztd gj ephohöo pübghfj dcphd|j j dldrfdr toj feovhnd#

rjbgd prdvhöo vebrd gev nhv~ho~ev mrtpev pegã~hfev' ztd jf~üjo x ~ecjo ndfhvhe#odv feo dg ardoe nd cjoe bgeztdjne per gj ajg~j nd cendgev nd ztd kjbgêbj#

cev jo~drhercdo~d' x ~jcbhèo per jztdggj prdvhöo x per dg ~dcer nd gev fev~dv

dgdf~erjgdv ztd ptdnjo vtpeodr tojv pegã~hfjv nd nhvfrhchojfhöo pevh~hqj kjfhj

nd~drchojnev fegdf~hqev choerh|jnev/ Jgmtojv qjgerjfheodv vebrd gjv fjtvjv nd

gev cjgev rdvtg~jnev eb~dohnev do gjv üg~hcjv dgdffheodv ctohfhpjgdv per jgmt#

:0=GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■



oev mrtpev pegã~hfev' jpto~jo kjfhj vt jf~tjfhöo pevh~hqj x veghnjrhj feo gjv

choerãjv d{fgthnjv ntrjo~d dg pdrãene nd vt cjonj~e jo~drher/

Kjx ztd rdfeoefdr vho jfrh~tn ztd' kjv~j jkerj'oe kdcev jf~tjne feo

toj jfdr~jnj qhvhöo nd at~tre' njone gj hcper~jofhj ztd ferrdvpeond j gjv

jf~tjfheodv prdqdo~hqjv'oh ~jo vöge do gjv efjvheodv do ztd drj dqhndo~d ztd vd

prentfhrãjo feoaghf~ev' vhoe ztd vd kj jf~tjne fjvh vhdcprd' ~jo~e do gev fdo#

~rev dvfegjrdv fece atdrj nd dggev' bjle gj prdvhöo nd ge cêv trmdo~d' j rdceg#

ztd nd gj pdrdo~erhdnjn nd btvfjr pjghj~hqev j gev kdfkev feovtcjnev/

Nj gj hcprdvhöo ztd'do dv~ev ~dcjv'vd ftcpgd ~jcbhèo jztdggj vdo~do#

fhj ztd jahrcj ztd vh ~d prdeftpjo do d{fdve gjv ftdv~heodv trmdo~dv' ferrdv dg

rhdvme nd ndvfthnjr gjv hcper~jo~dv/ Jvã' toe nd gev prhofhpjgdv nèahfh~v ztd

prdvdo~jo ctfkjv nd gjv preptdv~jv nd dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg d{hv~do~dv dv vt

rdh~drjne egqhne nd gev feonhfheojo~dv vefhepegã~hfev ztd gj pevhbhgh~jo e gj

hcphndo/ Dv ~enjqãj ndcjvhjne ardftdo~d' fece ndfãjcev jo~dv' gj homdotj ~do#

ndofhj nd jgmtoev pdnjmemev j frddr' per dofhcj nd ~ene' do dg dorhztdfhchdo#

~e jt~ec ê~hfe' pdr vd' ztd vtpeod gj nhqdrvhnjn' x do gj atdr|j nd gj qhr~tn nd gj

~egdrjofhj pjrj mjrjo~h|jr gj at~trj feoqhqdofhj x gj pj| vefhjgdv/ Oe vd njo

ftdo~j ndg pdghmre ztd vd ferrd nd rdaer|jr dg rjfhvce nhadrdofhjghv~j x gj d{fgt#

vhöo vefhjg feo dv~j jf~h~tn bhdo ho~dofheojnj' pdre' do dg aeone' fjvh vhdcprd

pj~drojghv~j x d~oefèo~rhfj/

Nd cjodrj ztd' ndvnd otdv~re pto~e nd qhv~j' oe ndbdrãjcev ~rj~jr

dv~ev ~dcjv fece vh dg prebgdc j dnt fj~hqe atdrj feovdmthr gj jfdp~jfhöo nd gj

nhqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg do vã chvcj' fece pjrdfd ndntfhrvd nd gj cjxer pjr~d nd

gev cj~drhjgdv' preptdv~jv nhnêf~hfjv x rdfecdonjfheodv pdnjmömhfjv vebrd

dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg' fjnj nãj cêv jbtonjo~dv/ Dg prebgdcj dntfj~hqe fdo#

~rjg' x ztd do ctx pefjv efjvheodv vd jbernj nhrdf~jcdo~d' dv' fhdr~jcdo~d'

föce hndo~hahfjr x ndvjf~hqjr gev prdlthfhev vebrd gev mrtpev choerh|jnev' pdre'

vebrd ~ene' fece dntfjr gjv jf~h~tndv vefhjgdv odfdvjrhjv pjrj ztd vd dqh~d gj

t~hgh|jfhöo nd dv~j nhqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg fece prd~d{~e x gdmh~hcjfhöo nd gj d{fgt#vhöo vefhjg ztd vtardo/ Nhfke do e~rjv pjgjbrjv< dg pto~e nd pjr~hnj x dld qdr~d#

brjner nd gj dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg ztd odfdvh~jcev oe ndbd vdr dg rdvpd~e j

gj nhqdrvhnjn e dg ftg~e j gj qhr~tn nd gj ~egdrjofhj9 vhdcprd x do ~ene fjve dg

oüfgde fdo~rjg x rdftrrdo~d ndg nhvftrve ndbd vdr' vhcpgdcdo~d' dg kdfke nd vdr

:0; ■ NDVHMTJGNJN VEFHJG' NHQDRVHNJN FTG^TRJG X DNTFJFHÖO



hmtjgdv do nhmohnjn x ndrdfkev' gj feoqhffhöo hoftdv~heojbgd nd ztd vecev

ctfke cêv hmtjgdv ztd nhv~ho~ev/

Prebjbgdcdo~d nd ptre vjbhne' nd ~jo~e rdpd~hrge' egqhnjcev ztd ~enev

gev vdrdv ktcjoev ojfdo ghbrdv d hmtjgdv do nhmohnjn x ndrdfkev9 zth|êv gjv

gdo~dltdgjv nd gj nhqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg oev ge eftg~jo feo vt brhgge x rdvpgjoner/

Feoatonhcev gj pjgjbrj nhqdrvhnjn +ztd oe dv dg ~èrchoe ztd vhmohahfj ge feo#

~rjrhe nd hmtjgnjn( feo ndvhmtjgnjn / X jkã rdvhnd' prdfhvjcdo~d' toe nd gev

pdghmrev cjxerdv nd gj dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg' xj ztd gj hovhv~dofhj do gj jfdp#

~jfhöo nd gj nhqdrvhnjn +ftg~trjg( ggdqj hcpgãfh~j ~êfh~jcdo~d' fjvh vhdcprd' toj

hoqh~jfhöo j gj jfdp~jfhöo nd gj ndvhmtjgnjn +vefhjg(' fece toj cjohadv~jfhöocêv'fece e~rj feovdftdofhj oj~trjg nd gj nhqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg/

Veo pebrdv perztd veo nhv~ho~ev' x kjx zt d jfdp~jr dv~j nhqdrvhnjn

% ndvhmtjgnjn' vho ho ~do ~jr k jfdrgdv fec e vec ev oeve~rev' xj zt d do dg aeone

dv~j nhqdrvhnjn oev dorhztdfd j ~enev' vdrhj gj fjrhfj~trj ndg cdovjld ztd vd

nhatond do gev cdnhev nd fectohfjfhöo x do gjv dvftdgjv' feo to hontnjbgd

dadf~e ~rjozthgh|jner nd otdv~rjv feofhdofhjv' d{ftgpêoneoev nd ftjgzthdr rdv#

peovjbhghnjn'mrjfhjv jg aj~jghvce ndg pgjo~djchdo~e/

Ndfãj to jo~hmte jnjmhe ndg ctone nd gj dntfjfhöo< Ojnj kj x do dg

ho~dgdf~e ztd prhcdre oe kjxj pjvjne per gev vdo~hnev/ Oe prdvdo~j ohomtojntnj pjrj gev dntfjnerdv gj feovhndrjfhöo nd ztd veo gev vdo~hnev' gj pjgjbrj x

dg rj|eojchdo~e gjv kdrrjchdo~jv bêvhfjv pjrj ftjgzthdr jprdonh|jld/ Pdre ge

fhdr~e dv ztd vh gj nhqdrvhnjn dv ~jo dqhndo~d ztd vegjcdo~d kjx ztd ztdrdr qdr#

gj pjrj ndvftbrhrgj x qjgerjrgj +j ~rjqèv nd gev prefdvev femoh~hqev jvefhjnev j

jztdg ©prhcdr phgjr¹' jprdondr j feoefdr ' ndg fh~jne Ho aerc d Ndgerv (9 gj hmtjg#

njn oe dv jgme ~jo dqhndo~d' xj ztd oe ptdnd pdrfhbhrvd' oh ptdnd ndcev~rjrvd

fhdo~ãahfjcdo~d ztd vdjcev hmtjgdv' oh vhzthdrj dv dqhndo~d ztd penjcev ggdmjr

j qdr vt odfdvhnjn per dg fjchoe ndg rj|eojchdo~e ho~dgdf~tjg/

Gj hmtjgnjn nd gev vdrdv ktcjoev dv toj feoqhffhöo' to j{hecj cerjg

hondcev~rjbgd'to pto~e nd pjr~hnj hoodmefhjbgd nd otdv~rj fhqhgh|jfhöo9x dnt#

fjr do dv~d feoqdofhchdo~e x do gev qjgerdv ztd j èg qjo jvefhjnev' dv toj ~jrdj

ctfke cêv nhaãfhg ztd gj qjgerjfhöo nd gj nhqdrvhnjn e nd gj ~egdrjofhj/ Toj

~jrdj ztd vd qhoftgj ctfke cêv preatonjcdo~d feo gev phgjrdv jprdondr j

feoqhqhr x jprdondr j vdr ' gev nev phgjrdv zth|êv feo cdoev ~rjnhfhöo dvfegjr'




feo cdoev cendgev x cè~enev nd dovdújo|j#jprdonh|jld/ Feo cjxerdv nhahftg#

~jndv pjrj gev preadvheojgdv' ~jcbhèo'do vt ~rjovchvhöo x dntfjfhöo'xj ztd d{h#

mdo toj cjntrd|' to vjbdr feoqhqhr x to vjbdr vdr ' prdvdo~dv x feoveghnjnev

do dg chvce dntfjner/ Perztd fece vjbdcev' dv~ev jprdonh|jldv vd ~rjovch~do

ctfke cêv dahfj|cdo~d +e zth|êv vöge vd ~rjovch~do( per gev fjojgdv vefhejadf#

~hqev x dcefheojgdv' per hch~jfhöo nd gjv jf~h~tndv nd gjv pdrveojv ztd dgdmh#

cev fece cendge feontf~tjg/ X do dv~j ~rjovchvhöo' jztdggev jt{hghjrdv prhqh#

gdmhjnev nd gev jprdonh|jldv' gev vdo~hnev' gj pjgjbrj x dg rj|eojchdo~e' ptdndo

ltmjr to pjpdg hcper~jo~d pdre ctfke cêv vdftonjrhe ztd do gev jprdonh|jldv

nd feofdp~ev'feoefhchdo~ev x kjbhghnjndv cjotjgdv/Dv~j dv gj rj|öo per gj ztd do gev ftrrãftgtcv dvfegjrdv vtdgdo tbhfjrvd

dv~ev ~dcjv rdgjfheojnev feo gev fjcbhev nd jf~h~tndv x feo gj dntfjfhöo do

qjgerdv' do gev ggjcjnev dldv ~rjo vqdrvjgdv/ Dv ndfhr jztdggev ztd' cêv ztd

fjrjf~drh|jrvd per toev feo~dohnev feofdp~tjgdv dvpdfãahfev ztd kjx ztd dovd#

újr x jprdondr' vd nhv~homtdo per vtv feo~dohnev prefdnhcdo~jgdv x dvpdfhjg#

cdo~d jf~h~tnhojgdv' per dg kdfke nd vdr jgme cêv ztd jvhmoj~trjv' xj ztd jg

~rj~jrvd prdfhvjcdo~d nd jf~h~tndv x qjgerdv' ndbdo hcprdmojr ~rjovqdrvjgcdo#

~d ~ene dg ftrrãftgtc dntfj~hqe' x jndcêv'j ge gjrme nd ~enj gj dvfegjrhnjn/ Oe

kjfd ajg~j vtbrjxjr gj nhahftg~jn prêf~hfj nd ndvjrreggjr do gjv jtgjv dv~j pjr~d

ndg ftrrãftgtc' dvpdfhjgcdo~d vh gev preadverdv oe kjo ho~drojgh|jne' dofjroj#ne'kdfkev vtxev'jztdggev qjgerdv ztd vd ho~do~jo ~rjovch~hr/

Pdre' jndcêv' pjrj ztd ptdnj rdjgh|jrvd dv~j gjber cêv dntfj~hqj ztd

hov~rtf~hqj do gjv jtgjv' ndbd dcpd|jr xj jo~dv' do fhdr~e cene' atdrj nd dggjv/

Dv fhdr~e ztd gj rdvegtfhöo nd gev prebgdcjv nd feoqhqdofhj vefhjg dv toj rdv#

peovjbhghnjn nd gev fdo~rev dntfj~hqev' pdre oe vöge nd dggev/ Ndbdo njrvd to

cãohce nd feonhfheodv vefhjgdv pjrj ztd vdj pevhbgd jvtchr dv~j rdvpeovjbhgh#

njn/ Kjfd ajg~j toj qegto~jn'toj jf~h~tn x tojv jf~tjfheodv per pjr~d nd gj fht#

njnjoãj' pdre vebrd ~ene per pjr~d nd gev rdvpeovjbgdv nd gj dntfjfhöo ebghmj#

~erhj' do gj gãodj nd ztdrdr x kjfdr pevhbgd ztd vd ptdnj dntfjr fhtnjnjojv x

fhtnjnjoev ghbrdv' nhmoev' frã~hfev x veghnjrhev/ Jndcêv' dv~j qegto~jn ndbd

pendr qhvtjgh|jrvd do vtv ndfhvheodv x jf~tjfheodv x oe vöge dvftfkjrvd do gev

nhvftrvev x do gjv rdagd{heodv ~dörhfjv/ Vh oe vd peodo gjv qegto~jndv x gev

cdnhev odfdvjrhev' oe oev pjrdfd gãfh~e vdmthr ftgpjone nd fjvh ~enev gev pre#

bgdcjv nd feoqhqdofhj vefhjg j gj dvftdgj x jg hov~h~t~e/

::0 ■ NDVHMTJGNJN VEFHJG' NHQDRVHNJN FTG^TRJG X DNTFJFHÖO



Dv ctx hcper~jo~d' do dv~d ~drrdoe nd gj dntfjfhöo fãqhfj x pjrj gj feo#

qhqdofhj' ceqhgh|jr ~enev gev rdftrvev x dv~rj~dmhjv nhvpeohbgdv nd gj pdnjmemãj

vefhjg/ Pgjohahfjr' per dldcpge +x xj dcphd|j j vdr trmdo~d(' fjcpjújv hcpjf~jo#

~dv do gev cdnhev nd cjxer jtnhdofhj' pjrj fjcbhjr gjv jf~h~tndv hofãqhfjv

nechojo~dv/ Per dldcpge jtcdo~jone gj feoqhffhöo fegdf~hqj nd ztd gj fhtnj#

njoãj feovhv~d' ctx j cdotne' do gj nhvpevhfhöo j peodr gev ho~drdvdv nd gj

fectohnjn per ndgjo~d nd gev ho~drdvdv pdrveojgdv' ftjone dgge vdj odfdvjrhe x

pevhbgd/ E bhdo d{pghfjone feoqhofdo~dcdo~d nd ztd veo jbvegt~jcdo~d odfd#

vjrhjv nd~drchojnjv nhvfrhchojfheodv pevh~hqjv pjrj feovdmthr toj vefhdnjn ltv#

~j feo qdrnjndrjv eper~tohnjndv pjrj gj hmtjgnjn/ Ndbd mdodrjgh|jrvd gj feoqhf#fhöo ztd' vh vöge ndvnd gj hmtjgnjn dv pevhbgd dg nhêgeme' vöge vdrê pevhbgd dg nhê#

geme ho~drftg~trjg ndvnd dg rdfeoefhchdo~e nd hnèo~hfj nhmohnjn ktcjoj d hnèo#

~hfev ndrdfkev fãqhfev'pegã~hfev x vefhjgdv do dg e~re/ Vho dv~j gjber fegdf~hqj nd

pdnjmemãj vefhjg j ~rjqèv nd ~enev gev cdnhev' feondojcev gj gjber nd gev fdo#

~rev dntfj~hqev j vdr toj btrbtlj ndvfeodf~jnj nd gj rdjghnjn/

Do dv~jv fjcpjújv nd pdnjmemãj vefhjg ndbd ~dodrvd do ftdo~j ztd oe

vdrê vtahfhdo~d toj dntfjfhöo ~dondo~d vöge j gj vdovhbhgh|jfhöo x jg fecprech#

ve per dg honhvpdovjbgd rdfeoefhchdo~e gdmjg nd dv~j hmtjgnjn/ Dv honhvpdovj#

bgd vdovhbhgh|jr ~jcbhèo pjrj feovdmthr to rdfeoefhchdo~e rdj g nd dv~j feo#

fhtnjnjoãj do gj qhnj fe~hnhjoj/ Per dve'dg ebld~hqe oe dv vhcpgdcdo~d jtcdo#~jr gj hoaercjfhöo nd gev jgtcoev e nd gev fhtnjnjoev/ Oh vhzthdrj hofhnhr do vt

aerc jfhöo / Ndbdcev vdr rdjghv~jv rdvpdf~e j otdv~rjv pevhbhghnjndv'pdre t~öph#

fev do otdv~rev ebld~hqev' x ge ztd ndbdcev prd~dondr fece dntfjnerdv dv

toj ~rjov#aercjfhöo do otdv~rev jgtcoev x do gev feofhtnjnjoev' ztd vtpeo#

mj vt hcpghfjfhöo pdrveojg do dv~ev ~dcjv vefhjgdv/ Toj ~ecj nd feofhdofhj

rdjg nd ztd gj gtfkj feo~rj gj d{fgtvhöo vefhjg oe hoftcbd vöge j gev preadvheoj#

gdv nd gj dntfjfhöo e nd gev vdrqhfhev vefhjgdv' vhoe ztd ~enev ndbdcev vdo~hr#

oev feofdrohnev' x ~enev ndbdcev btvfjr gj fekdrdofhj pdrveojg do~rd gev

prhofhphev ztd ndadondcev x otdv~rjv jf~tjfheodv fe~hnhjojv/

Dv~rhf~jcdo~d kjbgjone' gj fhtnjnjoãj oe vd jnzthdrd oh vd ptdnd rdmj#

gjr per ndfrd~e'cdnhjo~d to neftcdo~e nd rdvhndofhj e nd ojfheojghnjn/ Vöge

vd jnzthdrd rdjgcdo~d ftjone dv rdfeoefhnj do dg nãj j nãj per dg rdv~e nd gev

feofhtnjnjoev/ X dv~j jfdp~jfhöo ndg e~re do feonhfheodv nd hmtjgnjn kjx ztd

d{~drherh|jrgj' cj~drhjgh|jrgj do jf~h~tndv x jf~tjfheodv feofrd~jv x qhvtjgh|j#

:::GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■



>/ Gj phdnrj jomtgjr< dg feofdp~e nd ho~dmrjfhöo

Per ~ene ge ztd kdcev jahrcjne do gev pto~ev jo~drherdv xj vd ndntfd

ztd gj dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg' frddcev' oe dv to ebld~hqe pdnjmömhfe oh to

feolto~e nd feo~dohnev x nd dv~rj~dmhjv dntfj~hqjv ztd ndbjo ~dodrvd do ftdo#

~j d{fgtvhqjcdo~d do jztdggev fdo~rev do gev ftjgdv vd cj~rhftgjo jgtcoev pre#

fdndo~dv nd gjv ftg~trjv ajchghjrdv choerh|jnjv' vdjo mh~jojv e d{~rjoldrjv/ Vh

toe nd gev ebld~hqev atonjcdo~jgdv x feonhfhöo honhvpdovjbgd' fece qdohcev

jahrcjone' dv feovdmthr ztd gev chdcbrev ndg mrtpe cjxerh~jrhe dv~èo nhvptdv#

~ev j jfdp~jr fece hmtjgdv j gev nd gev mrtpev choerh|jnev' rdvtg~j dqhndo~d

ztd ndbdrãjcev ~ecjr fece vtld~ev nd gj dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg ctfke cêv j

jztdggev +gev ndg mrtpe cjxerh~jrhe( ztd j èv~ev +gev ndg choerh~jrhe(/ X dv~j dv

e~rj preptdv~j nd fjcbhe nd dv~rj~dmhj ztd oev pjrdfd atonjcdo~jg do gj dnt#

fjfhöo pjrj gj feoqhqdofhj ho~drftg~trjg/

Jg prhofhphe' do gev júev efkdo~j' do dg dvpjfhe dvfèohfe nd gj dntfj#

fhöo ho~drftg~trjg' dv~jbjo vöge gev hochmrjnev x gev chdcbrev nd gjv jvefhjfhe#

odv nd veghnjrhnjn/ Ctx preo~e vd qhe feo fgjrhnjn ztd ndbãjo vtbhr jg dvfdoj#

rhe ~jcbhèo dg rdv~e nd feofhtnjnjoev' xj ztd j ~enev oev hcpghfjbj' nd toj t

e~rj aercj' dv~j otdqj rdjghnjn vefhjg/ Vd ndfãj' x vd vhmtd nhfhdone' ztd gj dnt#

fjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg oe ndbãj prjf~hfjrvd vöge do gev fdo~rev do gev ztd kjx ohúev x ohújv nd gjv choerãjv ftg~trjgdv choerh|jnjv/ X dv fhdr~e' pdre dv cêv

fhdr~e ztd'do dv~d dvpjfhe dvfèohfe' dg fjúöo nd gt|' dg aefe prhofhpjg ztd ndv#

~jfj do to fãrftge gtchoeve do gj evftrhnjn ndg dvfdojrhe jg pre~jmeohv~j' vhmtd

nhrhmhèonevd kjfhj dg nhadrdo~d' dg e~re' dg d{~rjoldre' dg hochmrjne' chdo~rjv dg

rdv~e nd jf~erdv x fecpjrvjv dv~êo prdvdo~dv pdre atdrj nd aefe' do gj evftrj

pdotcbrj j|tg/

Otdv~rj preptdv~j feovhv~d do dcpd|jr doaefjone' nhrhmhdone otdv~rj

j~dofhöo dntfj~hqj prdadrdo~d' vebrd gev chdcbrev ndg mrtpe ftg~trjg cjxerh~j#

rhe/ Vecev oeve~rev' x vöge oeve~rev' zthdodv nd~do~jcev x pendcev dldrfdr dg

pendr +ndvnd' per dldcpge' dg pdztdúe ©pendr¹ fe~hnhjoe nd ~ecjr ndfhvheodv

e t~hgh|jr ~enev gev vdrqhfhev pübghfev'kjv~j dg dldrfhfhe ndg pendr rdjg x dadf~hqe

j gev nhv~ho~ev ohqdgdv' dfeoöchfe' vefhjg x pegã~hfe' pjr~hfhpjone ‖dv vöge e~re

dldcpge‖ fece dgdf~erdv e dgdmhbgdv do gev vtarjmhev ndcefrê~hfev(/ Jtoztd

vöge atdrj per dv~j hcper~jo~d rj|öo' oev pjrdfd dqhndo~d ztd dv j oeve~rev' j

::6GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■



gev chdcbrev ndg mrtpe cjxerh~jrhe' j zthdodv ferrdvpeond peodr do cjrfkj

dg prefdve' nhvpeodr gev rdftrvev odfdvjrhev pjrj pendr hohfhjr jztdggev fjc#

bhev nd jf~h~tn cãohcev ztd vd rdzthdrdo fece feonh~he vhod ztj oeo pjrj

ztd vd ptdnjo njr tojv rdgjfheodv ho~drftg~trjgdv bjvjnjv do gj hmtjgnjn/ Ndbd#

cev dcpd|jr per frdjr gjv feonhfheodv cãohcjv pjrj dg nhêgeme' x dgge hofgtxd

recpdr gjv hodrfhjv vhcpghv~jv d hoceqhghv~jv nd zthdodv frddo ztd vöge vd ~rj~j

nd zt d dggev vd jnjp~do /

Dv~e hcpghfj dv~jr nhvptdv~e j ctfke cêv ztd j feoefdr x j rdvpd~jr

tojv fev~tcbrdv x tojv ~rjnhfheodv ztd ptdndo pjrdfdr d{ö~hfjv j otdv~rev

elev' vtpeod dv~jr nhvptdv~ev j fecpjr~hr ~jo~e gev prhqhgdmhev nd gev ztd oevbdodahfhjcev do d{fgtvhqj' fece gj pebrd|j nd gev e~rev9 do ndahoh~hqj' j fec#

pjr~hr rdjgcdo~d dg pendr x j kjfdr jt~èo~hfj x pevhbgd gj hmtjgnjn nd ndrdfkev

x nd eper~tohnjndv do~rd gev vdrdv ktcjoev ztd feoqhqdo do toj vefhdnjn

nd~drchojnj/ Ge ftjg' prebjbgdcdo~d' oe zthdrd ndfhr e~rj fevj ztd dv~jr feo#

qdofhnev nd gj hmtjgnjn nd ~enev gev vdrdv ktcjoev' x dv~jr nhvptdv~ev j prjf~h#

fjr rdjgcdo~d gj ndcefrjfhj/

Nd otdv~rj frã~hfj j jztdggj dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg ztd kdcev fjghahfj#

ne fece aegfgörhfj ' oe ndbd ndntfhrvd ztd ndbj hmoerjrvd' e ztd oe ndbj prdv#

~jrvd j~dofhöo' do gev fdo~rev dntfj~hqev j gj nhqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg x j vtv cjohadv#

~jfheodv/ Frddcev ztd vd dzthqefj dg preadver ztd vd pjvj jg pege eptdv~e' x

do to j~jztd nd jo~hrrjfhvce' jahrcj vho fecpgdlev< pjrj c h ~enev gev j gtc #

oev veo hmt jgdv x per ge ~jo ~e xe gev ~rj~e j ~enev per hmtjg' vho kjfdr oho mt#

oj nhv~hofhöo do~rd dggev/ Hofgtve otdv~re erndojchdo~e dntfj~hqe jf~tjg oev

prekãbd ~ecjr dv~j jf~h~tn/ Dg qdrnjndre ebld~hqe nd gj dntfjfhöo +x ~jcbhèo

nd gj dntfjfhöo jo~hrrjfhv~j( oe dv ztd vd jfjbd ~rj~jone j ~enev gev jgtcoev x

jgtcojv per hmtjg' vhoe prdfhvjcdo~d ztd vd ~rj~d j ~enev gev jgtcoev x jgtc#

ojv nd cene nhv~ho~e x pjr~hftgjr/ J ~enev x j fjnj toe vdmüo vtv fjrjf~drãv~h#

fjv honhqhntjgdv/ X dg dgdcdo~e ftg~trjg ajchghjr dv hontnjbgdcdo~d toj qjrhjbgd

dntfj~hqj ztd ndbdcev ~ecjr ctx do ftdo~j/

Ndbdcev rdvpd~jr j ~enjv gjv pdrveojv' gj ghbdr~jn x gjv feoqhffheodv nd

~enev'x dv~d rdvpd~e ndbd vdr fecpj~hbgd feo gj nhvfrdpjofhj do gjv hndjv e feo

dg ndvjftdrne vebrd jgmtoj nd vtv fev~tcbrdv e jgmtoe nd vtv pto~ev nd qhv~j/

Ptdnd pjrdfdroev hojfdp~jbgd toj fev~tcbrd nd~drchojnj' pdre dgge oe ndbd

vtpeodr to rdfkj|e j ~enjv vtv fev~tcbrdv' oh feovhndrjr vdrdv hoadrherdv

::> ■ NDVHMTJGNJN VEFHJG' NHQDRVHNJN FTG^TRJG X DNTFJFHÖO



honhmoev nd otdv~re rdvpd~e j zthdodv cjo~hdodo jztdggj fev~tcbrd/ Frddcev

ztd' fece dntfjnerdv' kdcev nd ajqerdfdr toj jf~h~tn frã~hfj rdvpdf~e j gjv

cjohadv~jfheodv ftg~trjgdv' fev~tcbrdv e ~rjnhfheodv/ Oe ~dodcev jg rdvpdf~e

ohomtoj ntnj' pdre dv~j jf~h~tn frã~hfj ndbd cjohadv~jrvd ~jo~e kjfhj gjv fev#

~tcbrdv nd gev mrtpev choerh|jnev fece gjv ndg mrtpe cjxerh~jrhe' oj~trjg#

cdo~d/ X otdv~re d~oefdo~rhvce oe ndbd hcpdnhroev qdr otdv~rjv gjfrjv ftg~t#

rjgdv' ztd oe veo pefjv' j bjvd nd vtbrjxjr gjv ndg d{~rjoldre/

Frddcev ztd oe ndbdcev qjgerjr otofj gev prentf~ev ftg~trjgdv per

dofhcj nd vtv prentf~erdv' pdre dgge oe ndbd rdprdvdo~jr to ebv~êftge pjrj

ztd vd kjmj qhvhbgd dv~j jfdp~jfhöo x dv~d rdvpd~e jg e~re' j vt ghbdr~jn x j vtvepfheodv/ X toj cjodrj nd kjfdrge' nd qhvtjgh|jr dv~d feoefhchdo~e x vebrd

~ene dv~d rdfeoefhchdo~e' ptdnd cjohadv~jrvd ~dohdone do ftdo~j dv~j nhqdrvh#

njn ftg~trjg do gj ndferjfhöo ndg fdo~re dntfj~hqe e ndg fdo~re fãqhfe'do gj nhv#

peohbhghnjn do pjr~hfhpjr do gj fdgdbrjfhöo nd gjv ahdv~jv prephjv ndg fegdf~hqe

choerh|jne' do gj fjghnjn nd gev rh~tjgdv fe~hnhjoev nd rdgjfhöo ho~drpdrveojg

+vjgtnev' arjvdv nd fer~dvãj'dvatdr|e do dg rdvpd~e x do gj preotofhjfhöo ferrdf#

~j nd gev oecbrdv x jpdgghnev' d~f/(' do gj qjgerjfhöo nd gjv gdomtjv nd erhmdo' do

dg rdvpd~e j gjv feoadvheodv rdghmhevjv'd~f/

Gj üohfj ghch~jfhöo do dv~j jf~h~tn nd jpdr~trj x nd nhêgeme ndbdrãjo

vdr gjv jmrdvheodv j gjv pdrveojv x j gjv oercjv atonjcdo~jgdv nd feoqhqdofhj/

Dv odfdvjrhj' vho dcbjrme' toj fhdr~j agd{hbhghnjn do gj jpghfjfhöo nd dv~jv oer#

cjv ztd atdreo pdovjnjv pjrj vdr jpghfjnjv j toj vefhdnjn ctfke cêv tohaer#

cd ndvnd dg pto~e nd qhv~j ftg~trjg' feo~dcpgjone ge ztd penrãjcev ndoech#

ojr fece j~dotjo~dv ftg~trjgdv j nd~drchojnjv feontf~jv ztd qjgerjcev

fece hoferrdf~jv ndvnd otdv~rj pdrvpdf~hqj/ Oercjv ztd' per e~rj pjr~d' kjbrê

ztd kjfdr prdqjgdfdr x jfj~jr per pjr~d nd ~enev' oj~trjgcdo~d' chdo~rjv oe

nhvpeomjcev nd e~rjv otdqjv'ndbhnjcdo~d feovdovtjnjv' vh dv ztd frdxèrjcev

ztd feoqhdod cenhahfjrgjv/ Perztd dg fecprechve ho~drftg~trjg ebghmj ~jcbhèo'

vh dv vhofdre'j dv~jr nhvptdv~ev j rdqhvjr x rdodmefhjr' vh atdrj prdfhve' dv~jv oer#

cjv atonjcdo~jgdv nd feoqhqdofhj' do atofhöo ndg otdqe feo~d{~e ctg~hftg~t#

rjg'pjrj ztd ~enev ptdnjo vdo~hrgjv fece vtxjv x odfdvjrhjv/

Per ge ~jo~e' vh vd nj per vtptdv~e ztd ge ztd prd~dond toj dntfjfhöo

ho~drftg~trjg' do üg~hce ~èrchoe' dv feovdmthr toj vefhdnjn ho~dmrjnj ' vho

d{fgthnev oh feoaghf~ev mrjqdv nd feoqhqdofhj' fjpj| nd rdvpd~jr gj nhqdrvhnjn

::4GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■



ftg~trjg nd ~enev vtv chdcbrev' fjpj| nd kjfdr fecpj~hbgdv gj ghbdr~jn nd gjv

pdrveojv feo dg ndbhne rdvpd~e j gjv oercjv fectoh~jrhjv x gdmjgdv' ftjgzthdr

preptdv~j nd dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg oe ptdnd ebqhjr dg ndahohr nd cjodrj toã#

qefj x d{pgãfh~j ztè do~hdond per ho~dmrjfhöo/ Dvbefdcev tojv rdagd{heodv

feo gj ho~dofhöo nd jxtnjr do dv~j gjber nd fgjrhahfjfhöo nd dv~d feofdp~e' ztd

jpjrdfd feo dvpdfhjg rdghdqd fjnj qd| ztd oev rdadrhcev j dv~ev ~dcjv' x ztd

fjnj qd| rdvtg~j cdoev feofhve x cêv dztãqefe do ftjo~e j vt vhmohahfjne/

Frddcev ztd' do prhcdr gtmjr' oe vd ndbd fecd~dr dg drrer nd ~ecjr gj

pjr~d per dg ~ene' fece vtdgd vtfdndr' ftjone jg rdadrhroev j gj ho~dmrjfhöo nd

gjv choerãjv ftg~trjgdv' vöge j~dondcev j gev jvpdf~ev ftg~trjgdv x oe vd ~hdododo ftdo~j gjv ho~drjffheodv do~rd gjv nhcdovheodv ftg~trjg' pegã~hfj' dfeoöchfj

x vefhjg/ Vdmüo nhqdrvev dv~tnhev rdjgh|jnev' ftjone vd feovhmtd gj jftg~trjfhöo

nd to mrtpe choerh|jne +per dldcpge' ftjone to fegdf~hqe nd jnegdvfdo~dv

mh~joev vd pjvjo j gj ftg~trj pjxj(' vho ztd dv~d mrtpe feovhmj toj jfdp~jfhöo'

toj rdjg hovdrfhöo vefhjg do dg mrtpe cjxerh~jrhe' vd prentfd to dadf~e nd joe#

c hj ' dv ndfhr' nd pèrnhnj nd oercjv vefhjgdv' nd rdadrdo~dv x nd qjgerdv'nd mrj#

qdv feovdftdofhjv pjrj gj ho~dmrhnjn dcefheojg ndg honhqhnte x pjrj vt jndftj#

nj rdgjfhöo feo gev ndcêv/ Dg prefdve nd jftg~trjfhöo' ztd jndcêv dv to fjch#

oe vho rd~eroe'kjfd ztd ndldo nd ~dodr vdo~hne' ztd oe vd rdvpd~do gjv oercjv

oh gj jt~erhnjn ndg fegdf~hqe nd erhmdo ztd xj oe vd vhdo~d fece prephe/ Pdreper e~rj pjr~d' gj oe jfdp~jfhöo vefhjg do dg mrtpe cjxerh~jrhe' gj artv~rjfhöo nd

vdo~hrvd rdfkj|jne ndvptèv ndg dvatdr|e nd jftg~trjfhöo rdjgh|jne' kjfd ztd

~jcpefe vdjo jfdp~jnjv vtv oercjv/ Dg rdvtg~jne' ptdv' vtdgd vdr gj hojnjp~j#

fhöo vefhjg' gj jmrdvhqhnjn'gj ndghoftdofhj'd~f/

Feovhndrjcev ctx pdghmrevj gj feoatvhöo jf~tjg rdhojo~d do gj cjxer

pjr~d nd gev fdo~rev nd vdftonjrhj' rdvpdf~e j ztè zthdrd ndfhr ho~dmrjr j gev

jnegdvfdo~dv' per dldcpge' nd erhmdo cjrreztã' rdfhèo ggdmjnev/ Vh vd gdv feovh#

mtd dtrepdh|jr do ftjo~e j dvztdcjv nd feontf~j' gdomtj' qjgerdv bêvhfev' d~f/

kjv~j dg pto~e nd ztd pdrfhbjo vt ftg~trj ajchghjr fece j~rjvjnj ' pefe j~rjf~h#

qj x pefe cdoev ztd ndvprdfhjbgd' x oe feovdmthcev' jg chvce ~hdcpe' ztd

~domjo gjv chvcjv eper~tohnjndv vefhjgdv x gjberjgdv ztd to leqdo feo jpdggh#

nev jt~öf~eoev' ferrdrdcev to rhdvme fhdr~e nd ~dodr prebgdcjv ctx vhchgjrdv

j gev ztd xj vd doardo~j gj peghfãj do gev vtbtrbhev x bjrrhev nd gjv mrjondv fht#

njndv dtrepdjv/ Toj qd| cêv'x feo feovdftdofhjv ztd ptdndo vdr nrjcê~hfjv'

::1 ■ NDVHMTJGNJN VEFHJG' NHQDRVHNJN FTG^TRJG X DNTFJFHÖO



dv~jrdcev feoatonhdone ge ztd oev pjrdfd trmdo~d' feo ge ztd dv rdjgcdo~d

hcper~jo~d/

Toj qd| cêv' dv~jcev jo~d gj pevhbhghnjn nd prdqdohr toev prebgdcjv'

ztd ~ene honhfj ztd ptdndo vdr mrjqdv d hcper~jo~dv/ Vho dcbjrme' do dv~ev

~dcjv vefhjgdv oe kdcev jndgjo~jne ~enjqãj oh vhzthdrj do gj dvfjvj preperfhöo

ztd vã vd kj kdfke xj feo gev ~dcjv dfegömhfev' do gev ztd pjrdfd kjbdr toj

cjxer feofhdofhj fegdf~hqj nd ge ztd oev ltmjcev do to at~tre ojnj gdljoe/

Gj ho~dmrjfhöo nd gev hochmrjo~dv d{~rjfectoh~jrhev x nd gev mrtpev

choerh|jnev vd feoatond ndcjvhjne j cdotne' fece xj kdcev vdújgjne' feo

vt ebghmjfhöo nd jnjp~jrvd' toj jnjp~jfhöo ztd pjvj odfdvjrhjcdo~d per gj

vtchvhöo/ Dv~j ephohöo' per ndvmrjfhj ctx mdodrjgh|jnj' hoagtxd pendrevjcdo~d

do gj feov~rtffhöo nd gj hndegemãj x nd gjv jf~h~tndv x qjgerdv ztd vd ~rjovch~do

do gjv dvftdgjv/ ^jo~e dv jvã ztd' j ~rjqèv ndg ggjcjne ftrrãftgtc eftg~e' j

cdotne dv èv~j gj dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg rdjg ztd vd dv~ê kjfhdone do gev fdo#

~rev dntfj~hqev' cêv jggê nd gev nhvftrvev x nd gjv btdojv ho~dofheodv/ Pdre gj

ho~dmrjfhöo oe dv' nd ohomtoj cjodrj' vhcpgdcdo~d dv~j jnjp~jfhöo' vhoe ztd'

do fhdr~j aercj' ndbd qdrvd ctfke cêv fece to prefdve ztd fece to pto~e

nd ggdmjnj/ Gj ho~dmrjfhöo dv toj aercj nd ghbdrjfhöo fegdf~hqj nd gev cdfjohv#

cev nd d{fgtvhöo qhmdo~dv' ztd oev hcpghfj j ~enev< d{fgtxdo~dv x d{fgthnev'

ptdv fece nhfd gj vdo~dofhj< c hdo~rjv d{hv~j to vege dvfgjqe' oj nhd pt dnd

vdo~hrvd ghbrd/

Per dve' gj ho~dmrjfhöo kjx ztd mjojrgj nãj j nãj feo dg dldrfhfhe' per

pjr~d nd ~enev'nd gj veghnjrhnjn x gj qegto~jn nd odmefhjfhöo' feo gj gtfkj feo#

~rj ~enj aercj nd d{fgtvhöo x pjrj toj qdrnjndrj hmtjgnjn nd eper~tohnjndv x

nd ndrdfkev fãqhfev x pegã~hfev/ Vd prdfhvj toj qegto~jn' jf~hqj d hodztãqefj

per gjv nev pjr~dv' nd rdvegqdr gev hodqh~jbgdv feoaghf~ev ztd preqefjrêo gj

nhqdrvhnjn nd qjgerdv x fev~tcbrdv' pdre vebrd ~ene gj ndvhmtjgnjn vefhjg x

pegã~hfj/ Do dg prefdve nd ho~dmrjfhöo vd ~rj~j nd frdjr feolto~jcdo~d to otdqe

dvpjfhe vefhjg' ztd dv~jrê rdmhne prebjbgdcdo~d per tojv otdqjv oercjv' ojfh#njv nd gj odmefhjfhöo x nd gj frdj~hqhnjn feolto~j nd gev chdcbrev ndg mrtpe

cjxerh~jrhe x nd gev pdr~dodfhdo~dv j gev choerh|jnev/

Ho~dmrjfhöo'frdj~hqhnjn x odmefhjfhöo veo' per ge ~jo~e' feofdp~ev hovd#

pjrjbgdv/ Per dve' toj cjodrj nd rdvtchr gev ebld~hqev atonjcdo~jgdv nd toj

::=GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■



dntfjfhöo fãqhfj ho~drftg~trjg x dcjofhpjnerj vdrãj jahrcjr ztd veo gev prefd#

vev nd dovdújo|j#jprdonh|jld nd dv~j feoqhqdofhj' nd dv~j odmefhjfhöo' nd dv~j

frdj~hqhnjn feolto~j' pjrj feovdmthr jfjbjr feo dg holtv~e nd~drchohvce jf~tjg

ztd feondoj j gj chvdrhj' xj jo~dv nd ojfdr' j toj mrjo ctg~h~tn nd gev vdrdv

ktcjoev' x do~rd dggev' ~jcbhèo' jtoztd oe vhdcprd ztdrjcev qdrge' j ctfkev

nd otdv~rev feofhtnjnjoev/

::; ■ NDVHMTJGNJN VEFHJG' NHQDRVHNJN FTG^TRJG X DNTFJFHÖO



::8

HQ/ Chmrjfhöo x jnegdvfdofhj

Ljtcd Atodv

Preadver nd Pvhfegemãj Vefhjg nd gj Tohqdrvhnjn Rjceo Ggtgg



:20 ■ CHMRJFHÖO X JNEGDVFDOFHJ


Gev prefdvev c hmrj ~erhev' gj ggdmjnj j otdv~re pjãv nd pdrveo jv

feo dvfjvev rdftrvev dfeoöc hfev x' jpjrdo~dc do~d' jgmto jv nhadrdo#

fhjv ftg~trjgdv ndv~jfjbgdv' ~hdodo j vpdf~ev' fecpeo do~dv nhadrdofhjgdv

j ~dodr do ftdo~j' ndrhqjnev nd gj dnjn' nd gj d~jpj qh~jg do gj zt d vd

vh~üjo/ Nd toj c jo drj dvpdfhjg per vtv ~dovheodv x feo~rjnhffheodv'

eftrrd dve feo gev fkhfev x fkhfjv jnegdvfdo~dv/

Jvhv~hc ev j gj ggdmjnj' +per dadf~e nd gjv pegã~hfjv nd rdjmrt pj#chdo~e e per gj odfdvhnjn gdmjg nd dv~jr do dg pjãv jo~dv nd gj cjxe#

rãj nd dnjn pjrj ~dodr jgmüo ndrdfke(' nd fkhfev x fkhfjv prdjnegdv#

fdo~dv x jnegdvfdo~dv' vho oho müo nec hohe nd gev hnhec jv kjbgjnev do

Dvpjúj' pefe dvfegjrh|jnev e dvfegjrh|jnev do e~rev vhv~dc jv x gdo#

mtjv/ Per e~re gjne' dg c jo ~dohc hdo~e nd gev x gjv jnegdvfdo~dv hoc h#

mrjo~dv do dg vhv~dcj dvfegjr kjv~j gev :1 júev preqefj feo~rjnhffhe#

odv do gj ajchghj x do gj dvftdgj/

Qhqdo atdr~dv ~dovheodv per ndvft g~trh|jfhöo x frhvhv do gj feov#

~rtffhöo nd vt hndo~hnjn' jvã fec e per feo~rjnhffheodv do~rd gj ftg~t#

rj ajchghjr nd erhmdo x gjv aercjv ftg~trjgdv jnegdvfdo~dv jf~tjgdv/Gjdvfegjrh|jfhöo kj hne mdodrjone vdmtonjv mdodrjfheodv ctx dtrepdh#

|jnj v ftjo ne ggdmjo j gj jn egdvfdo fhj/ Gj vefhj gh| jfhöo do ~rd hmt jgdv

x gj prdvhöo nd mrt pe prephj nd gev jnegdvfdo~dv ~jc bhèo gdv jadf~j j

dggev x jpjrdfdo feontf~jv nhvefhjgdv per jvefhjfhöo feo gev jnegdv#

fdo~dv feo nhahftg~jndv vefhjgdv ndg bjrrhe/Jg ahojg nd dvj jnegdvfdofhj'

gev prefdvev nd dcj ofhpjfhöo' fkefjo feo gj d~droj nhahftg~jn pjrj

jffdndr jg c drfjne gjberjg/

Oe vd ~rj~j ' vho dc bjrme' nd t o ü o hfe fegdf~ hq e t o haerc d/

Lto~e j vtv nhadrdo fhjv fec e pdrveo jv e mrt pev vefhjgdv' kj o nd feo vh#ndrjrvd ~rdv vh~tjfheodv nhadrdo~dv/ Per t o gjne' dv~êo gev fkhfev x fkh#

fjv ztd ojfhdreo jztã ' kjo c jntrjne' frdfhne' kjo vhne cêv e

c doev dvfegjrh|j nev' x jk erj kjo ggdmjne j gj jnegdvfdofhj/ Veo fkh#

fev x fkhfjv ztd do nhadrdo~dv cecdo~ev nd vt hoajofhj kjo qhv~e jg~d#




rjne vt do~eroe ajc hghjr per t o prefdve c hmrj~erhe x ggdqjo jgmto ev

jú ev do~rd oeve~rev/ Veo ~enj qãj pefev pdre rdprdvdo~j o t o at ~t re

ctx prö{hce/Fechdo|jo j aercjr dve ztd ggjcjcev vdmtonjv mdod#

rjfheodv/ Veo dg prent f~e nd otdv~rj dvfegjrh|jfhöo' nd ot dv~rev prefd#

vev nd ho~dmrjfhöo e rdfkj|e zt d jkerj vd oev c jo hahdv~jo feo c üvh#

fj' e rthne' jnegdvfdo~d/

Do vdmto ne gtmjr' dv~êo gev fkhfev x fkhfjv ztd j~drrh|j o do

ot dv~rev bjrrhev' do gjv dnjndv do gjv ztd do Dtrepj kjbgjc ev nd

jnegdvfdofhj/ Pjrj dggev x dggjv' vtpeo d jvtc hr do dvj dnjn ~enev gevfjc bhev' gjv frhvhv x gjv ebghmjfheodv nd jnj p~jfhöo ndg prefdve c hmrj#

~erhe x gjv nd vdr jnegdvfdo~d/ Dvpdfhjgcdo ~d gdv jadf~jrê fecprebjr

zt d gev pdrveojldv nd vt dnjn o e pjrdfdo vdr hmtjgdv j dggev' vd ndnh#

fjo j vdr jnegdvfdo~dv' jgme zt d oe drj kjbh~t jg do vtv gtmjrdv nd erh#

mdo' jgme o e prdqhv~e per vtv prephjv ajc hghjv/Oe vöge j~drrh|jo do t o

do~eroe ndvfeoefhne x feo dvfjvjv kdrrjchdo~jv pjrj to jrrjhme

rêphne' ~jc bhèo kjo nd ndvftbrhr x jvtc hr aerc jv nd vdr d{~rjújv'

kjv~j jkerj' do vt do~eroe/

Dg ~drfdr mrtpe ge feoaercjo gev fkhfev +pefjv qdfdv veo fkh#

fjv' jt ozt d ndpdond nd gev pjãvdv x ft g~trjv nd erhmdo( zt d rdjgh|jo

gj jqdo~trj c hmrj~erhj vegev' ztd vho ~dodr ~enjqãj :; jú ev' oh ajc h#

ghjrdv feoefhnev ztd vd dofjrmtdo n d dggev' jpjrdfdo do gjv fjggdv nd

ot dv~rjv fht njndv/Do dggev vd ptdndo n jr ~enev gev fec peodo~dv nd gev

jo~drherdv' pdre c dnhj~h|jnev preato njc do~d per gj jffhöo ho nhqh#

nt jg nd dc hmrjr' per gev jfeo~dfhc hdo~ev nd vt h~ho drjrhe' per gjv d{pd#

rhdofhjv nd vtpdrqhqdofhj pjvjnjv' per dg ~hpe nd vdpjrjfhöo e nd rt p#

~trj feo vtv ajchghjv/J gjv feo~rjnhffheodv x fkeztdv feo toj rdjgh#

njn j negdvfdo~d x leqdo' zt d per to gjne gdv dv odmjnj x per e~re

hc ptdv~j' vd vtc j vt ©vegdnjn¹' per ge c doev gdmjg/

Dv~ev fkhfev x fkhfjv' jvphrjo~dv j fht njn jo ev per pjr~hnj

nebgd' c êv ztd pgjo~djr prebgdcjv ot dqev' jmtnh|jo' fegc jo dg qjve

nd e~rjv ctfkjv nhahftg~jndv x feo~rjnhffheodv ztd otdv~rj vefhdnjn

~hdod pjrj j~dondr nd c jo drj jndftjnj j vtv jnegdvfdo~dv/ Ndv~jfjo



:/ Ho~rentffhöo

Fechdo|e j dvfrhbhr dv~jv gãodjv fdrfj ndg Njrre' bjle gj Jgkjcbrj' do

toj ~d~drãj nd gjv fjggdltdgjv ndg Jgbjhfão' do~rd toj ~hdonj nd pjv~dgdv x toj

fjrohfdrãj ©êrjbdv¹' do to jcbhdo~d ztd penrãj kjfdrcd pdovjr ztd Mrjojnj

otofj ndlö nd vdr cerj/ Do gj fjggd vd cd|fgjo hnhecjv nd ©mthrhv¹ x nd oer~d#

jarhfjoev' chdo~rjv gev geft~erhev ~dgdaöohfev feo ndvftdo~e honhfjo ztd do~rd

gjv fjvjv jqhdljnjv vd kj jvdo~jne to otcdreve mrtpe nd pdrveojv vecd~hnjv

~enjqãj j gj feonhfhöo nd ©dchmrjo~dv¹/

Ndbe dvfrhbhr vebrd jgmtoev nd dggev x dggjv' vebrd gev ztd ~hdodo tojdnjn ztd jztã ggjcjcev jnegdvfdofhj/ Pdre'oe rdvtg~j aêfhg kjfdrge ~dohèonegdv

do ftdo~j vöge j dggev x dggjv/ Perztd j dvfjvev cd~rev do gjv chvcjv fjggdv kjx

cjrmhojfhöo' d{fgtvhöo' nhahftg~jn leqdo x jntg~j pjrj qhqhr/ Kjx e~rev x e~rjv

ztd oe dchmrjreo +jg cdoev rdfhdo~dcdo~d( pdre oe pjrdfdo ~dodrge aêfhg pjrj

ggdmjr j aercjr pjr~d nd gj vefhdnjn/


nd to j c jo drj dvpdfhjg' gjv nd gj dvftdgj vdfto njrhj' gjv ndg jffdve

hohfhjg jg ctone ndg ~rjbjle x gjv ndg ndvjcpjre ztd vd prentfd per

oe ~dodr dnjn pjrj ndfhnhr' per oe vdr e~rj fevj pjrj o eve~rev zt d

cdoerdv nd dnjn/Veo pdrveojldv j gev ztd feofdndcev ~enev gev ndrd#

fkev fec e ohú ev e ohújv x oho mtoe fece jnt g~ev/ Gj ho jndftj fhöo nd

otdv~rj gdmhvgjfhöo pre~df~erj x gjv mrjqdv gjmtojv nd otdv~rjv pegã~h#

fjv nd hoajofhj feontfdo jg ho~drojchdo~e fece rdvptdv~j bêvhfj e j

vt feovhndrjfhöo mdoèrhfj fece otdqev ndghoftdo~dv ltqdohgdv nd fjggd/

Mgebjgc do~d' gev fkhfev x fkhfjv pü bdrdv jadf~jnev per prefd#vev c hmrj~erhev vd qdo vec d~hnev j c üg~hpgdv ~dovheodv/ Per t o gjne

kjo nd dofeo~rjr vdo~hne j vh chvcev do dvj vh~tjfhöo nd jnegdvfdo#

fhj vebrdqdohnj' hc ptdv~j/ Per e~re' kjo nd rdvegqdr gev feoaghf~ev nd

ahndghnjn do ~rd ge zt d gdv rendjbj kj v~j jkerj x ge zt d k jo ndvft bhdr#

~e' do~rd dg ct one nd vtv cjxerdv x dg c to ne c endroe' do~rd ge ztd

gdv mtv~jrãj vdr x ge ztd gdv pjrdfd zt d dv~êo ebghmjnev j vdr' do~rd ge

zt d kjbãjo veúj ne dofeo~rjr x ge ztd rdjgc do~d ~hdodo j vt j gfjo fd/



Do~rd dvev jvphrjo~dv j fhtnjnjoev x fhtnjnjojv ztd vd ho~rentfdo do

otdv~rev bjrrhev kjx toj pjr~d ztd cjo~hdodo dvj jvphrjfhöo per pjr~hnj nebgd<

kjo nd ggdmjr j vdr pdrveojv jntg~jv' kjo nd feovdmthr pho~jr jgme do gj vefhd#

njn/ Pdre' vtrmd gj ntnj vebrd vh vtv nhahftg~jndv ~hdodo jgme ztd qdr feo kjbdr

dchmrjne +dggev e vtv ajchghjv(' e feo vdr jnegdvfdo~d x oe pho~jr ojnj' e feo

pdr~dodfdr j fegdf~hqev vefhjgdv ztd ~hdodo atdr~dv nhahftg~jndv do gev prefdvev

nd hoferperjfhöo vefhjg/

Jfjbj toj vdcjoj do gj ztd' do Bjrfdgeoj' neond qhqd dg ztd dv~e dvfrh#

bd' kj kjbhne nd ~ene vebrd dg ~dcj/ Gjv peghfãjv kjo ghcphjne nd ©löqdodv

hochmrjo~dv nd gj fjggd¹ gj Pgj|j Rdjg/ Mrtpev nd löqdodv ©rjfhv~jv¹ x ©jo~hrrjfhv#~jv¹ vd kjo doardo~jne do toj pebgjfhöo fdrfjoj' feoqefjnev j cjohadv~jrvd

per hohfhj~hqjv fhtnjnjojv feo~rjptdv~jv' ndvptèv nd hofhndo~dv do gev ztd gj

pjgjbrj ©leqdo¹ kj dv~jne jvefhjnj pübghfjcdo~d j gj nd ©hochmrjo~d¹/

µZtè pjvj ftjone gj feonhfhöo chmrj~erhj oe pdr~dodfd oh j gj hoajofhj

oh j gj qhnj jntg~j vhoe j gev ztd dv~êo j cdnhe fjchoe5 µZtè nhahftg~jndv x feo#

aghf~ev pgjo~djo do otdv~rjv ©vefhdnjndv ndvjrreggjnjv¹ gj prdvdofhj nd jnegdv#

fdo~dv ztd oe ptdndo vdr jnegdvfdo~dv5 µPer ztè kjfdo jmtjv gj dvftdgj' dg vhv#

~dcj pre~df~er' dg jffdve jg ~rjbjle///5 µFtêgdv veo gjv dofrtfhljnjv pdrveojgdv

ztd vd gd frdjo j to dchmrjo~d nd :1 júev' jztã' do toj vefhdnjn nd jnegdvfdo#

fhj ebghmj~erhj x nd gjrmj ntrjfhöo5 J dvjv x e~rjv prdmto~jv ho~do~jrè feo~dv~jr

do gjv pêmhojv ztd vhmtdo/

Oe kjfd ctfke vdújgjbj< ©Do gev prö{hc ev júev d{pge~jrê' dvpdfhjg#

c do~d' gj ftdv~höo jnegdvfdo~d ztd' do o tdv~re pjãv' vd hovfrhbd do gj fec pgd#

lhnjn nd ~enj v gj v j negdvfdofhjv' ndrhqjnj nd vt gjrmj nt rjfhöo x vt to hqdr#

vjgh|jfhöo' jvã fec e nd gj ~dovhöo zt d preqefjo do gj vefhdnjn jnt g~j jgmt#

oev nd vtv fec per~jchdo~ev/Dvpdfhjgcdo~d' ~donrê zt d prdv~jrvd j~dofhöo j<

‖ Gj ggdmjnj' per dadf~e nd gjv pegã~hfjv nd rdjmrt pjc hdo ~e' nd fkhfev x fkh#

fjv prdjnegdvfdo~dv x jnegdvfdo~dv' vho oho müo n ec ho he nd gev hnhec jv

kjbgjnev do Dvpjú j' pefe dvfegjrh|jnev e dvfegjrh|jnev do e~rev vhv~dcj v x gdomtjv/

‖ Dg c jo~do hc hdo ~e nd gev x gjv jnegdvfdo~dv ho c hmrjo~dv do dg vhv~dc j dvfe#

gjr kjv~j gev :1 júev feo gjv feo~rjnhffheodv ztd preqefj do gj ajchghj x

do gj dvftdgj/




‖ Gj jpjrhfhöo nd feont f~jv nhvefhj gdv per jvefhj fhöo feo gev jnegdvfdo~dv

feo nhahftg~jndv vefhjgdv ndg bjrrhe/

‖ Gj ~do vhöo per ndvft g~t rh| jfhöo x nh ahft g~jn do gj feo v~rt ffhöo nd vt hndo#

~hnjn' jvã fec e per feo~rjnhffheodv do~rd gj ftg~trj ajc hghjr nd erhmdo x

gjv aercj v ft g~trjgdv jnegdvfdo~dv jf~tj gdv/+Gj dvfegjrh|j fhöo kj hne mdod#

rjone vdmtonjv mdodrjfheodv ctx dtrepdh|jnjv ftjone ggdmjo j gj jne#

gdvfdofhj/ Gj vefhjgh|jfhöo do ~rd hmtjgdv x gj prdvhöo nd mrtpe prephj nd

gev jnegdvfdo~dv ~jcbhèo gdv jadf~j j dggev(/

‖ Gev prefdvev nd dc jofhpj fhöo x gj d~droj nhahft g~jn pjrj jffdndr jg c dr#

fjne gjberjg/+:;(

2/ Vjghr' dchmrjr nd gj hoajofhj

Ftjone kjbgjcev nd jnegdvfdofhj' jkerj x jztã' oev dv~jcev rdahrhdone

j to adoöcdoe ztd ~hdod nhadrdo~dv pdrvpdf~hqjv' ohomtoj nd gjv ftjgdv ptdnd

ebqhjrvd pjrj do~dondrge/ Dv~d oe dv to ~d{~e pjrj kjbgjr nd gjv jnegdvfdofhjv

nd kex' pdre ndbdcev rdfernjr jgmtoev jvpdf~ev mdodrjgdv pjrj fecprdondr

nd ztè kjbgjcev ftjone oev rdadrhcev j gev fkhfev x fkhfjv ztd'jndcêv' dv~êo

do dg ctone nd gj dchmrjfhöo/µFöce veo gev fkhfev x fkhfjv jnegdvfdo~dv5 µZtè gdv pjvj per atdrj x

per ndo~re5 Gev fkhfev x fkhfjv jnegdvfdo~dv veo pdrveojldv ztd vd feov~rtxdo

x vd ndahodo j pjr~hr nd nev mrjondv ~hpev nd ajf~erdv/ Per to gjne veo ge ztd

penrãjcev feovhndrjr toj rdjghnjn ndg jztã x dg jkerj'to prentf~e vefhjg d khv#

~örhfe feofrd~e/ Per e~re' veo vtld~ev ztd qhqdo toj d~jpj nhadrdo~d x nhadrdo#

fhjbgd nd vt qhnj/ Nhrãjcev ztd oe gev pendcev do~dondr vho do~dondr ztè

pjvj j vt jgrdndner' ztd oe pendcev fecprdondrgev vho ~dodr do ftdo~j vt

ctone ho~drher' ~ene jztdgge ztd pjvj ndo~re nd vt phdg/

Ftjgzthdr rdvtcdo oe penrãj ndvfthnjr oh ge vefhjg oh ge pdrveojg' ~do#

nrãj ztd feovhndrjr gev nj~ev ndg do~eroe x gj cüvhfj pdrveojg nd aeone' ~dodr

do ftdo~j gj vefhdnjn do gj ztd dv~jcev x' j gj qd|' föce ge vefhjg' ge ztd oev

rendj x gdv rendj' vd feoqhdr~d do feontf~j x do fecper~jchdo~e/ Vh ndahohcev

:2> ■ CHMRJFHÖO X JNEGDVFDOFHJ

+:;( Atodv' L/9 Fjreg' L/ G/ ©Ohúev' ohújv x jnegdvfdo~dv hochmrjo~dv oe fectoh~jrhev do Dvpjúj/ Jpre{hcjfhöo j vtvprhofhpjgdv nhahftg~jndv¹/ Hoaercd TOHFDA' :88=/



gj jnegdvfdofhj fece to rdferrhne' toj ~rjovhfhöo' kdcev nd vdújgjr ztd do

fjnj cdnhe x do fjnj cecdo~e khv~örhfe vt ntrjfhöo dv preatonjcdo~d qjrhj#

bgd/ Oe vd ~rj~j' nd ohomtoj cjodrj' nd toj d~jpj nd cjntrjfhöo ahvhegömhfj

jfe~jnj x ndghch~jnj/ Vd ~rj~j nd to feolto~e nd júev qh~jgdv vho gãch~d prdfhve

x feo dg dofjrme vefhjg eftg~e nd ndnhfjrvd j vdr jnegdvfdo~d/ ^ene jztdgge ztd

gev jntg~ev dvpdrjcev nd dggev x dggjv' vtv d{pdrhdofhjv' gjv prdvheodv vefhjgdv' gj

rhztd|j e gj pebrd|j vefhjg x ftg~trjg ztd gdv doqtdgqd' d~f/' feonhfheojo gj

ntrjfhöo x dg rh~ce nd dv~d gjrme pdrãene nd fjcbhev x ~rjovaercjfheodv/

Cjntrjr ptdnd vdr toj pjgjbrj ztd oe ~domj e~re vdo~hne ztd dg nd jqjo|jr'

vhdcprd x ftjone qhqjo do do~eroe dv~hctgjner x ~domjo j vt jgfjofd toj vdrhdpjgpjbgd nd preptdv~jv nd at~tre/

Jg prhofhphe vd epeodo j gjv pdrveojv jntg~jv perztd ndbdo feov~rthr

toj hndo~hnjn ztd oe ~hdodo/ Feoaercd pjvj dg ~hdcpe dv pevhbgd ztd ge kjmjo

perztd oe vd rdvhmojo j oe pho~jr ojnj/ Qjo do mrtpe perztd odfdvh~jo dvj dvpd#

fhd nd veghnjrhnjn dcefheojg do~rd hmtjgdv' pdre ptdndo feov~rthr x jahrcjr toj

©~rhbt¹ pjrj oe aercjr pjr~d nd gj cjvj hoaercd nd gj vefhdnjn ztd gdv rendj/ Vd

jrrhdvmjo perztd odfdvh~jo gj ©jnrdojghoj¹ ztd gdv kjfd vdo~hrvd qhqev pdre ptd#

ndo jonjr gjrme ~rdfke nd~rêv nd fecper~jchdo~ev nd feovtce cêv mrdmjrhe/

^jo hcper~jo~d fece gj cjntrjfhöo dcefheojg e gj dqegtfhöo ho~dgdf#

~tjg vdrê gj hovdrfhöo vefhjg' gj pevhbhghnjn nd hr jffdnhdone pefe j pefe j toj

vefhdnjn' j toj fectohnjn jntg~j/ Vdrê fgjqd ztd pefe j pefe dv~jbhghfdo vt

qhnj jadf~hqj' e feovhmjo rj|eojr jbv~rjf~jcdo~d +nev dgdcdo~ev nd vt ~rjovaer#

cjfhöo ho~droj(' pdre hmtjg ge vdrê ztd ~domjo nd~drchojnjv d{pdrhdofhjv' ztd

jvtcjo fecprechvev vefhjgdv e vd vhdo~jo ü~hgdv do gjv nhadrdo~dv jf~hqhnjndv

preqhvheojgdv ztd hrêo rdjgh|jone/

6/ Jgmtoev kjo frdfhne e kjo ojfhne jztã' gj mrjocjxerãj jfjbj nd qdohr

Vh vhdcprd ztd kjbgjcev nd gj jnegdvfdofhj otofj kjbgjcev nd toj

rdjghnjn tohaercd' ~jcbhèo eftrrd ge chvce feo dg mrtpe jg ztd feovhndrjcev

hochmrjo~d/ Lto~e j rdjghnjndv pdrveojgdv' ajchghjrdv x nd do~eroe vefhjg ctx

nhqdrvjv' ftjone kjbgjcev nd jnegdvfdofhj x dchmrjfhöo oev rdadrhcev' per ge

cdoev' j ~rdv mrjondv fegdf~hqev ctx nhadrdo~dv<




:/ Gev fkhfev x fkhfjv ztd ojfhdreo jztã' kjo cjntrjne' frdfhne' kjo vhne cêv

e cdoev dvfegjrh|jnev'///x jkerj kjo ggdmjne j gj jnegdvfdofhj/ Do dvd mrtpe

penrãjcev hofgthr' jtoztd oe vd ~rj~j nd gj chvcj rdjghnjn' j gev fkhfev x

fkhfjv ztd do nhadrdo~dv cecdo~ev nd vt hoajofhj kjo qhv~e jg~drjne vt

do~eroe ajchghjr per to prefdve chmrj~erhe' ggdqjo jgmtoev júev do~rd oeve#

~rev///x jkerj kjo ggdmjne j gj jnegdvfdofhj/

2/ Gev fkhfev x fkhfjv ztd' do gjv dnjndv ztd jztã feovhndrjcev jnegdvfdofhj'

j~drrh|jo do otdv~rev bjrrhev' per dadf~e nd gev prefdvev nd rdjmrtpjchdo~e

ajchghjr e jfecpjújone j to ajchghjr jntg~e/

6/ Gev fkhfev +pefjv qdfdv veo fkhfjv' jtoztd ndpdond nd gev pjãvdv x ftg~trjv

nd erhmdo( ztd rdjgh|jo gj jqdo~trj chmrj~erhj vegev' ztd vho ~dodr ~enjqãj :;

júev' oh ajchghjrdv feoefhnev ztd vd dofjrmtdo nd dggev' jpjrdfdo do gjv

fjggdv nd otdv~rjv fhtnjndv/

Gev ~rdv ~hdodo bjv~jo~dv fecpeodo~dv do fecüo' pdre vtpeodo rdjgh#

njndv nhadrdo~dv/ Jg cdoev toj pjr~d nd ge ztd qhqdo x föce ge qhqdo dv nhad#

rdo~d x gjv rdvptdv~jv ztd ndbdcev njr oe veo hmtjgdv/

6/:/ Gjv vdmtonjv mdodrjfheodv

Do dg prhcdr mrjo mrtpe' gj rdagd{höo oev kjfd chrjr kjfhj j~rêv/ Vd ~rj~j

nd fkhfev x fkhfjv ztd ggdqjo júev qhqhdone do~rd otdv~rev feofhtnjnjoev x

feofhtnjnjojv' kjbhdone rdfhbhne gjv rdvptdv~jv vefhjgdv' dntfj~hqjv x jvhv~do#

fhjgdv ztd do gj üg~hcj d~jpj kdcev jpghfjne j gev fegdf~hqev nd pdrveojv dch#

mrjnjv/ Jztã kdcev nd kjbgjr nd jnegdvfdofhj fece toj d~jpj nd frhvhv do~rd

nev ctonev vdmtrev +gj hoajofhj x gj qhnj jntg~j( do gj ztd jagerjo' d{pge~jo gjv

~dovheodv'gjv prdfjrhdnjndv x gjv nhahftg~jndv nd gjv d~jpjv jo~drherdv/

Vd ~rj~j nd fkhfev x fkhfjv ztd ndbdo rdvegqdr jkerj +rdfeofhghjrvd( nhah#

ftg~jndv x ~dovheodv hcper~jo~dv nd vt pjvjne< gj hodv~jbhghnjn ajchghjr prentfh#

nj per dg prefdve chmrj~erhe' gjv ~dovheodv mdodrjnjv per to do~eroe ndvfeoe#

fhne x feo ardftdofhj kev~hg' gev dvatdr|ev dcefheojgdv nd gj jnjp~jfhöo' gjv

pèrnhnjv ndg tohqdrve hoajo~hg hohfhjg/ Do gev ztd xj ojfhdreo jztã' pjr~d nd dvjv

nhahftg~jndv veo hmtjgdv'e~rjv ~donrêo ztd qdr feo dg mrjne nd dv~jbhghnjn ho~dr#

oj x vefhjg ztd dg mrtpe ajchghjr ~tqhdrj j vt ojfhchdo~e/




Vjbdcev ctx bhdo ztd dv do gjv dnjndv jnegdvfdo~dv ftjone dcdrmdo

gjv ~dovheodv mdodrjnjv per dg rdfkj|e' gj ajg~j nd jadf~e' gev fghcjv nd ~dovhöo'

gj ajg~j nd dv~hctgjfhöo cjntrjnerj/ Feo ardftdofhj gjv ajchghjv ztd dchmrjreo

vtdgdo ~dodr pjt~jv nd frhjo|j x nd fthnjne nd gev ohúev x ohújv ctfke cêv

pre~df~erjv ztd gjv jt~öf~eojv' oe vd ~rj~j nd pjvjrgdv jkerj ~jcbhèo ajf~trj

perztd dntfjreo cjg/Cêv bhdo kj vtfdnhne ~ene ge feo~rjrhe/

Pdre do gj dchmrjfhöo ktbe vdpjrjfhöo' rtp~trjv' vtdúev' ~dovheodv ztd

dg ohúe e gj ohúj ~tqhdreo ztd jvhchgjr/ Jkerj do gev júev nd jnegdvfdofhj vd kj

nd nhmdrhr gj hovdmtrhnjn' vd kj nd nhgthr e feoveghnjr dg rdfkj|e nd gev e~rev

ztd ~jo~ev júev vd kj vdo~hne vho vjbdr per ztè/ Jkerj' do pgdoj ~trbtgdofhjho~drher' vd ndvftbrdo gjv rj|eodv eftg~jv ndg ~rj~e nhadrdofhjg' vd pjndfd gj dvfj#

vd| chdo~rjv rdvtg~j nhaãfhg gj vtchvhöo/ Dg ndvdzthghbrhe ho~drher jf~tjg vd ggdoj

nd ~enev gev ndvdzthghbrhev x ~dovheodv ndg pjvjne/ Dv aêfhg ztd jpjrd|fjo pdr#

veojghnjndv d{pgevhqjv'pdrveojldv jrrhdvmjnev' vdrdv feo nhahftg~jndv pjrj ep~jr

qegto~jrhjcdo~d per vecd~drvd j gj vefhdnjn/

Gev x gjv ztd xj ojfhdreo jztã e ggdqjo prêf~hfjcdo~d ~enj vt qhnj do~rd

oeve~rev fechdo|jo j aercjr dve ztd ggjcjcev vdmtonjv mdodrjfheodv/ Veo

~enjqãj pefev pdre rdprdvdo~jo to at~tre ctx prö{hce/ Veo dg prentf~e nd

otdv~rj dvfegjrh|jfhöo' nd otdv~rev prefdvev nd ho~dmrjfhöo e rdfkj|e jkerj

feo jhrd jnegdvfdo~d/

Veo nd jztã' dv~êo jztã x ndbdrãjo' jkerj ztd kjo frdfhne' vdo~hrvd nd

jztã/ Vjbdo' vho dcbjrme' ztd gev hndo~hahfjcev fece hochmrjo~dv x d{~rjold#

rev' feo toj feonhfhöo ztd oh vhzthdrj dv vtxj jtoztd kjxj cjrfjne vtv qhnjv'

ztd do ~ene fjve atd gj nd jgmtoe nd vtv premdoh~erdv/

6/2 / Jonjr per nev fjchoev qh~jgdv j gj qd|

Dg vdmtone mrtpe' gev ztd dchmrjo do pgdojv dnjndv jnegdvfdo~dv' feo

vtv ajchghjrdv e pjrj rdtohrvd feo dggev' ~hdod fece dgdcdo~e nhadrdofhjg gjhrrtpfhöo x dg fjcbhe nrêv~hfe nd pjoerjcj qh~jg do dvd pto~e ndghfjne nd vt

dqegtfhöo pdrveojg/ Pjrj oeve~rev x otdv~rjv hov~h~tfheodv +nd gjv dvfegjrdv j gjv

nd vjgtn( veo pdrveojldv ztd hrrtcpdo vho ztd gev dv~tqhèrjcev dvpdrjone' ge

kjfdo vho feoefdr otdv~rev fönhmev bêvhfev nd rdgjfhöo +ndvfeoefdo dg hnhecj'

e kjo vhne dvfjvjcdo~d dvfegjrh|jnev do vtv gtmjrdv nd erhmdo(' vt gömhfj qh~jg




pefe pjrdfd ~dodr ztd qdr feo gj nd gev fkhfev x fkhfjv nd jztã do~rd gev ztd

qjo j ~dodr ztd feoqhqhr/

Pjrj dggev x dggjv' ~enev gev fjcbhev' gjv frhvhv x gjv ebghmjfheodv nd jnjp#

~jfhöo vd vtpeodo fectodv jg prefdve chmrj~erhe/ Pdre dvpdfhjgcdo~d gdv jadf#

~jrê fecprebjr ztd gev pdrveojldv nd vt dnjn oe pjrdfdo vdr hmtjgdv j dggev' vd

ndnhfjo j vdr jnegdvfdo~dv' jgme ztd oe drj kjbh~tjg do vtv gtmjrdv nd erhmdo'

jgme oe prdqhv~e per vtv prephjv ajchghjv/ Oe vöge j~drrh|jo do to do~eroe ndv#

feoefhne x feo dvfjvjv kdrrjchdo~jv pjrj to jrrjhme rêphne' ~jcbhèo kjo nd

ndvftbrhr x jvtchr aercjv nd vdr d{~rjújv' kjv~j jkerj'do vt do~eroe/

Do dg ~drfdr mrtpe' vd ptdndo njr ~enev gev fecpeodo~dv nd gev jo~d#

rherdv' pdre cdnhj~h|jnev preatonjcdo~d per gj jffhöo honhqhntjg nd dchmrjr'

per gev jfeo~dfhchdo~ev nd vt h~hodrjrhe' per gjv d{pdrhdofhjv nd vtpdrqhqdofhj

pjvjnjv'per dg ~hpe nd vdpjrjfhöo e nd rtp~trj feo vtv ajchghjv/ J gjv feo~rjnhf#

fheodv x fkeztdv feo toj rdjghnjn jnegdvfdo~d x leqdo' ztd per to gjne gdv dv

odmjnj x per e~re hcptdv~j' vd vtcj vt ©vegdnjn¹' per ge cdoev gdmjg/ Dv~êo do

pjãvdv neond ceo~jrvd gj qhnj vegev ~jo vöge dv pevhbgd pjrj gev ztd veo feovh#

ndrjnev jntg~ev/ Pjãvdv neond vt dnjn x vt feonhfhöo oe gdv pdrch~do nd ohomt#

oj cjodrj fecper~jrvd oh fece jntg~ev oh fece jnegdvfdo~dv/ Oe ptdndo

©vdr¹ x j ge cê{hce ztd ptdndo jvphrjr dv j ndljrvd pre~dmdr/ Vh vd rdvhv~do j

jfdp~jrge gj hgdmjghnjn vdrê nebgd' vho pjpdgdv fece e~rev ctfkev x kjbhdone

~ecjne ndfhvheodv vebrd vtv qhnjv ztd gdmjgcdo~d oe gdv ferrdvpeondo/ Gj

fjggd x gj cjrmhojghnjn vdrêo preo~e vt do~eroe/

Gev ~rdv mrtpev fecpjr~do ctfkev jvpdf~ev' do gev ~rdv vd njo gjv ~do#

vheodv x gjv frhvhv ztd fecper~j peodr do rdgjfhöo prefdvev chmrj~erhev x jne#

gdvfdofhj' pdre fjnj toe nd dggev pgjo~dj jgmtojv odfdvhnjndv dvpdfãahfjv' oev

ho~drremj vebrd dg ztè kjfdr x oe kjfdr/ Do ftjgzthdr fjve' vdrê hcprdvfhonhbgd

oe feoatonhr gev mrtpev'oe dv~hmcj~h|jr' per dldcpge'j gev ztd frdfhdreo do~rd

oeve~rev feo gjv hcêmdodv odmj~hqjv nd gev ztd jfjbjo nd ggdmjr x kjo nd vebrd#

qhqhr do gj fjggd/ Feoqhr~hèonegev j ~enev do üohfe mrtpe' bjle gj d~hztd~j nddchmrjo~dv' ~jo vöge frdjcev x rdaer|jcev gjv nhahftg~jndv x odfdvhnjndv ztd

fjnj toe nd dggev ~hdod/

:2; ■ CHMRJFHÖO X JNEGDVFDOFHJ



>/ Dg prebgdcj nd vdr jnegdvfdo~d

Nd cjodrj ctx dvpdfhjg pjrj gev ztd ggdmjo do pgdoj ptbdr~jn x pjrj

gev ztd frdfhdreo jztã' gjv feo~rjnhffheodv ztd gdv doqtdgqdo ptdndo rdvtchr#

vd do toj< ~hdodo ztd vdr jnegdvfdo~dv' dv ndfhr' kjo nd ndnhfjr ~rdv e ftj~re

júev nd vt qhnj j kjfdr nd jnegdvfdo~dv fece gev ztd gdv rendjo/

>/:/ Oe dv~jbj prdqhv~e

Oe gdv qj j vdr aêfhg/ Preqhdodo nd do~eroev ftg~trjgdv do gev ztd oe

dv~jbj kjv~j kex prdqhv~j gj jnegdvfdofhj/ Jggã vd pjvj nd gj hoajofhj ahojg j gj

ltqdo~tn e gj qhnj jntg~j per vhcpgdv rh~ev nd pjve'nd ~rjovhfhöo'oe per jpjgjo#

fjrvd toev júev ndnhfêonevd j vdr jnegdvfdo~d/ Dv cêv e cdoev hmtjg ztd do

otdv~rev bjrrhev' kjfd dvfjvev júev'ftjone vd ndljbj nd vdr ohúe pjvjone nd gj

dvftdgj prhcjrhj j kjfdr nd jprdonh| nd pdztdúe kecbrd bjrrhdone to ~jggdr'e

nd pdztdúj ctldr fthnêonevd nd gev kdrcjoev e dcpd|jone j ~rjbjljr j ~troe

do toj aêbrhfj/

Fece dg leqdo mh~joe ztd to nãj ndbãj nd jbjoneojr gj hoajofhj x

jfecpjújr jg pjnrd j qdondr' pjrj jxtnjr x pjrj jprdondr' veo fkhfev x fkhfjv

pjrj gev ztd vt do~eroe nd frdfhchdo~e kjbãj prdqhv~e jfjbjr toj hoajofhj cêvbhdo dvfjvj x do~rjr do dg ctone nd gjv pdrveojv jntg~jv ztd gtfkjo per gj

qhnj/ Fece toj fkhfj cjmrdbã nd :4 júev fecdo~jbj j vt preadverj< ©pjnrd

nhfd ztd jztã kdcev qdohne j ~rjbjljr oe j dv~tnhjr¹/ Oh dggev x dggjv' oh vt

do~eroe fdrfjoe' kjbãjo prdqhv~e kjv~j jkerj ztd ggdmjbjo j to do~eroe do dg

ztd vdrãj ebghmj~erhe vdr jnegdvfdo~d/

Pjrj gev fkhfev x fkhfjv jpjrdfdrê prhcdre to prefdve nd jfecenj#

fhöo< feoqhqhr feo e~rev x e~rjv jnegdvfdo~dv x fecprebjr ztd ptdndo vdr

fece dggev/ Nhfke nd e~rj aercj'fecprebjr ztd vdr jnegdvfdo~d do dv~d do~er#

oe effhndo~jg ~jcbhèo ~hdod vtv j~rjf~hqev x qdo~jljv/ Do dg fjve nd gev ztd xj

frdfhdreo jztã dv pevhbgd ztd vd gdv pgjo~dd fece gj vjghnj oercjg nd vt hoajo#

fhj' fece pjrj ftjgzthdrj nd vtv fecpjúdrev x fecpjúdrjv< vh kjo vhne fece

gev e~rev kjv~j jkerj vöge vd gdv eftrrd vdmthr vhèonege/

Pjrj gev pübdrdv ztd jfjbjo nd ggdmjr' vdr e oe jnegdvfdo~d qj j ndpdo#

ndr nd gjv pevhbhghnjndv nd rdgjfhöo d ho~drfjcbhe ztd vd prent|fjo feo gev




e~rev jnegdvfdo~dv'nd gj jfdp~jfhöo e dg rdfkj|e ztd mdodrdo'nd gjv pevhbhghnj#

ndv rdjgdv nd ho~drfjcbhe ztd vd gdv eard|fjo/ Per dldcpge' vdrê fgjqd to pgjo

nd jfemhnj do gj fhtnjn ztd gdv pdrch~j rdgjfheojrvd nd cjodrj fe~hnhjoj feo

e~rev löqdodv' ztd gdv pdrch~j feoefdr gev gtmjrdv x ~hdcpev nd nhqdrvhöo' gev

dvpjfhev ltqdohgdv/ Vdr e oe jnegdvfdo~dv qj j ndpdondr nd ztd ptdnjo aercjr

pjr~d nd mrtpev cüg~hpgdv' nd ztd ~domjo jchmev x jchmjv ndg pjãv ndnhfjnev j

vdr jnegdvfdo~dv/

Pdre' jtoztd dv~e vd feovhmthdrj'kjx jg cdoev ~rdv mrjondv nhahftg~jndv

pjrj oercjgh|jr vtv jnegdvfdofhjv/ Do prhcdr gtmjr dv~êo gjv nhahftg~jndv ndrhqj#

njv nd vt do~eroe ajchghjr' ndvptèv gj nhahftg~jn pjrj vdr feovtchnerdv' ahojg#cdo~d' jpjrdfd gj ftdv~höo nd gjv ~hpegemãjv nd jnegdvfdo~dv feo gjv ztd gdv dv

pevhbgd rdgjfheojrvd/

>/2/ J~rjpjnev do~rd nev ahndghnjndv

Vh do~rd oeve~rev' gev fhtnjnjoev x fhtnjnjojv nd dv~d ctone vtptdv~j#

cdo~d ndvjrreggjne' ~enjqãj oe oev kdcev jfev~tcbrjne jg kdfke nd gj jnegdv#

fdofhj aer|evj x nd gjrmj ntrjfhöo' vh ~enjqãj oe vjbdcev föce jxtnjrgdv'

föce dntfjrgdv' hcjmhodcev ge ztd gdv pjvj j gev pjnrdv x cjnrdv nd dv~ev fkh#

fev x fkhfjv/ Feo ardftdofhj vd ~rj~j nd ajchghjv feo d{~rjernhojrhe jcer x ndnh#fjfhöo per vt ndvfdondofhj' ztd kjo prherh|jne fece cd~j qh~jg dg vjfjr jnd#

gjo~d j vtv khlev d khljv' ztd vd doftdo~rjo feo ztd dg ahojg nd dvj hoajofhj oe dv

gj jt~eoecãj jntg~j vhoe to dv~jne d{~rjúe nd ndpdondofhj#hondpdondofhj/

Do vt aercj nd do~dondr dg ctone oe dv~jbj prdqhv~e dv~d gjrme dv~jnhe

nd gj qhnj do dg ztd oe vd vjbd ztè pho~jo'do dg ztd vd ndnhfjo j pjvjr dg ~hdc#

pe' j nhqdr~hrvd' j dv~tnhjr' j pdovjr do dggev x dggjv j kjfdr pgjodv nd at~tre/ Vd

vtpeoãj ztd gj dntfjfhöo kjbãj vdrqhne pjrj hcbthrvd nd gjv ~rjnhfheodv' nd gjv

fev~tcbrdv' nd gev cenev nd qhnj nd gj ajchghj x pjrdfdo dcbjtfjnev per gjv

dv~è~hfjv' gev gdomtjldv' gjv jf~hqhnjndv nd löqdodv cendroev ztd peodo do frh#

vhv ~ene dg bjmjld ftg~trjg ztd kjbãjo ~rjãne feovhme/ Do ftg~trjv do gjv ztd ~hd#

od to mrjo pdve dg rdvpd~e kjfhj gjv pdrveojv jntg~jv' vtv khlev d khljv hch~jo j

jnegdvfdo~dv ztd dldrfdo vt jnegdvfdofhj rdbdgêonevd feo~rj gev jntg~ev' ztd

oe rdph~do ge ztd vd gdv dovdúö vhoe ztd dldrfdo dg frh~hfhvce' gj ghbdr~jn' gj

hondpdondofhj/




Dggev x dggjv penrãjo jfev~tcbrjrvd j dldrfdr nd jnegdvfdo~dv' pdre vt

do~eroe ajchghjr qd dve fece jgme hojprephjne/ Gj pdrfdpfhöo nd gev rhdvmev x

gj jcdoj|j nd to at~tre hojprephjne' ztd qhqdo ~enev gev pjnrdv x cjnrdv nd

jnegdvfdo~dv' dv pjrj dggev ctfke cêv ho~dovj/ Pdrch~hrgdv ztd vd kjmjo jnegdv#

fdo~dv oe dv~ê prdqhv~e x vtpeod to ndvdzthghbrhe jújnhne +ndg chvce dv~hge

ztd dg ztd mdodrj do ajchghjv ztd' per e~rjv rj|eodv' qhqdo vh~tjfheodv nd arjmh#

ghnjn(' dv qhqhne fece toj ~rjhfhöo ftg~trjg j gjv aercjv rj|eojbgdv nd vdr ztd

dggev ~hdodo/

Dg jnegdvfdo~d qhqhrê jo~d gj feo~rjnhffhöo nd ho~dmrjrvd do~rd gev hmtj#

gdv x vdr rdfkj|jne per gj ajchghj' cjo~dodrvd ahdg j gj ajchghj x vdr rdfkj|jneper dg mrtpe nd hmtjgdv/ Oev dofeo~rjcev jvã feo ztd toj nd gjv gãodjv nd

jffhöo pjvj per dg ~rjbjle ajchghjr pjrj ztd' dv~jv x e~rjv ajchghjv'do~hdonjo to

pefe cdler dg ctone nd gj jnegdvfdofhj x gd kjmjo to gtmjr do~rd vtv aercjv

nd do~dondr gj qhnj'vho hofrdcdo~jr vtv jomtv~hjv x vtv ndvdzthghbrhev/

>/6 / Feovtchr pjrj vdr e gj cjrmhojghnjn fece üohfj epfhöo

Do~rd dv~jv prd~dovheodv' hcpevhbhghnjndv x ~dovheodv pjrj vdr e oe jne#

gdvfdo~dv jpjrdfd gj ftdv~höo dfeoöchfj/ Fece e~rjv ctfkjv nhahftg~jndv oe

veo dvpdfãahfjv vtxjv'~hdodo ztd qdr feo vt feonhfhöo vefhjg/Toj nd gjv fjrjf~d#rãv~hfjv nd otdv~rj fhtnjnjoãj' dvpdfhjgcdo~d gj nd gev jnegdvfdo~dv' dv ~dodr

fjpjfhnjn nd feovtce/ Dldrfdr nd jnegdvfdo~dv vhmohahfj ~dodr jgmtoev rdftrvev

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chfj j to khle ztd phnd gj ©vdcjojnj¹ pjrj hrvd j nhqdr~hr feo vtv fegdmjv/

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nd dv~ev do~eroev chmrj~erhev vd ptdndo jfjbjr rdntfhdone nrêv~hfjcdo~d/

Dv~j vefhdnjn gdv kj feofdnhne ~hdcpe pjrj ndjcbtgjr vho vjbdr ztè kjfdr'

pjrj oe ~dodr to gtmjr neond dv~jr' pjrj veújr feo kjfdrvd cjxerdv' ~dodr toj

fjvj' toj pjrdlj x to ~rjbjle/ J vt jgrdndner kjx ctfkjv jnegdvfdofhjv' j vt

jgfjofd vöge jgmtojv/

Ahojgcdo~d' kdcev nd ndv~jfjr ztd nhaãfhgcdo~d kjx jnegdvfdofhj vho

mrtpe' vho fegdf~hqe nd pdr~dodofhj x rdgjfhöo/ Dvj jnegdvfdofhj pevhbgd ~hdod

ztd qdr feo gev mrtpev jnegdvfdo~dv j gev ztd ~domjo pevhbhghnjndv rdjgdv nd

pdr~dodfdr' feo gev ztd ~domjo pevhbhghnjndv nd vdo~hrvd do~rd hmtjgdv' pevhbhgh#




njndv nd fecpjr~hr dv~hgev nd qhnj x veghnjrhnjndv dcefheojgdv/ Jtoztd vd kjxj

njne toj btdoj ho~drjffhöo feo e~rev fkhfev x fkhfjv' gjv preptdv~jv jnegdv#

fdo~dv nechojo~dv vdrêo gjv nd vt bjrrhe' gjv nd vt do~eroe nhaãfhg x dcpebrdfh#

ne/ Vt mrjo prebgdcj dv ztd gev üohfev mrtpev jnegdvfdo~dv nd vt cdnhe dv~èo

nechojnev per gj nhahftg~jn vefhjg e gj cjrmhojfhöo/

>/>/ µZthèo vex xe5 Gev feoaghf~ev nd hndo~hnjn

Nd cjodrj mdoèrhfj' vegdcev ndfhr ztd dg vdo~hchdo~e qh~jg' gj prdmto~j

ztd nechoj gj jnegdvfdofhj dv jztdggj nd ©µzthèo vex xe5¹/ Fece d~jpj nd~rjovhfhöo x nd frhvhv do gj ztd vd phdrndo gjv hndo~hnjndv jo~drherdv x dv~êo per

ggdmjr gjv pev~drherdv' dg fkhfe e gj fkhfj vd vtdgdo qdr jadf~jnev per dg ©jmebhe¹

nd dofeo~rjr vdo~hne j ge ztd veo x vhdo~do/ Do gev prefdvev chmrj~erhev' dvpd#

fhjgcdo~d vh kjx atdr~dv nhv~jofhjv ftg~trjgdv' jpjrdfdo ~jcbhèo frhvhv x ~dovhe#

odv ndrhqjnjv nd gj hcpevhbhghnjn nd cjo~dodr aercjv nd qhnj do gjv ztd vd

ndpevh~jbjo toj pjr~d nd gev vdo~hchdo~ev x gjv vdmtrhnjndv nd gj hndo~hnjn/

Gev fkhfev x fkhfjv nd gev ztd kjbgjcev qjo j qdrvd vecd~hnev j dvj

nebgd ~dovhöo/ Per to gjne dofeo~rjrvd vdo~hne j vã chvcev do dvj vh~tjfhöo nd

jnegdvfdofhj vebrdqdohnj' hcptdv~j/ Per e~re' rdvegqdr gev feoaghf~ev nd ahndgh#

njn do~rd ge ztd gdv rendjbj kjv~j jkerj x ge ztd kjo ndvftbhdr~e' do~rd dgctone nd vtv cjxerdv x dg ctone cendroe' do~rd ge ztd gdv mtv~jrãj vdr x ge

ztd gdv pjrdfd ztd dv~êo ebghmjnev j vdr/ Fece toe nd dggev ndfãj'+:8( ©vdo~hcev

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fhj¹/

J pdvjr nd gjv ~dovheodv ajchghjrdv' gdv pjrdfd do ctfkev cecdo~ev

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qhqhr fece qhqdo gj cjxerãj nd gev fkhfev x fkhfjv nd vt dnjn' feo gev ztd vd

rdgjfheojo e fece ‖hmtjg ztd gev ndcêv‖ qdo do gj ~dgd e do dg fhod/ Dg ctone

ztd ndljreo j~rêv dcphd|jo j qhqhrge fece feo~rjnhf~erhe x pefe ü~hg pjrj

ndvdoqegqdrvd do dg ctone do dg ztd dv~êo/ Jg feolto~e nd ~dovheodv ztd

rendj vt qhnj ptdnd jújnhrvd jkerj dg nd gjv hndo~hnjndv/


+:8( Mrjo pjr~d nd gjv rdadrdofhjv j gjv ztd vd kjfd cdofhöo preqhdodo nd vdchojrhev x mrtpev nd ~rjbjle ermjoh|jnevper gj Atonjfhöo Ljtcd Beahgg nd Bjrfdgeoj' pjrj jpexjr dg ~rjbjle nd nhadrdo~dv preadvheojgdv feo gev fkhfev x fkhfjvnd e~rjv gj~h~tndv ztd dv~êo kex do otdv~rev bjrrhev/



fhöo xj kjbãj ~efjne ~dfke' nd ohomtoj cjodrj penãj vdr to jnegdvfdo~d cêv

fece vtv fecpjúdrev x fecpjúdrjv nd gj fgjvd/ Dg pjoerjcj vd fecpgd~jbj

feo gj fjnj qd| cêv cjohahdv~j prdvdofhj do gjv fjggdv ndg ptdbge nd otdqev

jnegdvfdo~dv rdfhèo ggdmjnev ndg Cjmrdb' feo nhahftg~jndv pjrj gj ho~dmrjfhöo

pdre feo gev ztd kjbãj ndvftbhdr~e gj pevhbhghnjn nd e~rj hndo~hnjn ztd'j pdvjr

nd gjv nhahftg~jndv'pjrdfãj dv~jrgd rdvdrqjnj ebghmj~erhjcdo~d/

Hofgtve gev fkhfev x fkhfjv xj löqdodv ztd feovhmtdo toj hoferperjfhöo

feo fhdr~e è{h~e' rdvtcdo dvjv ~dovheodv' pjvjne dg ~hdcpe' feo arjvdv fece

dv~jv< ©toe o e ~donrãj per ztè ~dodr ztd dgdmhr¹' ©gj bhftg~trjghnjn n dbdrãj

vdr peodrge ~ene do t o vjfe x cd|fgjrge¹' ©gj ntjghnjn c d ebghmjbj feov~jo#~dcdo~d j ~dodr ztd ndfhnhr' pdre gj bjgjo |j oe bjljbj per o homto e nd gev

nev gjnev¹/

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e~rev pjãvdv< jpjrdfdrê preo~e toj mdodrjfhöo nd ndvjrrjhmjnev vh oe peodcev

rdcdnhe/Chdo~rjv'ptdndo jfjbjr jmtnh|êonevd hndo~hnjndv prebgdcj~h|jnerjv'

jofgjnjv do gev dgdcdo~ev cêv ~rjnhfheojgdv' vhcböghfev e ndcev~rj~hqev nd vtv

ftg~trjv nd erhmdo +ndvnd fecpeodo~dv rdghmhevev jg qdv~tjrhe(' pdre fjpjfdv

nd cev~rjr jo~d gev e~rev ztd d{hv~do x oe veo to vhcpgd fdre j gj h|zthdrnj do

otdv~rjv vefhdnjndv/

4/ Kjo nd dv~jr do gj dvftdgj' pdre zthvhdrjodv~jr ~ rjbjljone

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dv~ev fkhfev x fkhfjv dv gj ztd ~hdod ztd qdr feo gj dvftdgj/ Jvã fece ftjone

kjbgdcev nd gev ztd jpjrdfdo jztã vegev' vho rdadrdofhjv ajchghjrdv' dg fdo~re nd

gj ftdv~höo vdrê vt dv~j~tv ltrãnhfe x vt feonhfhöo nd hoajofhj j pre~dmdr' feo

gev ztd frdfhdreo jztã e jfjbjo nd ggdmjr feo vtv ajchghjv' gjv ~dovheodv x gjv

odfdvhnjndv pendcev ndfhr ztd vd feofdo~rjo do gj dvftdgj/

4/:/ Dg feo~d{~e nd gj DVE

Toj nd gjv fjrjf~drãv~hfjv ztd ndahod j otdv~rjv jnegdvfdofhjv dv gj

nd dv~jr dvfegjrh|jn j ebghmj~erhjc do~d kjv~j gev :1 jú ev x nd t oj c jo drj

:6> ■ CHMRJFHÖO X JNEGDVFDOFHJ



bjv~jo ~d mdodrjgh|jnj kj v~j gev :;/ Ge ztd kjmjc ev e oe feo dggev x dggjv

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Nd cjodrj mdoèrhfj pendcev ndfhr ztd gj hcpgjo~jfhöo nd gj vdftonj#

rhj ebghmj~erhj do to feo~d{~e nd frhvhv hcper~jo~d vebrd dg pjpdg nd gj dvftdgj

do gjv vefhdnjndv jf~tjgdv' jg gjne nd gj fecpgdlhnjn ztd vtpeod dntfjr do gj

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fhöo nd jnegdvfdo~dv rdfhèo ggdmjnev' preqdohdo~dv nd do~eroev ftg~trjgdv qhqh#

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aercjv ~rjnhfheojgdv nd dovdújr x' dvpdfhjgcdo~d' gjv nhahftg~jndv pjrj do~jbgjr

rdgjfhöo feo fkhfev x fkhfjv ctx nhadrdo~dv do~rd dggev/ Dg dvpjfhe dvfegjr dv xj

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|jnj/

4/2/ Feofdo~rjfhöo d hoferperjfheodv d{~dcperêodjv

Oe kjx ztd egqhnjr' jndcêv' ztd vh feovhndrjcev dg feolto~e nd nj~ev

vebrd gj dvfegjrh|jfhöo nd gev khlev d khljv nd ajchghjv dchmrjnjv' kdcev nd ndv#

~jfjr jg cdoev ~rdv<

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do nd~drchojnjv dvftdgjv x do nd~drchojnev ftrvev/ +D{hv~do ftrvev do nd~dr#

chojnjv dvftdgjv nd prhcjrhj feo to perfdo~jld nd ohúev nd ajchghjv dch#

mrjo~dv vtpdrher jg 24 $' do jgmtoev fjvev dg 40 $(/ Jtoztd' do gj vdftonjrhj

vt dvfegjrh|jfhöo ~enjqãj dv dvfjvj' xj fechdo|jo j prentfhrvd jmrtpjfheodvctx vhmohahfj~hqjv do jgmtojv dvftdgjv/

‖ Dv~jv dvftdgjv' +dvev bjrrhev( kjo nd j~dondr' jndcêv' ctg~hpghfhnjn nd fkhfev

x fkhfjv feo atdr~dv nhahftg~jndv vefhjgdv' e nd e~rev mrtpev choerh~jrhev

fece' per dldcpge' gj fectohnjn mh~joj/ Fece rdjffhöo' vd prentfd to




qjfhjne premrdvhqe nd pebgjfhöo dvfegjr jt~öf~eoj ©oercjgh|jnj¹'ztd dv feo#

ntfhnj per vtv pjnrdv atdrj ndg bjrrhe e j gj dvftdgj prhqjnj/

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fjghnjn ztd vhrqj pjrj ~enev x ~domj prdv~hmhe do~rd gj pebgjfhöo jt~öf~eoj/

‖ Gj rdagd{höo dntfj~hqj oe vöge kj nd feovhndrjr gjv fgjqdv nd gj ho~drftg~trjgh#

njn vhoe' ~jcbhèo' gjv nd gj cjrmhojfhöo x gj d{fgtvhöo/

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ftjo~e j odfdvhnjndv x nhahftg~jndv' ~hdod ztd qdr feo gj feofdo~rjfhöo nd gj

ztd kdcev kjbgjne x feo e~rev nj~ev ztd gj feoqhdr~do do dvpdfhjg/ Jg cjrmdo

nd gev ztd kjo frdfhne jztã x jkerj kjo nd vdr jnegdvfdo~dv' oev dofeo~rjcev

feo fkhfev x fkhfjv' do~rd gev :2 x gev := júev ztd kjo dchmrjne j pjr~hr nd gjv

jffheodv nd rdjmrtpjchdo~e ndg feolto~e nd gj ajchghj' e ztd qhdodo feo jgmt#

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hcphnj/

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qhqhdonj' vd ptdnd prentfhr toj otdqj feofdo~rjfhöo do atofhöo ndg fdo~re jg

ztd vd ebghmj j jnch~hrgev/ Nd kdfke'toe nd gev fjbjggev nd bj~jggj nd gjv rdhqho#

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njv feo nhodre pübghfe dv~èo ebghmjnjv j rdvdrqjr pgj|jv pjrj dv~j feo~homdofhj/

4/6/ Gjv nhahftg~jndv hohfhjgdv

Pdre' ndbdrãjcev fecdo|jr per ~dodr do ftdo~j föce ggdmjo' föce

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prdovhöo gdf~erj x gj d{prdvhöo dvfrh~j/

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jvã'gj jomtv~hj nd oe pendr fectohfjrvd'nd oe pendr kjfdrvd do~dondr/

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ch~jo toj oercjgh|jfhöo bêvhfj do to ~hdcpe fer~e/ Gev dvpjfhev pjrj dg nech#

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~rtcdo~jgdv ~hdodo ztd vdr rdntfhnev' ho~dovhqev' do fhdr~j cjodrj dvpdfhjgdv

pjrj dggev x dggjv/ Pdre' kj nd kjfdrvd feo vtce fthnjne xj ztd ~enj vegtfhöo

vdpjrjnj' dvpdfãahfj' rdntfd gj ho~drjffhöo oercjgh|jnerj feo gev e~rev' rdatdr|j

gj nhadrdofhj x vdmrdmj/ Gj j~dofhöo vdpjrjnj rdatdr|j vt feonhfhöo nd mrtpejpjr~d' gj ajg~j nd jpexe ho~dovhqe kjv~j ztd ptdnjo fectohfjrvd x vdmthr gj

dvftdgj gdv feoqhdr~d do to ctdbgd cêv ndg jtgj/ Gj gdomtj e gev jprdonh|jldv

dvfegjrdv bêvhfev vöge gev ptdndo jprdondr j pjr~hr nd rdgjfheodv jadf~hqjv x vdo#

~hchdo~e nd vdmtrhnjn'oe vöge do gj dvftdgj vhoe dvpdfhjgcdo~d atdrj/

4/> / Gj mdv~höo ndg rdfkj|e x gjv dvftdgjv pevh~hqjv

Gev fkhfev x fkhfjv jnegdvfdo~dv' vtv mrtpev' prepdondo feo ajfhghnjn

kjfhj vh~tjfheodv nd jpexe x jxtnj jg nhadrdo~d e' per dg feo~rjrhe' jg rdfkj|e x

gj dv~hmcj~h|jfhöo cêv jmrdvhqj/ Gj feov~rtffhöo nd gj hndo~hnjn j pjr~hr ndg mrt#pe gdv ggdqj j ndahohrvd per feo~rjpevhfhöo j e~rev'j ndfhr ge ztd veo jahrcjone

ge ztd oe zthdrdo vdr/

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nhadrdo~dv' vd prdv~jo ctfke j vdrqhr nd ©dodchme¹' nd fkhqe d{phj~erhe pjrj gj

jahrcjfhöo nd e~rev mrtpev/ Dg jnegdvfdo~d feo nhahftg~jndv pjrj vdo~hr x ndahohr




zthdo dv' vhdo~d ztd dv jgme rdfkj|jone jg ©cere nd chdrnj¹ ztd jfjbj nd ggd#

mjr j gj dvftdgj/ Jg rdqèv' gj ntrd|j nd gjv otdqjv rdgjfheodv ggdqj jg jnegdvfdo~d

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èg' j frdjr vtbmrtpev kecemèodev e jghjrvd feo zthdo vtard vhchgjrdv nhahftg~j#

ndv nd d{fgtvhöo e rdfkj|e vefhjg/

Feoqdonrãj rdfernjr ztd ndfrd~jr gj dvfegjrh|jfhöo ebghmj~erhj kjv~j gev

:1 júev e rdfeoefdr dg ndrdfke nd ~enev gev fkhfev x fkhfjv j hr j gj dvftdgj'

vdj ftjg vdj vt erhmdo e vt vh~tjfhöo gdmjg' oe vhmohahfj ndljr vegj j gj dvftdgj

feo ~ene dg prefdve nd jfemhnj x nd vefhjgh|jfhöo/ jcbhèo' kjbrê ztd peodr

nd cjohahdv~e ztd gj cjxerãj nd gjv rdvptdv~jv dntfj~hqjv ztd dv~ev fkhfev x fkhfjv odfdvh~jo oe veo pjrj ojnj dvpdfhjgdv' nhadrdo~dv nd gjv ztd gj cjxerãj

nd jnegdvfdo~dv odfdvh~jo< toj ermjoh|jfhöo ztd ~domj do ftdo~j gj nhqdrvhnjn'

toj ~t~erãj ztd atofheod x ptdnj kjfdr jfecpjújchdo~e dntfj~hqe' to ftrrã#

ftge do ztd ~enev x ~enjv doftdo~rdo jvpdf~ev pevh~hqev nd vt khv~erhj x vtv

ftg~trjv nd rdadrdofhj' aercjv nd dntfjr prö{hcjv j vtv ftg~trjv ltqdohgdv' d~f/

Gj jpjrhfhöo nd dv~ev ©otdqev¹ jnegdvfdo~dv oe frdj otdqev prebgdcjv' vhcpgd#

cdo~d jmtnh|j ~enjqãj cêv gjv feo~rjnhffheodv x fecpgdlhnjndv dntfj~hqjv do

gjv ztd vd ctdqd kex gj dvftdgj vdftonjrhj/

4/4/ To at~tre vho bdfjv oh ~rjbjle

Jg kjbgjr nd gjv feo~rjnhffheodv ftg~trjgdv ztd' nd cecdo~e' gdv frdj gj

feonhfhöo jnegdvfdo~d kd kdfke cdofhöo ndg prebgdcj nd gj odmjfhöo ndg

at~tre/ Ndvnd dg feo~d{~e nd gj dvfegjrh|jfhöo ebghmj~erhj jpjrdfd dg prebgdcj

ndg ahojg nd gj DVE/ Nd toj cjodrj dvpdfhjg pjrj gev ztd dv~êo xj fdrfj nd gev

:1 júev' e pjrj gev ztd dv~jrêo do gj dvftdgj pefe cêv nd to ftrve' ~hdod dvfj#

ve vdo~hne pgjo~djr vt pdrcjodofhj do gj dvftdgj ndvghmjnj nd gj vjghnj gjberjg

ztd dggev x vtv ajchghjv ndvdjo xj/ Aercjo pjr~d nd dvd mrtpe nd jnegdvfdo~dv j

gev ztd gdv pdvj gj dvftdgj' ztd odfdvh~jo toj qhnj dvfegjr pdovjnj do fgjqd nd

~rjbjle/ Dggev x gev e~rev oev ebghmjo j rdaerctgjr gev premrjcjv nd mjrjo~ãjvefhjg x gj aercjfhöo eftpjfheojg' pdovjnev fece rdftrvev nd ~rjovhfhöo x oe

fece ftrvev+20( j jújnhr ndvptèv nd gj dvftdgj ebghmj~erhj/

:6; ■ CHMRJFHÖO X JNEGDVFDOFHJ

+20( Qdr Fjvjg' L/ ©Jpre{hcjfheov j gj mjrjo~hj vefhjg/ Fjp j to oet doaefjcdo~ ndgv PMV¹/ Dv~tnhv :/ Nhpt~jfhö ndBjrfdgeoj/ Adbrdr :88;/



Pdre' lto~e j gjv nhahftg~jndv dntfj~hqjv dv~êo gj gdmjgdv/ Dg ndrdfke j gj

dntfjfhöo oe feo~dcpgj dg ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo gjberjg x ctfke cdoev dg

ndrdfke j ~rjbjljr do ge ztd vd kj jprdonhne/ Dg at~tre ~jcpefe gdv pdrch~d

dofeo~rjr rj|eodv pjrj dv~tnhjr/ Hofgtve gev ztd vefhjgcdo~d penrãjo aercjr

pjr~d ndg mrtpe nd gev ©btdoev jnegdvfdo~dv¹' gev ztd ~hdodo è{h~e dvfegjr x

eb~hdodo dg ~ã~tge +gev kjx(' oe penrêo vdmthr vtv dv~tnhev xj ztd fjrdfdrêo nd

jxtnjv +per dldcpge oe kj gtmjr j bdfjv perztd oe veo dvpjúegdv(/ Rdvtg~j

doercdcdo~d nhaãfhg jfecpjújr j dv~ev fkhfev x fkhfjv do to prefdve nd

hoferperjfhöo x nd jnzthvhfhöo nd hndo~hnjn ftjone ~ene vt do~eroe dv~ê do

feo~rj nd ztd ge feovhmjo/

1/ Gev ztd jonjo vegev

Oe veo otcèrhfjcdo~d dg mrtpe cêv hcper~jo~d' pdre eftpjo feo ard#

ftdofhj pêmhojv nd pdrhönhfev/ Vd ~rj~j nd gev fkhfev x fkhfjv +atonjcdo~jg#

cdo~d nd gev prhcdrev( ztd kjo dchmrjne vegev' ndvfeodf~jnev' jg cdoev ~dc#

perjgcdo~d' nd vtv ajchghjv' ztd peodo do frhvhv otdv~rev nhvpevh~hqev nd j~do#

fhöo x j gev ztd fecdo|jcev j jvefhjr' per vhv~dcj'feo prebgdcê~hfjv x ~dovhe#

odv vefhjgdv/

Nd cecdo~e' dg nj~e ebld~hqe dv ztd to mrtpe vhmohahfj~hqe' prebjbgd#cdo~d do jtcdo~e'nd fkhfev cdoerdv nd dnjn'qdohnev nd e~rev pjãvdv'vho oho#

mtoj pdrveoj jntg~j ztd vd kjmj fjrme nd dggev' vebrdqhqdo fece ptdndo do

gjv fjggdv nd jgmtojv nd otdv~rjv mrjondv fhtnjndv/ Lto~e j ~enjv gjv feo~rjnhf#

fheodv nd gjv ztd kdcev kjbgjne kjv~j jkerj èv~ev prdvdo~jo toj jújnhnj< oe

veo e oe pjrdfdo vdr cjxerdv nd dnjn/

1/: / Feo ndrdfkev nd ohúev' vho ndrdfkev nd jntg~ev

Dvj feo~rjnhffhöo qhdod j vdr otdv~re mrjo prebgdcj/ Vh ~tqhdrjo xj :;

júev vdrãjo to ©hochmrjo~d¹ cêv' jg ztd penrãjcev ~rj~jr fece oev nhdrj gj

mjoj/ Fece oe gev ~hdodo' vecev to pjãv vhmoj~jrhe nd gj Feoqdofhöo nd gj

Ojfheodv Tohnjv vebrd gev Ndrdfkev nd gj Hoajofhj x ~dodcev gdxdv dv~j~jgdv x

jt~eoöchfjv nd pre~dffhöo' oev qdcev ebghmjnev j jfemdrgev x j~dondrgev/ Jkã

fechdo|jo otdv~rev prebgdcjv x gev j~dondcev feo ndvmjoj hocdrvev do to

vhoaão nd feo~rjnhffheodv<




‖ Nd do~rjnj' fece ohúev' gdv feofdndcev ~enev gev ndrdfkev/ Nd vjghnj' fece

jntg~ev +j gev :; júev( vd gev odmjrdcev ~enev/

‖ Vdr cdoer nd dnjn vtpeod toj vh~tjfhöo hoajo~hg odfdvh~jnj nd pre~dffhöo x

jxtnj pj~drojghv~j/ Vt qhnj x vt khv~erhj cêv rdfhdo~d dv gj nd pdztdúev jntg#

~ev feo toj doercd fjpjfhnjn nd vtpdrqhqdofhj/

‖ Fece veo cdoerdv nd dnjn x dv~êo vegev' feovhndrjcev ztd dv~êo gdmjgcdo#

~d ©ndvjcpjrjnev¹' per ge ztd gj jnchohv~rjfhöo jvtcd vt ~t~dgj gdmjg x ~ene

dg ~dcj vd feoqhdr~d do to jvto~e nd gj pre~dffhöo nd cdoerdv/

‖ Ftjone gj cjzthojrhj nd gj pre~dffhöo vd peod do cjrfkj'vt gömhfj nhfd ztddvev fkhfev e dv~êo feo vtv ajchghjv e kjo nd dv~jr ho~drojnev do to fdo~re/

Njcev per vtptdv~e ztd dvd dv to gtmjr jndftjne pjrj dggev x ztd vd ztd#

rrêo ztdnjr/

‖ Fece dve' do rdjghnjn'oe eftrrd jvã x pjrdfdo prdadrhr dg arãe x gev fjr~eodv j

gj fjgdajffhöo x gj fjcj' jfjbjcev feoqhr~hèonegdv do fkhfev nd gj fjggd vev#

pdfkevev nd jf~hqhnjn ndghf~hqj vhv~dcê~hfj/

‖ Gev ndrdfkev nd gj hoajofhj veo' e ndbdrãjo vdr' gj prdeftpjfhöo nd gj pre~df#

fhöo nd cdoerdv'nd dntfjfhöo e nd vdrqhfhev vefhjgdv/ Gj pegã~hfj nd hochmrj#

fhöo dv fecpd~dofhj ndg chohv~drhe nd ho~drher/

1/2/ Pre~dmdr d ho~drojr

Nd gj chvcj cjodrj ztd kd vdújgjne kjbgjone nd gj dvftdgj vdftonj#

rhj' gev fkhfev x fkhfjv ztd dchmrjo vegev jfjbjo ndvdzthghbrjone toev vhv~dcjv

nd j~dofhöo hojndftjnev' do dv~d fjve gev nd j~dofhöo j gj hoajofhj x gj jnegdv#

fdofhj/ Do gtmjr nd ~dodr rdftrvev pjrj jxtnjr j frdfdr x cjntrjr j gev fhtnjnj#

oev x fhtnjnjojv cdoerdv feo odfdvhnjndv' ~dodcev rdftrvev +dvfjvev( pjrj

pre~dmdr j gj hoajofhj nd gev cjgdv d{~drherdv/

Dv~ev fkhfev ~jo vöge oev ndctdv~rjo ztd oe nhvpeodcev nd gev rdftr#vev jndftjnev pjrj jpexjr prefdvev nd frdfhchdo~e x jt~eoecãj nd gev jnegdv#

fdo~dv ztd qhqdo do feonhfheodv nd prdfjrhdnjn ajchghjr' per gj rj|öo ztd vdj/

Kex per kex dg prebgdcj nd gev dchmrjo~dv vegev vd kj jfjbjne feoqhr~hdone

do to prebgdcj nd fdo~rev nd cdoerdv' neond ztdrdcev ztd vd ztdndo jne#

:>0 ■ CHMRJFHÖO X JNEGDVFDOFHJ



gdvfdo~dv ztd oe ge ndvdjo' chdo~rjv oe j~dondcev j vtv odfdvhnjndv nd hond#

pdondofhj' nd ggdmjr j gj cjxerãj nd dnjn do dv~j vefhdnjn nd feovtce do gj

ztd ho~do~jo do~rjr/ Do mrjondv fhtnjndv'fece Bjrfdgeoj e Cjnrhn' gev fdo~rev

nd jfemhnj pjrj cdoerdv ndvjcpjrjnev vd qdo ndvbernjnev +j cdotne veo

cêv ndg 40$ nd gj pebgjfhöo ztd pto~tjgcdo~d dv~ê do dggev( per do~rjnjv x

vjghnjv nd dv~ev fkhfev j gev ztd gj peghfãj rd~hrj ndg bjrrhe x jg ztd qtdgqdo

hofgtve jo~dv ztd dg atrmöo peghfhjg/

1/6/ ^jcbhèo veo nhadrdo~dv

Jtoztd ptdnjo prdnechojr gev erhmhojgdv ndg oer~d nd Êarhfj' veo toj

pebgjfhöo ctx pgtrjg ztd oe jnch~d mdodrjgh|jfheodv/ Oe ~hdod ojnj ztd qdr' e

ctx pefe' dg hochmrjo~d cdoer oe jfecpjújne ztd ggdmj nd Cjrrtdfev feo dg

ndg Êarhfj vtbvjkjrhjoj'e feo dg nd gev jo~hmtev pjãvdv ndg Dv~d' per kjfdr rdad#

rdofhj vöge j gev gtmjrdv nd prefdndofhj cêv fectodv/

Fece gev rdvpeovjbgdv nd to fdo~re nd jfemhnj rdagdljo'+2:( ©gjv fhr#

ftov~jofhjv e rj|eodv nd gj hochmrjfhöo nd fjnj toe nd dggev veo ctx

nhqdrvjv<gev kjx zt d kjo rdferrhne xj qjrhev pjãvdv +gev c doev(' c hdo~rjv

ztd e~rev ggdmjo jztã nhrdf~jcdo~d9toev dvfjpjo nd gj qhegdofhj x e~rev qhd#

odo per rj|eo dv ptrjc do~d dfeoöc hfjv' bjv~jo~dv prefdndo nd ajc hghjvdv~rtf~trjnjv' re~jv per gj mtdrrj e gj pdrvdftfhöo' x jgmto ev ~jc bhèo kjo

dvfjpjne nd vt fjvj' jgdlêonevd ndg c jg~rj~e ajc hghjr/ E~rev xj drjo fkhfev

nd gj fjggd do vtv pjãvdv x dv nhaãfhg ztd jztã ndldo nd vdrge/

Jlc jg x Vkdr ~do ãj o t oj fjvj gt levj feo preadverdv pj r~ hft gjrdv'

chdo~rjv ztd Jgardn oe kjbãj jvhv~hne otofj j gj dvftdgj x Jbndggj~ha vd

kjbãj aercjne c tx bêvhfjc do~d do gj c d|zth~j/Jgd{' feo := júev' kjbãj

hohfhjne dv~tnhev do gj t ohqdrvhnjn x V~jogdx penrãj feoqjghnjr kj v~j t o 6¼

nd BTP' pdre Jbnet drj qdon dner jc btgjo ~d j gev :6 júev x k jbãj j prdonh#

ne t oj v ftj o~jv pjgjbrjv do nhqdrvev hnhecjv/// Dg kjc brd kj ~efjne c tx

nd fdrfj x c tfkev nãjv j to bt do oüc dre nd dggev9dg ndvjrrjhme' dg neger x

gj vegdnjn' j fjvh ~enev/ Ojjhc' to frãe' vtdúj feo jxtnjr j vt c jnrd x vd

:>:GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■

+2:( Neftcdo~e ndg fdo~re ©Gj Cdrfdn¹ +Fjvj nd rdatmhjnev d hochmrjo~dv cdoerdv oe jfecpjújnev/ Cjnrhn(hoferperjne do dg ~d{~e ©Gj rdgjfhöo dntfj~hqj feo gev fkhfev x fkhfjv jnegdvfdo~dv do phvev#rdvhndofhj¹/ Hov~h~t~ecjnrhgdúe ndg Cdoer x gj Ajchghj/



ndvdvpdrj perztd vt feovtgjne oe gd zthdrd njr dg pjvjper~d x perztd do

Dvpjúj oe vd ptdnd ~rjbjljr kjv~j gev :1 júev/Enhj j gev fkhfev nd vt pjãv

ztd qdondo x feovtc do nremj x zt d rebjo fjr~drjv/ Dv hoc dovjc do~d

c jntre x' j gj qd|' jto ztd èg oe ge vjbd' hoc dovjc do~d ohúe¹/

Vt prhofhpjg ndvjcpjre vd prentfd per ndvjftdrne do~rd ge ztd dvpd#

rjbjo x ge ztd rdjgcdo~d doftdo~rjo' per gj hofdr~hntcbrd jo~d dg at~tre/

Jtoztd do vtv pjãvdv atofheojvdo prêf~hfjcdo~d fece jntg~ev' jztã vtardo to

mrjo fkeztd jo~d gj rdjghnjn hofhdr~j x nhaãfhg ztd vd doftdo~rjo'per ge ztd vtv

vdmtrhnjndv vd ndvcereojo/ Vöge gdv ajg~jo gjv chrjnjv ggdojv nd prdlthfhev' ndv#

nd gj peghfãj' pjvjone per gev qhmhgjo~dv nd vdmtrhnjn ndg cd~re' jfjbjone dojgmtoev qdfhoev x qdfhojv/

1/>/ Jg ahojg ggdmj dg feo~reg pdojg

Dg arjfjve nd ho~do~jr rdvegqdr dg ~dcj per gj qãj nd pre~dffhöo aercjg x

dg ho~drojchdo~e kj feontfhne j rdaer|jr gj hcjmdo nd feoaghf~hqhnjn vefhjg ztd

gdv j~rhbthcev x j feoqdr~hrgev nd fkhfev ztd dv~êo do gj fjggd' j fkhfev nd gj

fjggd' ~rjvgjnjone feo ajfhghnjn gjv rdvptdv~jv j gj dvadrj pdojg/ Oe dv~jrãj nd

cêv rdfernjr ztd j ~enj gj mdo~d pebrd ztd dchmrj gj ~rj~jcev per vhv~dcj j

megpd nd fönhme x fdo~rjcev do dggj toj pjr~d ndvpreperfheojnj nd otdv~rjrdjffhöo pdojg/ Jvã' chdo~rjv dvj pebgjfhöo ztd qhqd do~rd oeve~rev oe vtpdrj

dg 2 e dg 6$ nd gj pebgjfhöo ~e~jg ndg pjãv' gev ©d{~rjoldrev¹ ztd ~dodcev do gjv

fêrfdgdv veo fdrfj ndg :; $ nd gj pebgjfhöo pdoh~dofhjrhj/

Dv~j pdrvdftfhöo vdgdf~hqj' bjvjnj do gj dv~hmcj~h|jfhöo prdqhj' ~jcbhèo

vd jpghfj j gev cdoerdv/ Veo löqdodv'kjfdo pho~j nd pebrd x vtv rev~rev honhfjo

aêfhgcdo~d gj nhadrdofhj nd erhmdo'dv~êo do gj fjggd/// vdrêo feo ajfhghnjn dg ebld#

~e nd gj vevpdfkj x dg feo~reg/ Fece vd kj rdvtchne do nhadrdo~dv ~rjbjlev'+22(

~jcbhèo do gev lt|mjnev nd cdoerdv jfjbjo vhdone dg 4 e 1 $ nd gj pebgjfhöo

jnegdvfdo~d ztd ggdmj' ftjone do dg feolto~e' x jtoztd jkerj dv~dcev kjbgjo#

ne nd cjodrj nd~jggjnj nd dggev' veo toj pdztdúj choerãj +jgmtoev fdo~dojrdv

do gjv fhtnjndv neond vd feofdo~rjo(/

:>2 ■ CHMRJFHÖO X JNEGDVFDOFHJ

+22( Atodv' L/9 Fjreg' L/ G/ ©Ohúev' ohújv x jnegdvfdo~dv hochmrjo~dv oe fectoh~jrhev do Dvpjúj/ Jpre{hcjfhöo j vtvprhofhpjgdv nhahftg~jndv¹/ Hoaercd TOHFDA' :88=/



Otdv~rj dvfjvj kjbhghnjn pjrj jfemdrgev x gj vhv~dcê~hfj nhahftg~jn pjrj

ho~dmrjrgev gdmjgcdo~d dv~ê rdaer|jone gev prefdvev nd frhchojgh|jfhöo/ Vt üoh#

fj jg~droj~hqj vdrê gj vtbvhv~dofhj jg~droj~hqj do gj hgdmjghnjn e gj ndmrjnjfhöo

pdrveojg +rdvtrmd do~rd dggev dg fkjpdrhvce' gj d{pge~jfhöo vd{tjg' gev feovt#

cev ndv~rtf~erdv nd nremjv ~jo cjrmhojgdv fece gev hokjgjbgdv(/ ©Toj brdqd

rdqhvhöo nd gev hoaercdv nd jgmtoev nd dv~ev cdoerdv ztd ggdmjo j gev lt|mjnev

+jgmtoev nd dggev feo ajchghj(' pdrch~d feoefdr ztd' jtoztd vd njo fhrftov~jo#

fhjv nd vhcpgd feoaghf~hqhnjn jnegdvfdo~d' prdnechojo vh~tjfheodv cjxerh~jrhj#

cdo~d nechojnjv per gj cjrmhojghnjn x gj d{fgtvhöo vefhjg/ Do cêv nd gj ch~jn

oe feov~j ztd dg pjnrd ~domj jgmüo ~rjbjle rdctodrjne' do ctfkev nd dggevfeov~j ztd vd rdgjfheojo feo mrtpev nhvefhjgdv' dv~êo ctx prdvdo~dv gjv vh~tj#

fheodv nd jbjoneoe x nhahftg~jn dvfegjr/ jcbhèo' toj pjr~d nd dggev qhqd do

vh~tjfheodv nd ndvjcpjre x ~hdodo jpghfjnjv cdnhnjv nd pre~dffhöo¹/+26(

Oev egqhnjcev nd ztd ndbdo vtbvhv~hr' fecdr' nerchr bjle ~dfke' ~dodr

toj qhnj cdnhe vjgtnjbgd x prdadrhcev kjbgjr nd dggev fece jgmthdo ztd dv~ê

do gj fjggd jg jfdfke pjrj fecd~dr ndgh~ev/ Gj prhcdrj pre~dffhöo pjvj per jvd#

mtrjrgdv feonhfheodv cãohcjv nd vtbvhv~dofhj/ Jfdrfjrvd j dggev fece pe~dofhj#

gdv ndghoftdo~dv vöge hofrdcdo~j gj ndvfeoahjo|j x gj hcpevhbhghnjn nd jxtnjr#

gdv/ Dv~êo vegev x odfdvh~jo j jgmthdo fdrfj' pdre oe j to peghfãj/ Jxtnjrgdv oe

vhmohahfj vecd~drgev j feo~reg/

Fece e~rev jnegdvfdo~dv ztd kex dv~êo do frhvhv x nhahftg~jn vefhjg' oev

ebghmjo j rdftpdrjr aercjv nd ~rjbjle dntfj~hqe nd fjggd' gjv aercjv nd ho~dr#

qdofhöo dntfj~hqj do cdnhe jbhdr~e' gj agd{hbhgh|jfhöo nd gev dvpjfhev rdvhndo#

fhjgdv' jfdp~jr ztd ptdnjo qhqhr j vt jhrd do ©aeonjv pre~dmhnjv¹/ Pjrj dggev ~jc#

bhèo kdcev nd rdpd~hr ztd odfdvh~jo jxtnj pjrj vjgqjr gj bjrrdrj nd gj gdomtj'

odfdvh~jo pjpdgdv x gev odfdvh~jo feo jmhghnjn' odfdvh~jo hofgtve cêv ztd gev

fkhfev x fkhfjv nd jztã jffdndr j gj aercjfhöo gjberjg x jg ~rjbjle/

Jndcêv' ©~hdodo odfdvhnjn nd j gmt hd o zt d vd ho~drdvd per vt khv~erhj

+vho prhvjv oh prdvheodv(' ztd gev chrd vho ndvfeoahjo |j ' ztd gdv ~rjovch~j gjfdr~d|j nd zt d dv~ê nd vt pj r~d' zt d gev jxtnd j vtpdrjr vtv prhc drjv ndvhgt#

vheodv' zt d gev erhdo~d j gj kerj nd rdvh~tjr vtv d{pdf~j~hqjv hohfhjgdv +j oe

jbjo neoj rgjv' vhc pgdcdo ~d j jpgj|jrgjv(' ztd gdv d{hlj oe feoaerc jrvd feo

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ftjgzthdr ~rjbjle chvdrjbgd e feo fjchoev rêphnev +hgdmjgdv(/Jgmthdo ztd

dv~è j vt gjne' do gjv ntrjv x do gjv cj nt rjv +do dg kevph~jg' do dg lt| mjne'

do dg fegdmhe' do gj ggdmjnj nd toj d{ftrvhöo /// (¹/+2>(

=/ Pto~e ahojg/// per jkerj

Pendcev pdovjr ztd ~ene dv~e dv to prebgdcj cêv ztd oev frdjo gev

hochmrjo~dv/ Ojnj vd jltv~jrãj cdoev j gj rdjghnjn/ jo vöge vd ~rj~j nd fkhfev x

fkhfjv ebghmjnev j vdr jnegdvfdo~dv jztã' feo toev preatonev ndvjltv~dv do~rd

ge ztd dggev e vtv ajchghjv ~doãjo prdqhv~e qhqhr' ztd kjfdo dcdrmdr jgmtojv ndotdv~rjv nhahftg~jndv pjrj prdv~jr j~dofhöo j gev fkhfev x fkhfjv jnegdvfdo~dv'

ztd oev rdftdrnjo ztd gj cjrmhojfhöo x gj d{fgtvhöo ~jcbhèo ptdndo vdr

fjrjf~drãv~hfjv ltqdohgdv/

Jgmtoev ptdndo pdovjr ztd vh gev ~rj~jcev cjg ndljrjo nd qdohr' e~rev

ztd bjv~jo~d ~dodcev feo otdv~rev löqdodv pjrj pdovjr do gev nd e~rev pjãvdv/

Oe qjo j ndljr nd qdohr x oe j~dondrgev jndftjnjcdo~d ~jo vöge oev mdodrj

otdqev d hrrdvegtbgdv prebgdcjv/ J~dondrgev j dggev x dggjv dv toj pdradf~j

cjodrj nd peodr do cjrfkj aercjv jndftjnjv nd dcjofhpjfhöo x fhtnjnjoãj

pjrj ~enev gev löqdodv/

:>> ■ CHMRJFHÖO X JNEGDVFDOFHJ

+2>( Neftcdo~e ndg fdo~re ©Gj Cdrfdn¹ +Fjvj nd rdatmhjnev d hochmrjo~dv cdoerdv oe jfecpjújnev/ Cjnrhn(hoferperjne do dg ~d{~e ©Gj rdgjfhöo dntfj~hqj feo gev fkhfev x fkhfjv jnegdvfdo~dv do phvev#rdvhndofhj¹/ Hov~h~t~ecjnrhgdúe ndg Cdoer x gj Ajchghj/



:>4

Q/ Hochmrjfhöo' dntfjfhöox gdomtj prephj

Hmojvh Qhgj

Fj~dnrê~hfe nd Pvhfegemãj Dqegt~hqj x nd gj Dntfjfhöo

nd gj Tohqdrvhnjn nd Mhreoj



:>1 ■ HOCHMRJFHÖO' DNTFJFHÖO X GDOMTJ PREPHJ


Dg jr~ãft ge dv~ê nhqhnhne do n ev pjr~dv/ Do gj prhc drj' vd d{pe#

od föce vd jprdond toj gdomtj x vtv hcpghfjfheodv do dg fjve nd gjv

ajc hghjv zt d c hmrjo/ Do gj vdmtonj ' vd jbernjo jgmtojv hndjv preqd#

ohdo~dv nd gj dntfjfhöo bhghom÷d pjrj fecprdondr dg prefdve nd

jnzthvhfhöo ndg gdomtjld do dg feo~d{~e dvfegjr nd gj hoajofhj ztd pre#

fdnd nd ajc hghjv hoc hmrjo ~dv/ J gj qd|' vd nhvft~d jgmtoj v ftdv~heodv

rdadrhnjv jg ndvjrregge nd gj gdomtj ajchghjr x vtv hcpghfjfheodv do

rdgjfhöo feo dg jprdonh| jld nd toj vdmtonj gdomtj x' per üg~hc e' vd

fh~j jgmtoj cjodrj nd ~dodr do ftdo~j dv~ev jvpdf~ev do gj prêf~hfj

dntfj~hqj/

Vh vd prdmto ~j j gjv pdrveojv zt d ot ofj kjo pdovjne föc e vd

jprdond toj gdomtj föce frddo ztd dgge eftrrd jfev~tcbrjo j aer#

ctgjr ~derãjv vdcdljo~dv j gj hndj nd ztd dg gdomtjld frdfd nd gj chv#

c j c jo drj zt d j gev pêljrev gdv frdfdo gjv jgjv/ Vho dc bjrme' dg pre#

fdve nd jnzthvhfhöo ndg gdomtjld dv ctfke cêv fecpgdle x oe ndpdo#

nd d{fgtvhqjcdo ~d nd cdfjohvcev ho oj ~ev/ Ndvnd toj feofdpfhöo zt d

prhc j dg gdo mt jld fec e ho v~rt c do ~e pj rj rdmt gjr x feo ~regjr gevho~drfjc bhev vefhjgdv' jprdondr t oj gdomtj hc pghfj j prdondr j t vjr#

gj x dgge vöge dv pevhbgd ndvnd gj ho ~drjffhöo vefhjg' nd c ene zt d zt hd#

odv xj vjbdo tvjrgj dovdúdo j kjfdrge j zthdodv oe vjbdo/Dv~d pgjo#

~djchdo~e vhmohahfj ztd dg jprdonh|jld nd toj gdomtjld dv~ê nhrdf~j#

c do~d rdgjfheojne feo dg ndvde nd ztdrdr tvjrgj' ge ftjg vhmohahfj jf~h#

~tndv pevh~hqjv kjfhj dggj x ce~hqjfhöo pjrj jf~tjr feo zthdodv gj

tvjo/

Do dg fjve nd gjv pdrveoj v ztd c hmrjo ' dv hc per~jo~d pgjo~djr#

vd µkjv~j z tè pto ~e dv~jv pdrveojv ~hdodo fevjv zt d ndfhr e dv~êo ho ~d#

rdvjnjv do rdfeoefdr jzt dgge zt d vd gdv nhfd5 Do e~rjv pjgjbrjv' gj pevhbhghnj n nd zt d dv~jv pdrveo jv vd hoferperdo jg gdo mtjld oe dv ü oh#

fjc do~d dg rdvtg~jne nd nd~drc hojnj v ~èfo hfjv' nd to j nhnêf~hfj dvpd#

fãahfj' d~f/' vhoe vebrd ~ene ndg ndvde nd pjr~hfhpjr jf~hqjc do~d do gjv



:>=GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■

rdgjfheodv vefhjgdv ndg pjãv nd jfemhnj/Dgge hcpghfj jt~edv~hcj x toj

btdo j j t~ehc jmdo do dg vdo~hne nd pendr jper~jr x feovdovtj r fevjv

do gj vefhdnjn nd jfemhnj/ Oe ebv~jo ~d' pefj j t~edv~hc j pt dnd d{hv~hr

vh vefhjgcdo~d prhcjo jf~h~tndv ggdojv nd dv~drde~hpev x prdlthfhev

kjfhj gjv ajc hghjv hoc hmrjo ~dv' zt d hoqefjo gj fjrdofhj x dg nèahfh~

pjrj ndaho hr vtv fjrjf~drãv~hfjv/

Per dve' gjv ftdv~heodv hc pghfjnj v do dg jprdonh| jld nd gj gdo#

mtj o e vd ghc h~jo üo hfjc do~d j ftdv~heodv ~èfohfjv e nhnêf~hfjv' vhoe

ztd vd rdahdrdo ~jcbhèo j gj cenhahfjfhöo nd dv~drde~hpev x prdlthfhev x jg rdfeo efhc hdo ~e nd ndrdfkev fht nj nj oev do gj vefhdnjn nd jfemh#

nj nd cene ztd vd vhdo~jo do phd nd hmtjgnjn feo dg rdv~e nd gjv pdr#

veojv x' per ~jo ~e' fepjr~ãfhpdv nd gj feov~rtffhöo vefhjg/

Gj dnt fjfhöo bh gho m÷d dv gj c jodrj zt d jnep~j gj dnt fjfhöo

dvfegjr pjrj feovdmthr ztd dg jgtcojne jprdonj toj vdmtonj gdo#

mtj ftjo ne vt prdvdofhj' bhdo do vt c dnhe vefhjg' bhdo do vt c dnhe

ajc hghjr' e do jc bev' dv c tx prdfjrhj / Dv~d dv dg fjve nd gjv frhj ~t rjv

ztd prefdndo nd ajc hghjv hoc hmrjo~dv x' per dve' vd jfev~tc brjo j

mdodrjgh|jr gev dadf~ev nd gj dntfjfhöo bhghom÷d j dv~j pjr~d nd gj

hoajo fhj/Vho dc bjrme' do c tfkev fjvev oe dv jvã x vd egqhnj gj dvpdfh#

ahfhnj n nd dv~j pjr~d nd gj ho ajofhj' nd c ene zt d vd kj fd t oj mdodrj#

gh|jfhöo jbtvhqj nd gj dntfjfhöo bhghom÷d vho ~dodr do ftdo~j gjv feo#

nhfheodv ztd rhmdo x rdmtgjo gj dntfjfhöo bhghom÷d/

Toj nd gjv feoatvheodv cêv hcper~jo~dv rdch~d j gj nhv~hofhöo

do~rd hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj x vtbcdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj/Jcbev veo pre#

mrjc jv nd fjc bhe nd gdomt j kemjr#dvft dgj' pdre gev prhc drev vd

fjrjf~drh|jo per vtv rdvt g~jnev pevh~hqev' c hdo~rjv ztd gev vdmto nev

dv~êo nd~rêv nd c tfkev arjfjvev dvfegjrdv/Gjv nhadrdofhjv do~rd jc bev

premrjc jv veo bjv~jo~dv' pdre jzt ã oev ghc h~jrdc ev j ~rdv/ Gj ho c dr#vhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj dv qegto~j rhj' c hdo~rjv ztd gj vtbc drvhöo dv ebghmj~e#

rhj/Dg prhcdre vd prdeftpj per dg ndvjrregge nd gj gdomtj ajchghjr ndg

jgtc ojne' dg vdmtone o e/ Do gj hoc drvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj vd jnep~jo

dv~rj~dmhjv nhnêf~hfjv ztd ho~do~jo rdprentfhr dg prefdve ©oj~trjg¹ nd



:>; ■ HOCHMRJFHÖO' DNTFJFHÖO X GDOMTJ PREPHJ

jnzt hvhfhöo nd to j gdomtj ' c hdo~rjv ztd gj vtbc drvhöo fjrdfd nd

nhfkjv dv~rj~dmhjv/

Gj c jxerãj nd gjv frhj ~t rjv d{~rjo ldrjv oe vd dvfegjrh| jo do

premrjc jv nd ho c drvhöo gho m÷ãv~hfj' vho e do premrjc jv nd vtbc dr#

vhöo ghom÷ ãv~hfj feo vt v dadf~ev odmj~hqev jvefhjnev/ Gj ho ajofhj

d{~rjoldrj oe ~hdod gj epfhöo nd dvfegjrh|jrvd do vt prephj gdomtj'

vhoe ztd dv~ê ebghmjnj j kjfdrge do gj gdomtj ndg pjãv nd jfemhnj/

Jndc êv' ojnhd vd prdeftpj per dg ndvj rregge nd vt prephj gdomtj/ Jg

feo~rjrhe' j qdfdv dv qhv~e fec e to j atdo~d nd feoa ghf~e pjrj ztd jvh#c hgd gj gdomtj n d gj dvftdgj9d~f/' d~f/

Pdre' j gj qd|' dv nhaãfhg t ~hgh|jr gev cendgev fgêvhfev nd gj dnt #

fjfhöo bhghom÷d ‖cjo~dohchdo~e nd gj gdomtj ajchghjr d hocdrvhöo

ghom÷ãv~hfj‖ do gj dvfegjrh|jfhöo nd gj hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj/Do~rd e~rjv

rj|eo dv perztd' do prhc dr gtmjr' gj nhqdrvhnjn ghom÷ãv~hfj +bdrèbdr'

êrjbd nhjgdf~jg' c jonhomj' trnt' ~jmjge' d~f/( dv doerc d x oe dv pevh#

bgd pdovjr do to preadverjne prdpjrjne pj rj dgge/ Do vdmto ne gtmjr'

perzt d jgmtojv nd dv~jv gdomtjv veo êmrjajv x oe vd pt dndo dc pgdjr

fece hov~rtcdo~e nd gjv jf~hqhnjndv nd dovdújo|j x jprdonh|jld/

drfdre' gjv feonhfheodv nd qegto ~jrhdnjn' ~jo~e nd gj hoc drvhöo gho#

m÷ãv~hfj fec e nd gev premrjc jv nd c jo ~dohc hdo~e' veo' jg cdoev per

jkerj' hrrdpd~hbgdv do dg fjve nd gjv ajc hghjv d{~rjo ldrjv/

Vho dcbj rme' gj hc pevhbhghnjn n d jpghfjr do vt dv~jne pt re gev

premrjc jv zt d prefgjc j gj dnt fjfhöo bhgho m÷d o e vhmo hahfj zt d o e vd

pt dnjo rdprent fhr jgmt o jv nd vt v feo nhfheo dv do rdgjfhö o feo dg

jtcdo~e nd gj jt~edv~hcj nd dv~ev dvfegjrdv +preotofhjr bhdo vtv

oec brdv per pjr~d ndg preadverjne' feoefdr jgmtojv pjgjbrjv x rh~tj #

gdv vefhjgdv ‖vjgtnev' per dldc pge‖ do vt gdomtj ' ndvjrreggjr to j prêf#

~hfj dnt fj~hqj zt d ~domj do ftdo ~j vtv feoefhchdo ~ev x vjbdrdv' d~f/( x' vebrd ~ene' feo jt c do~jr dg vhmo hahfjne x dg vdo ~hne nd jz tdgge zt d

vd kjfd do gj dvftdgj/J ge gjrme ndg jr~ãftge vd d{peodo dldcpgev x pre#

bgdcê~hfjv feofrd~jv ztd dv hcper~jo~d jbernjr ndvnd gj prêf~hfj

dntfj~hqj/



:/ Ho~rentffhöo

Dg vdo~hne fecüo vhdcprd oev kj kdfke frddr ztd toj nd gjv ftdv~he#

odv fdo~rjgdv pjrj gj ho~dmrjfhöo nd gjv pdrveojv hochmrjo~dv dv dg nechohe nd

gj gdomtj ndg pjãv nd jfemhnj/ Oe fjbd ntnj nd ztd do dv~j frddofhj kjx toj

mrjo pjr~d nd qdrnjn xj ztd nhaãfhgcdo~d ptdnd kjbdr ho~dmrjfhöo vh oe kjx

pevhbhghnjn nd fectohfjrvd do gj vefhdnjn j gj ztd jgmthdo vd kj nd hoferperjr/

Vho dcbjrme' x j mthve nd jnqdr~dofhj pjrj jztdggjv pdrveojv ztd phdovjo ztd

gj ho~dmrjfhöo dv' do ndahoh~hqj' to prebgdcj nd jprdonh|jld ghom÷ãv~hfe' qjgd gj

pdoj rdfernjr j Pxmcjgheo do vt qdrvhöo ~dj~rjg e do vt qdrvhöo fhodcj~emrêah#fj' Cx Ajhr Gjnx' do gj ztd vd ctdv~rj fgjrjcdo~d föce dg jfdo~e nhvfrhchoj

vefhjgcdo~d x ptdnd vdr' lto~e j e~rev ajf~erdv' toj atdo~d nd d{fgtvhöo vefhjg/

Pdre' j pdvjr nd dv~j nhvzthvhfhöo' oe vd ptdnd nhvchothr gj hcper~jofhj ndg

nechohe nd gj gdomtj ndg pjãv nd jfemhnj x' per dve' gjv jnchohv~rjfheodv jfev#

~tcbrjo j kjfdr oe~jbgdv dvatdr|ev pjrj ztd gjv pdrveojv hochmrjo~dv ‖mrjondv

x pdztdúev‖ jprdonjo ge jo~dv pevhbgd gj gdomtj ztd qdkhftgj gjv rdgjfheodv

vefhjgdv/

Jndcêv' do dg êcbh~e nd gjv frddofhjv' jfev~tcbrj j atofheojr ~jcbhèo

gj hndj nd ztd' do ndahoh~hqj' gev prebgdcjv veo pjrj gjv pdrveojv cjxerdv' xjztd vtv frhj~trjv' mrjfhjv j gj dvftdgj' vd hoferperjo rêphnjcdo~d j gj gdomtj x'

per ~jo~e' jg cdoev ghom÷ãv~hfjcdo~d' ndljo nd ~dodr prebgdcjv/ Vho dcbjrme'

gev nj~ev vtdgdo rdvhv~hrvd j gjv frddofhjv pefe atonjcdo~jnjv x oev nhfdo ztd

gjv fevjv veo bjv~jo~d cêv fecpgdljv x ztd per dg vege kdfke nd jftnhr j gj

dvftdgj oe ztdnj mjrjo~h|jne dg feoefhchdo~e ghom÷ãv~hfe/ Per dve'dg preadverj#

:>8GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■

Per üg~hc e' vd jbernjo jgmto jv ftdv~heodv rdadrhnjv j gj hofer#

pe rj fhöo ~j rnãj x dg jprdo nh|jld nd gj gdo mt j/ Jvã ' vd do aj ~h | j gj

hcper~jofhj nd ztd dv~j pjr~d nd gj hoajofhj x gj jnegdvfdofhj vd

hoferperd ndvnd dg prhcdr cecdo~e j gjv jf~hqhnjndv rdmtgjrdv nd gev

fdo~rev dvfegjrdv' nd c ene zt d prhc d gj rdgjfhöo vefhjg x ztd' j gj

qd|' rdfhbj gev jpexev dvpdfãahfev d honhqhnt jgdv pjrj' do dg c doer

~hdc pe pevhbgd' hoferperjrvd j gj gdomtj nd gj dvftdgj/



ne' feovfhdo~d nd dgge' kj kdfke oe~jbgdv dvatdr|ev pjrj feovdmthr ztd dv~j

pjr~d ndg jgtcojne vd hoferperd pgdojcdo~d jg feoefhchdo~e ghom÷ãv~hfe/

Do dv~d jr~ãftge kjbgjcev nd dv~jv fevjv/ Prhcdre' d{peodcev föce vd

jprdond toj gdomtj x vtv hcpghfjfheodv do dg fjve nd gjv ajchghjv ztd chmrjo/

Vdmtone' jbernjcev jgmtojv hndjv preqdohdo~dv nd gj dntfjfhöo bhghom÷d pjrj

fecprdondr dg prefdve nd jnzthvhfhöo ndg gdomtjld do dg feo~d{~e dvfegjr nd gj

hoajofhj ztd prefdnd nd ajchghjv hochmrjo~dv/ J gj qd|'nhvft~hcev jgmtojv ftdv#

~heodv rdadrhnjv jg ndvjrregge nd gj gdomtj prephj +24( x vtv hcpghfjfheodv do rdgj#

fhöo feo dg jprdonh|jld nd toj vdmtonj gdomtj x' per üg~hce' fh~jcev jgmtojv

cjodrjv nd ~dodr do ftdo~j dv~ev jvpdf~ev do gj prêf~hfj dntfj~hqj/

2/ Gjv pdrveojv hochmrjo~dv x gj jnzthvhfhöondg gdomtjld

Vh vd prdmto~j j gjv pdrveojv ztd otofj kjo pdovjne föce vd jprdond

dg gdomtjld föce frddo ztd dgge eftrrd jfev~tcbrjo j aerctgjr ~derãjv vdcd#

ljo~dv j gj hndj nd ztd dg gdomtjld frdfd nd gj chvcj cjodrj ztd j gev pêljrev

gdv frdfdo gjv jgjv/ Gj frddofhj nd ztd dg gdomtjld vd jnzthdrd mrjfhjv j nhvpevh#

~hqev hooj~ev ztd pdrch~do j gev bdbèv hoferperjrvd rêphnjcdo~d j to fecper#

~jchdo~e ~jo fecpgdle dv~ê ctx d{~donhnj/ Hofgtve' jgmtoev ~dörhfev ztd kjo

kdfke mrjondv jper~jfheodv jg feoefhchdo~e ghom÷ãv~hfe fece' per dldcpge'

Oejc Fkecvix' dv~êo ~e~jgcdo~d nd jftdrne feo gj jahrcjfhöo jo~drher/ Vho

dcbjrme' hondpdonhdo~dcdo~d nd fjrjf~drãv~hfjv prephjv nd gj dvpdfhd ktcjoj

ztd kjfdo pevhbgd dg gdomtjld' ~dodcev dqhndofhjv ztd ctdv~rjo ztd' jndcêv

nd nhfkjv fjrjf~drãv~hfjv'vd rdzthdrdo ~jcbhèo e~rev jvpdf~ev/ Do feofrd~e' kex

do nãj' dv~jcev do feonhfheodv nd jahrcjr ztd ftjone toj frhj~trj nd :2

cdvdv nhfd vt prhcdrj pjgjbrj vjbd xj toj mrjo fjo~hnjn nd fevjv vebrd dg gdo#

mtjld/ Dvpdfhjgcdo~d' vjbd fevjv vebrd föce tvjr dg gdomtjld' gjv ftjgdv oe veo

hooj~jv' vhoe ztd rdvpeondo j to jprdonh|jld' prentf~e nd toj dovdújo|j vhv~d#

cê~hfj'ztd rdjgh|jcev gev jntg~ev do dg êcbh~e nd gj fectohfjfhöo/

:40 ■ HOCHMRJFHÖO' DNTFJFHÖO X GDOMTJ PREPHJ

+24( T~hgh|jcev nd aercj vhoöohcj gev ~èrchoev nd gdomtj prephj x gdomtj ajchghjr/ Ndvmrjfhjnjcdo~d'dv~j vhchgh~tn oevd jfev~tcbrj j kjfdr x vd t~hgh|j dg ~èrchoe nd gdomtj prephj pjrj rdadrhrvd j gj gdomtj ndg ~drrh~erhe/ Ndvnd otdv~repto~e nd qhv~j'dg tve ndg ~èrchoe nd gdomtj prephj pjrj rdadrhrvd jg ~drrh~erhe eftg~j ztd' do ndahoh~hqj' veo gjv pdrveojvgjv ztd ~hdodo toj gdomtj/Per dldcpge'jahrcjr ztd gj gdomtj prephj nd Fj~jgtúj dv dg fj~jgêo e ztd gj gdomtj prephj ndgPjãv Qjvfe dv dg dtvidrj dvfeond ztd'do dg pr hcdr fjve' jgrdndner ndg 40$ nd gj pebgjfhöo ~hdod fece gdomtj prephj dgfjv~dggjoe e' do dg vdmtone fjve'dvj dv gj gdomtj nd cêv ndg 10$ nd gj pebgjfhöo/



cdo~d do jvpdf~ev ~èfohfev ztd' dqhndo~dcdo~d' fece qdrdcev cêv jndgjo~d'

~hdodo vt hcper~jofhj pdre oev egqhnjcev nd ge cêv hcper~jo~d/ µKjv~j ztè

pto~e dv~jv pdrveojv ~hdodo fevjv ztd ndfhr e dv~êo ho~drdvjnjv do rdfeoefdr

jztdgge ztd vd gdv nhfd5 Do e~rjv pjgjbrjv' gj pevhbhghnjn nd ztd dv~jv pdrveojv

vd hoferperdo jg gdomtjld oe dv üohfjcdo~d dg rdvtg~jne nd nd~drchojnjv ~èfoh#

fjv' nd toj nhnêf~hfj dvpdfãahfj' d~f/' vhoe' vebrd ~ene' ndg ndvde nd pjr~hfhpjr

jf~hqjcdo~d do gjv rdgjfheodv vefhjgdv ndg pjãv nd jfemhnj/

Dv dqhndo~d ztd nhfke ndvde ‖e ce~hqjfhöo do ~èrchoev pvhfegömhfev‖

oe dv jgme ztd rdfjd do gj rdvpeovjbhghnjn honhqhntjg' vhoe ztd vd vh~üj do dg

êcbh~e nd ge vefhjg/ Oe ptdnd kjbdr ce~hqjfhöo vh oe kjx jt~edv~hcj x tojhcjmdo pevh~hqj nd toe chvce x dv nhaãfhg pdovjr ztd d{hv~jo jcbjv fevjv

ftjone vefhjgcdo~d prhcjo jf~h~tndv ggdojv nd dv~drde~hpev x prdlthfhev kjfhj

gjv ajchghjv hochmrjo~dv' ztd hoqefjo gj fjrdofhj x dg nèahfh~ pjrj ndahohr vtv

fjrjf~drãv~hfjv/

Pefj jt~edv~hcj ptdnd kjbdr vh jgmthdo vhdo~d ztd dv rdfkj|jne x ztd

oe ~hdod ojnj ztd jper~jr j gj fectohnjn do gj ztd qhqd' vh dvftfkj ztd vtv

hndjv x vtv fecper~jchdo~ev veo ~hgnjnev nd jojfröohfev x rd~römrjnev' vh pdr#

fhbd ztd vd gd feovhndrj do dg erhmdo nd cjgdv fece gj frhchojghnjn e gj ndgho#

ftdofhj' d~f/ Vh eftrrd ~ene dv~e' pdovjr ztd dv~jv pdrveojv ptdndo ndvjrreggjr

toj jt~ehcjmdo pevh~hqj d hcpghfjrvd jf~hqjcdo~d do gev prefdvev vefhjgdv ztd

gj chvcj vefhdnjn ztd gjv dv~hmcj~h|j gdv ebghmj j kjfdr' dv fgjrjcdo~d t~öphfe

x vho qhvev nd rdjghnjn/

Per dve' do bjv~jo~dv fjvev' gjv pdrveojv hochmrjo~dv ndvjrreggjo to

feoefhchdo~e ghom÷ãv~hfe ztd penrãjcev fjghahfjr nd vtpdrqhqdofhj/ To gdomtj#

ld rtnhcdo~jrhe x ghch~jne ztd gdv pdrch~d mjrjo~h|jr gjv atofheodv fectohfj~h#

qjv bêvhfjv' pdre ztd gdv hcphnd pjr~hfhpjr jf~hqjcdo~d x do phd nd hmtjgnjn do

dg feolto~e nd gjv rdgjfheodv vefhjgdv/ Dv~j feov~j~jfhöo qj cêv jggê nd gjv pdr#

veojv jntg~jv x jgfjo|j ~jcbhèo j vtv frhj~trjv/ Nd kdfke' toj nd gjv hndjv ztd

fhrftgj do~rd gjv pdrveojv ztd j~hdondo dntfj~hqjcdo~d j dv~jv ohújv x ohúevfeovhv~d do frddr ztd gev prebgdcjv ghom÷ãv~hfev nd gjv frhj~trjv vd jfjbjo

ftjone dcphd|jo do gj dvftdgj j gj chvcj dnjn ztd gjv ohújv x gev ohúev jt~öf#

~eoev/ Eljgê atdrj jvã perztd dgge vhmohahfjrãj ztd ctfkjv nd gjv fevjv ztd vd

jbernjo do dv~d ghbre dv~jrãjo vegtfheojnjv/ Ndvmrjfhjnjcdo~d oe ge dv x' fece

do ~enjv gjv ajchghjv' ~jcbhèo do gjv nd gjv pdrveojv hochmrjo~dv vd feoahmtrjo




jf~h~tndv bêvhfjv kjfhj toe chvce x gev ndcêv x' per ~jo~e' ajqerdfdnerjv e oe

nd gev jprdonh|jldv ghom÷ãv~hfev ztd vd ndbdo nd kjfdr do gj dvftdgj/

Per dve' prebjbgdcdo~d toe nd gev jvpdf~ev cêv hcper~jo~dv hcpghfj#

nev do dg ndvjrregge ndg gdomtjld nd gjv ajchghjv hochmrjo~dv vd rdahdrd j vtv feo#

nhfheodv nd qhnj x j jztdgge ztd pdrfhbdo nd gj vefhdnjn ztd gdv rendj/ Vh oe vd

cenhahfjo gev prdlthfhev x gev dv~drde~hpev' vh oe vd gdv kjfd vdo~hr fepjr~ãfhpdv

nd gj feov~rtffhöo vefhjg' vh' do ndahoh~hqj' oe aercjo pjr~d nd gj fhtnjnjoãj' gjv

ftdv~heodv rdadrhnjv jg jprdonh|jld ghom÷ãv~hfe x gj ho~dmrjfhöo vefhjg dv~êo nd

cêv x veo vhcpgdv fjo~ev nd fhvod ztd jxtnjo pefe j gjv ftdv~heodv fdo~rjgdv

ztd jbernj dv~d ghbre/

Nhfke dv~e' dv qdrnjn ztd' dvpdfhjgcdo~d do dg êcbh~e nd gj dntfjfhöo'

d{hv~do pdrveojv dcpdújnjv do preceqdr gj ho~dmrjfhöo nd gjv ajchghjv hoch#

mrjo~dv x ztd ndvjrreggjo prêf~hfjv dntfj~hqjv jferndv feo gj dntfjfhöo ho~dr#

ftg~trjg' pdre ztd' j qdfdv' vd doftdo~rjo feo prebgdcjv nd nhadrdo~d oj~trjgd#

|j ztd oe vjbdo föce jbernjr/ Do dv~d cjrfe ~hdod ho~drèv feoefdr jgmtojv nd

gjv rdagd{heodv rdjgh|jnjv per gj dntfjfhöo bhghom÷d xj ztd' do ndahoh~hqj' jgmt#

oev nd gev prebgdcjv ztd vd pgjo~djo rdch~do j föce feovdmthr ztd gj hoajofhj

nd dv~jv ajchghjv hoferperd dg gdomtjld ndg pjãv nd jfemhnj do phd nd hmtjgnjn

feo gj hoajofhj jt~öf~eoj x' per ~jo~e' j prdmto~jv ztd' cdler e pder rdvpeonh#

njv'gj dntfjfhöo bhghom÷d vd pgjo~dj ndvnd kjfd cêv nd =0 júev/

6/ Jgmtojv ftdv~heodv vebrd gj dntfjfhöo bhghom÷dx gj hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj

Gj dntfjfhöo bhghom÷d dv gj cjodrj ztd jnep~j gj dntfjfhöo dvfegjr

pjrj feovdmthr ztd dg jgtcojne jprdonj toj vdmtonj gdomtj ftjone vt prd#

vdofhj' bhdo do vt cdnhe vefhjg' bhdo do vt cdnhe ajchghjr' e do jcbev' dv ctx

prdfjrhj/ Per dve' do dg fjve nd gj hoajofhj preqdohdo~d nd ajchghjv hochmrjo~dv'

vd jfev~tcbrj j mdodrjgh|jr gev rdvtg~jnev nd gj dntfjfhöo bhghom÷d x j feovhnd#rjr ztd ftjone dv~jv frhj~trjv vd hoferperjo j gj dvftdgj ndg pjãv nd jfemhnj

ndvnd gev prhcdrev cecdo~ev nd gj dvfegjrhnjn jnzthdrdo gj gdomtj vho prebgd#

cjv/ Vho dcbjrme' oe vtdgd vdr jvã x dg feoefhchdo~e ghom÷ãv~hfe ztd jgfjo|j

dv~j pjr~d nd gj hoajofhj' per rdmgj mdodrjg' dv bjv~jo~d cêv pebrd ztd dg nd vtv

pjrdv jt~öf~eoev ndg chvce ohqdg vefheftg~trjg/




Gjv rj|eodv nd dv~j rdjghnjn veo nhqdrvjv/ Jgmtojv gjv kdcev ~rj~jne do

dg jpjr~jne jo~drher' pdre do èv~d ztdrdcev fdo~rjroev do gj mdodrjgh|jfhöo' j

otdv~re do~dondr jbtvhqj' nd gev rdvtg~jnev nd gj dntfjfhöo bhghom÷d j dv~j pjr#

~d nd gj hoajofhj/ Nd kdfke' ho~do~jrdcev ndcev~rjr ztd gj dvfegjrh|jfhöo nd gj

hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj' dvpdfhjgcdo~d gj prefdndo~d nd gjv ajchghjv hochmrjo~dv

d{~rjfectoh~jrhjv' ~hdod ctx pefe ztd qdr feo gjv feonhfheodv ztd rhmdo x

rdmtgjo gj dntfjfhöo bhghom÷d/

Prebjbgdcdo~d' gj vh~tjfhöo nd gj dntfjfhöo bhghom÷d ztd vd vtdgd hoqe#

fjr fece vdcdljo~d jg ~hpe nd dvfegjrh|jfhöo nd gj hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj dv gj nd

gev premrjcjv nd fjcbhe nd gdomtj kemjr#dvftdgj e cêv feoefhnev fece pre#mrjcjv nd hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj/ Dv~ev premrjcjv dv~êo nhrhmhnev j dvfegjrdv

ztd ~hdodo fece gdomtj prephj toj gdomtj nhv~ho~j j gj ztd dcpgdj gj dvftdgj

fece gdomtj qdkhftgjr nd feo~dohnev x' dvpdfhjgcdo~d' fece gdomtj nd jprdo#

nh|jld nd gj gdf~trj x gj dvfrh~trj/ Veo dvfegjrdv ztd' hondpdonhdo~dcdo~d nd vt

gdomtj ajchghjr' vd dvfegjrh|jo do gj vdmtonj gdomtj gj ftjg dv' j vt qd|' ebld~e

nd jprdonh|jld/+21( Dg è{h~e nd dv~ev premrjcjv vd rdgjfheoj feo vt fjrêf~dr

qegto~jrhe x feo dg dcpdúe nd jvdmtrjr' jndcêv ndg jprdonh|jld nd gj vdmtonj

gdomtj'dg nechohe nd gj prephj gdomtj/

Hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj qdrvtv vtbcdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj

Gj rdagd{höo vebrd gjv feonhfheodv nd gev premrjcjv nd hocdrvhöo gho#

m÷ãv~hfj ~hdod ho~drèv perztd rdqdgj gj hcper~jofhj ndg tve nd gj prephj gdomtj

do dg feo~d{~e dvfegjr/ Prhcdre' vh fece kdcev d{pghfjne do dg jpjr~jne jo~d#

rher' gjv jf~h~tndv nd gjv pdrveojv kjfhj jztdgge ztd kjo nd jprdondr' do dv~d

fjve gj gdomtj' veo ndfhvhqjv' pjrdfd fgjre ztd gj üohfj pevhbhghnjn nd jprdondr

toj vdmtonj gdomtj +G2( dv vh d{hv~do jf~h~tndv x ce~hqjfheodv pevh~hqjv kjfhj

dggj/ Dv ndfhr' nhaãfhgcdo~d vd ptdnd jprdondr toj gdomtj ztd oe vd ndvdj jprdo#

:4> ■ HOCHMRJFHÖO' DNTFJFHÖO X GDOMTJ PREPHJ

+21( Nd aercj mdodrjg'pendcev feovhndrjr nev vh~tjfheodv do gjv ztd vd vhmtdo premrjcjv nd hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj/Dogj prhcdrj' vd dvfegjrh|jo frhj~trjv nd gj gdomtj jcpghjcdo~d cjxerh~jrhj +per dldcpge'dvpjúegdv kjbh~jo~dv nd Cjnrhn(do toj vdmtonj gdomtj ztd dv d{~rjoldrj +per dldcpge'homgèv' jgdcêo e arjofèv(/ Dg ebld~hqe nd dv~ev premrjcjv rdch~djg jprdonh|jld nd toj gdomtj d{~rjoldrj/ Do gj vdmtonj'dg fjve nd Fj~jgtúj e dg Fjojnê arjofèv9 gj hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfjbtvfj feoqdr~hr do bhghom÷dv j gjv frhj~trjv ceoeghom÷dv do toj gdomtj ztd vd kjbgj do dg ~drrh~erhe/ Per dldcpge' gjgdomtj fj~jgjoj do Fj~jgtúj e gj gdomtj arjofdvj do dg Fjojnê/ Do dv~d fjve' veo premrjcjv ztd vd nhrhmdo j to oücdrectx jcpghe nd ajchghjv +cêv ndg 40$ do dg fjve nd Fj~jgtúj( x ~hdodo fece ebld~hqe dg jprdonh|jld nd toj gdomtj feotoj hcper~jo~d prdvdofhj vefhjg +gj gdomtj fj~jgjoj do Fj~jgtúj(' pdre doercdcdo~d ghch~jnj do dg êcbh~e vefhjg x ajchghjr nd gjv pdrveojv ztd ~hdodo fece gdomtj prephj toj gdomtj nhadrdo~d +gj gdomtj fjv~dggjoj do Fj~jgtúj(/



ndr x' per ~jo~e' gj d{hv~dofhj nd jf~h~tndv pevh~hqjv kjfhj gj gdomtj' ebld~e nd

jprdonh|jld' dv gj prhcdrj feonhfhöo pjrj pendr rdjgh|jr to fjcbhe nd gdomtj

kemjr#dvftdgj/

Per dve' gj d{hv~dofhj nd jf~h~tndv vefhjgdv pevh~hqjv kjfhj gj G2 dv odfd#

vjrhj pjrj pendr ndvjrreggjr toj pegã~hfj ghom÷ãv~hfj do gj dntfjfhöo bjvjnj do

gj hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj/ X dv~jv jf~h~tndv vöge veo pevhbgdv do gj cdnhnj do ztd

dv~è mjrjo~h|jne dg ndrdfke j dvfegjrh|jrvd do gj prephj gdomtj/ E'do e~rjv pjgj#

brjv' j ztd gj hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj rdpevd do dg prhofhphe nd qegto~jrhdnjn/ Gj

cdler aercj nd qjgerjr vefhjgcdo~d toj gdomtj dv rdfeoefdr dg ndrdfke nd gjv

pdrveojv ztd gj ~hdodo fece prephj j t~hgh|jrgj do ~enev gev êcbh~ev nd gj qhnjpübghfj x' per ~jo~e' dg ndrdfke j dvfegjrh|jrvd do dggj/ Gj hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj

vd nhv~homtd' do~rd e~rjv fevjv' nd gjv vh~tjfheodv nd fjcbhe nd gdomtj kemjr#

dvftdgj do ztd vd doftdo~rj toj pjr~d nd gj hoajofhj do dg rdfeoefhchdo~e nd

dv~d prhofhphe x' per ~jo~e'ndvnd gj hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj'vd ndahdond gj qegto~j#

rhdnjn nd gjv ajchghjv do gj dgdffhöo nd gj gdomtj ztd ndvdjo pjrj vtv khlev do

gev prhcdrev júev nd gj dvfegjrhnjn/

To btdo dldcpge nd premrjcj bhghom÷d nd hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj dv dg

ztd vd dcpgdj do Fjojnê nhrhmhne j gj hoajofhj jomgöaeoj pjrj dg jprdonh|jld nd

gj gdomtj arjofdvj e dg ztd vd t~hgh|j do Fj~jgtúj nhrhmhne j gj hoajofhj ztd ~hdod

dg fjv~dggjoe fece gdomtj prephj pjrj dg jprdonh|jld nd gj gdomtj fj~jgjoj/ Do

jcbev fjvev' gj gdmhvgjfhöo feo~dcpgj dg ndrdfke nd gjv ajchghjv j dgdmhr gj gdo#

mtj nd dvfegjrh|jfhöo nd vtv frhj~trjv ntrjo~d gev prhcdrev júev nd gj dvfegjrh#

njn/+2=( Dqhndo~dcdo~d' vho jf~h~tndv pevh~hqjv kjfhj gj vdmtonj gdomtj ‖do dv~d

fjve' gj gdomtj nd dvfegjrh|jfhöo‖ x kjfhj gj prephj gdomtj do dg vdo~hne nd oe

qdrgj jcdoj|jnj per dg kdfke nd dvfegjrh|jr j gjv frhj~trjv do toj gdomtj nhv#

~ho~j'gj hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj vdrãj hcpdovjbgd/

Pdre'dg cjo~dohchdo~e nd jf~h~tndv pevh~hqjv kjfhj gj G2 oe vöge ndpdo#

nd nd gjv ajchghjv' vhoe ~jcbhèo nd ztd dg prephe premrjcj ndvnd vt prêf~hfj

dntfj~hqj gjv cjo~domj x gjv ndvjrreggd/ Per dve'dv ctx hcper~jo~d ztd jztdggeztd gjv ohújv x gev ohúev jper~jo j gj dvftdgj vdj qjgerjne x jprdfhjne xj ztd

vhoe µföce x per ztè qjgerj dg jgtcojne ge ztd gj dvftdgj jper~j vh èv~j oe ge


+2=( Gj Gdx nd Oercjgh|jfhöo Ghom÷ãv~hfj ndg fj~jgêo prefgjcj ztd' do gev prhcdrev júev nd gj dvfegjrhnjn' veo gjvajchghjv gjv ztd ndfhndo gj gdomtj nd dvfegjrh|jfhöo nd vtv frhj~trjv/



qjgerj5 Dqhndo~dcdo~d' do~rd e~rjv ctfkjv fevjv' gev ohúev x gjv ohújv ©ggdqjo¹ j

gj dvftdgj vt prephj gdomtj' gj ftjg ndbd vdr qjgerjnj x ~rj~jnj dvpdfãahfjcdo~d

vh vd zthdrd ztd dg dvfegjr do gev premrjcjv nd hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj ndvjrreggd

x cjo~domj jf~h~tndv pevh~hqjv kjfhj gj G2/

Dgge vhmohahfj ztd gev premrjcjv nd hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj' jndcêv nd

feo~dcpgjr do dg ftrrãftgtc dg ~rj~jchdo~e nd gj G:' do vt prêf~hfj dntfj~hqj

otofj ©ebghmjo¹ j t~hgh|jr gj G2/ Gj hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj vd fdo~rj atonjcdo~jg#

cdo~d do gj fecprdovhöo nd gj G2' nd cene ztd gjv ohújv x gev ohúev ptdnjo

vdmthr gjv jf~hqhnjndv ztd vd qdkhftgjo cdnhjo~d dv~j gdomtj x' j gj qd|' frdj

feo~d{~ev nd tve pjrj ztd gj prentffhöo dcdrlj/ Pdre' do ndahoh~hqj' dv dg dvfe#gjr zthdo ndfhnd do üg~hce ~èrchoe ftjone x feo zthèo t~hgh|jr gj G2/ Oercjg#

cdo~d' ge kjfd jgrdndner ndg vdmtone júe nd vdmthr dg premrjcj feo gj dntfj#

nerj ztd dldrfd gjv atofheodv nd ~t~erj ndg ftrve/

Vh dg dvfegjr ptdnd t~hgh|jr vhdcprd vt prephj gdomtj jpjrdfd toj otdqj

feonhfhöo nd gev premrjcjv nd hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj< gj odfdvhnjn nd ztd dg

preadverjne vdj bhghom÷d/ Dv ndfhr' jtoztd do gev premrjcjv nd hocdrvhöo gho#

m÷ãv~hfj' do gev prhcdrev júev nd gj dvfegjrhnjn' gjv pdrveojv ~t~erjv vhdcprd

t~hgh|jo gj G2 ~jcbhèo kjo nd feoefdr gj gdomtj nd gev ohúev x gjv ohújv' xj ztd

ge cêv prebjbgd dv ztd èv~ev vd nhrhljo j dggjv do vt prephj gdomtj' x vh gjv pdr#

veojv ~t~erjv gj rdfkj|jo per vhcpgd ndvfeoefhchdo~e dv nhaãfhg ztd vd dv~jbgd|#

fj to agtle fectohfj~hqe do dg ztd gev x gjv dvfegjrdv vd vhdo~jo qjgerjnev x

jprdfhjnev do jztdgge ztd dv vtxe x gdv pdr~dodfd/ Nd kdfke' do dv~jv vh~tjfhe#

odv dg dvfegjr vd doftdo~rj ebghmjne j ©jprdondr¹ gj G2 vh oe zthdrd ztdnjr cjr#

mhojne x' fece kdcev qhv~e' gj ©ebghmj~erhdnjn¹ do rdgjfhöo feo dg jprdonh|jld

nd gdomtjv prentfd dadf~ev feo~rjrhev j gev ndvdjnev/

Gj vh~tjfhöo feo~rjrhj j gj ndvfrh~j dv gj ztd vd feoefd feo dg oecbrd

nd vtbc drvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj/ Do feofrd~e' dv to premrjcj nd fjcbhe nd gdomtj

kemjr#dvftdgj' jg hmtjg ztd gj hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj' pdre ztd' do ohomüo fjve'

~hdod do ftdo~j gj gdomtj ajchghjr nd gev dvfegjrdv' oh do dg ftrrãftgtc oh do vtprêf~hfj dntfj~hqj/ Nd kdfke' dv~d dv dg premrjcj feo ztd vd kjo nd doardo~jr

ctfkev ohúev x ohújv ztd aercjo pjr~d nd gjv choerãjv è~ohfjv x ftg~trjgdv/

Per dldcpge' do gj Dtrepj Effhndo~jg' dv dg premrjcj cjxerh~jrhe pjrj

gev ohúev x gjv ohújv ftxjv ajchghjv aercjo pjr~d nd gj hochmrjfhöo d{~rjfectoh#




~jrhj x ztd feo~hoüjo t~hgh|jone vt prephj gdomtj do dg feo~d{~e ajchghjr/ Do prh#

cdr gtmjr' do dv~d fjve oe vd ftcpgd gj prhcdrj feonhfhöo nd gj hocdrvhöo gho#

m÷ãv~hfj< gj qegto~jrhdnjn do gj jvhv~dofhj/ Dv~jv ajchghjv x vtv frhj~trjv qjo j gj

dvftdgj ztd d{hv~d x vt fjpjfhnjn x pevhbhghnjn pjrj hofhnhr do dggj dv prêf~hfj#

cdo~d cãohcj/ Do vdmtone gtmjr' oercjgcdo~d gjv pdrveojv ztd dntfjo ndvfe#

oefdo gj gdomtj nd dv~ev ohúev x dv~jv ohújv x' per ~jo~e'ftjone èv~ev gj tvjo do

dg feo~d{~e dvfegjr vhcpgdcdo~d vd gdv hmoerj/ Do ~drfdr gtmjr' njne ztd do bjv#

~jo~dv fjvev dv~jv frhj~trjv kjo ojfhne do dg pjãv nd jfemhnj ftjone vd dvfegjrh#

|jo feoefdo jgme nd gj gdomtj ndg pjãv x' do feovdftdofhj' gjv pdrveojv ~t~erjv

jvtcdo ztd xj gdv do~hdondo ftjone kjbgjo do gj G2/ Vho dcbjrme' dvd ©jgme¹jfev~tcbrj j vdr ctfke cdoev ztd dg jgme ztd vjbdo gev ztd ~hdodo nhfkj gdo#

mtj fece gdomtj ajchghjr/ Do feovdftdofhj' do gj cdnhnj do ztd rdfhbdo dg chv#

ce ~rj~e ghom÷ãv~hfe ztd gev ztd ~hdodo nhfkj gdomtj fece prephj veo pefe j

pefe d{fgthnev xj ztd vt fecpd~dofhj ghom÷ãv~hfj dv ctfke cêv pebrd ztd gj nd

vtv pjrdv jt~öf~eoev +cêv jndgjo~d jbernjcev dv~d pto~e cêv jcpghjcdo~d(/

Dg rdvtg~jne nd gj vtbcdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj vtdgd vdr dg arjfjve dvfegjr x gj

d{fgtvhöo vefhjg/ Veo dvfegjrdv ztd' feo dg pjve ndg ~hdcpe' doftdo~rjo fjnj

qd| cdoev ho~drdvjo~d dg feo~d{~e dvfegjr x gj dntfjfhöo' ztd otofj ggdmjo j

nechojr bhdo oh gj vdmtonj gdomtj oh gj vtxj prephj' ztd ~hdodo nhahftg~jndv

pjrj vdmthr gev feo~dohnev dvfegjrdv do gj cdnhnj do ztd oe nechojo dg hov~rt#cdo~e ztd gev qdkhftgj'd~f/

Toj pjr~d hcper~jo~d nd gj hoajofhj ztd preqhdod nd ajchghjv hochmrj#

njv vd doftdo~rj do dv~d ~hpe nd vh~tjfhöo x' dqhndo~dcdo~d' gj pevhbhghnjn nd

rdfhbhr to ~rj~e ghom÷ãv~hfe cêv jndftjne oe vegqdo~j ~enev gev prebgdcjv' pdre

jxtnj j kjfdrge/

Hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj d hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj

Nd gj vtbcdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj j gj hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj gj nhv~jofhj dv

doercd/ Do dg prhcdr fjve' gj gdomtj prephj nd gev dvfegjrdv oe ~hdod ohomtoj

prdvdofhj oh vd ~hdod do ftdo~j per pjr~d nd gj dvftdgj' chdo~rjv ztd do dg

vdmtone' gj prdvdofhj nd gj gdomtj ajchghjr ‖jtoztd pjrd|fj pjrjnölhfe‖ feov~h#

~txd toe nd gev dldv ndg premrjcj/ Dqhndo~dcdo~d' do~rd toj x e~rj vh~tjfhöo'

kjx ctfkjv vh~tjfheodv ho~drcdnhjv ztd prebjbgdcdo~d'do dg fjve nd Dvpjúj'




veo gjv cêv jndftjnjv pjrj ztd gjv ohújv x gev ohúev nd ajchghjv d{~rjoldrjv

rdfhbjo to ~rj~e ghom÷ãv~hfe do gj dvftdgj ztd gdv pdrch~j hoferperjr to btdo

nechohe nd gj vdmtonj gdomtj/

Gj hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj oe dv to btdo dldcpge fece premrjcj ndvdj#

bgd pjrj gj cjxerãj nd gj hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj/ Kjx qjrhjv rj|eodv pjrj dgge/

Prhcdre' d{hv~d toj mrjo nhqdrvhnjn ghom÷ãv~hfj do rdgjfhöo feo gjv gdomtjv ajch#

ghjrdv nd gjv frhj~trjv d{~rjoldrjv +bdrdbdr' êrjbd nhjgdf~jg' cjonhomj' atgj' trnt'

~jmjge' d~f/(/ Dv~e vhmohahfj ztd dv jbvegt~jcdo~d hcpdovjbgd ~dodr preadverjne

bhghom÷d ztd j~hdonj nhfkj nhqdrvhnjn ghom÷ãv~hfj x' per ~jo~e' toj nd gjv feonh#

fheodv bêvhfjv nd gj hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj dv hrrdjgh|jbgd/ Vdmtone' gjv feonhfhe#odv nd qegto~jrhdnjn nd gj hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj ztd cjohahdv~jo gjv ajchghjv nd

kjbgj fjv~dggjoj veo hrrdpd~hbgdv do dg fjve nd gj hochmrjfhöo d{~rjfectoh~jrhj/

drfdre' jgmtojv nd gjv gdomtjv ztd dcpgdjo gjv ajchghjv d{~rjoldrjv do gj ajch#

ghj veo êmrjajv x' per ~jo~e' oe dv~êo oercj~hqh|jnjv x oe vd ptdndo t~hgh|jr

fece gdomtjv nd dovdújo|j x jprdonh|jld/

Gj jg~droj~hqj j gj hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj penrãj dv~jr do gev premrjcjv

nd cjo~dohchdo~e nd gj gdomtj ajchghjr/ Vho dcbjrme' gjv rj|eodv jo~drherdv

~jcbhèo vhrqdo pjrj d{prdvjr ztd dv~d ~hpe nd premrjcjv ~jcpefe veo rdjgh|j#

bgdv' jg cdoev pjrj toj pjr~d hcper~jo~d nd gj hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj/ Jndcêv' ~jc#

bhèo vd ndbd ~dodr do ftdo~j ztd gev fegdf~hqev x gjv jvefhjfheodv nd hochmrjo#

~dv oe rdhqhonhfjo dv~d ~hpe nd premrjcjv/

Pdre' gj hoqhjbhghnjn nd pendr ndvjrreggjr premrjcjv bhdo nd hocdrvhöo

ghom÷ãv~hfj' bhdo nd cjo~dohchdo~e nd gj gdomtj ajchghjr' oe vhmohahfj ztd gj

hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj x vtv ajchghjv ndbjo rdvhmojrvd x veper~jr to ~rj~jchdo~e

ghom÷ãv~hfe ztd oe ~domj do ftdo~j vt gdomtj ajchghjr x ztd hcpeomj vho chrj#

chdo~ev gj gdomtj nd gj dvftdgj/ Jg feo~rjrhe' jtoztd gj dvftdgj vdj to premrj#

cj nd fjcbhe nd gdomtj kemjr#dvftdgj jgdljne nd gev frh~drhev nd gj hocdrvhöo

ghom÷ãv~hfj' dgge oe vhmohahfj ztd do gj prêf~hfj dntfj~hqj vd ptdnjo feo~dcpgjr

x rdprentfhr jgmtojv nd gjv feonhfheodv nd gj hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj/

Gjrrjújmj x Rth| Bhijonh +:881(+2;( d{pghfjo ztd gj hoferperjfhöo jf~hqj

nd ~rdv ohújv cjmrdbhojv j toj dvftdgj nd to pdztdúe ptdbge rtrjg nd Bh|ijhj

:4; ■ HOCHMRJFHÖO' DNTFJFHÖO X GDOMTJ PREPHJ

+2;( Gjrrjújmj' C/ x Rth| Bhijonh'T/ +:881(/ ©Pgtrhghom÷hvcd h bhftg~trjghvcd do to premrjcj n‘hccdrvhö¹/ Jr~h fgdv n dnhnàf~hfj nd gj ggdomtj h gj gh~drj~trj' ; ' 64#>1/



vtrmhö ftjone Getboj' gj kdrcjoj cjxer nd :0 júev' atd pdrfhbhnj per gev

ndcêv dvfegjrdv fece jgmthdo ztd vjbãj fevjv ztd dggev oe vjbãjo x' j gj qd|' dggj

vd vho~hö ü~hg x ztd penãj jper~jr fevjv jg fegdf~hqe/ Do feofrd~e'to mrtpe nd gjv

cjdv~rjv x gev cjdv~rev nd gj dvftdgj' prdeftpjnev perztd oe vjbãjo föce pevh#

bhgh~jr gj ho~dmrjfhöo nd gjv ~rdv ohújv' ndfhnhdreo qhjljr j Cjrrtdfev d{ preadve

feo dg ebld~e nd pendr eb~dodr hoaercjfheodv x feoefhchdo~ev ztd gdv jxtnj#

rjo j vt prêf~hfj dntfj~hqj/ Jvã' j gj qtdg~j ndg qhjld' ermjoh|jreo toj jf~hqhnjn

pjrj ~ene dg fdo~re dvfegjr vebrd gj rdjghnjn vefhjg' mdemrêahfj' dfeoöchfj x ftg#

~trjg nd Cjrrtdfev j pjr~hr nd hcêmdodv x ae~emrjaãjv/ Getboj atd feovtg~jnj

vebrd dg ~hpe nd hcêmdodv j d{peodr x' toj qd| ndfhnhnjv' xj do gj d{pevhfhöo' gjohúj dvfrhbhö do êrjbd ndgjo~d nd ~enj gj dvftdgj pjrj hgtv~rjr jgmtojv hcêmdodv/

Gj verprdvj x gj jnchrjfhöo ndg rdv~e nd gj dvftdgj jo~d dv~jv ohújv ztd feoefãjo

tojv ~hdrrjv ~jo gdljojv x ~jo nhv~ho~jv nd gj vtxj x ztd vjbãjo kjfdr jgme ~jo nhaã#

fhg fece dvfrhbhr do êrjbd fecper~ö' nd toj pjr~d' vt rdfeoefhchdo~e pübghfe x'

nd gj e~rj' gjv ~rdv cjmrdbhojv d{pdrhcdo~jreo to vdo~hchdo~e nd ermtgge per ge

vtxe x nd jprdfhe per pjr~d nd gev ndcêv ztd vhmohahfö gj pevhbhghnjn nd hofer#

perjrvd jf~hqjcdo~d j gj gdomtj nd gj dvftdgj ‖dg dtvidrj‖ x j vtv jf~hqhnjndv/

Dg dldcpge hgtv~rj gj hndj nd feoqdr~hr gj dvftdgj x vtv jf~hqhnjndv do to

feo~d{~e vhmohahfj~hqe x feo vdo~hne j pjr~hr nd jztdgge ztd gdv dv prephe j gev

dvfegjrdv ‖x' do~rd dgge' toj nd gjv fevjv cêv hcper~jo~dv dv vt gdomtj ajchghjr‖hondpdonhdo~dcdo~d nd gj gdomtj ztd t~hgh|j gj dvftdgj pjrj ~rjovch~hr gev feo#

~dohnev/ Nd kdfke'dv~j dv gj hndj ztd vtbxjfd j gjv feonhfheodv nd gj hocdrvhöo

ghom÷ãv~hfj x jtoztd oe vd ptdnj jpghfjr do gj aercj do ztd ge kjfd dv~d pre#

mrjcj nd dntfjfhöo bhghom÷d' vã ztd dv jpghfjbgd do rdgjfhöo feo e~rev jvpdf~ev

nd gj prêf~hfj dntfj~hqj/

Do ndahoh~hqj' nd ge ztd vd ~rj~j dv nd kjfdr dadf~hqj gj hndj ztd prefgj#

cj dg premrjcj bhghom÷d nd fjcbhe nd gdomtj kemjr#dvftdgj vdmüo gj ftjg oe vd

ptdnd jprdondr toj gdomtj vh jztdggjv pdrveojv ztd gj dovdújo oe qjgerjo gj

gdomtj prephj ndg jprdonh| x oe prectdqdo vt jt~edv~hcj x vt jt~efeoahjo|j

do rdgjfhöo feo jztdgge ztd dv vtxe x nd vt ajchghj/

Pdre' jg gjne nd ge jo~drher' ftjone' jg hohfhe ndg pjrqtgjrhe' vd dvfegjrh#

|jo ohújv x ohúev nd ajchghjv d{~rjoldrjv' ojfhnev do otdv~re pjãv x ztd cjo~hd#

odo vt gdomtj prephj do dg kemjr'do toj dvftdgj ztd dcpgdj gj gdomtj ndg pjãv

fece gdomtj qdkhftgjr jpjrdfd ~jcbhèo e~re prebgdcj hcper~jo~d/ Do bjv~jo#




~dv fjvev' dv~jv ohújv x ohúev feoefdo ©jgme¹ nd gj gdomtj ndg pjãv xj ztd' j ge

gjrme nd vtv ~rdv prhcdrev júev nd qhnj'kjo do~jbgjne rdgjfheodv feo e~rjv frhj#

~trjv x' jndcêv' perztd qhqdo do to cdnhe vefhjg ztd dcpgdj toj gdomtj

jcpghjcdo~d cjxerh~jrhj/+28( Hofgtve'do nd~drchojnev fjvev' gjv ajchghjv'jto t~h#

gh|jone pjrj jgmtojv fevjv vt prephj gdomtj' dcpgdjo' ftjone ptdndo kjfdrge'

gj gdomtj fjv~dggjoj pjrj rdgjfheojrvd feo vtv frhj~trjv/ Vho dcbjrme'j pdvjr nd

ztd feoefdo jgme nd gj gdomtj ztd dcpgdj gj dvftdgj vt feoefhchdo~e nhv~j

ctfke nd vdr dg chvce ndg ztd ~hdodo gev ohúev x gjv ohújv ftxjv ajchghjv

dcpgdjo gj gdomtj nd gj dvftdgj/ Nhfkj nhv~jofhj vh oe dv pdrfhbhnj per gj dvftd#

gj fecper~j ztd dg ~rj~e ghom÷ãv~hfe vdj dg chvce pjrj ~ene dg jgtcojne feo gjvfeovdftdofhjv odmj~hqjv ztd dgge fecper~j pjrj gj hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj/

Fece xj kdcev d{pghfjne' dg ndvjrregge ndg gdomtjld dv~ê nhrdf~jcdo~d

do rdgjfhöo feo gjv pevhbhghnjndv nd rdfhbhr jxtnjv do dg êcbh~e nd gj fectohfj#

fhöo x gj rdgjfhöo vefhjg per pjr~d nd jztdggev ztd xj nechojo x tvjo dg gdomtj#

ld/ Per dve' jztdggj pjr~d nd gj hoajofhj ztd nechoj cjg gj gdomtj nd gj dvftdgj'

pdre ztd dv pdrfhbhnj fece ztd xj ©vjbd¹ fevjv' rdfhbd cdoev j~dofheodv gho#

m÷ãv~hfjv nd pjr~d ndg preadverjne xj ztd vd hcpghfj cdoev do gj ho~drjffhöo

vefhjg' do gj cdnhnj do ztd vt fecpd~dofhj ghom÷ãv~hfj dv pder ztd gj nd vtv

pjrdv jt~öf~eoev/ Dg rdvtg~jne dv ztd rdfhbd cdoev jpexev do rdgjfhöo feo dg

ndvjrregge ndg gdomtjld ‖do dv~d fjve'ndg gdomtjld dvfegjr‖ x' pefe j pefe' vd qjjcpghjone gj brdfkj do~rd vt fecpd~dofhj ghom÷ãv~hfj x gj nd vtv pjrdv jt~öf~e#

oev feo gjv feovhmthdo~dv feovdftdofhjv odmj~hqjv/ Do gj hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj

dgge oe eftrrd perztd ~enev gev x gjv dvfegjrdv pjr~do nd gj chvcj vh~tjfhöo< dg

ndvfeoefhchdo~e nd gj gdomtj ztd t~hgh|j gj dvftdgj' chdo~rjv ztd' do dg fjve

ndvfrh~e' dv~êo cd|fgjnev dvfegjrdv ztd nd kdfke ndvfeoefdo gj gdomtj ‖gj

hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj‖ x dvfegjrdv ftxj gdomtj ajchghjr fehofhnd feo gj gdomtj nd

gj dvftdgj/ Dg preadverjne ztd ~rjbjlj do gev premrjcjv nd hocdrvhöo dv~ê ebgh#

mjne j feo~d{~tjgh|jr ~ene ge ztd kjfd x nhfd xj ztd dv feovfhdo~d nd ztd dg

jgtcojne oe gd do~hdond x' per ~jo~e' kj nd vtpghr vt ajg~j nd fecpd~dofhj gho#

m÷ãv~hfj hoqefjone e~rev prefdnhchdo~ev +mdv~ev' cãchfj' hcêmdodv' d~f/( pjrjfeovdmthr cjo~dodr toj rdgjfhöo vefhjg x fectohfjrvd/ Dg ebld~hqe dv fectoh#

fjrvd x' per ~jo~e' cjo~dodr feo~jf~e vefhjg ztd' fece kdcev nhfke' dv gj


+28( Do dg fjve nd gjv fectohnjndv ztd ~hdodo nev gdomtjv eahfhjgdv' oercjgcdo~d dv~j pjr~d nd gj hoajofhj vd hoferperjjg feoefhchdo~e ndg fjv~dggjoe ztd dv gj gdomtj cjxerh~jrhj do gjv |eojv do ztd jfev~tcbrjo j hov~jgjrvd x qhqhr/



mjrjo~ãj ndg ndvjrregge ndg gdomtjld/ Dgge oe eftrrd do dg vdmtone fjve perztd

dg preadverjne nj per vtptdv~e ztd ~ene dg ctone do~hdond gj gdomtj nd gj

dvftdgj' njne ztd' fece xj kdcev nhfke' dv gj gdomtj prephj nd toj pjr~d

hcper~jo~d nd gev x gjv dvfegjrdv x vd frdd ztd jztdggj pjr~d nd gj hoajofhj ztd

oe gj ~hdod fece prephj cêv e cdoev gj do~hdond perztd pjr~hfhpj do to

cdnhe vefhjg do ztd gj gdomtj nd gj dvftdgj dv jcpghjcdo~d cjxerh~jrhj/

Per dve' do dv~j vh~tjfhöo vd kj nd btvfjr ~ene ~hpe nd rdftrvev cd~e#

negömhfev ztd pdrch~jo' do gj cdnhnj nd ge pevhbgd' honhqhntjgh|jr gev prefdvev

nd dovdújo|j x jprdonh|jld/ ^èfohfjv fece gev rhofeodv' dg ~rjbjle per prexdf#

~ev' gev fdo~rev nd ho~drèv'd~f/veo rdftrvev ztd vd t~hgh|jo do dg pjrqtgjrhe pjrj~rjbjljr do mrtpev pdztdúev x agd{hbgdv' nd cene ztd fjnj dvfegjr rdfhbd gjv

jxtnjv odfdvjrhjv pjrj jqjo|jr do rdgjfhöo feo gjv ndcjonjv ghom÷ãv~hfjv ztd

veghfh~j gj hov~h~tfhöo dvfegjr/

Nd gj chvcj cjodrj' do gj dvfegjrh|jfhöo nd gj hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj vd

ndbdrãj t~hgh|jr e~rj nd gjv khpö~dvhv ztd vtbxjfd j gev premrjcjv nd hocdrvhöo

ghom÷ãv~hfj/ Do feofrd~e' vd prepeod ztd gj fecpd~dofhj ghom÷ãv~hfj nd gjv pdr#

veojv bhghom÷dv oe dv gj vtcj jhvgjnj nd vt fecpd~dofhj do toj x e~rj gdomtj'

vhoe ztd d{hv~d toj fecpd~dofhj ho~drndpdonhdo~d ztd vd feov~rtxd x vd qdkh#

ftgj j ~rjqèv ndg tve nd toj x e~rj gdomtj/ Do e~rjv pjgjbrjv' ftjo~e cdler

nechod toj pdrveoj vt prephj gdomtj cêv pevhbhghnjndv nd ~dodr to btdo

nechohe nd gj vdmtonj gdomtj x' j gj hoqdrvj' to nechohe pebrd nd gj prephj

gdomtj oe jxtnj jg nechohe nd gj vdmtonj gdomtj/ J qdfdv' gjv pdrveojv hoch#

mrjo~dv ndfhndo ndljr nd t~hgh|jr vt prephj gdomtj do ajqer nd gj gdomtj nd gj

dvftdgj pjrj ajqerdfdr vt nechohe per pjr~d nd vtv frhj~trjv/ Jndcêv' d{hv~d

toj pjr~d ndg preadverjne ztd ~jcbhèo ge phdovj x johcj j gjv ajchghjv j dc#

pgdjr gj gdomtj dvfegjr/ Vho dcbjrme' oe pjrdfd ztd vdj jvã x' jg feo~rjrhe nd ge

ztd ptdnd ndfhr dg vdo~hne fecüo' dg cjo~dohchdo~e nd gj gdomtj prephj do dg

feo~d{~e ajchghjr jxtnj jg jprdonh|jld nd gj gdomtj dvfegjr vh' dqhndo~dcdo~d' gj

prêf~hfj dntfj~hqj vd jndftj j gev rdztdrhchdo~ev nd dv~j pjr~d nd gj hoajofhj/

Gj hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj nd hoferperjfhöo ~jrnãj x dg jprdonh|jldndg gdomtjld

E~re nd gev prebgdcjv feo ztd vd doardo~jo gjv pdrveojv ztd ~rjbjljo

do gj dntfjfhöo ndvnd dg pto~e nd qhv~j ndg jprdonh|jld nd gj gdomtj rdch~d j




jztdg jgtcojne ztd vd hoferperj ~jrnãjcdo~d jg vhv~dcj dntfj~hqe/ Veo ohúev x

ohújv ‖jnegdvfdo~dv do jgmtoev fjvev‖ ztd ggdmjo j otdv~re pjãv do dnjndv

jqjo|jnjv x' do jgmtojv efjvheodv' vd hoferperjo jg vhv~dcj dntfj~hqe ftjone dg

ftrve xj vd kj hohfhjne' chdo~rjv ztd'do e~rjv' ge kjfdo ndvnd dg hohfhe ndg ftr#

ve do vdp~hdcbrd/

Gj feovhndrjfhöo nd to ~rj~e hmtjg j dv~d fegdf~hqe oe dv ctx jndftjnj

xj ztd jfev~tcbrj j kjbdr nhadrdofhjv hcper~jo~dv/ Oe dv ge chvce hoferperjr#

vd jg fhfge cdnhe nd gj dovdújo|j prhcjrhj feo to nechohe nd gj gdf~trj x gj

dvfrh~trj do gj prephj gdomtj ztd kjfdrge do dg fhfge hohfhjg x nechojr üohfj#

cdo~d gev rtnhcdo~ev nd gj gdf~trj x gj dvfrh~trj/ Hmtjgcdo~d' oe dv ge chvcedvfegjrh|jrvd do dg vdmtone fhfge nd gj Dntfjfhöo Vdftonjrhj Ebghmj~erhj ~rjv

toj d{pdrhdofhj jo~drher nd dvfegjrh|jfhöo vho prebgdcjv ztd kjfdrge vho toj

dvfegjrh|jfhöo prdqhj ztd qjxj cêv jggê nd gj jgajbd~h|jfhöo/

Ftjone gj hoferperjfhöo ~jrnãj vd rdjgh|j do dg pjrqtgjrhe e gj dntfj#

fhöo prhcjrhj' gev prebgdcjv vtdgdo vdr cdoerdv x' do fjcbhe' veo cêv hcper#

~jo~dv ftjone dgge eftrrd do gj dntfjfhöo vdftonjrhj ebghmj~erhj/ Do dg prhcdr

fjve' gj pevhbhghnjn nd hoferperjrvd j gj gdomtj nd gj dvftdgj rdch~d j gj prephj

prêf~hfj dntfj~hqj x j gev rdftrvev feo ztd ftdo~j dg fdo~re pjrj dv~jbgdfdr

toj pdnjmemãj honhqhntjgh|jnj ztd mjrjo~hfd dg feoefhchdo~e ghom÷ãv~hfe nd

dv~d jgtcojne/ Do dg vdmtone fjve'jpjrdfdo cêv prebgdcjv xj ztd'do ctfkjv

efjvheodv' gev prephev feo~dohnev nd dv~ev fhfgev dntfj~hqev nhahftg~jo gj hofer#

perjfhöo ndg jgtcojne d{~rjoldre ztd jfjbj nd ggdmjr x oe feoefd gj gdomtj nd

gj dvftdgj/

Do jcbev fjvev' dg feoefhchdo~e ghom÷ãv~hfe jpjrdfd fece ndfhvhqe

pjrj gj ho~dmrjfhöo x gj hoferperjfhöo ndg jgtcojne j gjv jf~hqhnjndv dntfj~h#

qjv/ Per dve' ~ene jztdgge ztd qjxj j ajqer nd nhfke jprdonh|jld ndbd vdr qjgerj#

ne x jvtchne fece nd~drchojo~d pjrj gj fekdvhöo vefhjg do gj fectohnjn dnt#

fj~hqj/ Pdre' dgge' oe ptdnd kjfdroev egqhnjr gjv feonhfheodv ztd kdcev d{prd#

vjne pjrj gj jnzthvhfhöo ndg gdomtjld/ Do ndahoh~hqj' oe dv ctx frdãbgd ztd' per dldcpge' do gj dntfjfhöo vdftonjrhj ebghmj~erhj' dg jgtcojne prefdndo~d nd

ajchghjv hochmrjo~dv d{~rjfectoh~jrhjv vd dcpdúd do dg dv~tnhe nd gj gdomtj nd

gj dvftdgj pjrj pendr vdmthr gjv jf~hqhnjndv ndg ftrrãftgtc dvfegjr/ Cêv bhdo

fjbd pdovjr ztd vd dcpdújrê do nhfke jprdonh|jld vh vhdo~d gj odfdvhnjn nd

pjr~hfhpjr jf~hqjcdo~d do gjv rdgjfheodv vefhjgdv ndg cdnhe vefhjg do dg ftjg




fechdo|j j qhqhr/ Do dv~d vdo~hne' vd kjo nd feovhndrjr nev jvpdf~ev nhv~ho~ev/

Nd toj pjr~d' kjfd ajg~j ztd dv~j pjr~d nd gj hoajofhj vd vhdo~j jfemhnj do dg

fdo~re dvfegjr x vd vhdo~j ggjcjnj j pjr~hfhpjr jf~hqjcdo~d do vtv jf~hqhnjndv/

Nd gj e~rj' vd gd ndbdo eardfdr ~enev gev jpexev dntfj~hqev do aercj honhqhntjg

pjrj ztd do dg cdoer ~hdcpe pevhbgd vd hoferperd j gj gdomtj nd gj dvftdgj/

Dg jprdonh|jld nd gj gdomtj dv~ê do rdgjfhöo feo gj pjr~hfhpjfhöo jf~hqj

ndg jprdonh| do gjv rdgjfheodv vefhjgdv feo vtv pjrdv ~jo~e do dg êcbh~e dvfegjr

fece d{~rjdvfegjr/ Ftjgzthdr ~hpe nd pegã~hfj ztd prectdqj gj vdmrdmjfhöo nd

dv~d jgtcojne nd gjv jtgjv ernhojrhjv pjrj ftrvjr feo~dohnev ghom÷ãv~hfev t

e~rev jg cjrmdo ndg rdv~e ndg jgtcojne nhahftg~j'ndvnd otdv~re pto~e nd qhv~j'gj pevhbhghnjn nd vt hoferperjfhöo j gj gdomtj nd gj dvftdgj/ Dgge oe vhmohahfj'

dqhndo~dcdo~d' ztd oe rdfhbjo jpexev dvpdfãahfev pjrj dg jprdonh|jld ghom÷ãv~h#

fe do dg prephe fdo~re dvfegjr e cjofectojnjcdo~d do~rd qjrhev fdo~rev/ Do

dv~d vdo~hne' vdrãj ndvdjbgd ztd toj pjr~d ndg preadverjne ztd jpexj nhfke

ndvjrregge preqhohdrj nd gev prephev fegdf~hqev nd hochmrjo~dv e ztd feoefhdrj

gj gdomtj prephj nd dv~d jgtcojne/ Vh dgge atdrj jvã'oe vöge d{hv~hrãj to rdfeoe#

fhchdo~e nd jztdgge ztd dg dvfegjr ©ggdqj¹ j gj dvftdgj' vhoe ztd'jndcêv' ztdnj#

rãj vhdcprd mjrjo~h|jne dg feo~jf~e vefhjg ‖x fectohfj~hqe‖ do~rd preadver x

jgtcoe/ Jg hmtjg ztd do gj hocdrvhöo ghom÷ãv~hfj' dv~d preadverjne vhdcprd t~hgh#

|jrãj gj gdomtj ebld~e nd jprdonh|jld' pdre penrãj do~dondr jg dvfegjr ftjoneèv~d t~hgh|jrj vt prephj gdomtj/

>/ Dntfjfhöo' gdomtj prephj d hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj

J ge gjrme ndg jr~ãftge kdcev ptdv~e nd cjohahdv~e gj hcper~jofhj ndg

~rj~jchdo~e nd gj gdomtj prephj nd gj hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj do dg feo~d{~e dvfegjr/

J gj qd|' kdcev d{pghfjne ztd dgge oe vhmohahfj dg ~rjvgjne chcè~hfe nd jgmtojv

preptdv~jv nd gj dntfjfhöo bhghom÷d ‖per dldcpge' gev premrjcjv nd cjo~doh#

chdo~e nd gj gdomtj ajchghjr‖'pdre ztd ~jcpefe vhmohahfj t~hgh|jr jgmtojv nd vtv

preptdv~jv pjrj ltv~hahfjr gj jtvdofhj nd gj gdomtj prephj nd dv~d jgtcojne do dg

feo~d{~e dvfegjr/ Nd kdfke'kdcev ho~do~jne cev~rjr ztd do~rd dg nechohe nd gj

gdomtj prephj x dg jprdonh|jld nd toj vdmtonj gdomtj d{hv~d tohnjn' nd aercj

ztd to btdo nechohe nd gj gdomtj prephj x vt qjgerjfhöo per dg e~re feoggdqj

toj cdler nhvpevhfhöo x kjbhghnjndv pjrj dg jprdonh|jld nd gj otdqj gdomtj/




Per dve'dv hcper~jo~d ztd'do dg fjve nd gj hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj' gj dvftd#

gj vd dvatdrfd per eardfdr to ~rj~jchdo~e d{zthvh~e x dvpdfãahfe j gj gdomtj

ajchghjr nd dv~d jgtcojne/ Veo ctfkjv gjv aercjv nd kjfdrge x ~enjv dggjv ~hd#

odo ztd qdr feo toj nhvpevhfhöo x jf~h~tn pevh~hqj kjfhj dg jprdonh|jld x dg

ndvjrregge nd dv~j pjr~d nd gj hoajofhj/Ftdv~j ctx pefe jprdondr j preotofhjr

jndftjnjcdo~d vtv oecbrdv' j ctvh~jr aercjv nd vjgtne ~jo~e do gj ggdmjnj

fece do gj ndvpdnhnj' j dv~jbgdfdr tojv rdgjfheodv feo gjv ajchghjv do gjv ztd

vd gdv johcd j t~hgh|jr vt prephj gdomtj'j kjfdr prdvdo~d do gjv jf~hqhnjndv dnt#

fj~hqjv vtv feoefhchdo~ev ghom÷ãv~hfev e nd e~re ~hpe' d~f/ Dv dqhndo~d ztd

nd~drchojnjv cjodrjv nd ndvpgdmjr gj prêf~hfj dntfj~hqj ge ajfhgh~j x e~rjv' dofjcbhe' ge nhahftg~j/ Nd toj pjr~d'toj ermjoh|jfhöo dvfegjr do dg jtgj ztd btv#

fj x prectdqd dg feo~jf~e honhqhntjg' gj j~dofhöo dvpdfãahfj x dg dv~jbgdfhchdo#

~e nd jxtnjv pjrj ~enev x fjnj toe nd gev dvfegjrdv pdrch~d cdler ztd fjnj

dvfegjr vd vhdo~j jprdfhjne x qjgerjne do jztdgge ztd dv vtxe x ztd jper~j j gj

fectohnjn ztd toj ermjoh|jfhöo kecemèodj do gj ztd gj hndo~hnjn honhqhntjg

ndvjpjrdfd x oe vd rdfeoefd gj nhqdrvhnjn nd feoefhchdo~ev x jp~h~tndv/ Nd gj

e~rj' gj ermjoh|jfhöo ndg ftrrãftgtc ~jcbhèo ndbd vtarhr cenhahfjfheodv/ Oe vd

~rj~j nd hoqefjr gev nhadrdo~dv ~rj~jnev ahrcjnev per dg Mebhdroe dvpjúeg e vt

prêf~hfj gdmhvgjnerj rdvpdf~e j nd~drchojnjv frddofhjv nd gj cjxerãj ndg pjãv/

Vd ~rj~j nd rdfeoefdr ztd' vh d{fdp~tjcev j gj hoajofhj d{~rjoldrj prefdndo~dnd gj Dtrepj Effhndo~jg' jgrdndner ndg ;0$#80$ nd gj hoajofhj ztd preqhdod nd

ajchghjv hochmrjo~dv veo nd rdghmhöo hvgêchfj x ztd' hondpdonhdo~dcdo~d nd gj

gdomtj ztd dcpgdjo do gj ajchghj'feovhndrjo ztd dg êrjbd dv vt gdomtj/ Oe kjx

ztd egqhnjr ztd' do dg fjve ndg Hvgjc' gj vdpjrjfhöo do~rd rdghmhöo x gdomtj dv

ctx nhaãfhg' vhoe hcpevhbgd' nd kjfdr x' per dve'do dv~ev fdo~rev' dvpdfhjgcdo~d

gev ztd j~hdondo j to mrjo oücdre nd dvfegjrdv nd ajchghjv ztd preadvjo gj rdgh#

mhöo hvgêchfj' gj gdomtj êrjbd ndbdrãj ~dodr gj feovhndrjfhöo nd gdomtj d{~rjold#

rj do dg prephe ftrrãftgtc x vd ndbdrãj eadr~jr jg feolto~e ndg jgtcojne/ Dgge

vdrqhrãj' do~rd e~rjv fevjv'pjrj jfjbjr feo gjv jf~hqhnjndv d{~rjdvfegjrdv nd gdo#

mtj êrjbd x rdghmhöo hvgêchfj ztd rdjgh|jo jgmtojv ermjoh|jfheodv oe mtbdroj#cdo~jgdv x fegdf~hqev nd hochmrjo~dv x ztd hcphndo j dv~d jgtcojne j jftnhr j

gjv jf~hqhnjndv d{~rjdvfegjrdv ztd gjv jvefhjfheodv nd cjnrdv x pjnrdv ermjoh#

|jo pjrj dg feolto~e ndg jgtcojne/

:1> ■ HOCHMRJFHÖO' DNTFJFHÖO X GDOMTJ PREPHJ



Do ndahoh~hqj' jprdonh|jld ghom÷ãv~hfe d ho~dmrjfhöo vefhjg feov~h~txdo

toj tohnjn ztd vd epeod j gj jvhchgjfhöo x j gj kecemdodhnjn/ Oe vd ptdnd

jprdondr gj gdomtj nd jgmthdo ztd ndvprdfhj j zthdo gj jprdond' oh ~jcpefe vd

ptdnd pdovjr do ztd gj fgjqd nd gj ho~dmrjfhöo dv dg jprdonh|jld nd gj gdomtj/

Jcbjv fevjv aercjo toj tohnjn' ~jo~e pjrj gev cjxerdv fece pjrj gev pdztd#

úev/ Gdomtjld d ho~dmrjfhöo vd fecpgdcdo~jo x vd kjfdo odfdvjrhev dg toe jg

e~re' pdre pjrj dgge ge nd~drchojo~d dv ztd gj ho~dmrjfhöo vdj ct~tj x' per ~jo#

~e' oe vdj jvhchgjfhöo/ Do dv~d prefdve' dg rdvpd~e' gj qjgerjfhöo x dg ndvjrregge

nd gev cdnhev odfdvjrhev pjrj ztd gj hochmrjfhöo cjo~domj vt prephj gdomtj dv

to dgdcdo~e ndfhvhqe pjrj ztd vd hoferperd j gj gdomtj ndg pjãv x nd gj dvftdgj/




:1=

QH/ Dg ndvjaãe ho~drftg~trjg/Dvpjúegdv jo~d gj hochmrjfhöo

Fegdf~hqe Heè

Dzthpe nd hoqdv~hmjfhöo vefhjg aercjne per

Fjrgev Pdrdnj' ]jg~dr Jf~hv x Chmtdg Êomdg nd Prjnj



:1; ■ DG NDVJAÃE HO^DRFTG^TRJG/ DVPJÚEGDV JO^D GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO


Do dg üg~hce ftjr~e ndg vhmge [[ ' ndljne j~rêv dg pdrãene arjo#

zt hv~j' c hdo~rjv gev dvpjú egdv c hrêbjc ev j Dtrepj' e~rev fhtnj njo ev

nd e~rjv pjr~dv ndg ctone fecdo|jreo j ahljrvd do Dvpjúj/Jg prhofh#

phe pjvjbjo ndvjpdrfhbhnev perzt d gev dvpj úegdv hndo ~hahfê bj c ev j

to j pjr~d nd dggev feo ~trhv~jv' jt ozt d atdrjo nd fjvh nefd c dvdv jg

jú e' x nd gj e~rj pjr~d jpdojv ~doãjc ev oe~hfhj jg tbhfjrvd do |eo jv

jmrjrhjv e dcpgdjrvd do gj feov~rtffhöo nd ebrjv pübghfjv fece gjv

jt~ephv~jv ztd cendroh|jbjo dg pjhvjld/Oh to vdf~er oh dg e~re vtpt#

vhdreo fjcbhe do gj pdrfdpfhöo nd gev jt~öf~eoev fece ~jcpefe ge

vtpeo ãj gj ggdmjnj ~rjnhfheoj g nd per~tmtdvdv do gjv preqhofhjv areo~d#

rh|jv/ Dvpjú j feo~hot jbj vhdone t o pjãv nd dc hmrjo ~dv jg d{~rjo ldre

e nd c hmrjo ~dv ho~drherdv/

Atd vöge ftjone gj Fectohnjn Dfeoöchfj Dtrepdj hcptve vtv

feonhfheodv' ftj one vtrmhö gj hoc hmrjfhöo fec e prebgdcj< vh Dvpjú j

prd~donãj hoferperjrvd j gj FDD' ~doãj zt d gdmhvgjr vebrd gj prdvdofhj nd

fhtnjnjoev oe fect oh~jrhev x feo~regjr vtv areo~drjv nd aerc j feo~t o#

ndo~d/ :8;4 at d gj adfkj nd gj jprebjfhöo nd gj ndoec hojnj ©gdx ndd{~rjoldrãj¹ x :8;1 gj ndg homrdve ndg Rdhoe nd Dvpjúj do gj FDD/ J pjr#

~hr nd do~eofdv vd prentle gj dvfhvhöo<toev drjo d{~rjoldrev rdvhndo~dv

+rdmtgjrdv( x e~rev hrrdmtgjrdv +vho d{hv~dofhj gdmjg vh oe drj pjrj pdrvd#

mthrgev(/Gj vh~tjfhöo vefhedfeoöchfj ~drchoö jmrjqjone dg prebgdcj<dg

hofrdc do~e ndg pjre x gj arjmc do~jfhöo vefhjg ztd vd prentle do gj nèfj#

nj :8=4#:8;> fecdo|ö j btvfjr ftgpjbgdv/Gev cdnhev nd fectohfjfhöo

cjvhqj x ndfgjrjfheodv nd rdvpeovjbgdv pegã~hfev nd Ho~drher nhrhmhdreo

gjv chrjnjv nd gj ephohöo pübghfj kjfhj gev hochmrjo~dv/Gev hochmrjo~dv

rdmtgjrdv dcpd|jreo j pdrfhbhrvd fece ©ctfkev¹ x gev hrrdmtgjrdv fece

©ndghoftdo~dv¹/ Gj d{jfdrbjfhöo do gj ephohöo pübghfj frdö to fghc j j gztd vd ho~do~ö peodr aho ~rjv gev jvdvhoj~ev {doöaebev fece dg nd

Gtfrdfhj Pèrd|/ Pjr~d nd gj pebgjfhöo vd gdqjo ~ö feo~rj dggev' feo~rj gj

ho~e{hfjfhöo hoaercj~hqj x feo~rj gj pegã~hfj mtbdrojc do~jg9ndvnd

do~eofdv vd kj kdfke preqdrbhjg dg mrh~e<©jbjle gj gdx nd d{~rjoldrãj¹/




Dvpjúj jcjodfhö fece pjãv nd hochmrjfhöo preatonjcdo~d nhqh#

nhnj/ Pdre oh gev {doöaebev oh gev jo~hrrjfhv~jv rdprdvdo~jo j gj cjxe#

rãj/ Ge c hvc e zt d qhqdo do~rd oeve~rev mrjo nhqdrvhnjn nd d{~rjo ld#

rev' kjx n hqdrvhnjn nd dvpjú egdv x fjnj vdf~er nd gj pebgjfhöo phdovj

nd c ene nhv~ho ~e jo ~d gev d{~rjoldrev/ Dg ebld~hqe nd dv~d fjpã~t ge dv'

prdfhvjc do~d' jndo ~rjrvd do gjv nh adrdo ~dv ©fgjqdv¹ +e gömhfjv( feo gjv

zt d nhfkev vdf~erdv nd dvpjú egdv pdovjc ev dvev ©e~rev¹ zt d feoqhqdo

jzt ã' qhvhbgdv e oe' x do ct fkev fjvev feo ho ~dofhöo nd pdrc jo dofhj9

~jcbhèo kjrdcev toj hoftrvhöo do gjv rdpdrftvheodv ztd ~hdod dvd

pdo vjr x ndfhr vebrd gev e~rev do otdv~re jf~t jr jo~d dggev' j ~rjqèv nd

ge ztd eftrrd do dg fjc pe dntfj~hqe/ Prdvdo~jc ev gev rdvtg~jnev nd

toj hoqdv~hmjfhöo vebrd gj dvftdgj fece dvpjfhe nd jffhöo ho~drftg~t#

rjg' d{jc hojo ne gjv pevhfheodv nd gev jmdo~dv vefhedntfj~hqev rdvpdf~e

j gj c hvc j/

enev x fjnj t oe nd oeve~rev' do ftjo ~e honhqhnt ev pjr~hftgj#

rdv' dv~jc ev hoc drvev do feo~d{~ev d{hv~dofhjgdv +ft g~trjgdv' ghom÷ãv~h#

fev' nd fgjvd(' ztd pendcev pdovjr fec e prephev' pdre' jg aho' ~dond#

cev j fj~dmerh|jr dg do~eroe vefhjg do ~èrchoev nd hofgtvhöo nd gev

e~rev do nhqdrvev mrtpev/Gjv areo~drjv do~rd dg ©oeve~rev¹ x ©gev e~rev¹~hdodo nhv~ho~j tb hfjfhöo do fjnj fjve +pebrdv % rhfev9rjfheojgdv% hofh#

qhgh|jnev9 hov~jgjnev% d{fgthnev9 d~f/( pdre' ~jcbhèo' ptdndo vdr nd

ãonegd nhqdrvj +c erjg' ftg~trjg' dfeoöchfj' d~f/( / Vho dc bjrme' gjv

gömhfjv nd hndo~hahfjfhöo%nhadrdofhjfhöo pjrdfdo epdrjr nd aercj

dvpdfãahfj ftjone ©gev e~rev¹ veo prdvdo~jnev bjle gj d~hztd~j mdoèrh#

fj nd d{~rjoldre/Vd ~rj~j nd toj fj~dmerãj vefhjg ztd jpjrdfd ©dvpeo#

~êodjc do~d¹ fec e nhv~ho~j' vdpjrjnj ndg feolto ~e nd gj pebgjfhöo

gefjg/J gj qd| pendcev ndfhr ztd ~jg nhv~hofhöo oe dv feov~rthnj ndg

c hvce c ene o h feo gev chvc ev c j~drhjgdv per gev nhv~ho~ev nhvftrvev

d{hv~do~dv do gj pebgjfhöo jt ~öf~eoj/ Gev rdvtg~jnev nd hoqdv~hmjfhe#odv pdrc h~do nhv~homthr ~rdv mrjondv gömhfjv' jo jgã~hfjc do~d nhadrdo#

~dv pdre ztd do gj prêf~hfj ptdndo jf~tjr fecbhojnjv nd nhv~ho~j

cjodrj<



:=0 ■ DG NDVJAÃE HO^DRFTG^TRJG/ DVPJÚEGDV JO^D GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO

Gömhfj oj fheoj ghv ~j <To jcpghe jbjohfe nd pevhfheodv nhvftr#

vhqjv fecpjr~d do vt vhcbegemãj to vtptdv~e fecüo<gj oj~trjgh|j#

fhöo ndg dv~jne#ojfhöo/Dv~d jpjrdfd fece toj rdjghnjn dvdofhjg +nj~e

hoftdv~heojbgd' oe c enhahfjbgd( zt d jnvfrhbd j gjv pebgjfheodv j t o

dv~j~tv nd fhtnjnjo ãj' nd~drc hojne per vt gtmjr nd ojfhchdo~e/ Dg

dv~jne + ztd e~ermj gj fhtn jnjo ãj( oe vdrãj t oj feov~rtffhöo vefhjg d

khv~örhfjc do~d feonhfheojn j' vhoe gj d{prdvhöo nd to j rdjghnjn ©dvdo#

fhjg¹ +gj ojfhöo %ojfheojghnjn( x dg do~d dofjrmjne nd ndadondr j dv~d

ftdrpe vefhjg/Ge ©oercjg¹ dv ztd fjnj pebgjfhöo rdvhnj do vt dvpjfhe

dv~j~jg#ojfheojg9gjv chmrjfheodv ho~drojfheojgdv ho~rentfdo toj joe#

c jgãj do dv~d erndo/ Dv~d nhvftrve oe jgtnd j pevhbgdv nhadrdofhjv

rjfhjgdv' è~ohfjv e ftg~trjgdv9do prhofhphe dv fecpj ~hbgd feo to j pev#

~trj ©jo ~h#rjfhv~j¹' vhdc prd ztd vd c jo ~domj dg prhofhphe nd zt d gj

prherhnjn do dg j ffdve j gev rdftrvev ferrdvpeond j gev ojfheo jgdv/ Per

~jo ~e' dg mrjne nd rdfdp~hqhnjn e rdfkj|e rdvpdf~e j gj hoc hmrjfhöo

dv~ê feonhfheojnj per gj pdrfdpfhöo nd' do prhc dr gtmjr' gj vh~tjfhöo

pdrveo jg x ajc hghjr x' ndvptèv' gj ndg feo lto ~e nd gev dvpjúegdv/ Dv~d

~hpe nd feovhndrjfheodv ~hdond' per vt prephj gömhfj' j ndghch~jr dg

fjc pe nd ©ge d{~rjo ldre¹ jg nd gev hoc hmrjo ~dv pebrdv' zt d jpjrdfdoctfke cêv fece feovtchnerdv nd rdftrvev nd gj vefhdnjn jt~öf~eoj

ztd fece prentf~erdv nd rhztd|j/

Gömhfj ft g~trj ghv ~j <D{hv~d e~rj mjcj nd pevhfheodv hndegömh#

fjv rdvpdf~e j gev d{~rjoldrev ztd oe vd jr~hftgj do ~eroe jg jrmtcdo#

~e o jfheojg vhoe j g nd gj nhadrdofhj ftg~t rjg/Dg nhvftrve vd feov~rtxd j

pjr~hr nd nev vtpt dv~ev bêvhfev/ Do prhc dr gtmjr' gjv ftg~t rjv veo toh#

qdrvev fdrrjnev' hoc enhahfjbgdv do vtv rjvmev at onjc do~jgdv +vtpt dv#

~e dvdofhjghv~j(9 do vdmtone gt mjr' d{hv~do ftg~trjv c t~t jc do~d ho#

fec pj~hbgdv' ztd do oho müo fjve ptdndo fed{hv~hr pjfãahfjc do~d9dv~j

hofecpj~hbhghnjn dv j~rhbthnj kjbh~tjgcdo~d j gjv ghch~jfheodv ndfhdr~jv ftg~t rjv ndahohnj v fec e ©fdrrjnjv¹' ge zt d gjv feoq hdr~d do

hoadrherdv e j~rjvjnjv +vtpt dv~e nd ldrjrzth|j fhöo(/ Per ~jo ~e' jg c jr#

mdo nd ftêgdv vdjo gjv fhrfto v~jofhjv dfeoöc hfjv' gj fed{hv~dofhj nd

fegdf~hqev feo ftg~trjv ©oe fecpj~hbgdv¹ vöge ptdnd vjgnjrvd feo gj



:=:GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■

jvhc hgjfhöo e feo gj vdmrdmjfhöo jbvegt~j/ Gjv jf~h~tndv rdvpdf~e j gev

d{~rjoldrev ndpdondo' do dv~d fjve' ndg to hqdrve ftg~trjg jg ztd vd gev

jnvfrhbj x nd gj pevhfhöo nd èv~d rdvpdf~e j gj ft g~trj jt ~öf~eoj/ Gj

pdrvhv~do fhj nd vtv pjr~hft gjrhnjndv ftg~t rjgdv' pdrfhbhnj v fec e rdvhv#

~dofhj j gj ho~dmrjfhöo do t o c jrfe to hqdrvjghv~j' oe jper~j rhztd|j

vhoe feoa ghf~hqhnj n vefhjg/ Oe d{hv~do pevhbhghnjn dv nd ct ~t e ho~dr#

fjc bhe x feoqhqdo fhj artf~ãadrj ftj on e gj c hoerãj dv +e vdj' vd gj

fjrjf~drh|j fec e( per~jnerj nd ~rjnhfheojghvc e fdrrjne' hrrjfheojgh#

njn x jmrdvhqhnjn/

Gömhfj hm tj gh~ j r hj < Gj ~drfdrj gömhfj nhvftrvhqj pj r~d nd to

hmtj gh~jrhvc e zt d hc ptmoj gev frh~drhev nd nhvfrhc hojfhöo oj fheojg e

ftg~trjg' ptdv pjr~d nd gj hmtjgnjn bê vhfj nd gev vdrdv ktc jo ev/ Gj

gömhfj nd gev ndrdfkev ktcjoev kj nd vdr tohqdrvjg vho nd~dodrvd do

gjv areo~drjv dv~j~jgdv/Dv~d pev~tgjne mdoèrhfe jnch~d nhv~ho~jv cent#

gjfheodv' zt d mdodrjo nhvftrvev nhadrdofhjnev rdvpdf~e j ge d{~rjo ldre'

ztd qjo ndvnd gj hmtjgnjn nd eper~tohnjndv do to ctone dfeoöch#

fjcdo~d jbhdr~e kjv~j gj frã~hfj areo~jg jg erndojchdo~e vefhjg/

Gev nhvftrvev feofrd~ev zt d dvftfkj c ev oe ~hdodo gjv fjrj f~d#

rãv~hfjv o d~jv nd dv~ev ~hpev ptrev/Gj nho êc hfj nd gjv rdgjfheodv vefhj#

gdv' gj ho~drjffhöo do~rd nhqdrvev mrtpev' dg ho ~drfjc bhe x gev nhv~ho~ev

qãoftgev nd pendr%vtbernhojfhöo mdodrjo nhqdrvjv fecbhojfheodv x

veo dg rdvtg~jne nd ndvpghdmtdv qjrhjbgdv' zt d dv~êo do atofhöo n d gj

pevhfhöo vefhj g ndg k jbgjo ~d9 rdagdljo' jndc êv' vt rdadrdo fhj j to ebld#

~e hgtverhe/ Nd kdfke' oe d{hv~d to rdadrdo ~d ahle oh t oãqefe nd gev nhv#

ftrvev zt d jgtndo j ©ge d{~rjo ldre¹< j qdfdv vd fec hdo| j j kjbgjr

vebrd d{~rjoldrev +oe dvpjúegdv( pjrj ndvgh|j rvd kjfhj frh~drhev nd fgj#

vd +gev pebrdv(' è~ohfev +neond vd hofgtxd j gev mh~jo ev dvpjúegdv( e

ftg~trjgdv +mrtpev jbhdr~ev#fhqhgh|jnev ardo~d j fdrrjnev#j~rjvjnev('

vdmüo vdj dg fjve/ Btvfjo ne to fec üo ndoec hoj ner nd gjv nhv~ho~jv

rdprdvdo~jfheodv ztd jnzthdrd ge d{~rjoldre pjrj gjv pevhfheodv oe

hmtjgh~jrhjv penrãjc ev ndfhr zt d kjfd rdadrdofhj j gj mdo~d ©nd jbjle¹

+gjv pdrveojv d{~rjoldrjv j gjv ztd vd gdv j~rhbtxd vhchgh~tndv feo gj



:/ Ho~rentffhöo

Ndvnd kjfd qjrhjv nèfjnjv x nd cene fjvh hcpdrfdp~hbgd otdv~rjv fht#

njndv x ptdbgev jvã fece gev fjcpev kjo hne rdfhbhdone j e~rjv pdrveojv jo~dv

ndvfeoefhnjv9 kex dv~êo feoqhqhdone feo oeve~rev/ Jg prhofhphe pjvjbjo ndv#

jpdrfhbhnev perztd gev dvpjúegdv hndo~hahfêbjcev toj pjr~d nd dggjv feo ~trhv#

~jv' jtoztd atdrjo nd fjvh nefd cdvdv jg júe'x nd gj e~rj pjr~d jpdojv ~doãjcev

oe~hfhj jg tbhfjrvd do |eojv jmrjrhjv e dcpgdjrvd do gj feov~rtffhöo nd ebrjv

pübghfjv fece gjv jt~ephv~jv ztd cendroh|jbjo dg pjhvjld/ Oh to vdf~er oh dg

e~re vtptvhdreo fjcbhe do gj pdrfdpfhöo nd gev jt~öf~eoev fece ~jcpefe ge

vtpeoãj gj ggdmjnj ~rjnhfheojg nd per~tmtdvdv do gjv preqhofhjv areo~drh|jv/

Dvpjúj feo~hotjbj vhdone to pjãv nd dchmrjo~dv jg d{~rjoldre e nd chmrjo~dv

ho~drherdv/

Jgme ndvptèv dcpd|jcev j eãr do gjv mrjondv fhtnjndv jfdo~ev vtn#

jcdrhfjoev ztd drjo feoefhnev per dg fhod x gj ^Q9vd ho~rentldreo do gjv fjvjv

nd vdf~erdv jvdo~jnev fkhfjv ahghphojv feo nechohe ndg homgèv pjrj ©vdrqhr¹9 gjv

pgjxjv vd qegqhdreo ctg~hfegerdv ndvnd gev ptdv~ev nd qdo~j jcbtgjo~d' d~f/Chdo~rjv gev dvpjúegdv chrêbjcev j Dtrepj' ~enev jztdggev fhtnjnjoev ndg

ctone chrjbjo kjfhj Dvpjúj/ X gj do~eofdv Fectohnjn Dfeoöchfj Dtrepdj

hcptve vtv feonhfheodv< vh Dvpjúj prd~donãj hoferperjrvd' ~doãj ztd gdmhvgjr

vebrd gj prdvdofhj nd fhtnjnjoev oe fectoh~jrhev x dg feo~reg nd gjv areo~drjv

nd aercj feo~tondo~d/ :8;4 atd gj adfkj nd gj jprebjfhöo nd gj ndoechojnj

:=6GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■

pjrjnelj x gj fec pgdlhnj n nd gj rdgjfhöo do ~rd c endro h| jfhöo d hndo#

~hnjndv vefhjgdv/ Dg rd~e dv jpreqdfkjr dv~j vh~tjfhöo k hv~örhfj fec e

eper~tohnj n pjrj jprdondr j feoqhqhr nd cene o tdqe/ Gj nhvftvhöo

pjrgjc do~jrhj nd toj otdqj gdx nd d{~rjoldrãj kj c ev~rj ne gjv nev

qdr~hdo~dv jpto~jnjv<gj feofdpfhöo nd Dvpjúj fece pjãv nd jfemhnj

x gj ndg aèrrde feo ~reg peghfhj g nd gev agt lev +ltv~hahfjne xj fgjrjc do~d

do gj d{hmdofhj nd Dtrepj' ftc brd nd jc pdrd(/ µDv~jrê prö{hc e dg

hndjg zt d prepeod gj ho ~drft g~trjghnjn e oe5 Dv ~jrdj nd ~enev gev ztd

jpev~dcev per dgge/



©gdx nd d{~rjoldrãj¹ x :8;1 gj ndg homrdve ndg Rdhoe nd Dvpjúj do gj FDD/ J pjr#

~hr nd do~eofdv vd prentle gj dvfhvhöo< toev drjo d{~rjoldrev rdvhndo~dv +rdmtgj#

rdv( x e~rev hrrdmtgjrdv +vho d{hv~dofhj gdmjg vh oe drj pjrj pdrvdmthrgev(/ Gj

vh~tjfhöo vefhedfeoöchfj ~drchoö jmrjqjone dg prebgdcj< dg hofrdcdo~e ndg

pjre x gj arjmcdo~jfhöo vefhjg ztd vd prentle do gj nèfjnj :8=4#:8;> fecdo#

|ö j btvfjr ftgpjbgdv/ Gev cdnhev nd fectohfjfhöo cjvhqj x ndfgjrjfheodv nd

rdvpeovjbgdv pegã~hfev nd Ho~drher nhrhmhdreo gjv chrjnjv nd gj ephohöo pübghfj

kjfhj gev hochmrjo~dv/ Gev hochmrjo~dv rdmtgjrdv dcpd|jreo j pdrfhbhrvd fece

©ctfkev¹ x gev hrrdmtgjrdv fece ©ndghoftdo~dv¹/ Gj d{jfdrbjfhöo do gj ephohöo

pübghfj frdö to fghcj jg ztd vd ho~do~ö peodr aho ~rjv gev jvdvhoj~ev {doöaebevfece dg nd Gtfrdfhj Pèrd|/ Pjr~d nd gj pebgjfhöo vd gdqjo~ö feo~rj dggev'gj ho~e#

{hfjfhöo hoaercj~hqj x gj pegã~hfj mtbdrojcdo~jg9 ndvnd do~eofdv vd kj kdfke

preqdrbhjg dg mrh~e<©jbjle gj gdx nd d{~rjoldrãj¹/

Dvpjúj jcjodfhö fece pjãv nd hochmrjfhöo preatonjcdo~d nhqhnhnj/

Pdre oh gev {doöaebev oh gev jo~hrrjfhv~jv rdprdvdo~jo j gj cjxerãj/ Ge chvce

ztd qhqdo do~rd oeve~rev mrjo nhqdrvhnjn nd d{~rjoldrev' kjx nhqdrvhnjn nd

dvpjúegdv x fjnj vdf~er nd gj pebgjfhöo phdovj nd cene nhv~ho~e jo~d gev

d{~rjoldrev/ Dg ebld~hqe nd dv~d fjpã~tge dv'prdfhvjcdo~d'jndo~rjrvd do gjv nhad#

rdo~dv ©fgjqdv¹ +e gömhfjv( feo gjv ztd nhfkev vdf~erdv nd dvpjúegdv pdovjcev

dvev ©e~rev¹ ztd feoqhqdo jztã' qhvhbgdv e oe' x do ctfkev fjvev feo ho~dofhöond pdrcjodofhj9 ~jcbhèo kjrdcev toj hoftrvhöo do gjv rdpdrftvheodv ztd ~hd#

od dvd pdovjr x ndfhr vebrd gev e~rev do otdv~re jf~tjr jo~d dggev' j ~rjqèv nd ge

ztd eftrrd do dg fjcpe dntfj~hqe/ Prdvdo~jcev gev rdvtg~jnev nd toj hoqdv~hmj#

fhöo vebrd gj dvftdgj fece dvpjfhe nd jffhöo ho~drftg~trjg' d{jchojone gjv

pevhfheodv nd gev jmdo~dv vefhedntfj~hqev rdvpdf~e j gj chvcj/ Kex per kex'

Dvpjúj dv vhctg~êodjcdo~d pjãv nd dchmrjfhöo x nd hochmrjfhöo9vefhjg x ftg~t#

rjgcdo~d vhdcprd kj vhne pgtrjg' jtoztd kjxj fev~jne ctfke rdfeoefdrge' x gj

prdvdofhj nd hochmrjo~dv do~rd oeve~rev qtdgqd j peodrge nd cjohahdv~e/ Dg rd~e

dv jpreqdfkjr dv~j vh~tjfhöo khv~örhfj fece eper~tohnjn pjrj jprdondr j feo#

qhqhr nd cene otdqe/ Gj nhvftvhöo pjrgjcdo~jrhj nd toj otdqj gdx nd d{~rjo# ldrãj kj cev~rjne gjv nev qdr~hdo~dv jpto~jnjv< gj feofdpfhöo nd Dvpjúj fece

pjãv nd jfemhnj x gj ndg aèrrde feo~reg peghfhjg nd gev agtlev +ltv~hahfjne xj fgj#

rjcdo~d do gj d{hmdofhj nd Dtrepj' ftcbrd nd jcpdrd(/ µDv~jrê prö{hce dg

hndjg ztd prepeod gj ho~drftg~trjghnjn e oe5 Dv ~jrdj nd ~enev gev ztd jpev~d#

cev per dgge/

:=> ■ DG NDVJAÃE HO^DRFTG^TRJG/ DVPJÚEGDV JO^D GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO



2/ Ndvnd nöond vd kjbgj

Dvpjúegdv' toev x e~rev

©Gev dvpjúegdv nhfdo nd gev hoc hmrjo ~dv///¹/ Jahrcjfheodv mdoèrhfjv nd

dv~d ~doer gjv pendcev dvftfkjr ~jo~e do gev cdnhev nd fectohfjfhöo vefhjg

fece do feoqdrvjfheodv do dg bjr x do~rd mrtpev nd jchmev/ ©Gev dvpjúegdv

nhfdo///¹ ~hdond j feov~h~thr to vtld~e kjbgjo~d kecemèode' egqhnjone gjv aer#

cjv dvpdfãahfjv x feofrd~jv ztd jnep~jo gev nhvftrvev vefhjgdv do ftjo~e rdagd#

le ndg cene nd pevhfheojrvd jo~d jgme%jgmthdo gev nhv~ho~ev mrtpev vefhjgdv +nd

dvpjúegdv' do dv~d fjve(/ Vhdcprd dofeo~rjcev jo~d to ~dcj' ebld~e nd ephohöo

pübghfj'pevhfheodv nhadrdofhjbgdv perztd gjv hndjv vd mdodrjo do feo~d{~ev khv#

~örhfev prdfhvev x do mrtpev vefhjgdv nd~drchojnev/

Dv~jcev jfev~tcbrjnev j gddr otdv~rj khv~erhj rdfhdo~d do ~èrchoev nd

mdodrjfheodv<otdv~rev jbtdgev e gev pjnrdv qhqãjo do ~hdcpev do gev ztd gj ~rj#

nhfhöo pdvjbj ~jo~e ztd drj fjvh hcpevhbgd dg premrdve9 do fjcbhe' otdv~re

~hdcpe dv dg nd gj cendroh|jfhöo x oev vh~üj do gj jt~eqãj ndg ndvjrregge/ Dg

pjve nd gj ~rjnhfhöo j gj cendroh|jfhöo oe ~donrãj qtdg~j j~rêv'per ge ztd ftjg#

zthdr rdhqhonhfjfhöo nd ge fectoh~jrhe e ~rjnhfheojg jpjrdfd fece hoqefjfhöo

ndvajvjnj ftjone oe nhrdf~jcdo~d rdjffheojrhj/ Gj cendroh|jfhöo vd prdvdo~j'do fjcbhe' fece to prefdve mrjntjg x feo~hote ztd d{pjond gjv pe~dofhjghnj#

ndv nd to erndo vefhjg bjvjne do gj ©rjfheojghnjn¹/

Dg cendge vefhjg nd gj cendroh|jfhöo rdvpeond j gjv vh~tjfheodv nd gjv

vefhdnjndv nd fjph~jghvce jqjo|jne9 dv' vho dcbjrme' toj vhcpghahfjfhöo nd gev

prefdvev vefhjgdv/ Vh per to gjne feo~hdod to dgdcdo~e cã~hfe +precd~d dg bhd#

odv~jr frdfhdo~d pjrj ~enev do to cjrfe nd pj| vefhjg x jbtonjofhj hghch~jnj('

per e~re dv~ê tohne j to fjrêf~dr hcpevh~hqe +gj cendroh|jfhöo vd pgjvcjrãj do

to cendge üohfe x vöge d{hv~hrãj toj qãj pjrj jffdndr j dggj9 atdrj nd dv~d cjr#

fe vöge vd dofeo~rjrãj evftrjo~hvce x j~rjve(/ Ndvnd otdv~re pto~e nd qhv~j

pjrj jojgh|jr gev rjvmev fjrjf~drãv~hfev nd toj vefhdnjn fece gj dvpjúegj feo#

qhdod jnep~jr toj pdrvpdf~hqj nd joêghvhv cêv jcpghj' ztd ho~do~d vtpdrjr dg

rdntffheohvce bhpegjr ~rjnhfhöo#cendrohnjn/

Gev dvpjúegdv ztd ~hdodo do gj jf~tjghnjn cêv nd 14 júev vd vefhjgh|j#

reo do dg pdrãene nd gj mtdrrj x pevmtdrrj fhqhg/ Do jztdggev júev' Dvpjúj drj




to pjãv prdnechojo~dcdo~d jmrjrhe< dg >8$ nd gj pebgjfhöo dv~jbj eftpjnj do

dg vdf~er jmrãfegj#mjojndre/ Gj jt~jrztãj dfeoöchfj hcpgjo~jnj ~rjv gj mtdrrj

fhqhg per toj nhf~jntrj aèrrdj'bdodahfhjbj do prhcdr gtmjr j gev mrjondv ~drrj~d#

ohdo~dv9 gj hndegemãj nechojo~d d{jg~jbj gev qjgerdv nd gj ©ajchghj frhv~hjoj¹

+jt~erhnjn pj~rhjrfjg' vtchvhöo ahghjg' dv~rhf~j vdpjrjfhöo nd regdv do~rd gev

vd{ev('dg keoer' dg dv~j~tv x gj prephdnjn/+60( Dg vdf~er nd pebgjfhöo ztd qhqhö nd

ggdoe dvd jcbhdo~d vtpeod do gj jf~tjghnjn do ~eroe jg :>$ ndg ~e~jg/

Jg fechdo|e nd gj nèfjnj nd gev vdvdo~j vd hohfhj toj mrjo ~rjovaercj#

fhöo vefhd~jrhj' feontfhnj per dg chvce rèmhcdo pegã~hfe jt~erh~jrhe ndg arjo#

zthvce/ Gj jpdr~trj dfeoöchfj jg d{~drher peod do cjrfkj to prefdve nd ndv#pghdmtd fjph~jghv~j ztd rdfecpeod gj feoahmtrjfhöo vefhjg' dfeoöchfj d hndegö#

mhfj ndg pjãv/ Dg pdrãene :810#:8=4 +d~jpj ndvjrregghv~j( vd fjrjf~drh|j per gj

hontv~rhjgh|jfhöo' gj cendroh|jfhöo jmrãfegj' gjv chmrjfheodv cjvhqjv' gj trbjoh#

|jfhöo' dg ndvjrregge nd toj oercj nd feovtce nd cjvjv x dg hohfhe nd to vhv~d#

cj dv~j~jg nd pre~dffhöo vefhjg/

Ntrjo~d dv~ev :4 júev toev fhofe chggeodv nd dvpjúegdv dchmrjreo ndv#

nd gjv |eojv rtrjgdv kjfhj gev pegev nd ndvjrregge e kjfhj gj Dtrepj hontv~rhjgh#

|jnj/ Gj pebgjfhöo dcpgdjnj do gj jmrhftg~trj ndvfdonhö atdr~dcdo~d kjv~j dg

2>':$' ndbhne j to prefdve nd frdfhdo~d hontv~rhjgh|jfhöo ndg vdf~er +prentf#

fhöo qegfjnj jg cdrfjne' ho~rentffhöo nd adr~hgh|jo~dv' cdfjoh|jfhöo' d~f/(/

Pjrjgdgjcdo~d vd ndvjrreggö dg prefdve nd trbjoh|jfhöo' fdo~rjne do toev

pefev pegev nd ndvjrregge' ztd vd jvdo~jreo do toj oe~jbgd hontv~rhjgh|jfhöo x

do dg ndvpghdmtd nd otdqjv rjcjv nd gev vdrqhfhev +dg dcpgde do hontv~rhj x

feov~rtffhöo pjvö ndg 2;$ jg 64$' x dg nd gev vdrqhfhev nd 2;$ j 68$(/ Dg

Prentf~e Ho~drher Brt~e vd ntpghfö jcpghjcdo~d x vd rdntldreo gjv nhv~jofhjv

feo gj Fectohnjn Dtrepdj +gj rdo~j per pdrveoj pjvö ndg 4;$ nd gj cdnhj nd

gev pjãvdv ztd jf~tjgcdo~d fecpeodo gj TD j fdrfj ndg =0$(9pjrjgdgjcdo~d vd

ndvjrreggö toj nhoêchfj fdo~re%pdrhadrhj do~rd gjv |eojv ©cendroh|jnjv¹

+Cjnrhn' Pjãv Qjvfe' Fj~jgtúj x gev jrfkhphègjmev( x gjv ©j~rjvjnjv¹ ndo~re ndg

~drrh~erhe dvpjúeg/

Ndo~re ndg prephe cjrfe pegã~hfe nhf~j~erhjg' dv~d feolto~e nd ~rjovaer#

cjfheodv nhe gtmjr jg vtrmhchdo~e hofhphdo~d nd to vhv~dcj nd pre~dffhöo

:=1 ■ DG NDVJAÃE HO^DRFTG^TRJG/ DVPJÚEGDV JO^D GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO

+60( Jgmtoev nd dv~ev dgdcdo~ev dv~êo ndvjrreggjnev do Jgeove' G/D/ x Feond'A/' Khv~erh j ndg feovt c e do Dvpjú j<tojjpre{hcj fhöo j vtv erãmdodv x prhc dr ndvjrregge' Ndbj~d' Cjnrhn':88>'pêmv/ 2>#62/



vefhjg dv~j~jg/ Do~rd :81;#=2 vd nj dg pjve nd to Dv~jne pre~df~er rdvhntjg j

e~re hov~h~tfheojg' ztd vöge cêv ~jrnd jnep~jrãj aercjv ndcefrê~hfjv/ Do :8=0

+Gdx Mdodrjg nd Dntfjfhöo( x :8=2 +Gdx nd Bjvdv nd gj Vdmtrhnjn Vefhjg( vd nj

dg pto~e nd jrrjoztd jg frdfhchdo~e ndg mjv~e vefhjg' jpexjne do gj fehofhndo#

fhj nd gjv odfdvhnjndv nd jftctgjfhöo +mjrjo~h|jr toj ndcjonj vegqdo~d( x gjv

rdhqhonhfjfheodv vefhjgdv/ Do gev vd~do~j vd rdmhv~rö dg cê{hce frdfhchdo~e khv#

~örhfe ndg mjv~e vefhjg do rdgjfhöo jg PHB9 ndbhne bêvhfjcdo~d j gev fjpã~tgev nd

dntfjfhöo x vjohnjn/

Dg pdrãene ©ndvjrregghv~j¹ vtptve to fjcbhe khv~örhfe nd preperfheodv

ndvfeoefhnjv do gj khv~erhj dvpjúegj/ J cdnhjnev nd gev vd~do~j gj cjxerãj ndgj pebgjfhöo qhqãj do fhtnjndv' rdfhbãj to vjgjrhe feo ndrdfke j prdv~jfheodv

vefhjgdv x vjoh~jrhjv fecpgdcdo~jrhjv' fecdo|jbj j jffdndr j toj dntfjfhöo

pübghfj mrj~th~j' j qhqhdonjv prephjv' qdkãftge x toj qjrhjnj x frdfhdo~d eadr~j

nd bhdodv nd feovtce/ Vd rdmhv~rö toj cdlerj ndg ohqdg nd qhnj nd hcper~jo~dv

vdf~erdv' ge ztd rdntle gj pegjrh|jfhöo vefhjg' mdodrjnerj nd rjnhfjghvcev pegã~h#

fev/+6:( Gj ©cdo~jghnjn nd fgjvd cdnhj¹' fjrjf~drh|jnj per gjv d{pdf~j~hqjv nd

jvfdove vefhjg' nd premrdve ghodjg x feo~hotjne ndo~re ndg erndo d{hv~do~d' vd

feoqhr~hö do atdo~d nd fekdvhöo vefhjg' jüo do to feo~d{~e hov~h~tfheojg atdr~d#

cdo~d ldrêrzthfe x rdprdvhqe/ Vebrd dv~ev atonjcdo~ev vd ndvjrreggö to prefd#

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ojfheojgdv x mebhdroev ndg Oer~d< èv~ev hcptgvjo gev ojfheojghvcev' gj vdpjrj#

fhöo x feoaghf~ev do~rd ftg~trjv' x vev~hdodo j gev mebhdroev cêv rd~römrjnev

do dg Vtr pjrj mjrjo~h|jr vtv prhqhgdmhev x dg cjo~dohchdo~e nd to erndo holtv#

~e/ Dv~d feolto~e nd ajf~erdv mdodrj pebrd|j x' feovdftdo~dcdo~d'ceqhchdo#

~ev chmrj~erhev cjvhqev/ Per ~jo~e' vh dg vhv~dcj atofheoj j dvfjgj ctonhjg' dg

joêghvhv do ~èrchoev ojfheojgdv oe dv qêghne' vöge ndbd nd kjbdr fhtnjnjoevndg ctone' vtld~ev nd ndrdfkev per dg vöge kdfke nd kjbdr ojfhne/ Do dvj

gömhfj ~jcpefe dg jrmtcdo~e ndg pjre ojfheojg dv d{ftvj pjrj rdfkj|jr j gev

hochmrjo~dv' ptdv gjv ndvhmtjgnjndv ctonhjgdv veo ctfkev cêv hcper~jo~dv/

Jndcêv' gj feoqhqdofhj ndvnd prhofhphev ndcefrê~hfev d{hmhrãj dg rdvpd~e j gj

nhqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg' lto~e feo gj feondoj nd gjv ndvhmtjgnjndv dfeoöchfjv/

Ztè ~hdod ztd ndfhr gj preptdv~j nd gj cendroh|jfhöojg ~dcj nd gjv hndo~hnjndv

Dg prefdve nd ©cendroh|jfhöo¹' ~jg fece vd kj vdújgjne jg prhofhphe+jftctgjfhöo' nhadrdofhjfhöo vefhjg' ndvjrrjhme' honhqhntjgh|jfhöo///(' ceqhgh|j x

peod do frhvhv j mrtpev vefhjgdv ©~rjnhfheojgdv¹/ Dg nhvftrve ztd vd prentfd pre#

peod to dvztdcj nd joêghvhv vhcpgd pjrj njr ftdo~j ndg chvce< vd ~rj~jrãj nd

to prefdve dqegt~hqe x tohnhrdffheojg' ztd pdrch~d pjvjr nd gj ~rjnhfhöo j gj

cendrohnjn/ Ndvnd dv~j pdrvpdf~hqj gj ©cendroh|jfhöo¹ hcpghfj premrdve'ptdv

vtpeod to jqjofd hoftdv~heojbgd'x rjfheojghnjn ' xj ztd oe ho~rentfhrãj arjf~t#

rjv atonjcdo~jgdv do gj vefhdnjn9per ~jo~e' ~enj rdvhv~dofhj j vt ndvpghdmtd oe

ptdnd vhoe ho~drprd~jrvd fece ctdv~rj nd hrrjfheojghnjn x j~rjve/

Ndvnd toj pdrvpdf~hqj jgme cêv jcpghj ptdndo kjfdrvd jgmtojv ebvdr#

qjfheodv j dv~j gdf~trj rdntffheohv~j ztd kjfd gj cendroh|jfhöo'njne ztd ptd#

nd ndfhrvd ztd dg ©honhqhnte cendroe¹' vtpdrjnjv gjv j~jntrjv nd gjv vefhdnjndv

dv~jcdo~jgdv' dv ghbrd/// vegjcdo~d pjrj ndvdoqegqdrvd do to cjrfe njne d

hoftdv~heojbgd/ X' per e~rj pjr~d' gj rjfheojghnjn cendroh|jnerj oe dv ghodjg oh

d{fgtxd gj hrrjfheojghnjn vefhjg/ Dg cendge nd fjph~jghvce ztd feoefdcev oe

:8> ■ DG NDVJAÃE HO^DRFTG^TRJG/ DVPJÚEGDV JO^D GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO



kj penhne ho~dmrjr j gev fhtnjnjoev do pevhfhöo nd hmtjgnjn cêv ztd do dg pgj#

oe ltrãnhfe' chdo~rjv ztd do vt ndvjrregge aêf~hfe kj mdodrjne ndvhmtjgnjn x

d{fgtvhöo vefhjg/ Gjv rdvhv~dofhjv x zthdbrjv nd gdmh~hchnjn ztd vtrmdo nd dv~ev

prefdvev oe veo vhdcprd' oh vhzthdrj kjbh~tjgcdo~d' d{prdvhöo nd ©pdrqhqdofhjv

~rjnhfheojghv~jv¹' vtrmhnjv nd vdf~erdv vefhjgdv ztd jüo oe kjo vhne ho~dmrjnev

per gj cendroh|jfhöo9 per dg feo~rjrhe' vd ~rj~j nd hndegemãjv x fecper~jchdo#

~ev ztd vtrmdo fece feovdftdofhj ndg prephe ndvpghdmtd ndg prefdve nd gj

cendroh|jfhöo/

J pjr~hr nd dv~jv ebvdrqjfheodv dv pevhbgd vtpdrjr dg dvztdcj bhpegjr x

tohnhrdffheojg feondovjne do dg bhoeche ~rjnhfhöo#cendroh|jfhöo/Bjvêoneoevdo gjv chvcjv+>1( kdcev dgjberjne dg ftjnre H' ztd prdvdo~j toj jr~hftgjfhöo nd

ftj~re pevhfheodv ~ãphfe#hndjgdv rdvpdf~e j ©ge d{~rjoldre¹' vh~têonegjv do dg

©fjcpe nd gj ojfhöo¹<

:/ Hndo~hnjn +fectoh~jrhj( feo~rj cendrohnjn < jr~hftgj vt hndo~hnjn ndvnd

toj pev~trj nd fhdrrd d hoceqhghvce' prentf~e nd toj mrtpjghnjn vtptdv~j#

cdo~d honhadrdofhjnj d hoct~jbgd/ Gj ojfhöo +pj~rhj('prexdffhöo nd gj fect#

ohnjn gefjg' ndbd cjo~dodr vt ptrd|j ardo~d j dgdcdo~ev d{~rjúev' cjo~d#

ohèonegev jpjr~jnev nd vtv nechohev e do toj pevhfhöo nd hoadrherhnjn hrrd#

qdrvhbgd/Gev vdf~erdv vefhjgdv ztd vtv~do~jo dv~j pevhfhöo vd feovhndrjo ctx

pdrltnhfjnev +jpgjv~jnev( per dg prefdve nd gj cendroh|jfhöo vefhjg/

2/ Cendroh|jnerdv ho~egdrjo~dv< pgdojcdo~d hndo~hahfjnev feo gj oercjgh#

njn qhmdo~d' j gj ztd feofhbdo fece d{prdvhöo nd rjfheojghnjn x premrdve

ztd vd pgjvcj do gj ermjoh|jfhöo ltrãnhfj dv~j~jg/ Dg bhoeche gdmjghnjn%oer#

cjghnjn' feondovjfhöo nd ~enjv gjv qhr~tndv nd gj cendrohnjn' dv dg üohfe

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vd dv~rhf~jcdo~d j dggj' jvhchgêonevd fecpgd~jcdo~d j gj ftg~trj nechojo~d

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ojghnjn( pjrj ztd oe feo~jchodo j gj vefhdnjn jt~öf~eoj +fhqhgh|jnj(/

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fhöo ndvnd toj pevhfhöo vefhjg ndpdonhdo~d rdfgjcjo pre~dffhöo j to

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+>1( Er~ã' J/' ©Mèodvhv x dv~rtf~trj nd gj vefhdnjn nd cjvjv/ Gj aercjfhöo nd gev cdnhev nd fectohfjfhöo cjvhqj¹'peodofhj do dg Ftrve Gjv prê f~hfjv ftj gh~j ~hqjv nd hoqdv~hmj fhöo vefhjg +nhrhmhne per Êomdg nd Gtfjv('Tohqdrvhnjn nd Qdrjoe nd Dg Dvferhjg' ltghe :88>/



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ho~dmrjrvd pgdojcdo~d do gev bdodahfhev nd gj cendroh|jfhöo/

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vtbernhoj j gj nd chdcbre nd gj ktcjohnjn9 èv~j dv vdmrdmjnj do mrtpev

ndvhmtjgdv per toj dv~rtf~trj holtv~j +dg fjph~jghvce( nd jgfjofd ctonhjg/ Gj

prdvdofhj nd d{~rjoldrev dv~ê qhoftgjnj j dv~j nhoêchfj +hoqdrverdv nd fjph#

~jg' ~rjbjljnerdv hochmrjo~dv'd~f/(/ Gj veghnjrhnjn feo gev hochmrjo~dv vd dv~j#

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cjrfe dfeoöchfe d hov~h~tfheojg ztd mdodrj x rdmtgj gev prefdvev vefhjgdv'

hofgthnjv gjv chmrjfheodv/

Gev nhvftrvev feofrd~ev ztd dvftfkjcev oe ~hdodo gjv fjrjf~drãv~hfjv

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vtbernhojfhöo mdodrjo nhqdrvjv fecbhojfheodv/ enjv dggjv pjr~do nd gjv hndo~h#

njndv vefhjgdv prdvdo~jnjv pdre veo rdvtg~jne nd ndvpghdmtdv qjrhjbgdv'ztd dv~êo

do atofhöo nd gj pevhfhöo vefhjg ndg kjbgjo~d9rdagdljo'jndcêv'vt rdadrdofhj j to

ebld~e hgtverhe/ Nd kdfke' oe d{hv~d to rdadrdo~d ahle oh toãqefe nd gev nhvftrvev

ztd jgtndo j ©ge d{~rjoldre¹< j qdfdv vd fechdo|j j kjbgjr vebrd d{~rjoldrev +oe

dvpjúegdv( pjrj ndvgh|jrvd kjfhj frh~drhev nd fgjvd +gev pebrdv(' è~ohfev +neond vd

hofgtxd j gev mh~joev dvpjúegdv( e ftg~trjgdv +mrtpev jbhdr~ev#fhqhgh|jnev ardo~d j

fdrrjnev#j~rjvjnev(' vdmüo vdj dg fjve/ Btvfjone to fecüo ndoechojner nd gjv

nhv~ho~jv rdprdvdo~jfheodv ztd jnzthdrd ge d{~rjoldre pjrj gjv pevhfheodv oe hmtj#gh~jrhjv penrãjcev ndfhr ztd kjfd rdadrdofhj j gj mdo~d ©nd jbjle¹ +gjv pdrveojv

d{~rjoldrjv j gjv ztd vd gdv j~rhbtxd vhchgh~tndv feo gj prephj hndo~hnjn ‖nd fgjvd'

è~ohfj e ftg~trjg‖ phdrndo gev rjvmev nd d{~rjoldrhnjn(/ Per ~jo~e'gjv ce~hqjfheodv

do ztd vd atonjcdo~j dg rdfkj|e oe veo feovdftdo~dcdo~d rjfhv~jv +ftjone vd

jfdp~j j oe#bgjofev' fece ldztdv êrjbdv' hoqdrverdv ljpeodvdv e dv~tnhjo~dv jare#

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rev(/ Cêv bhdo' gev jrmtcdo~ev ojfheojgdv x è~ohfev vd fecbhojo feo gev nd fgjvd

pjrj jr~hftgjr to fjcpe nd rdfkj|e nd ©mdecd~rãj qjrhjbgd¹/

Gj jr~hftgjfhöo nd ©ge d{~rjoldre¹ vd hcjmhoj x feov~rtxd vefhjgcdo~d

do to prefdve feo~hote' do dv~rdfkj rdgjfhöo feo gjv rdgjfheodv nd vefhjgdv/

Dv~jcev dadf~hqjcdo~d jo~d to ©fecpgdle hodv~jbgd x ndvfdo~rjne nd vhmohah#

fjo~dv vefhjgdv do feov~jo~d ~rjovaercjfhöo j pjr~hr nd gjv gtfkjv pegã~hfjv¹/+>=(


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Oe kjx gömhfj ptrj'+>;( do ~ene fjve pjrdfd fgjre ztd gev nhvftrvev nd rdfkj|e

x%e nhvfrhchojfhöo kjfhj ©ge d{~rjoldre¹' vdj ftjg vdj gj gömhfj ndvnd gj ztd vd

ndvpghdmjo' oe ptdndo vdr d~hztd~jnev fece prd e jo~h#cendroev +d{fdp~e do

dg fjve nd gj pevhfhöo nd ©hndo~hnjn feo~rj cendrohnjn¹(/ Per dg feo~rjrhe' gj

vtpdrherhnjn nd gev ojfheojgdv vd atonj do gj gdmjghnjn ndg dv~jne#ojfhöo' hov~h#

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cendroh|jnerdv ho~egdrjo~dv' ztd vd feov~h~txd do pjrjnhmcj d{fgtvhqe nd gj

rjfheojghnjn x dg premrdve/ Ndo~re nd dv~ev cjrfev' gjv jf~h~tndv nd jpdr~trj x

veghnjrhnjn kjfhj ©ge d{~rjoldre¹ doftdo~rjo gãch~dv prdfhvev/ Do dv~ev fjvev gjvpev~trjv ©jo~h#rjfhv~jv¹ e preptdv~jv nd qjgerdv jg~droj~hqev j gj cendrohnjn

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d{hv~do vd{hvce' rjfhvce x d{fgtvhöo dfeoöchfj/

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fhdr~ev mrtpev e hov~h~tfheodv jpdojv vd doardo~j feo dg dphadoöcdoe ndg

rdfkj|e j ©ge d{~rjoldre¹' njone per btdoev dgdcdo~ev fdo~rjgdv nd gj cendroh#

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gj nhvfrhchojfhöo/ Dv~j dv gj pjrjnelj x gj fecpgdlhnjn nd gj rdgjfhöo do~rd

cendroh|jfhöo d hndo~hnjndv vefhjgdv/

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:8; ■ DG NDVJAÃE HO^DRFTG^TRJG/ DVPJÚEGDV JO^D GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO

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nd nhqdrvhnjn do gjv vefhdnjndv rdfdp~erjv' ztd qdo jtcdo~jr vt pgtrjghnjn

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bêvhfjcdo~d dg erhmdo ojfheojg' dg hnhecj' gj rdghmhöo e fhdr~ev rjvmev aãvhfev/

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hoct~jbgd' per dg feo~rjrhe dv dg rdvtg~jne nd prefdvev vefhjgdv' nd gjv dv~rj~d#

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Per e~rj pjr~d' oe ~enj fectohnjn è~ohfj ptdnd vdr fjghahfjnj fece choerãj

è~ohfj/ Pjrj dgge dv odfdvjrhe ztd' jndcêv nd dv~jr feov~h~thnj fece fectoh#

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rdahdrd jg jvpdf~e otcèrhfe vhoe j gj feonhfhöo nd hoadrherhnjn ndg fegdf~hqe/

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fhöo nd gj nhqdrvhnjn è~ohfj do gjv vefhdnjndv nd ndv~hoe/ Dv~e dv ndbhne ~jo~e j

gjv pevhbhghnjndv ztd dg jmrtpjchdo~e è~ohfe eardfd j gev hochmrjnev pjrj

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vefhdnjn rdfdp~erj/

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mhfjv' d~f/( oh vegjcdo~d do gj jffhöo nd gj pebgjfhöo cjxerh~jrhj +prdlthfhev('

vhoe do gj dv~rtf~trj nd gjv rdgjfheodv ct~tjv +hmtjgnjn e nechohe(/ Do dv~d


+40( Feovhndrjcev mrtpev e fectohnjndv è~ohfjv j gev fegdf~hqev ndahohnev j pjr~hr nd to feolto~e nd rjvmev ftg~trjgdv'~rjovch~hnev j pjr~hr ndg jprdonh|jld' oe per gj kdrdofhj mdoè~hfj/ Do gj ndahohfhöo nd ~jgdv fegdf~hqev ~hdod ~jo~jhcper~jofhj gj jt~epdrfdpfhöo +vt vdo~hchdo~e nd feoaercjr to mrtpe dvpdfãahfe x nhadrdofhjne( fece gj aercj do ztdveo pdrfhbhnev per gev e~rev/ Do~rd dv~jv pdrfdpfheodv ptdndo eftpjr to pjpdg gev rjvmev aãvhfe#bhegömhfev'pdre èv~evvöge febrjo vdo~hne do gj cdnhnj ztd veo ftg~trjgcdo~d feovhndrjnev fece rdgdqjo~dv/ Pjrj toj qhvhöo nd gj fecpgd# lhnjn ndg jvto~e qèjvd Rd{'L/'D~kohf Choerh~hdv ho ~kd Cendro Oj~heo V~j~d'Cjf Chggjo Prdvv' Geonrdv':881 x Mhcèod|'F/ ©Gj aercjfhöo nd otdqjv choerãjv è~ohfjv j pjr~hr nd gj hochmrjfhöo¹' do JJ/QQ/' Kjbgjr x ndlj r kj bgjr +veb rdrjfhvce x {doeaebhj(' Tohqdrvhnjn Jt~öoecj nd Cjnrhn':88>' pêmv/:==#220/



vdo~hne kjx qjrhev dgdcdo~ev ztd hofhndo do gj nhjgèf~hfj fectohnjn%choerãj

è~ohfj' x gj nhqdrvhnjn ©ftg~trjg¹ dv vöge toj cjohadv~jfhöo nd gjv cüg~hpgdv nhad#

rdofhjv ztd j~rjqhdvjo gj rdjghnjn vefhjg/ Èv~j hofgtxd' jg cdoev' nhcdovheodv

dfeoöchfjv' pegã~hfe#ltrãnhfjv' nd mèodre' hndegömhfe#ftg~trjgdv x è~ohfjv/ Gj hov#

frhpfhöo do dv~jv feerndojnjv nd ~enev gev honhqhntev +jt~öf~eoev d hochmrjo#

~dv( nj gtmjr j mrtpev nd pdr~dodofhj d hndo~hnjn ztd'do dg fjve nd gev üg~hcev'

jnzthdrdo fjrjf~drãv~hfjv prephjv/

Ndvnd otdv~re pto~e nd qhv~j' d{hv~d dg rhdvme nd ©ftg~trh|jr¹ d{fdvhqj#

cdo~d gj ftdv~höo nd gev mrtpev è~ohfev' ndvpeljone j gj prebgdcê~hfj nd vtv

jgfjofdv dfeoöchfev x pegã~hfev/ Gev rdvtg~jnev nd nhqdrvev dv~tnhev vebrd gjhovdrfhöo vefhjg nd gev hochmrjo~dv honhfjo ztd gj pegã~hfj vefhjg dv~ê ndv~hojnj

jg arjfjve vh oe gemrj ho~drqdohr nd aercj ajqerjbgd vebrd gev ajf~erdv ztd ghch#

~jo dg jffdve nd gjv choerãjv j gev rdftrvev dfeoöchfev +dcpgde'prdv~jfheodv(

x j gj pgdoj fhtnjnjoãj pegã~hfj +dv~jbhghnjn ltrãnhfj' ndrdfkev pegã~hfev pgdoev(/

Vho toj fgjrj ~ecj nd pjr~hne do dv~d vdo~hne gjv prefgjcjv ho~drftg~trjghv~jv

vöge vdrqhrêo pjrj gdmh~hcjr gj d{pge~jfhöo x vtbernhojfhöo nd gjv choerãjv è~oh#

fjv/ Per dg cecdo~e' do Dvpjúj oe vd kj dv~jbgdfhne to cendge jfjbjne nd

ho~dmrjfhöo vefhjg nd gev hochmrjo~dv d{~rjoldrev' ~jo~e per dg rdfdo~ãvhce ndvj#

rregge nd pegã~hfjv eahfhjgdv ndv~hojnjv j dv~d fegdf~hqe'fece per gj ajg~j nd ndah#

ohfhöo nd tojv gãodjv erhdo~jnerjv kjv~j bhdo do~rjnev gev júev oeqdo~j/ Do pjr#~hftgjr' kj vhne dg vhv~dcj dvfegjr dg ztd cêv ho~drèv kj ndvpdr~jne9êcbh~e do dg

ztd kj jpjrdfhne nd cene d{pgãfh~e gj preptdv~j nd gj ho~drftg~trjghnjn e

dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg/ J feo~hotjfhöo qjcev j jpto~jr jgmtojv gãodjv nd

jf~tjfhöo ztd dv~êo ~dohdone gtmjr do dv~d êcbh~e' ztd ctdv~rjo föce vd

ho~rentfd x dv cjodljnj do gj dvftdgj gj nhqdrvhnjn ztd ~rjd feovhme gj hochmrj#

fhöo/+4:(

Gj ho~drftg~trjghnjn x gj dvftdgj ebghmj~erhj

Gj kd~dremdodhnjn ftg~trjg dv toj fjrjf~drãv~hfj nd gjv vefhdnjndv jf~tj#gdv/ Vho dcbjrme' gev dv~jnev#ojfhöo vd feov~h~txdreo feo gj prd~dovhöo nd toh#

aercjr dg ctone oercj~hqe x nd qjgerdv nd gjv pebgjfheodv ztd gev fecpeoãjo/

200 ■ DG NDVJAÃE HO^DRFTG^TRJG/ DVPJÚEGDV JO^D GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO

+4:( Do gjv pêmhojv vhmthdo~dv rdfemdcev rdvtg~jnev nd gj hoqdv~hmjfhöo rdjgh|jnj per Fegdf~hqe Heè' Dg ~rj~jchdo~e ndgj nhqdrvhnjn do gj dvftdgj' feo dvpdfhjg j~dofhöo jg fegdf~hqe nd hoc hmrjo~dv' FHND'Cjnrhn' :88=/



Dg hndjg vd rdvtcãj bjle gj aörctgj ©to dv~jne#to ptdbge#toj gdomtj#toj ftg~t#

rj¹/ Do~rd gev cdnhev pjrj mjrjo~h|jr ~jg ebld~hqe ndvdcpdúö to pjpdg atonj#

cdo~jg dg cendge nd dvftdgj üohfj' jg cdoev kjv~j gj jpjrhfhöo nd gev cendr#

oev cdnhev nd fectohfjfhöo cjvhqj' ftxe pendr pjrj prephfhjr dg feovdove

vefhjg x gj tohaerchnjn kj ndvpgj|jne do mrjo pjr~d gjv aercjv ~rjnhfheojgdv nd

feo~reg x jt~erhnjn/ J pdvjr nd gj jffhöo nd dv~ev nhvpevh~hqev' gj nhqdrvhnjn

vefhjg otofj kj ndvjpjrdfhne9 gjv rdvhv~dofhjv j gj kecemdodh|jfhöo vd kjo

cjohadv~jne tojv qdfdv fece feoaghf~ev do~rd qjgerdv nd fgjvdv vefhjgdv' e~rjv

fece fkeztdv do~rd dg cendge eahfhjg x gjv pjt~jv nd nhv~ho~jv rdmheodv x%e gdo#

mtjv' do efjvheodv bjle gj aercj nd rdfkj|e e ndvdo~donhchdo~e cjohadv~jneper choerãjv è~ohfjv'd~f/ ^rjnhfheojgcdo~d' ~jgdv cjohadv~jfheodv atdreo fj~jge#

mjnjv ndvnd gj pevhfhöo dv~j~jghv~j fece ctdv~rjv nd j~rjve e rdvhv~dofhjv jg

premrdve nd gj ojfhöo9 do gj jf~tjghnjn' jtoztd feo nhahftg~jndv' vd jbrd pjve

e~rj feofdpfhöo ztd oe vöge rdfeoefd gj dqhndofhj nd gj pgtrjghnjn ho~droj nd

gev dv~jnev ojfheojgdv' vhoe ztd jahrcj dg qjger pevh~hqe nd ~jg fhrftov~jofhj/

Dg hohfhe nd dv~d prefdve nd rdaerctgjfhöo kj fehofhnhne do Dvpjúj feo

to otdqe ajf~er nd nhqdrvhnjn ftg~trjg< gj hochmrjfhöo nd erhmdo d{~rjoldre/ Do

gj prêf~hfj' gj hov~h~tfhöo dvfegjr kj vhne toj nd gjv cêv jffdvhbgdv pjrj gj pebgj#

fhöo nd erhmdo d{~rjoldre9 hofgtve do èpefjv do gjv ztd gj hrrdmtgjrhnjn drj toj

ftdv~höo prdvdo~d do dg ndbj~d pübghfe' gev khlev nd hochmrjo~dv ©vho pjpdgdv¹oe dofeo~rjreo ndcjvhjnev prebgdcjv pjrj cj~rhftgjrvd/ Do dv~d vdo~hne' dg

ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo kj dv~jne mjrjo~h|jne j pdvjr nd gj prdfjrhdnjn ltrãnhfj

nd nd~drchojnev fegdf~hqev hochmrjo~dv< vh do jgmtoev fdo~rev vd odmjbj gj

cj~rhftgjfhöo j gev ohúev nd fhdr~ev fegdf~hqev +jntfhdone ajgvjcdo~d ajg~j nd

pgj|jv(' èv~ev jfjbjbjo dofeo~rjone jfecene do e~rev fdo~rev/ Dg Rdmgjcdo~e

nd gj ©gdx nd d{~rjoldrãj¹ nd :881 qhdod j vjofheojr dv~j prêf~hfj' rdfeoefhdone

dg ndrdfke j gj dntfjfhöo nd ~enev gev d{~rjoldrev' hondpdonhdo~dcdo~d nd vt

vh~tjfhöo ltrãnhfj/

µDo ztè cdnhnj dg vhv~dcj dvfegjr dvpjúeg kj vhne jadf~jne per dg kd#

fke vefhjg nd gj hochmrjfhöo5 Vh oev j~dodcev j gj preperfhöo ztd vtpeodo gev

khlev nd hochmrjo~dv do dg ~e~jg nd cj~rhftgjnev do gev ohqdgdv ebghmj~erhev' gj

rdvptdv~j ebqhj dv ztd cdoev ndg toe per fhdo~e nd vtv chdcbrev oe ptdnd

preqefjr fjcbhev nd mrjo rdghdqd do ohomtoj hov~h~tfhöo/ Per ~jo~e' vh vd ~rj~j

nd to ~dcj nd prdeftpjfhöo vdrê per gj hofhndofhj nd e~rev ajf~erdv/ Fece




qdrdcev j feo~hotjfhöo'do dg pgjoe ~dörhfe d{hv~do nhadrdo~dv epfheodv pjrj dg

~rj~jchdo~e nd gj nhqdrvhnjn ndvnd gj dvftdgj x' do gj prêf~hfj'oe ~enev gev jmdo#

~dv nd gj fectohnjn dntfj~hqj +preadverdv' jgtcoev' pjnrdv x jnchohv~rjfhöo(

kjo ~ecjne hnèo~hfj pevhfhöo jo~d dg chvce kdfke<

j( Gj nhqdrvhnjn do gj dvftdgj

Nd cene dvztdcê~hfe pendcev rdvtchr gjv nhv~ho~jv pevhbhghnjndv nd

jbernjld nd gj nhqdrvhnjn do gj dvftdgj do fhofe epfheodv/ Do to d{~rdce' dg

rdfkj|e nd gev nhadrdo~dv'do dg e~re gj ndotofhj x dg fecbj~d feo~rj gev cdfj#ohvcev mdodrjnerdv nd rjfhvce x nhvfrhchojfhöo<

‖ Rdfkj|e j gev nhadrdo~dv/ Do dv~d fjve gj nhqdrvhnjn dv pdrfhbhnj fece pdgh#

mre ztd dv odfdvjrhe dgtnhr/ Per ~jo~e dv gãfh~e ghch~jr vt do~rjnj do gjv dvftd#

gjv x' ftjone dgge oe dv pevhbgd' ho~do~jr rdntfhr jg cãohce gev feo~jf~ev/ Do

otdv~rj hoqdv~hmjfhöo kdcev rdfemhne nhqdrvjv vh~tjfheodv ztd dldcpghahfjo

dv~j pevhfhöo< fegdmhev ztd nhahftg~jo gj cj~rãftgj nd ohúev nd nd~drchojnj

prefdndofhj' cjdv~rev x pjnrdv ztd hov~jo j vtv khlev j ©oe lto~jrvd¹ feo

ohúev nd fhdr~ev fegdf~hqev' prêf~hfjv vdmrdmjnerjv do jgmtoev fegdmhev +oe

feo~jf~e feo ohúev per~jnerdv ndg qhrtv ndg VHNJ' vdo~jr j ohúev odmrev do

cdvjv jpjr~d do dg fecdner dvfegjr' d~f/(' pjnrdv ztd fjcbhjo j vtv khlev ndfegdmhe ndbhne j gj prdvdofhj ©d{fdvhqj¹ nd jgtcoev nd ohúev ©nhadrdo~dv¹'

d~f/

‖ Hmoerjr j gev nhadrdo~dv/ Ndvnd dv~j epfhöo dg jgtcojne dv pdrfhbhne

fece to feomgecdrjne kecemèode' do dg ztd oe ~hdodo fjbhnj gjv odfdvhnj#

ndv dvpdfhjgdv< d{hv~d to üohfe cendge nd ohúe x to üohfe ftrrãftgtc j ndvj#

rreggjr/ Hofgtve ndvnd gj prd~dovhöo nd to ~rj~e oe nhvfrhchoj~erhe +©~enev gev

ohúev veo hmtjgdv¹( vd ohdmjo gjv pdftghjrhnjndv nd fegdf~hqev dvpdfãahfev/ Nd

dv~j aercj' do gj prêf~hfj' gj dvftdgj qj ©j ge vtxe¹ x gev jgtcoev kjo nd jnjp#

~jrvd' vh oe ge feovhmtdo ztdnjrêo cjrfjnev fece hojndftjnev' hovtahfhdo#

~dv'd~f/

‖ Dntfjr j gev nhadrdo~dv/ Do dv~d fjve kjx to rdfeoefhchdo~e d{pgãfh~e nd gj

vh~tjfhöo pdftghjr nd fhdr~ev fegdf~hqev/ Gj dvftdgj oe cenhahfj vtv pgjo~dj#

chdo~ev mdodrjgdv'pdre ndnhfj toj j~dofhöo dvpdfhjg j gev chvcev' feo dg aho

nd jnjp~jrgev j gj cjrfkj ndg feolto~e ndg jgtcojne/ Do otdv~re fjve to




dldcpge nd dv~j cenjghnjn ge feov~h~txdo btdoj pjr~d nd gjv jf~tjfheodv nd

gj ©dntfjfhöo fecpdovj~erhj¹< gev ohúev nd fhdr~jv choerãjv odfdvh~jo toj

j~dofhöo dvpdfhjg pjrj mjrjo~h|jr ztd ptdnjo jnjp~jrvd j gj cjrfkj ndg rdv~e/

Zth|êv èv~j dv gj pevhfhöo ztd cêv atdr|j ~hdod jf~tjgcdo~d do~rd gev pread#

vheojgdv nd gj dovdújo|j do dg ohqdg prhcjrhe/

‖ Dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg / Do dv~d fjve vd rdmhv~rj toj jnjp~jfhöo ndg ftrrã#

ftgtc' ndv~hojne jg feolto~e ndg jgtcojne' hoferperjone jper~jfheodv nd

nhadrdo~dv pdrvpdf~hqjv vefheftg~trjgdv/ Gjv prevpdffheodv rdjgh|jnjv ctdv#

~rjo ztd dv~d doaeztd dv jüo hofhphdo~d do gj dvftdgj dvpjúegj' x ztd vtv

prhofhpjgdv vtv~do~ev veo jgmtoev cj~drhjgdv x d{pdrhdofhjv nefdo~dv' x tovdf~er choerh~jrhe nd pjnrdv nd gjv fgjvdv cdnhjv trbjojv/

‖ Dntfjfhöo ©jo~hrrjfhv~j¹/ Feo dv~j ndoechojfhöo' t~hgh|jnj do dg ctone

dntfj~hqe brh~êohfe' jpto~jcev j toj epfhöo ztd fecpjr~d ebld~hqev feo gj

dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg pdre vdújgj jgmtoev gãch~dv nd vtv pgjo~djchdo~ev/ Vd

jahrcj ztd gj rdgjfhöo do~rd mrtpev ftg~trjgdv dv~ê cdnhjnj per gj nhv~ho~j

pevhfhöo vefhjg nd gev chvcev' per ~jo~e' gj ho~drftg~trjghnjn oe ptdnd do~do#

ndrvd jg cjrmdo nd gev adoöcdoev ndg pendr x nd gj nhqhvhöo nd fgjvdv/+42( Do

otdv~rj hoqdv~hmjfhöo oe kdcev nd~df~jne nhvftrvev ztd rdprdvdo~do dv~j

epfhöo' ztd rdzthdrd to nd~drchojne mrjne nd dgjberjfhöo x fecprechve

ztd oe vd doftdo~rj do~rd gj pebgjfhöo dv~tnhjnj oh do dg êcbh~e hov~h~tfhe#

ojg x preadvheojg/ Vöge dg nhvftrve nd gev khlev nd hochmrjo~dv ctdv~rj'nd aer#

cj hcpgãfh~j' gev gãch~dv nd gj epfhöo ho~drftg~trjg rdntfhnj jg ndvjrregge nd

qjgerdv fecpjr~hnev vho j~dondr j gev ajf~erdv vefhepegã~hfev nd gj d{fgtvhöo<

pjrj dv~ev löqdodv gj dvftdgj pefe ~hdod ztd ndfhr jo~d gj nhvfrhchojfhöo'èv~j

dv toj ftdv~höo ztd vd ltdmj do e~rev êcbh~ev +gj qhegdofhj fjggdldrj' gj pegã~h#

fj mtbdrojcdo~jg' gjv jffheodv peghfhjgdv' gjv ndvhmtjgnjndv Oer~d%Vtr' d~f/(/

Nd gjv fhofe epfheodv rdvdújnjv vöge gjv nev üg~hcjv prepeodo to jber#

njld dntfj~hqe nd gj nhqdrvhnjn ztd dgtnd dg d~oefdo~rhvce' rdfeoefd dg pgtrj#

ghvce ftg~trjg d ho~do~j dgjberjr cendgev nd dovdújo|jv ztd vtpdrdo gjv nhvfrh#


+42( ©Gj rdaercj dvfegjr x gj rdaercj do gjv rdgjfheodv nd rj|j x%e d~ohj kjfhèonegj ndpdondr fjvh d{fgtvhqjcdo~d ndgfjcbhe nd qjgerdv' jf~h~tndv x nd gj oj~trjgd|j ktcjoj nd gev jf~erdv do~donhnev fece honhqhntev'pdfj nd hndjghvce/ Jbjoneojone gj qhvhöo nd gj dv~rtf~trj ndvhmtjg x gjv rdgjfheodv nd pendr' gev ho~drftg~trjghv~jv dv~êo pgjo~djone tojdoercd rdvpeovjbhghnjn vebrd gev kecbrev nd gev preadverdv do gj gtfkj per ~rjovaercjr gjv rdgjfheodv nd ndvhmtjgnjn¹/Fjgqe Ftdv~j'R/' Fjv~hdgge'F/' d~/jg/' Cj~dr hjgdv pjrj to j dnt fjfhöo jo ~hrrj fhv~j ' jgjvj'Cjnrhn':881'pêm/24/



chojfheodv/ Gjv nhadrdofhjv do~rd jcbjv pdrvpdf~hqjv rdvhndo do gj nhv~ho~j

qjgerjfhöo hcpgãfh~j jfdrfj ndg erndojchdo~e vefhjg jf~tjg/ Pjrj gj dntfjfhöo

ho~drftg~trjg dg vhv~dcj vefhjg dv jndftjne do rjvmev mdodrjgdv x ptdnd vdr

cdlerjne cdnhjo~d gj dgjberjfhöo nd qjgerdv fecpjr~hnev do~rd nhv~ho~ev mrt#

pev/ Nd hmtjg cene' dg rjfhvce x e~rjv aercjv nd nhvfrhchojfhöo' feofdbhnev

fece prentf~ev nd gj hmoerjofhj e jbdrrjfheodv pvhfejadf~hqjv' penrãjo vdr

vtpdrjnev cdnhjo~d gj dntfjfhöo/ Gj dvftdgj vdrãj to hov~rtcdo~e dvdofhjg do

gj feov~rtffhöo nd gj ltv~hfhj vefhjg' do~donhnj fece toj vh~tjfhöo do gj ztd vd

mjrjo~hfd gj hmtjgnjn do~rd nhv~ho~ev oüfgdev nd qjgerdv ftg~trjgdv/ Pjrj gj dntfj#

fhöo jo~h#rjfhv~j gj nhvfrhchojfhöo dv to fecpeodo~d dv~rtf~trjg ndg vhv~dcjvefhjg qhmdo~d' per ~jo~e gev dntfjnerdv kjo nd pgjo~djrvd vt frã~hfj x feo~rh#

bthr j fjcbhjrge/ Dg rjfhvce x e~rjv aercjv nd d{fgtvhöo veo to prhofhphe fgjqd

nd ermjoh|jfhöo nd gj vefhdnjn' bjvjnj do gj nechojfhöo x gj d{pge~jfhöo' per

~jo~e' gj dntfjfhöo do qjgerdv dv hovtahfhdo~d pjrj vtpdrjr nhfkev adoöcdoev/

Pjrj dgge dv odfdvjrhe feovdmthr toj ltv~hfhj vefhjg do~donhnj fece hmtjgnjn nd

eper~tohnjndv x nd vh~tjfheodv pjrj ~enev gev mrtpev è~ohfev/

J pdvjr nd gj hcper~jofhj nd dv~jv nhadrdofhjv' d{hv~d to jcpghe ~drrdoe

do fecüo ztd ptdndo ndvjrreggjr gev pjr~hnjrhev nd jcbjv epfheodv' dvpdfhjg#

cdo~d do dg fjve dvpjúeg neond dg nhvftrve nd gj ©dntfjfhöo do gj nhqdrvhnjn¹

jpdojv fechdo|j j jbrhrvd pjve/ Dg at~tre nd toj dvftdgj ztd dadf~hqjcdo~drdfelj gj pgtrjghnjn d{hv~do~d do gjv jtgjv x ~rjbjld per gj vtpdrjfhöo nd gj nhv#

frhchojfhöo pjvj per dg ndvjrregge' odfdvjrhjcdo~d nhahftg~eve x pegèchfe' nd

dv~jv erhdo~jfheodv/ Pdre µztè pevhbhghnjndv nd è{h~e d{hv~do ~dohdone do ftdo#

~j gjv d{pdf~j~hqjv x gev ndvdev nd gev mrtpev jojgh|jnev5 Cêv jggê nd gev ndbj#

~dv do~rd choerãjv hgtv~rjnjv' µnöond vd vh~üj gj cjxerãj nd gj pebgjfhöo feofdr#

ohnj' dv ndfhr' dg jgtcojne' vtv ajchghjv x gev cjdv~rev5 Qdjcev gjv pevhfheodv

ztd jnep~jo/

b( Pevhfheodv nd gev prhofhpjgdv jmdo~dv nd gj hov~h~tfhöo dvfegjrNd do~rjnj fjbd vdújgjr qjrhev pto~ev< vd nd~df~j toj nhv~jofhj jprdfhj#

bgd do~rd gjv preptdv~jv oercj~hqjv x rd~örhfjv nd gj hov~h~tfhöo dvfegjr' gjv jf~h#

~tndv nd gev cjdv~rev' x gjv d{pdf~j~hqjv nd gjv ajchghjv nd jgtcoev9 ztd' do

mdodrjg' d{hv~d toj nhahftg~jn ctx d{~donhnj pjrj rdfeoefdr gjv odfdvhnjndv

20> ■ DG NDVJAÃE HO^DRFTG^TRJG/ DVPJÚEGDV JO^D GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO



dvpdfãahfjv x gjv jper~jfheodv nd gev mrtpev cêv nèbhgdv do gj dvftdgj9 x ztd'

ftjone vd feov~j~j gj d{hv~dofhj nd nhadrdofhjv +per pjr~d nd cjdv~rev x pjnrdv

nd jgtcoev('prdnechojo gjv jf~h~tndv ndadovhqjv x gev j~jztdv ztd nhahftg~jo dg

ho~drfjcbhe ©pjfãahfe¹ x dg ct~te dorhztdfhchdo~e/ Do dv~d feo~d{~e' gev hofh#

phdo~dv ndvjrreggev do pev nd toj dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg pjrdfdrãjo dv~jr

ndvjrreggêonevd do dg qjfãe' per jrrhbj x jg cjrmdo nd gj nhoêchfj vefhjg rdjg'

rdarjf~jrhj j ~jg erhdo~jfhöo/ Vho dcbjrme' toj gdf~trj nd dv~d ~hpe vdrãj' jndcêv

nd rjnhfjgcdo~d pdvhchv~j' holtv~j feo gj d{hv~dofhj nd e~rev nhvftrvev ztd' jto#

ztd nd aercj pjrfhjg' ctdv~rjo gev gãch~dv nd gev cendgev dntfj~hqev qhmdo~dv x

gj pevhbhghnjn nd e~rev ndvjrreggev/ Nd aercj dvztdcê~hfj' gjv prhofhpjgdv pevh#fheodv nd~df~jnjv do otdv~re ~rjbjle nd fjcpe veo<

‖ Pevhfheodv nd rdfkj|e j gev ©nhadrdo~dv¹/ Gj ajg~j nd gdmh~hchnjn vefhjg nd

gjv jf~h~tndv nhvfrhchoj~erhjv kjfd ztd gjv cjohadv~jfheodv nd rdfkj|e jbhdr#

~e jpjrd|fjo cêv fece rdadrdofhjv honhrdf~jv ztd fece pev~trj fgjrjcdo~d

jvtchnj/ D{hv~do' vho dcbjrme' dgdcdo~ev nd fhdrrd x rdfkj|e ztd pdrfhbdo j

fhdr~ev fegdf~hqev ©nhadrdo~dv¹ fece pdghmrevev/ Feo dv~ev oe fjbrãj gj feo#

qhqdofhj dorhztdfdnerj vhoe gj prdfjtfhöo x dg dqh~jchdo~e nd feo~jf~e/ Dg

pjrjnhmcj nd gjv choerãjv pdghmrevjv vd vh~üj do dg ajoj~hvce x gj ho~egdrjofhj

ztd vd j~rhbtxd j gj rdghmhöo ctvtgcjoj x' per hndo~hahfjfhöo' j gev hochmrjo#

~dv nd pjãvdv êrjbdv +jtoztd do Dvpjúj kjx ctvtgcjodv jt~öf~eoev' cjmrd#bãdv x fdo~rejarhfjoev' dg ajo~jvcj ndg pdghmre vöge dv pdrveohahfjne per dg

©cere¹(/ Pjrj dv~j pevhfhöo oe fjbd toj dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg vhoe' cêv

bhdo' ztd gj dvftdgj jãvgd x rdnt|fj dg pdghmre ztd rdprdvdo~jo nd~drchojnjv

choerãjv/ Gj prdvdofhj nd èv~jv mdodrj hovdmtrhnjn x j~do~j feo~rj dgdcdo~ev

bêvhfev nd gj prephj hndo~hnjn' per ~jo~e' dg cjrmdo nd agd{hbhghnjn dv pdztd#

úe/ Jo~d dv~j jf~h~tn gev pjr~hnjrhev nd gj dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg kjo nd prd#

pjrjrvd pjrj gj feoareo~jfhöo x gj jpjrhfhöo nd ebv~êftgev hcper~jo~dv/

‖ D~oefdo~rhvce jcbhqjgdo~d/ Do dv~j pevhfhöo vd vh~üjo vdf~erdv cjxerh~j#

rhev vefhjgcdo~d jtoztd' fece qdrdcev' d{hv~do nhqdrvjv centgjfheodv/ Gj

fjrjf~drãv~hfj fecüo j ~enjv dggjv dv toj jt~endahohfhöo nd gj hndo~hnjn j pjr#

~hr nd rjvmev ©pjr~hftgjrdv¹ nd mrtpe +ojfheojghnjn' gdomtj' rdghmhöo'd~ohj' d~f/(

x gj jcbhmtj rdgjfhöo feo gev ©e~rev¹ fegdf~hqev/ Ndo~re nd dv~d feomgecdrj#

ne d{hv~d toj nhqhvhöo atonjcdo~jg do atofhöo nd gj pevhfhöo vefhjg ztd eft#

pj fjnj mrtpe< gjv pevhbhghnjndv nd feoqhqdofhj' honhadrdofhj e rdfkj|e qjrãjo




nd aercj feovhndrjbgd vdmüo vd nhvart~d nd toj vh~tjfhöo nd jfecene vefhjg'

nd ho~dmrjfhöo vefhjg vtbernhojnj pdre dv~jbgd' e nd choerãj nechojnj/

‖ Ndvnd pevhfheodv vefhjgdv ho~dmrjnjv#nechojo~dv' gj pjr~hfhpjfhöo do gj vefhd#

njn nd feovtce nd cjvjv ~hdond j nhgthr gev jvpdf~ev cêv rjnhfjgdv ndg d~oe#

fdo~rhvce/ Ftjone d{hv~do vj~hvajffheodv cj~drhjgdv' e d{pdf~j~hqjv atonjnjv

nd hofrdcdo~jr dg dv~j~tv dfeoöchfe' ptdnd ndvjrreggjrvd toj hndo~hnjn ztd

prhcd gev jvpdf~ev nd kecemdodhnjn +feovtce' trbjohnjn' d~f/( vebrd gev

pjr~hftgjrhv~jv/ Per e~re gjne' gev qjgerdv x d{pdf~j~hqjv ©nhadrdofhjgdv¹ ptdndo

vdr ndvjrreggjnev x ndadonhnev feo cêv pevhbhghnjndv vh gev fegdf~hqev vd vhdo#

~do feo atdr|j x gdmh~hchnjn pjrj feovdmthrge/

To dldcpge nd gj prhcdrj vh~tjfhöo dv dg nhvftrve nd toj pjr~d nd gev

pjnrdv nd jgtcoev gj~hoejcdrhfjoev nd fgjvd cdnhj' ztd doftdo~rjo vebrdggd#

qjbgdv gjv nhadrdofhjv ftg~trjgdv feo gj vefhdnjn dvpjúegj +gev ©fev~dv nd gj ho~d#

mrjfhöo¹( do gj cdnhnj ztd eb~hdodo rdfeoefhchdo~e x rdfecpdovj do e~rev

êcbh~ev +dv~jbhghnjn ltrãnhfj' vdmtrhnjn dfeoöchfj' d~f/(9 jvã' dg jffdve j pevh#

fheodv nd ©ho~dmrjfhöo¹ hcpghfj gj pev~drmjfhöo nd ©ge prephe¹/ Do ~jg feo~d{~e

vd júerj pdre oe vd d{hmd toj pegã~hfj nd ho~drftg~trjghvce/ Dldcpge nd gj

vdmtonj vh~tjfhöo dv dg fjve nd gjv fgjvdv cdnhjv trbjojv do to feo~d{~e bhgho#

m÷d< gj ftdv~höo ghom÷ãv~hfj ztd'do prhofhphe'nhqhnd jg mrtpe nd pjnrdv nd jgtc#

oev hochmrjo~dv oe dv ebld~e nd pegèchfj' do ~jo~e ztd fjnj vdf~er vd vhdo~d

feo gdmh~hchnjn x pevhbhghnjndv nd d{prdvjrvd do gj gdomtj nd vt prdadrdofhj9do

dg êcbh~e dvfegjr dv~j ftdv~höo vöge vd qhqhrê fece prebgdcê~hfj vh gev khlev oe

ptnhdrjo d{prdvjrvd x jprdondr gj gdomtj prephj/ Do prhofhphe' j pjr~hr nd dv~j

d{pdrhdofhj' do dv~d feo~d{~e kjx to cjrmdo jcpghe pjrj dg ndvjrregge nd toj

dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg9 vho dcbjrme'dv~e oe pjrdfd aêfhg vh gj jpdr~trj vd kjfd

kjfhj fegdf~hqev oe vöge ©nhadrdo~dv¹ vhoe ~jcbhèo ©hoadrherdv¹ vefhjgcdo~d/ Oe

dv ge chvce rdjgh|jr to dvatdr|e nd jnjp~jfhöo ftjone dg ho~drgeft~er oev jpj#

rdfd fece to hmtjg ztd ftjone vd ~rj~j nd jgmthdo j zthdo oe e~ermjcev hmtjg

mrjne nd gdmh~hchnjn/ Do dv~d fjve' gjv pevhbhghnjndv nd toj dv~rj~dmhj nd dntfj#

fhöo ho~drftg~trjg pjvjo per pe~dofhjr gj hcjmdo nd fhtnjnjoev nd gjv choe#

rãjv vefhjgdv/

‖ Ndvnd pevhfheodv vefhjgdv nechojnjv#cjrmhojnjv gjv pevhbhghnjndv nd kjfdr

qjgdr dg ndrdfke j gj nhadrdofhj veo cdoerdv/ Feo ~ene' vd ebvdrqjo nhqdrvev

mrjnev nd rdvhmojfhöo x jp~h~tndv nd rdvhv~dofhj j gj vh~tjfhöo d{hv~do~d/ Per




dldcpge' do dg nhvftrve nd gjv cjnrdv mh~jojv vd nd~df~j to ~eoe nd ndotofhj

x rdhqhonhfjfhöo ctfke cêv vöghne ztd do~rd gev pjnrdv hochmrjo~dv cjrre#

ztãdv ztd eftpjo pevhfheodv vefhedfeoöchfjv prdfjrhjv/ Gj choerãj mh~joj' j

qdfdv cêv rdfkj|jnj ztd gev hochmrjo~dv d{~rjoldrev'kj ndvjrreggjne to vdo#

~hchdo~e nd gdmh~hchnjn fhtnjnjoj ztd gd pdrch~d ndadondr vt ndrdfke j gj

nhqdrvhnjn do dg pgjoe vefhjg9 do fjcbhe' ctfkev hochmrjo~dv qhqdo feo gj

pdrfdpfhöo nd ztd vtv pevhbhghnjndv nd ndvjrregge dv~êo vhdcprd feonhfheoj#

nj v j gjv ndfhvheodv x qegto~jn nd gev jt~öf~eoev +do ndahoh~hqj' vd vhdo~do

d{~rjoldrev< fhtnjnjoev nd vdmtonj(/ Gjv rdpdrftvheodv nd dv~jv pevhfheodv

vebrd dg ctone dvfegjr oe veo vhdcprd toãqefjv/Do dg fjve nd gev mh~joev kdcev jpto~jne' per to gjne' gj ztdlj nd ztd

gj dvfegjrh|jfhöo x dg feo~jf~e feo gj ftg~trj pjxj kj vhmohahfjne to nd~drhere

nd gev rjvmev nd hndo~hnjn prephe/ Dv~j ndotofhj ptdnd atonjcdo~jr' do pjr~d'

gj jf~h~tn rd~hfdo~d nd toj pjr~d nd dvj fectohnjn kjfhj gj dvftdgj x vtv ebld~h#

qev ftrrhftgjrdv/ Vho dcbjrme' gev ztd vd prdvdo~jo j vã chvce fece ©dntfj#

nev¹' ©mdo~d oercjg¹ j~rhbtxdo j gj dvftdgj to pjpdg fhqhgh|jner' bjvjne do gj

ephohöo nd ztd ‖jg cdoev do dg êcbh~e dntfj~hqe‖ vöge d{hv~d to üohfe cend#

ge qêghne nd rdadrdofhj/ Do dv~d fjve' dg mrtpe kj ep~jne per ndvjrreggjr vt hndo#

~hnjn è~ohfj jg cjrmdo nd gj dvftdgj' cjo~dohdone to ftrrãftgtc pjrjgdge nd

aercjfhöo x vefhjgh|jfhöo nd gev khlev/ Pjrj rdqdr~hr dv~j nhoêchfj oe vdrê vtah#fhdo~d hofgthr jgmtoev feo~dohnev rdadrhnev j gj ftg~trj mh~joj do nd~drchojnjv

jvhmoj~trjv9 vho to rdpgjo~djchdo~e nd aeone do gj gãodj nd gj dntfjfhöo ho~dr#

ftg~trjg' ztd rdpgjo~dd dg feolto~e ndg ftrrãftgtc dvfegjr gj vh~tjfhöo d{pd#

rhcdo~jrê pefjv cenhahfjfheodv/ Per vt pjr~d' do dg fjve nd gev hochmrjo~dv

cjrreztãdv kdcev ebvdrqjne gj d{hv~dofhj nd toj cjxerãj vhgdofhevj nd ajch#

ghjv ztd'jo~d gj prdfjrhdnjn nd vt vh~tjfhöo +gjberjg' ltrãnhfj' vefhjg( x gj ajg~j nd

rdftrvev pjrj ndadondrgj +prebgdcjv nd hnhecj' ndvfeoefhchdo~e ndg atofheoj#

chdo~e hov~h~tfheojg'ndbhghnjn nd gjv rdndv vefhjgdv prephjv'd~f/( ep~jo per toj

dv~rj~dmhj nd eftg~jchdo~e/ Nd dv~d fegdf~hqe oe ptdnd dvpdrjrvd toj hcpghfj#

fhöo do gj dvftdgj x to fecprechve feo to pgjo~djchdo~e nd dntfjfhöo ho~dr#ftg~trjg vh oe vd rdmhv~rj do pjrjgdge toj cenhahfjfhöo nd vt jf~tjg dv~j~tv

vefhjg nd vdchd{fgtvhöo/

‖ Jpdr~trj jg ho~drftg~trjghvce/ Do dv~d üg~hce bgeztd vh~tjcev j toj vdrhd

nd pevhfheodv ztd vd pgjo~djo' nd aercj cêv e cdoev fgjrj' gj odfdvhnjn nd




ndvjrreggjr to cendge nd feoqhqdofhj vefhjg' x nd dntfjfhöo' bjvjnev do dg

rdfeoefhchdo~e nd gj pgdoj gdmh~hchnjn nd gev nhqdrvev mrtpev ztd feoaer#

cjo gj vefhdnjn/ Fece kdcev jpto~jne jo~drhercdo~d' dv~j feofhdofhj dv

jüo ghch~jnj' per ~jo~e' vöge vd nd~df~jo jgmtoev dgdcdo~ev ztd jpto~jo do

~jg nhrdffhöo/ Jtoztd oe pendcev egqhnjr ztd qhqhcev do vefhdnjndv vecd~h#

njv j to rh~ce ho~dove nd kecemdodh|jfhöo' vho dcbjrme vd doftdo~rjo nhv#

ftrvev ztd ndahdondo e veo prepdovev j jnep~jr gj pev~trj nd gj dntfjfhöo

ho~drftg~trjg do nhv~ho~ev jmdo~dv ndg prefdve dntfj~hqe<

‖ Do dg êcbh~e oercj~hqe kjx ztd vdújgjr gj jpdr~trj ztd vhmohahfjo nd~drchoj#

nev ndvjrreggev gdmhvgj~hqev x gj hcper~jofhj nd jgmtoev cj~drhjgdv dgjberjnevper gjv jnchohv~rjfheodv dntfj~hqjv/

‖ Do~rd gev cjdv~rev èv~d dv to nhvftrve choerh~jrhe' rdntfhne hohfhjgcdo~d j

zthdodv vd qjo dvpdfhjgh|jone do gj ftdv~höo qjo prentfhdone d{pdrhdofhjv x

cj~drhjgdv nhmoev nd ~dodr do ftdo~j/Dv~d vdf~er nd dovdújo~dv rdvtg~jrê fgjqd

pjrj gj nhojch|jfhöo nd toj dv~rj~dmhj nd dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg x pjrj fjp#

~jr j gj cjxerãj ndg preadverjne ztd pdrcjodfd jldoe j nhfkj pdrvpdf~hqj/

‖ Do~rd gev pjnrdv x gjv cjnrdv nd jgtcoev dofeo~rjcev toj prdnhvpevhfhöo

ajqerjbgd x toj jahrcjfhöo nd gj chvcj do~rd to nd~drchojne vdf~er trbjoe

nd preadvheojgdv ztd' vho dcbjrme' oe jvtcd to pjpdg jf~hqe ndo~re nd gjfectohnjn dvfegjr/ Dv~ev pjnrdv jqjgjrêo x gdmh~hcjrêo vho ntnjv gj jnepfhöo

nd gj pdrvpdf~hqj ho~drftg~trjg per gj dvftdgj' pdre vt pjr~hfhpjfhöo jf~hqj do

~jg nhoêchfj oe dv~ê mjrjo~h|jnj njnj vt pevhfhöo vefhjg nd ~rjbjljnerdv ftjgh#

ahfjnev x preadvheojgdv feo lerojnjv nd ~rjbjle x ndnhfjfheodv pdrveojgdv

ztd ghch~jo vt jvhv~dofhj j gev fdo~rev neond vd dvfegjrh|jo gev khlev/

‖ Do~rd gev ajchghjrdv nd jgtcoev pdr~dodfhdo~dv j mrtpev choerh~jrhev dv cd#

oer gj hofhndofhj nd nhvftrvev do ajqer nd gj dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg' per gj

rj|öo jpto~jnj< vt vh~tjfhöo vefhjg nhahftg~j dg ndbj~d x rdagd{höo odfdvjrhev

pjrj vtpdrjr gj hodrfhj vefhjg/ Jto jvã' do dg mrtpe nd pjnrdv x cjnrdv cjrre#

ztãdv jpjrdfd toj ndotofhj fgjrj ndg fjrêf~dr rdarjf~jrhe nd gj dvftdgj j gev

qjgerdv prephev x toj ndcjonj nd jpdr~trj j gev chvcev9 dv~j pevhfhöo dv vtv#

~do~jnj per pdrveojv ztd jahrcjo vtv ndrdfkev fece fhtnjnjoev x d{hmdo j

gjv hov~h~tfheodv ztd vj~hvajmjo vtv odfdvhnjndv/ Ndvnd dv~j feofhdofhj nd fht#

njnjoãj d{hv~d gdmh~hchnjn pjrj rdfgjcjr j gj dvftdgj to fjcbhe nd doaeztd9

20; ■ DG NDVJAÃE HO^DRFTG^TRJG/ DVPJÚEGDV JO^D GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO



vho dcbjrme' ~jg prefdve ndbdrãj rdfjdr fjvh do d{fgtvhqj vebrd gev preadvheoj#

gdv nd gj dovdújo|j +zth|ê hoferperjone j preadvheojgdv nd gev prephjv choe#

rãjv( ptdv~e ztd gj pdftghjr vh~tjfhöo vefhjg nd gev ajchghjrdv gdv hcphnd nhvpe#

odr nd ~hdcpe pjrj jvtchr e~rev fecprechvev/ Dv~j üg~hcj ebvdrqjfhöo qtdgqd

j pgjo~djr feo atdr|j toe nd gev gãch~dv nd gj dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg< gj nhah#

ftg~jn nd peodrgj do cjrfkj nd aercj dadf~hqj fece prefdve ghch~jne üohfj#

cdo~d j gj dvftdgj' jg cjrmdo nd ftêg vdj gj nhoêchfj nd gj dv~rtf~trj vefhjg/

Ftdv~heodv pjrj gj rd agd{höo

Nd cene brdqd vdújgjcev jgmtoev pto~ev ztd ptdnjo vdrqhr pjrj gj

rdagd{höo<

‖ Qhv~e dg prefdve do feolto~e' èv~d ctdv~rj fgjrevftrev nd preatone feo~rjv#

~d/ Vh' per to gjne' dofeo~rjcev nhqdrvjv pevhfheodv nd rdfkj|e j gev ©nhadrdo#

~dv¹ x e~rjv nd fhdr~j jcbhm÷dnjn' bjvjnjv do dg d~oefdo~rhvce' ~jcbhèo vd

qjo feoveghnjone pevhfheodv ztd pendcev hofgthr do gj jpdr~trj jg ho~drftg#

~trjghvce/ Do dv~jv üg~hcjv vd pgjo~dj'nd aercj cêv e cdoev fgjrj' gj odfdvh#

njn nd ndvjrreggjr to cendge nd feoqhqdofhj vefhjg' x nd dntfjfhöo' bjvjnev

do dg rdfeoefhchdo~e nd gj pgdoj gdmh~hchnjn nd gev nhqdrvev mrtpev ztd feo#

aercjo gj vefhdnjn/

‖ Vh bhdo do gev ~d{~ev eahfhjgdv vd kj hcpgjo~jne dg rdfeoefhchdo~e pevh~hqe nd

gj pgtrjghnjn ftg~trjg#vefhjg x nd vt ~rj~jchdo~e per gj dvftdgj' gev ndvjrreggev

ftrrhftgjrdv x gjv jf~h~tndv nd gev dovdújo~dv nhv~jo ctfke nd kjbdr ptdv~e

do cjrfkj toj prêf~hfj nefdo~d nd fjrêf~dr ho~drftg~trjg/ D{hv~d vdovhbhghnjn

pjrj dqh~jr dg ~rj~e ndvhmtjg pdre gj jpdr~trj dv ctfke cdoer pjrj jbernjr

pevh~hqjcdo~d dg ~rj~e nd gj nhqdrvhnjn/+46( Jndcêv' gj cjxerãj nd gev ghbrev nd

~d{~e t~hgh|jnev do gev ohqdgdv ebghmj~erhev ~hdondo j dv~hmcj~h|jr j btdoj pjr#

~d nd gjv ftg~trjv nd erhmdo nd gev hochmrjo~dv/+4>( Feovdftdo~dcdo~d' pjrj

mrjo pjr~d nd gev hochmrjo~dv ©gj dvftdgj dv dvpjúegj¹/ Jo~d nhfkj rdjghnjn oe

fjbd vhoe jnjp~jrvd d{h~evjcdo~d e vebrdqhqhr fece vdj pevhbgd/ Vh dv~j vh~tj#


+46( Pjrj toj pdrvpdf~hqj mdodrjg vebrd gj vh~tjfhöo nd gj hoqdv~hmjfhöo preceqhnj per dg Chohv~drhe nd Dntfjfhöo'qèjvdMrjúdrjv' C/' Gjcdgjv' R/ x e~rev' ©Gj hoqdv~hmjfhöo vebrd dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg¹' do Fj~erfd júev nd hoqdv~hmjfhöovebrd gjv ndvhmtjgnjndv do dnt fjfhöo do Dvpjúj ' FHND'Cjnrhn' :88;'pêmv/::#:40/+4>( Qèjvd' per dldcpge' Jgdmrd~' L/G/' Föce vd dovdúj x föce vd jprdond j qdr jg e~re ' Jlto~jcdo~ nd Bjrfdgeoj'Bjrfdgeoj':88:/



fhöo vd pregeomj do dg ~hdcpe' dg ndvfeoefhchdo~e nd gj jper~jfhöo pdftghjr

nd gjv nhv~ho~jv choerãjv ptdnd jghcdo~jr to vdo~hchdo~e nd d{fgtvhöo x jf~h#

~tndv nd rdfkj|e per pjr~d nd èv~jv/ Fhrftov~jofhj ztd ptdnd ndrhqjr do gj

qhegdofhj cjrmhojg +löqdodv ©mjcbdrrev¹ d{ptgvjnev nd gj dvftdgj x d{fgthnev

ndg cdrfjne gjberjg( e do dg rdpghdmtd è~ohfe +ndvjrregge nd hov~h~tfheodv

dntfj~hqjv prephjv'jg cjrmdo x doardo~jnjv jg ftrrãftgtc eahfhjg(/

‖ Gj feovhndrjfhöo jo~drher pdrch~d jfdo~tjr ztd gjv gãodjv nd rdagd{höo d

ho~drqdofhöo do gj pdrvpdf~hqj nd gj dntfjfhöo ho~drftg~trjg ndbdrãjo ~rjbj#

ljr vhc tg~êodjc do ~d gj hc per~jofhj nd nev dldv<nhqdrvhnjn ftg~t rjg x ndv#

hmtjgnjn vefhjg/ Vh gj hodrfhj hov~h~tfheojg x vefhjg oe ptdnd vdr rdqdr~hnj vögej pjr~hr nd gj dvftdgj' dv atonjcdo~jg jpexjr dg prefdve nd rdagd{höo do dv~d

êcbh~e feo toj jpdr~trj vhv~dcê~hfj j e~rev jmdo~dv vefhjgdv ztd ~rjbjljo gev

prefdvev bêvhfev nd gj ndvhmtjgnjn vefhjg/ Pdre'j vt qd|' dv hcper~jo~d gj prd#

vdofhj nd dntfjnerdv x rdvpeovjbgdv dntfj~hqev do gev nhv~ho~ev aerev vefhjgdv

neond vd ndbj~d jfdrfj nd gj nhqdrvhnjn/ To frh~drhe bêvhfe ptdnd vdr ztd gj

pdrvpdf~hqj ho~drftg~trjg hoferperd dgdcdo~ev nd pgtrjghnjn x feo~rjv~d pdr#

cjodo~dcdo~d d hcpghztd j ~enj gj fectohnjn dntfj~hqj/ Fece pto~e pjr~h#

ftgjr vd ptdnd vdújgjr ztd gj fectohfjfhöo ct~tj do~rd ajchghjv x dvftdgj dv

to dgdcdo~e odfdvjrhe' jtoztd oe vtahfhdo~d' pjrj hoferperjr gjv ©odfdvhnj#

ndv dvpdfhjgdv¹ nd fhdr~ev fegdf~hqev jg prexdf~e ftrrhftgjr nd gev fdo~rev/ Dodg fjve nd fhdr~jv choerãjv +dvpdfhjgcdo~d hochmrjo~dv d{~rjoldrev ztd oe

kjbgjo gjv gdomtjv jt~öf~eojv( pjrdfd atonjcdo~jg preceqdr fjtfdv dvpdfã#

ahfev ztd jxtndo j vtpdrjr gjv bjrrdrjv vtrmhnjv nd gj ndvhoaercjfhöo x dg

ndvfeoefhchdo~e'preceqhdone gj fectohfjfhöo x dg ho~drfjcbhe j pjr~hr ndg

ndvjrregge nd ho~drdvdv fectodv' x ndvceo~jone gev prdlthfhev ztd ~hdondo j

rdhahfjr gj hcper~jofhj nd gjv nhadrdofhjv/ Toj nd gjv qãjv pevhbgdv dv gj nd

d{~dondr gjv ahmtrjv nd gev cdnhjnerdv ftg~trjgdv' prdqhv~j do gj oercj~hqj

qhmdo~d pdre oe ndvjrreggjnj kjv~j gj adfkj9 e~rj dv dg dv~jbgdfhchdo~e nd feo#

qdohev ztd pdrch~jo gj prdvdofhj nd preadvheojgdv +dovdújo~dv t e~rev( pdr~d#

odfhdo~dv jg fegdf~hqe choerh~jrhe' nd aercj ztd fegjberd feo gev dovdújo~dvnd pgjo~hggj x' vhctg~êodjcdo~d' rdqjgerhfd gj hcjmdo ndg mrtpe choerh~jrhe

jo~d dg feolto~e ndg jgtcojne x nd gj fectohnjn dntfj~hqj/

‖ Per e~rj pjr~d' ~jcbhèo ztdrdcev jpto~jr ztd gj pdrvpdf~hqj nd dntfjfhöo

ho~drftg~trjg x jo~hnhvfrhchoj~erhj oe penrê ndvjrreggjrvd ©nd toj qd|¹ per

2:0 ■ DG NDVJAÃE HO^DRFTG^TRJG/ DVPJÚEGDV JO^D GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO



~enjv oh j hov~jofhjv nd feovhmojv ©ndvnd jrrhbj¹/ Vöge ptdnd vdr rdvtg~jne nd

to gjrme prefdve dntfj~hqe/ Oe ebv~jo~d' pjrdfd hcper~jo~d ahljr ebld~hqev

pevhbgdv x cdovtrjbgdv' ztd jxtndo j jqjo|jr do gj nhrdffhöo pgjo~djnj/ Do

dvd vdo~hne dg pgjo nd fjnj fdo~re ptdnd hofgthr jgmüo+ev( ebld~hqe+v( ztd

ndvjrreggd+o( d{pgãfh~jcdo~d gj epfhöo ho~drftg~trjg' nd aercj ztd ptdnj+o(

vdr ebld~e nd dqjgtjfhöo jotjg/ jcbhèo'j otdv~re lthfhe' gjv jnchohv~rjfheodv

dntfj~hqjv ptdndo' vho ndvnhbtljr gj fjpjfhnjn nd jffhöo jt~öoecj nd gev

fdo~rev' pe~dofhjr nd aercj jf~hqj gj ho~drftg~trjghnjn' jper~jone rdftrvev x

aercjfhöo' j gj qd| ztd dv~jbgdfdr ebld~hqev cãohcev +rdqhvjbgdv x jcpghjbgdv

pdrhönhfjcdo~d(/ Do dg feo~d{~e jf~tjg' dg ndvfjrmjr dg pdve atonjcdo~jg ndgj ~rjovaercjfhöo do ©gjv bjvdv¹ dv ~rjvgjnjr j gev fdo~rev dntfj~hqev +do dvpd#

fhjg j gev dovdújo~dv( toj d{hmdofhj ztd ndvbernj kjbh~tjgcdo~d vtv pevhbhgh#

njndv/ Prebjbgdcdo~d to doaeztd ho~drftg~trjg oe penrê ndvjrreggjrvd pgdoj#

cdo~d vho rdqdr~hr dgdcdo~ev bêvhfev nd gj dvftdgj jf~tjg' do~rd dggev dg pjpdg

nd gev nefdo~dv'pdre do gj jf~tjghnjn fjbd j gjv jnchohv~rjfheodv toj rdvpeo#

vjbhghnjn dvpdfhjg pjrj peodr do cjrfkj dg prefdve' hcptgvjone gjv hohfhj~hqjv

ztd xj pjr~d ndg preadverjne' jvefhjfheodv nd pjnrdv x jgtcoev x fegdf~hqev

vefhjgdv dv~êo peohdone do cjrfkj/

‖ Gj preptdv~j +nd toj vefhdnjn( ho~drftg~trjg oe vd rdntfd jg êcbh~e dntfj~h#

qe x cdoev' ~enjqãj' j gj hov~h~tfhöo dvfegjr/ Gj dv~rtf~trj nd gjv rdgjfheodvdo~rd cjxerãjv x choerãjv vefhjgdv dv~ê j~rjqdvjnj per e~rev dldv fece gj

nhoêchfj vefhedfeoöchfj' gjv pegã~hfjv dv~j~jgdv nd hochmrjfhöo' fhtnjnjoãj x

pgtrjghvce ftg~trjg' jvã fece gjv jf~h~tndv x fecper~jchdo~ev nd gj pebgj#

fhöo jt~öf~eoj x gjv dv~rj~dmhjv nd gev prephev fegdf~hqev hochmrjo~dv do

ftjo~e jf~erdv vefhjgdv/ Dg êcbh~e nd gj hov~h~tfhöo dvfegjr ctdv~rj gj fecpgd#

lhnjn ztd dofhdrrj ~jg preptdv~j'jto ftjone d{hv~j pdrcdjbhghnjn j gj chvcj/

Oe ebv~jo~d' gj preptdv~j nd gj ho~drftg~trjghnjn rdprdvdo~j to rd~e pjrj ~e#

njv gjv hov~h~tfheodv vefhjgdv' ndvnd gj ajchghj kjv~j gjv dcprdvjv x gjv jnchohv#

~rjfheodv pübghfjv ztd ndbdrãjo jbrhrvd jg rdfeoefhchdo~e nd gj nhqdrvhnjn

+ftg~trjg do~rd e~rev jvpdf~ev( vho dgtnhr to pjrjgdge ftdv~heojchdo~e ndjztdggjv bjrrdrjv x ndvhmtjgnjndv dv~rtf~trjgdv ztd vd prentfdo do ~enev gev

örndodv nd gj qhnj vefhjg/

2::GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO D[^RJOLDRJ DO DVPJÚJ/ GEV RD^EV DNTFJ HQEV ■



Bhbghemrjaãj

JJ/QQ/' Kj bgj r x ndlj r kjbgj r + le ro jnjv vebrd rj fhvc e x {do eae bhj( '

Tohqdrvhnjn Jt~öoecj nd Cjnrhn':88>/

J GDMRD^' L/G/' Föce vd dovdúj x föce vd jprdond j qdr jg e~re' Jlto~jcdo~ nd

Bjrfdgeoj'Bjrfdgeoj':88:/

Ê GQJRD\ NERREOVERE' H/' Nhqdrvhnjn ft g~t rj g x feo aghf~e o jfheo jg' ^jgjvj'

Cjnrhn':886/

JVDP' Jf~h~tndv kj fhj gev hoc hmrjo~dv'EPH'Cjnrhn':88;/

B JGHBJR ' D/x ] JGGDRV^DHO'H/' Rj|j' ojfhöo x fgjvd'Hdpjgj'Cjnrhn':880/

B JRBJNHGGE' P/' D{~rjoldrãj' rjfhvce x {doeaebhj do gj Dvpjúj feo~dc perê#

odj/Gj dqegtfhöo nd gev vd~do~j j gev oeqdo~j'FHV'Cjnrhn':88=/

F JGQE BTD\JV' /' Dg rjfhvce zt d qhdod<e~rev pt dbgev x ftg~t rjv qhv~ev per pre#

adverdv x jgt c oev' dfoev'Cjnrhn' :880/

„ Frdfd dg rjfhvc e' ~jc bhèo gj veghnjrhnjn< gev qjgerdv nd gj ltqdo~t n do dg

tc brjg ndg vhmge [[ H ' dfoev'Cjnrhn' :884/

F JGQE FTDV^J 'R / 'F JV^HDGGE' F/' d~ jg/' Cj~drhjgdv pjrj t oj dntfjfhöo j o~hrrj#

fhv~j' jgjvj'Cjnrhn' :881/

FEGDF^HQE Heè' Gj dnt fjfhöo ho ~drft g~t rj g j prt dbj ' FHND%Gjberj~erhe nd

Dv~tnhev Ho~drftg~trjgdv'Tohqdrvhnjn nd Mrjojnj':881/

„ Nhvft rvev nd gev dvpjúegdv vebrd gev d{~rjo ldrev/ Pjrjneljv nd gj jg~drh#

nj n 'FHV'Cjnrhn':884/

„ Dg ~rj~jc hdo~e nd gj nhqdrvhnjn do gj dvftdgj' feo dvpdfhjg j~dofhöo j g

fegdf~hqe nd hoc hmrjo ~dv'FHND'Cjnrhn':88=/

ADROÊOND\ DOMTH^J ' C/' Dvftdgj x d~ohfhnjn< dg fjve ndg ptdbge mh~joe ' FHND%

Gjberj~erhe nd Dv~tnhev Ho~drftg~trjgdv' Tohqdrvhnjn nd Mrjojnj' Mrjojnj'

:884/

MHCÈOD\' F/' ©Gj aercjfhöo nd otdqjv choerãjv è~ohfjv j pjr~hr nd gj hochmrj#

fhöo¹' do JJ/QQ/' Kjbgj r x ndlj r kjbgj r +vebrd rjfhvc e x {do eaeb hj ( '

Tohqdrvhnjn Jt~öoecj nd Cjnrhn'Cjnrhn':88>'pêmv/:==#220/

2:2 ■ DG NDVJAÃE HO^DRFTG^TRJG/ DVPJÚEGDV JO^D GJ HOCHMRJFHÖO

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