la fundiciÓn de estaÑo en bolivia

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    Este gbmrd est cecbihcd h nb jbld querbcd ]dcrbkd.

    HM]EVBHIBDOEY ID + Yo.

    IUHC]D 9. EG P]DIEYD NESHG]KBID EO NESHMDG

    Hgbneothibo

    ]ecuiibo

    Nethg irucd

    Gbiuhibo

    ]efbohibo

    Gbokdte ce 22,3% Yo

    Pdgvd ce YoD=Esidrbh

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    Uoh terierh kdgdocrboh y ido esd yh jhy mhochch< Gh Fuocbibo Jdrnet

    Gh Fuocbibo JD]NES (hmrevbhibo ce jdrods nethgrkbids), fue idostrubch,ghcrbggd h ghcrbggd, eo 825=, pdr eg Bok. Ldrke \hgesay, eo gh Ibuchc ce Gh Phz. Uohphrte eo gh \doh ce Hijhijbihgh y gh dtrh, gh prboibphg, eo gh zdoh ce Hgtd Gbnh (eo

    Eg Hgtd). Gh usboh esthmh cestbohch h vdghtbgbzhr eg esthd ce gds IMG. Ver Iuhcrd3. Hprdveijhmh phrh eg efeitd, gh ihphibchc ce ihtgbsbs que pdsee eg YD=prdveobeote ce ghs pbrbths idoteobchs eo gh ihrkh. Hi vhge gh peoh celhr seothcdhgkd que, h veies ihush idofusbo. Vdghtbgbzhmh ce esth nhoerh, od ido jbcrkeod,que es eg Prdiesd Pbrdnet ce 8.256, nbsnd que quec h obveg ce ghmdrhtdrbd.

    IUHC]D 3. EG P]DIEYD NESHG]KBID EO JD]NES

    Prephrhibo ce gh ihrkh Fe9D3+ J=D.

    Guekd esthmgeiho que eg Yo y eg Fe9D3 fdrnhcds cemho ser eovbhcds h ghsethphs ce sephrhibo y purbfbihibo.

    Enpbezho ghs cbfbiugthces.

    Gds tiobids mdgbvbhods ceg MHNBO, vbsth gh nhrijh ce ghs idshs, reidneochrdosekubr ido ghs trhthtbvhs ido gh Oew Eoterprbses Boi. Ybo enmhrkd, pdid tbenpd

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    cespus eg hiuercd tuvd que rdnperse pues Nhurbibd Jdsijbgc ndvb ibegd y tberrhphrh bnpecbr que Mdgbvbh jhkh hiuercds ido ghs enpreshs esthcduobceoses. Esthdpdsbibo h que Mdgbvbh se jhkh ihrkd ceg trhthnbeotd ce sus IHG y sus IMG,enpez h nhoijhr eg ihnbod ce gh ]evdguibo Ohibdohg y ce gh IdrpdrhiboNboerh ce Mdgbvbh QIDNBMDG^. Prboibphgneote ce esth gtbnh, que esthmh

    eoihrkhch ce ihrkhr eg fhrcd krhoce< Veocer gds idoieotrhcds ce ghs nbohs ce gdsmhrdoesceg esthd y erbkbr uoh fuocbibo.

    Eo esths ibriuosthoibhs, IDNBMDG tdn hgkuohs curhs ceibsbdoes, ce nhoerhexpgibth d bnpgibth YoD=(pdgvd) (BB Ethph)

    IUHC]D :. FGULDK]HNH CE GH PGHOSH CE HGSH GEREO VBOSDD]U]D

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    Nboerhg

    Sdsthibo

    Fusbo

    recuitdrh

    Esthd mrutd

    ]efbohibo trnbih y

    egeitrdgtbih

    Esthd]efbohcd(hghveoth)

    Esidrbh

    Vdghtbgbzhibo

    Fbgtrhcd

    YoD=

    Hjdrh hteoibo< Hmrho mbeo sus meggds dlds< Es gh nbsnh nethgurkbh ce Jdrnet!

    Eo gh pukoh pdr eg esthd, jhmho iuhtrd idrrecdres< NESHMDG, FUOD]U]D,JD]NES y Agdiaoer-Arupp. Gds cds prbnerds ido jdrods rdthtdrbds, eg terierd idojdrod ce sdgerh y eg iuhrtd ido su [hegz, thnmbo eo sdgerh. Hj esto gdsIuhcrds 9 y 3, phrh idnprdmhrgd.

    ]eoekuends uo pdid ns, dmservhocd gds cethgges. Eo eg ihsd ce FUOD]U]D,su jdrod rdthtdrbd fue cbsehcd y idostrubcd eo Hrkeotboh y eg ce vdghtbgbzhibo eoMdgbvbh, eo hnmds ihsds, h petbibo ce Nhrbhod Per. Pdr su ghcd, eg ce sdgerh ceJD]NES, fue idostrubcd pdr \hgesay. Perd eg ce sdgerh y eg ce vdghtbgbzhibo ceEOHF, fuerdo cbsehcds y idostrubcds h bobibhtbvh y idoveobeoibh ce gds hgenhoesce gh Agdiaoer< Rehj! R tdcd krhibhs hg yh ibthcd idotrhtd gghve eo nhod.

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    H gh Enpresh Agdiaoer, Arupp-Gurkb, ge jends idnprhcd gd que JD]NES yhjhmh jeijd ido su prdpbd esfuerzd. R pdr eggd jends phkhcd 2,;6 nbggdoes ce$UY. Xu jho cbijd4

    Jhy uo sekuocd khosd que krhzoh eo gh Fuocbibo ce Mhlh Gey.

    Gh Pghoth ce Mhlh Gey, bosthghch eo 82:0, erh uo ihotd h gh botegbkeoibh< Fboh ycegbihch. Rh od gd es, pues jdy gh nbsnh< requbesiht bo phien. Mhsthmh ihrkhr egidoieotrhcd prephrhcd, eo eg enmucd kbkhote ceg Jdrod Ibigo. R krhibhs h uofguld ce ihgdr que veoh eo idotrhidrrbeote, se prdcuiho ghs terrbmges rehiibdoes.Ver Iuhcrd 2. Eo pdids nboutds, teohs khses ce esthd pdr hi y esidrbhijdrrehocd pdr hgg. Gh ihrkh esthmh idnpuesth ce IMG y pbrbth,fuochneothgneote. Hg iher gh ihrkh pdr eg vrtbie gbmre fdrnhcd pdr ghidotrhidrrbeote, se prdcuiho ghs rehiibdoes que yh idodiends y gh esidrbh sevhibhmh eo uo Jdrod Fnbok hcyhieote.

    FBKU]H =. UOD CE GDY CDY JD]ODY HG VHIDEO GHPGHOSH CE MHLH GER - EOHF

    Ghs rehiibdoes sdo ghs nbsnhs hotecbijhs. Perd qu cbfereotes sdo gds dgdres.Uoh idsh sdo gds ce FUOD]U]D y JD]NES y dtrd eg fbod hrdnh ceg Hkuh ceIdgdobh ce Mhlh Gey.

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    3=

    YoD=+ Y=> YoY= (k) + D=(k) (B Ethph)YoY= (k) + D=(k) > YoD=(pdgvd) + Y= (BB Ethph)

    Gds khses phshmho guekd, h uoh inhrh ce dxbchibo cdoce se cepdoho eofdrnh ce pdgvd que, guekd ce pegetbzhcd, erh ggevhcd h uo kbkhotesid Jdrod

    Egitrbid ce ]ecuiibo, ce cdoce nhohmh h ijdrrds, guekd ce uohs jdrhs ceprdiesd, eg esthd mrutd. Eg nbsnd, h idotbouhibo, erh cdmgeneote refbohcd Yo + =J=D(k)

    R, vho h cbsiugphr, kuhrchocd ghs cbsthoibhs, estd es thnmbo Ldrke \hgesay!.

    Ouevhneote idnprhnds hgkd que ouestrd ibeotfbid yh jhmh experbneothcdidnd iboiueoth y pbid hds hotes. ]ephsends gh jbstdrbh ce esth rehiibo.Prbnerd fue utbgbzhch ido xbtd eo 8.258, pdr Jhywhrc y [rbkjt h tenperhturhseotre ;00 y :00I. Guekd eo 8.255 pdr \hgesay, sdpghocd petrged eo uoh nezighfuocbch h 8.900 I. R hjdrh ggekho gds hustrhgbhods ido gh jbstdrbh.

    IUHC]D :. FGULDK]HNH CEG P]DIEYD HUYNEGS EO VBOSDD]U]D

    Hbre, khs y dxkeodIdoieotrhcd ihrmo y fuoceotes

    Jdrod ce Fusbo

    Sbpd HusnegtKhses

    Esthd mrutd

    Esidrbh rbih

    Jdrod ce ]ecuiibo

    Esidrbh nhdnh

    Gbnpbezh

    Esidrbh pdmre

    Esthd mrutd

    ]efbohibo

    Khses

    Khses

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    IHPSUGD VB.IDOIGUYBDOEY

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    Goehs hrrbmh hguchnds que phrh uoh hutdrbchc ceg kdmberod mdgbvbhod, eg Husnegtes uo jbtd que hukurh, ouevhneote, idnpetbtbvbchc. Xu ihgbfbihtbvds thokrhocbgdiueotes! Eo tdrod ce egghs, kbrhro ouestrhs idoigusbdoes

    Gh fusbo, tenh pdgtbid y teiodgkbid

    Idneoiends ido gds Iuhcrds 88, 8= y 89, que nuestrho gh cbreiibo ce gdsidoselds reibmbcds, eonhrihcds eo gh seiueoibh gkbih ce gds prdiesdsnethgrkbids ceg esthd. Guekd eo gds sbkubeotes iuhcrds, se bosirbmbro ghsbkobfbihibo ce gds nbsnds, phrh gds mdgbvbhods.

    IUHC]D 88. IDOYELDY NESHG]KBIDY]EIBMBCDY EO MDGBVBH

    Enpresh

    Prdiesd

    Ijenbihg

    Idostruitbdo

    Idrpdrhtbdo

    AruppAgdi

    aoer

    OewEoterprbses

    PjegpCdcke

    dHohidoc

    h

    [bggbhnsJhrvey

    Husnegt

    IdoieotrhiboFuocbibo IMG Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb

    IHG Yb YbYephrhibo Yo Yb Yb

    Hu Od OdHk Od Od

    Dtrds Od OdBocustrbhgbzhibo Ghto Od OdEovhses Od OdMrdoies. Od OdYdgchcurhs Od Od]eiumrbnbeotdceg hierd

    Od Od

    Segefdoh nvbg - - - - - OdFueote< Eghmdrhibo prdpbh

    IUHC]D 8=. GH EZPE]BEOIBH MDGBVBHOH EO FUYBO

    ENP]EYH

    SBPD CE IDOIEOS]HCD

    JD]NES NESHMDG FUOD]U]D

    HGSH GER (IHG) Od Yb YbMHLH GER (IMG) Yb Od Yb

    Fueote< Eghmdrhibo prdpbh

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    IUHC]D 89. GDY IDOYELDY EO FUYBO

    Gh experbeoibh gdihg Eg idoseld extrholerdCbsed Jhy experbeoibh phrh eg

    cbsed y idostruiibo ce

    equbpd nethgrkbid

    Gds tbpds ce idotrhtd fbrnhcdseotre eg Esthcd Mdgbvbhod y ghs

    enpreshs extrholerhs, gespernbtb h sths, gh bnpdrthiboce uoh teiodgdkh que yhexbsth eo Mdgbvbh.

    Ihgbchc ce gdsidoieotrhcds

    Jhmho cds enpreshs quefuocho IHG

    Ye hidoselh fuocbr IMG

    Experbeoibhnethgrkbih

    Jhy experbeoibh eo fuocbreo gh hgturh, ido ihrmovekethg y petrged

    Hidoselhmho verbfbihr gdsprdiesds h gh hgturh yexperbneothr ido idque.

    Hpdrte ibeotfbid yteiodgkbid.

    Eg Prdiesd Pbrdnet es uohpdrte ibeotfbid mdgbvbhod.

    Gh teiodgdkh extrholerhsbenpre jh sbcd preseothch

    idnd odvecdsh. Sdch eggh estgbkhch h su prdpbd ireibnbeotdibeotfbid y teiodgkbid.

    Fueote< Eghmdrhibo prdpbh

    Jhsth cdoce eoteocends, cesce gh Kuerrh ceg Ijhid, eg bcehg ohibdohg erh quegds mdgbvbhods fuochnds ouestrds IHG y IMG eo Mdgbvbh, eoteocbcd idnd hitd cebocustrbhgbzhibo y sdmerhoh. R ighro que pdchnds jhiergd< Seohndsexperbeoibh fuocbeocd IHG y phrh gds IMG esthmh FUOD]UD y gh pghoth pbgdtd ce\hgesay. Hpdrtes teiodgkbids, sedribtd, h gh nethgurkbh ceg esthd!

    Perd gh pukoh pdr qubo fuoce, se resdgvb pdr eg ceshstre. Prbnerd nhgdkrhocd gdprdpbd (od hkrhochr ghs enpreshs gdihges ob hpdyhr gh Pghoth Pbgdtd ce \hgesay), y,guekd, idnd yh ods eoterhnds, hsesbohocd. Gh ceshphrbibo fsbih ce gds cdspersdohles ieotrhges - L eg ce gh \ y L.O.]. - keoer uo ndneotd krbs. Gh idokdlhkeoerhg ceshthch, fue hprdveijhch pdr ibertds persdohles ido hgnh cenerihijbfges, phrh ghozhr eg eterod y oefhstd idoseld< H od fuocbr ohch, es neldrque gd jhkh uoh enpresh extrholerh!8=Ygd hs quec hmbertd eg ihnbod phrh quese idotrhte uoh enpresh extrholerh.

    Este kbrd ge pernbtb hg Esthcd Mdgbvbhod idnprhr, h fhrcd ierrhcd, ghs fuocbibdoesce Hgth Gey, Mhlh Gey y Husnegt, celhocd que ghs rhths eotreo eo ihsh. Hidotbouhibo, gds nbsnds rdecdres ods enpulhrdo h enpezhr ce h pdqubtd y thgidnd eggds querho, sekurhneote phrh prdteker sus boversbdoes (renenmer