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1. CONDITIONALS

ZERO CONDITIONAL If + Present Simple, Present SimpleFIRST CONDITIONAL If + Present Simple, FutureSECOND CONDITIONAL If + Past Simple, would + InfinitiveTHIRD CONDITIONAL If + Past Perfect, would + have + Past Participle

0 CONDITIONAL [ If + Pres S ] , [ Pres S ] If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils1 CONDITIONAL [ If + Pres S ] , [ Future ] If it rains tomorrow, we’ll go to the cinema2 CONDITIONAL [ If + Past S ] , [would + Inf.] If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world3 CONDITIONAL [ If + PastPerf] , [ would + have + PastPart] If I had gone to bed early, I would have caught the train

0 CONDITIONAL (general truths)If you sit in the sun, you get burned

1 CONDITIONAL (we believe is possible)If you sit in the sun, you’ll get burned. If she studies harder, she’ll pass the exam.

2 CONDITIONAL (we believe to be impossible or very improbable)If she studied harder, she would pass the exam If I had his number, I would call

him3 CONDITIONAL (events which cannot be changed, condition is impossible and its consequence is imaginary)

If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn’t have missed the plane

1. CONDITIONALS

UNLESS (if not,)Used with the present tense to talk about the futureUnless you drive more slowly, I’ll be sickWe won’t have time to reach the top of the mountain unless we set out early

IN CASE Shows an action is taken because of something else that might happenUnless you drive more slowly, I’ll be sickWe won’t have time to reach the top of the mountain unless we set out early

PROVIDED / PROVIDING THAT AS / SO LONG ASUsed with a present tense to talk about the futureAs long as we all stay toghether, we’ll have a great timeProvided that it doesn’t snow too heavily, I’ll see you here at six o’clock

I WISH IF ONLY

2. THE TO INFINITIVE AND -ING

1 VERB + TO INFINITIVE(can’t) afford to agree to/that aim to arrange to/thatattempt to choose to decided to/that demand to/thatdeserve to fail to hope to/that learn tomanage to neglect to offer to omit toplan to prepare to pretend to/that promise to/thatrefuse to seem to tend to threaten to/that(can’t) wait to wish to

If you decide to add nuts

Following verbs +to infinitive always have an objectdare to encourage to force to invite toorder to persuade to remind to teach totell to warn to

Her father taught her to play tennis

Following verbs +to infinitive sometimes have an objectwant to ask to expecto to beg tohelp to intend to

We expected to be late / We expected Tom to be late

Would like, would love, would prefer are also followed by the to infinitive


2 VERB + INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO (modal verbs)Can could may might must needn’t shallsholud will wouldHad betterWould rather

You should add them slowly

Help can be followed by the infinitive with or without toWe helped them (to) start their car

Make, let (always with an object) are followed by the infinitiveLet the cake cool for half an hour

The passive form of make is followed by the infinitiveI was made to do my homework


3 VERB + INGadmit (that) appreciate (that) avoid

can’t facecan’t help can’t stand carry on confess (that)consider (that) delay deny (that) detestdislike enjoy fancy feel likefinish give up imagine (that)

involvekeep / keep on (that) mention (that) (not) mind

misspostpone practise put off riskresist suggest (that)

I enjoy making itAvoid adding the eggs

Keep doing thisI suggest adding this

Can’t you imagine not having


4 VERBS + TO INFINITIVE OR -ING (with no difference in meaning)attempt beggin can’t bear continuehate like love preferpropose (that) start

Continue adding the flour / Continue to add the flourI prefer using apricots / I prefer to use apricots

I love making cakes / I love to make cakes

Two –ing forms do not usualy follow each otherI was starting to make (making) a cake when the phone rang

Like + to infinitive has a slightly different meaning from like + ingI like to catch the early bus on Mondays (it’s not smthg necessarily I enjoy)

I like dancing (I enjoy doing that)

When we use would + verb is always followed by to infinitiveShe would like to go out but we would prefer to stay in


5 VERBS + TO INFINITIVE OR -ING (with a difference in meaning)remember (that) forget (that) regret (that) trystop mean go onVerb + to infnitivie Verb + ingRememebr to chek whether the cake is ready I remember checking that I had my keys when I left the house(an action will be ne cessary) (a memory of a past aciont)

Don’t forget to add the baking powder I’ll never forget going to school on my own for the first time(an action will be necessary) (a memory of a past action)

I regret to inform you that your application We regret sending our daughter to that school(I’m sorry to tell you…) (we wish we hadn’t)

Try to ice the cake quickly Try adding nuts as it will improve the flavour(attempt to do it quickly if you can) (as an experiment)

She stopped to have a rest Stop beating when the mixture is pale and fluffy(in order to have a rest) (finish doing it)

They don’t mean to upset you If you go by train that means taking a taxi to the station(they don’t intend to) (it involves)

He went on to tell them how to make a different cake They went on cycling until they reached the farm(the next thing he did was to tell them) (they continued)


6 VERB + OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE OR NO OBJECT + -INGadvise (that) allow forbid permitrecommend (that)

To + inf (object) - Ing (no object)I recommend you to use apricots I recommend using apricots I advise you to add nuts I advise adding nuts

7 VERB + -ING OR INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO (with a difference in meaning)feel hear notice seewatchI watched the boys playing football I watched the boy kick the football into the road(an activity continue over a period of time) (short completed action)

She heard her mother singing as she came downstairs She heard the doorbell ring(continuing action) (a short completed action)

8 ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY THE TO INFINITIVEdelighted expensive happy impossible interesting pleased possiblesafe sorry surprised

9 ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY BOTHdangerous difficult easy nice

3. USED TO and WOULD

1. USED TO + INF (actions and states) I used to have a tricycle when I was five years old Actions which no longer happen John used to have long hair before he joined the army Permanent situtations as well as habitual actions

I didn’t used to go abroad for my holidays before I won the lottery Negative

2. WOULD + INF (actions) I would often get up for work at seven, then get the bus at eight Past habitual actions which were repetead They would sometimes take us to the park Past habitual actions which were repetead

3. BE or GET / USED TO + ING / NOUN (with all tenses past, present or future) I’m used to getting up early everyday To get or to be accustomed to He wasn’t used to criticism and… Followed by a noun My grandmother was used to working … She was accustomed to.. One thing I’ve found it hard to get used to is using….

3. USED TO and WOULD

1. COULD, MIGHT, MAY To speculate about sth sb is insure about It could be a sea eagle, though the feathers look too dark That star you’re looking at might in fact be Jupiter The answer may be to readvertise the job2. MUST Is used to indicate certainity

3. FUTURE TENSE

1. FUTURE SIMPLE (SHALL / WILL) Future plans or events I’ll give you a ring sometime Predictions based on general beliefs Mass space travel will soon become possible

2. GOING TO Future plans (happen soon) I’m going to clear out the chicken cupboards at the weekend Intentions James says he’s going to work harder Predictions based on facts or events It’s going to snow tonight

3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS Inminent future events I’m having a meeting with Charlotte at two o’clock Definite future arrangements Johnny’s starting school next September

4. PRESENT SIMPLE Events based on a timetable The plane leaves at 9:45 Future intentions NASA plans to send further rockets to Mars Definite planned events The new pool is due to open in April

3. FUTURE TENSE

1. FUTURE CONTINUOUS Thinking ahead to a certain point in the future Tom will be sharing an office with Fran 2. FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE Events have not yet happened, but will definitely do This time next year I’ll have finished my course

3. FUTURE PRESENT CONTINUOUS Duration At the end of June, Henry will have been working here for six years

4. PHRASAL VERBS

DEPENDING ON THE PREPOSITION OR ADVERB HAVE DIFFERENT MEANINGSHe turned back because he had left something at home ( changed direction)He turned down the invitation because he was feeling tired (refused)They turned up unexpectedly (arrived)

SOME PHRASAL VERBS HAVE SEVERAL MEANINGSShe put on her clothes (she got dressed)She put on weight (her weight increased)She put on the light (she switched the light on)The students put on a play (performed)

1 VERBS + PREPOSITION

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