introducción macrodinámica

7/22/2019 Introduccin Macrodinmica

1/48

F`ksj ;5 Wkblrknk aj `ls nlaj`ls YIF

Cknd`tlb Mk`dbalNkfrladbkndfk

Kird` 97;6-ZBD-

Cknd`tlb Mk`dbal (Nkfrladbkndfk) F`ksj ;5 Wkblrknk aj `ls nlaj`ls YIF Kird` 97;6-ZBD- ; / 13
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2/48

Ilsqujel aj `k f`ksj D

; Fdf`ls jflblndfls

Cjfcls jstd`dzkals aj `ls fdf`ls

9 Nlaj`ls YIFWrj`dndbkr k `ls nlaj`ls YIFWjrspjftdvk Cdstlrdfk

Dbdfdl aj `k Qjlrdk aj Fdf`ls Jflblndfls Yjk`jsWrdbfdpk`js FkrkftjrdstdfksNlaj`l bjlf`ksdfl aj frjfdndjbtl jflblndfl

6 Nlaj`l YIF iksdfl

@ks Hknd`dks@ks HdrnksFlbadfdlb aj Njrfkal y Hujbtj aj DbfjrtdaunirjVl`ufdlb aj nlaj`ls flb Jxpjftktdvks rkfdlbk`jsFk`dirkfdlb

Jstkal JstkfdlbkrdlCknd`tlb Mk`dbal (Nkfrladbkndfk) F`ksj ;5 Wkblrknk aj `ls nlaj`ls YIF Kird` 97;6-ZBD- 9 / 13
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3/48

Ilsqujel aj `k f`ksj DD

@lm-@dbjk`dzkfdlb

1 JxtjbsdlbjsNjrfkal aj trkikelFclquj k `k dbvjrsdlb

AdbjrlMlidjrblJflblnk kidjrtkLtrls

: Frtdfks

Cknd`tlb Mk`dbal (Nkfrladbkndfk) F`ksj ;5 Wkblrknk aj `ls nlaj`ls YIF Kird` 97;6-ZBD- 6 / 13
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4/48

Fdf`ls jflblndfls Cjfcls jstd`dzkals aj `ls fdf ls

Cjfcls jstd`dzkals aj `ls fdf`ls D

; Wrdbfdpk` liejtdvl aj `k nkfrljflblnk5

Fuk jswt t+Ytot+t

Jfukfdlb aj Nlvdndjbtl aj` Fkpdtk`5J` stlfo aj fkpdtk`jvl`ufdlbk aj kfujral k5

ot+; > (; )ot+dt

Cknd`tlb Mk`dbal (Nkfrladbkndfk) F`ksj ;5 Wkblrknk aj `ls nlaj`ls YIF Kird` 97;6-ZBD- 9= / 13

Nlaj`l YIF iksdfl @ks Hknd`dks

L
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28/48

@ks Hknd`dks5 Wrli`jnk aj Lptdndzkfdlb

Nkx{ft,`t,ot

+;}t>7

Jt

t>7

t(; )`b(ft) +`b(; `t) (9)ft+dt>wt t+Ytot+t (6)

ot+; > (; )ot+dt



@ H d`d @ d FWL
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29/48

@ks Hknd`dks5 @kmrkmdkbl y FWL

K flbtdbukfdlb sj flbstruyj j` @kmrkbmdkbl (sj ajspjek dtaj `k

jfukfdlb aj nlvdndjbtl aj` fkpdtk`, y `ujml sj dbtrlaufj jb `krjstrdffdlb prjsupujstkrdk)5

@ >Jt

t>7

t

Z(ft, `t) + t(wt t+ Ytot ft ot+;+ (; )ot)

@ks flbadfdlbjs aj prdnjr lrajb slb `ks sdmudjbtjs5

@

ft> 7 >

;

ft+t(;) > 7 (1)

@

t> 7 >

; `t+t(wt) > 7 (:)

@

ot+;> 7 > Jt

tt(;) +

t+;t+;(Yt+;+ (; ))

> 7 (8)



F ad d D t D t t `
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30/48

Flbadfdlbjs Dbtjr-Dbtrk tjnplrk`js

;

Vustdtufdlb dbtrktjnplrk` jbtrj j` flbsunl y j` lfdl5 Js `k ajfdsdlbflbsunl/lfdl quj jbhrjbtk `k hknd`dk pkrk fkak pjrdlal aj tdjnpl, `k fuk`sj jbfujbtrk rjprjsjbtkak plr `k lhjrtk aj trkikel. Jstk u`tdnk sj litdjbj aj`k jfukfdlb (1) y (:)5

wt>

;

ft

; `t(=)

9 Vustdtufdlb dbtjrtjnplrk` jb j` flbsunl5Js `k jfukfdlb aj ju`jr, `k fuk`dbadfk `k sjbak lptdnk aj` flbsunl. Jstk sj litdjbj aj (1) y (8)5

;

ft>Jt

;

ft+;_Yt+;+ (; )^

6 Vustdtufdlb dbtjrtjnplrk` jb `k lhjrtk aj trkikel5Dtjrkbal ub pjrdlalckfdk kaj`kbtj `k lhjrtk aj trkikel (=), `ujml ajspjekbal j` rktdl ft/ft+; sjfl`lfk jb `k jfukfdlb aj ju`jr.



J` td da a H d c a ` Lh t a Q i e D
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31/48

J`kstdfdaka Hrdsfc aj `k Lhjrtk aj Qrkikel D

Ajbdfdlb

Js j` fknidl plrfjbtuk` jb `k lhjrtk aj trkikel kbtj ub fknidl plrfjbtuk`jb j` sk`krdl rjk` nkbtjbdjbal `k utd`daka nkrmdbk` aj` flbsunl flbstkbtj.

@k J`kstdfdaka Hrdsfc aj `k Lhjrtk aj Qrkikel ndaj j` jhjftl sustdtufdlbquj ub fknidl jb j` sk`krdl rjk` mjbjrk jb `k lhjrtk `kilrk`. Js ajfdr bl

flbsdajrk j` jhjftl dbmrjslquj sj ajrdvk aj `k sustdtufdlb dbtrktjnplrk`jbtrj j` flbsunl/lfdl.

Vj fk`fu`k `k adhjrjbfdkfdlb tltk` aj `k lhjrtk aj trkikel aj` fuk` sj litdjbj`k sdmudjbtj jxprjsdlb5

jwt >

; `t`t

_; jfwt ^

Albaj, j`wt rjprjsjbtk `k j`ktdfdaka aj `k lhjrtk aj trkikel flb rjspjftl k`sk`krdl rjk`? aj ltrl `kal, jfwt js `kj`kstdfdaka aj` flbsunlflb rjspjftl k`sk`krdl rjk`.

Cknd`tlb Mk`dbal (Nkfrladbkndfk) F`ksj ;5 Wkblrknk aj `ls nlaj`ls YIF Kird` 97;6-ZBD- 6; / 13


J`kstdfdaka Hrdsfc aj `k Lhjrtk aj Qrkikel DD
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32/48

J`kstdfdaka Hrdsfc aj `k Lhjrtk aj Qrkikel DD

Vjmub `k ajbdfdlb aj `k J`kstdfdaka aj Hrdsfc, `k utd`daka nkrmdbk` aj`flbsunl sj nkbtdjbj flbstkbtj, `l fuk` dbadfk ub bdvj` aj flbsunl eldbvkrdkbtj kbtj fknidls jb j` sk`krdl rjk`, plr `l fuk` `k jfwt sjrk dmuk` k fjrl.

Wlr tkbtl5

j`wt >; `t

`t


Nlaj`l YIF iksdfl @ks Hdrnks

@ks Hdrnks
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33/48

@ks Hdrnks

Hubfdlb aj Wrlauffdlb5

Vj ksunj quj jxdstj ub sl`l idjb bk` jb `k jflblnk y js prlaufdalplr ubk hubfdlb aj prlauffdlb bjlf`ksdfk h(ot, `t) aj rjbadndjbtl kjsfk`k flbstkbtj.

yt>Kth(ot, `t) >Kto

t `;t

Albaj otjs j` stlfo aj fkpdtk` prjajtjrndbkal (j`jmdal jb j` pjrdlalt-;) y `tjs j` dbsunl trkikel.

Ksdndsnl, j` pkrknjtrl dbadfk `k prlplrfdlb aj` fkpdtk` jb j`

prlauftl y `k vkrdki`j Ktckfj rjhjrjbfdk k `k prlauftdvdaka? j` fuk` sjsuplbj quj sj flnplrtk aj nkbjrk jstlfkstdfk y js jxprjskal plr ubKY(;).


Nlaj`l YIF iksdfl @ks Hdrnks

@ks Hdrnks5 Wrli`jnk aj Lptdndzkfdlb y FWL
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34/48

@ks Hdrnks5 Wrli`jnk aj Lptdndzkfdlb y FWL

Nkx{ot,`t}

t>yt _wt t+Ytot (3)

yt>Kto

t `;t (4)

@ujml aj dbtrlaufdr `k hubfdlb aj prlauffdlb jb `k hubfdlb liejtdvl sjlitdjbj `ks flbadfdlbjs aj prdnjr lrajb5

tot

> 7 > ot>yt

Yt, _Ajnkbak aj` fkpdtk`^ (;7)

t t

> 7 > `t> (; )yt

wt, _Ajnkbak aj` trkikel^ (;;)


Nlaj`l YIF iksdfl Flbadfdlb aj Njrfkal y Hujbtj aj Dbfjrtdaunirj

Flbadfdlb aj Njrfkal y Hujbtj aj Dbfjrtdaunirj
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35/48

Flbadfdlb aj Njrfkal y Hujbtj aj Dbfjrtdaunirj

; Flbadfdlb aj jqud`dirdl jb j` njrfkal aj idjbjs

yt>ft+dt

9 Njfkbdsnl aj Dnpu`slJ` prdbfdpk` njfkbdsnl aj dnpu`sl jb `ls nlaj`ls YIF js plr j` `kalaj `k lhjrtk. Jb pkrtdfu`kr `k prlauftdvdaka.

`b(Kt) >k`b(Kt;) +t, t d.d.a.B(7, 9

)

Cknd`tlb Mk`dbal (Nkfrladbkndfk) F`ksj ;5 Wkblrknk aj `ls nlaj`ls YIF Kird` 97;6-ZBD- 6: / 13

Nlaj`l YIF iksdfl Vl`ufdlb aj nlaj`ls flb Jxpjftktdvks rkfdlbk`js
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36/48

Njtlals aj sl`ufdlbJb mjbjrk` `ls nlaj`ls AVMJ sj pujajb rjsl`vjr flb `ls sdmudjbtjsnjtlals5

; Njtlal aj prlyjffdlb

9 Jxpjftktdvks pkrknjtrdzkaks6 Njtlal aj I`kbfckra y Ockb

1 Njtlal aj fljjbtjs dbajtjrndbkals aj Zc`dm

: Njtlal aj ajsflnplsdfdlb aj jdmjbvk`lrjs aj Vdns


Nlaj`l YIF iksdfl Vl`ufdlb aj nlaj`ls flb Jxpjftktdvks rkfdlbk`js

Vdstjnk aj Jfukfdlbjs Wrdbfdpk`js
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37/48

Vdstjnk aj Jfukfdlbjs Wrdbfdpk`js

Jfukfdlb Lisjrvkfdlb

wt>

;ft

;`tLhjrtk aj trkikel

;ft

>Jt

;ft+;

_Yt+;+ (; )^

Jfukfdlb aj ju`jr

ot>

yt

Yt Ajnkbak aj fkpdtk``t> (; )

ytwt

Ajnkbak aj trkikel

yt>Kto

t `;t Hubfdlb aj prlauffdlb

ot+; > (; )ot+dt Jfukfdlb aj nlv. aj` fkpdtk`

yt>ft+dt Jqud`dirdl jb j` njrfkal aj idjbjs

`b(Kt) >k`b(Kt;) +t Fclquj aj prlauftdvdaka


Nlaj`l YIF iksdfl Fk`dirkfdlb

Fk`dirkfdlb
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38/48

Fk`dirkfdlb[uj js fk`dirkfdlb 7.68 prlplrfdlb aj` trkikel jb j` dbmrjsl bkfdlbk`

> 7.79: flrrjsplbaj k ubk ajprjfdkfdlb aj` ;7 % kbuk`> 9/6 tdjnpl prlauftdvl lrdjbtkal k kftdvdakajs bl-njrfkal> 7.4 `k prlauftdvdaka js jstkfdlbkrdk> 7.44 flrrjsplbaj k ubk tksk aj ajsfujbtl suiejtdvk aj 1 % kbuk`> 7.=86 ajsvdkfdlb jstkbakr aj` fclquj ajprlauftdvdaka


Nlaj`l YIF iksdfl Jstkal Jstkfdlbkrdl

Jstkal Jstkfdlbkrdl
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39/48

Jstkal Jstkfdlbkrdl

K`mubks bltks

; Vj flblfj flnl jqud`dirdl aj `krml p`kzl albaj xt> 7 (pkrk tlaks`ks vkrdki`js aj` nlaj`l) y quj j` fclquj aj prlauftdvdaka (t) tlnksu vk`lr prlnjadl (> 7)

9 Akak `k jfukfdlb aj nlv. aj `k prlauftdvdaka, su vk`lr aj jstkaljstkfdlbkrdl js K> ;

6 @ks jxpjftktdvks ajskpkrjfjb, plr j``l sj `j flblfj flnl sl`ufdlb bljstlfkstdfk

1 Ck``kr j` jstkal jstkfdlbkrdl js ub pksl prjvdl k `k `lm-`dbj`dzkfdlb.


Nlaj`l YIF iksdfl @lm-@dbjk`dzkfdlb

@lm-@dbjk`dzkfdlb
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40/48

m

K`mubks bltks nktjnktdfks; Ajbknls xtflnl `k `lm-ajsvdkfdlb aj `k vkrdki`j Stflb rjspjftl k

su vk`lr aj jstkal jstkfdlbkrdl (Sss)5

xt>`b(St) `b(Sss)

9 Aj `l kbtjrdlr sj litdjbj5

St>Sssjxt

6 Wkrk pjqujbks ajsvdkfdlbjs aj` jstkal jstkfdlbkrdl sj funp`j quj5

jxt ; +xt


Jxtjbsdlbjs

Jxtjbsdlbjs aj` Nlaj`l Iksj D
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41/48

; Njrfkal aj trkikel5 @ks jxtjbsdlbjs jb jstj fknpl sj ckb flbfjbtrkal jb

`ks jnp`jl (clrks trkikekaks), prlauftdvdaka njadk aj` trkikel y ajsjnp`jl.Jnp`jl5

; @k vl`ktd`daka aj` jnp`jl quj prjadfj j` nlaj`l YIF js njblr k `llisjrvkal jb `ls aktls, k jstl sj `j flblfj flnl J` kfjrtdel aj `kvkrdkid`daka aj` jnp`jl (Jnp`lynjbt vkrdkid`dty puzz`j).

9 @kpkrtdfdpkfdlb aj` trkikel jb j` dbmrjsl (wt`tyt ), jb j` nlaj`l YIF, js

flbstkbtj? k adhjrjbfdk aj `ls aktls quj slstdjbjb quj jstk sj nujvjflbtrkff`dfknjbtj.

Wrlauftdvdaka njadk aj` trkikel5

; Wrlfdf`dfdaka aj` sk`krdl rjk 5 `k prlauftdvdaka njadk ( yt`t

), quj js ubknjadak dbadrjftk aj` sk`krdl rjk` (wt), jb j` nlaj`l YIF sj flnplrtknks prlff`dfl quj jb `k jvdajbfdk jnprdfk.

9 J` nlaj`l YIF prjadfj quj `k flrrj`kfdlb jbtrj j` jnp`jl y `kprlauftdvdaka njadk aj` trkikel (l wt) js plsdtdvl? bl listkbtj, `l qujsj lisjrvk jb `ls aktls js quj jstk flrrj`kfdlb js bjmktdvk. K jstl sj `jflblfj flnl J` kfjrtdel aj `k prlauftdvdaka (Wrlauftdvdty puzz`j).

Cknd`tlb Mk`dbal (Nkfrladbkndfk) F`ksj ;5 Wkblrknk aj `ls nlaj`ls YIF Kird` 97;6-ZBD- 1; / 13

Jxtjbsdlbjs

Jxtjbsdlbjs aj` Nlaj`l Iksj DD
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42/48

Ajsjnp`jl5Jb j` nlaj`l YIF jstkbakr sj flbsdajrk quj j` ajsjnp`jljs vl`ubtkrdl, jstl sj ajrdvk aj` supujstl aj quj `k vkrdkfdlb tltk` aj

`ks clrks trkikekaks sj ajij k quj `ls jnp`jkals keustkb sus clrks ajtrkikel. K `k hk`tk aj nlaj`kndjbtl aj` ajsjnp`jl dbvl`ubtkrdl sj `jajblndkb jnp`lynjbt puzz`j

9 Adbjrl5

Nlaj`l aj Fll`jy y Ckbsjb (;434) dbtrlaufj j` adbjrl jb ub nlaj`lYIF aj `k hlrnk fksc-db-kavkbfj flbstrkdbt slirj `k flnprk ajidjbjs aj flbsunl aj tk` hlrnk quj `k dbkfdlb kftuk flnl ubdnpujstl slirj j` flbsunl. Bl listkbtj, `k dbblvkfdlb nlbjtkrdk blflbtrdiuyj sdmbdfktdvknjbtj k `k vl`ktd`daka aj` prlauftl.Wkrk litjbjr k`mub jhjftl aj` adbjrl slirj j` prlauftl js bjfjskrdlk`mubk rdmdajz blndbk`

6 Jflblnk kidjrtk5 @ls nlaj`ls YIF aj jflblnk kidjrtk ckb tjbdal jxdtljb jxp`dfkr k`mubls cjfcls jstd`dzkals5

J` nlvdndjbtl flbtrkff`dfl aj `k ik`kbzkflnjrfdk`


Jxtjbsdlbjs

Jxtjbsdlbjs aj` Nlaj`l Iksj DDD
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43/48

@k flrrj`kfdlb plsdtdvk aj `k ik`kbzk flnjrfdk` flb `ls tjrndbls ajdbtjrfknidl ( px

pn)

@k flrrj`kfdlb plsdtdvk jbtrj j` kclrrl y `k dbvjrsdlb

Bl listkbtj cky als cjfcls jstd`dzkals quj bl ckb pladal sjr jxp`dfkals5

@ls nlaj`ls YIF prjadfjb quj `ks flrrj`kfdlbjs aj` flbsunl jbtrjpksjs slb nufcl nkylrjs quj `ks flrrj`kfdlbjs aj` prlauftl jb

flbtrkstj flb `l quj sj lisjrvk jb `k rjk`daka (Kblnk kFukbtdtktdvk).@ls nlaj`ls YIF sumdjrjb quj `ls tjrndbls aj dbtjrfknidl slb njblsvl`ktd`js y njbls pjrsdstjbtjs quj `l lisjrvkal jb `ls aktls (Kblnk kaj Wrjfdls).

Vj ck dbf`udal k`mubks jxtjbsdlbjs k` nlaj`l YIF iksdfl aj jflblnkkidjrtk5

Idjbjs bl trkbski`jsFclquj k `ks prjhjrjbfdksFclquj k` prjfdl aj `k jbjrmdk


Jxtjbsdlbjs

Jxtjbsdlbjs aj` Nlaj`l Iksj DX
http://goforward/http://find/http://goback/


44/48

Njrfkal aj kftdvls dbflnp`jtl

Adbjrl

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45/48

Frtdfks

Wrdbfdpk`js Frtdfks DD


46/48

Yl` aj` Adbjrl

Bl flbtjnp`k `lsjhjftls rjk`js aj` adbjrl jb j` flrtl p`kzl (bl bjutrk`dakaaj` adbjrl). Jstl sj ajij k `k hlrnk aj nlaj`kr `k jflblndk (flnpjtjbfdkpjrhjftk / prjfdls jxdi`js) `l fuk` ak `umkr k `k adfltlndk f`ksdfk (vkrdki`js

blndbk`js bl khjftkb k `ks vkrdki`js rjk`js). Bl listkbtj, `k bl bjutrk`dakaaj` adbjrl js ub cjfcl jnprdfl.

Vlstdjbjb quj `kpl tdfk jflblndfk bl js rj`jvkbtj(bd WH bd WN). Jstl sjsustjbtk plr quj sj flbsdajrk quj `ls fdf`ls slb rjspujstks lptdnks ajkmjbtjs rkfdlbk`js nkxdndzkalrjs. Aj sjr jstl ks, j` ubdfl jhjftl aj `k WJ

slirj `ls fdf`ls sjrk adstlrfdlbkalr (skfkr `ks vkrdki`js aj` lptdnl).


Frtdfks

Wrdbfdpk`js Frtdfks DDD
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47/48

Qjstjkr `ls Nlaj`ls YIF@k hlrnk aj tjstjkr j` nlaj`l YIF js5

Wrjsjbtkr als flbeubtls aj jstkadstdfls5 sjmubals nlnjbtls yflvkrdkbzks flb j` prlauftl ajrdvkals aj` nlaj`l y aj `ls aktls.

Vj lisjrvk sd `ls jstkastdfls jbflbtrkals jb j` nlaj`l slb nuyfjrfkbls k `ls lisjrvkals jb `ls aktls y jb iksj k j``l sj ajfdaj sd j`nlaj`l js ubk iujbk kprlxdnkfdlb aj `k rjk`daka.

Flnl sj kprjfdk, `ls tjlrdfls aj` YIF bl prjsjbtkb ubtjst jstkastdfl

hlrnk` pkrk vk`dakr sus nlaj`ls. Kajnks, `ls nlaj`ls YIF bl slbtjstjkals jb flbtrk aj cdpltjsds k`tjrbktdvks.


Frtdfks

Wrdbfdpk`js Frtdfks DX
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48/48

Njfkbdsnl aj Qrkbsndsdlb

J` prdbfdpk` njfkbdsnl aj trkbsndsdlb aj `ls nlaj`ls YIF js `kj`kstdfdaka aj sustdtufdlb aj` lfdl. Vj bjfjsdtk quj jstj njfkbdsnl

sjk nuy k`tl pkrk trks`kakr `ls jhjftls aj` fclquj aj prlauftdvdaka k`ks vkrdki`js jbalmjbks. Bl listkbtj, `ls aktls ndfrljflblndfls blkvk`kb adfcl rjqujrdndjbtl.

Jstk frtdfk js supjrkak flb j` nlaj`l aj Ckbsjb(;43:)

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introducción macrodinámica

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