Taller de indicadores ambientales

23 de Setiembre de 2015, Santa Rosa, Argentina.

Jorge Francisco Manazza, INTA

Huella Hídrica: Nociones generales, aspectos

metodológicos y desafíos para Argentina

El desafío para Argentina: producir más, con menos:

menor impacto = Ecoeficiencia = Minimizar su Huella Ecológica

Cambio Climático

+Población +consumo +alimentos +Uso de recursos naturales

Sistemas Agropecuarios

Bioeconomía

Escenario global Agroalimentario desafío para Argentina

+ Huella Ecológica

Huella Ecológica

Gran Aporte! Visibilizar la transferencia /

flujo de bs y ss ambientales entre regiones

Huella Hídrica de un indicador del volúmen de agua dulceque se utiliza –directa e indirectamente- para producirlos bienes y servicios consumidos por un individuo, país; o producidos por una empresa.

Comprende el Agua utilizada en todo el ciclo de vidade un producto – cadena productiva

Huella Hídrica incluye una dimensión temporal y espacial

[Hoekstra, 2008]

Huella Hídrica Concepto

Uso consuntivo

Huella Hídrica directa Huella Hídrica indirecta

Huella Hídrica verde Huella Hídrica verde

Huella Hídrica azul Huella Hídrica azul

Huella Hídrica gris Huella Hídrica gris

Agua

Consu

mid

aAgua

Conta

min

ad

a

[Hoekstra, 2008]

No usada para consumohumano (flujo de retorno)

Agua extraída

Datos estadisticos

tradicionales

sobre uso de agua

Huella Hídrica Concepto Uso consuntivo: componentes

Huella Hídrica de productosanimales y vegetales

HH de Cultivos

Uso consuntivo de agua (m3/ha) / Rendimiento (ton/ha)

HH de productos animales

Suma del agua usada para alimentación y bebida.

Requerimientoshídricos de cultivos

1. Referencias para el calculo de la evapotranspiración de cultivos

ET0 (mm/day)

e.g. Penman-Monteith equation

2. Calculo de la evapotranspiracion Etc (mm/day/mes)

Etc = ET0 Kc donde Kc = coef. del cultuvo

3. Calculo del requerimiento de agua CWR (m3/ha)

CWR = Σ Etc [acumulada sobre el periodo de crecimiento

Riego

Alt.1- Irrigación requerida = requerimiento de agua del cultivo – lluvia efectiva

Alt. 2- Aplicación efectiva

Uso de Agua Cultivos

HH Verde usada por cultivos =

min (requerimiento de agua del cultivo, precipitaciones efectivas)

HH Azul usada por cultivos =

min (requerimientos de irrigacion, riego efectivo)

HarvestingCotton plant Seed-cotton

Cotton seed

Cotton lint

Cotton seed

cake

Cotton seed oil

Grey fabric

Fabric

Final textile

Cotton linters

Cotton, not

carded or combed

Cotton, carded or

combed (yarn)

Hulling/

extraction

Garnetted stock

Carding/

Spinning

Yarn waste

Knitting/

weaving

Wet processing

Finishing

Cotton seed oil,

refined

Ginning

18.0

63.0

82.0

35.0

47.0

16.0

33.0

51.0

20.0

10.0

00.1

07.1

00.1

00.1

99.0

95.0

10.0

05.0

00.1

00.1

00.1

00.1

99.0

95.0

10.0

05.0

82.0

35.0

Legend

Value fraction

Product fraction

Production chainAlgodón

4000kg bruto

1330kg

1200kg

190m3/tn

11.000 l/kg

printed cotton

[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

Blue water footprint

Million m3/yr

2959M

m3/yr

690

Mm3/yr

421

Mm3/yr

2459

Mm3/yr

803

Mm3/yr

581

Mm3/yr

533

Mm3/yr

450

Mm3/yr

EU25's impact on blue water resources

[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

Water footprint of EU’s cotton consumption (blue water)

283

Mm3/yr

485

Mm3/yr

3467

Mm3/yr

165

Mm3/yr

Green water footprint

Million m3/yr

186

Mm3/yr

325

Mm3/yr

EU25's impact on green water resources

Water footprint of EU’s cotton consumption (green water)

[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

Dilution water footprint

Million m3/yr

409

Mm3/yr

310

Mm3/yr

92

Mm3/yr

102

Mm3/yr

635

Mm3/yr

83

Mm3/yr

398

Mm3/yr

697

Mm3/yr

EU25's impact on global water resources due to pollution

Water footprint of EU’s cotton consumption (grey water)

[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

Pregunta de Investigación:

¡Cuál es la apropiación del volumen agua dulcenecesaria para para sostener el nivel de

consumo de la humanidad?

Estado del Arte

El concepto de HH primeramenteintentará hacer visible la relaciónoculta entre el consumo de bienesy el uso de agua (consumo delrecurso) y, por tanto, entre elcomercio global y el Managementde Recursos Hídricos (WRM).

2012 Hoekstra, A.Y. (2012) Computer-supported games

and role plays in teaching water

management,Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,

16(8): 2985-2994 ., 5

2012 Zeng, Z., Liu, J., Koeneman, P.H., Zarate, E. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2012) Assessing

water footprint at river basin level: a case study for the Heihe

River Basin in northwest China, Hydrology and Earth

System Sciences, 16(8): 2771-2781 ...

2012 Mekonnen, M.M., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Becht, R. (2012) Mitigating the water

footprint of export cut flowers from the Lake Naivasha Basin,

Kenya, Water Resources Management, 26: 3725–3742.,

4

2012 Jefferies, D., Muñoz, I., Hodges, J., King, V.J., Aldaya,

M., Ercin, A.E., Milà i Canals, L.

and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2012) Water Footprint and Life Cycle Assessment as approaches to

assess potential impacts of

products on water consumption: Key learni...2012 Gerbens-Leenes, P.W.,

Van Lienden, A.R., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Van der Meer, Th.H.

(2012) Biofuel scenarios in a water perspective: The global

blue and green water footprint of road transport in 2030,

Global Environmental Change, 22: 764-775., 2

2012 Hoekstra, A.Y. (2012) The hidden water resource use

behind meat and dairy, Animal

Frontiers, 2(2): 3-8., 7

2012 Gerbens-Leenes, W. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2012) The water

footprint of sweeteners and

bio-ethanol,Environment International, 40: 202-211., 2

2012 Hoekstra, A.Y., Mekonnen, M.M., Chapagain,

A.K., Mathews, R.E. and

Richter, B.D. (2012) Global monthly water scarcity: Blue water footprints versus blue water availability, PLoS ONE

7(2): e32688., 8

2012 Hoekstra, A.Y. and Mekonnen, M.M. (2012) From water footprint assessment to

policy,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,

109(22): E1425., 1

2012 Hoekstra, A.Y. and Mekonnen, M.M. (2012) The

water footprint of

humanity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(9): 3232–3237 .,

8

2012 Ercin, A.E., Aldaya, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2012) The

water footprint of soy milk and

soy burger and equivalent animal products, Ecological Indicators, 18: 392–402., 2

2012 Mekonnen, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2012) The blue water footprint of electricity

from hydropower,Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,

16(1): 179-187., 2

2012 Van Oel, P.R. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2012) Towards

quantification of the water

footprint of paper: A first estimate of its consumptive

component,Water Resources Management, 26(3): 733-749.,

2

2012 Liu, C., Kroeze, C., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Gerbens-Leenes, W. (2012) Past and

future trends in grey water footprints of anthropogenic

nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to major world

rivers, Ecological Indicators, 18: 42-49., 5

2012 Galli, A., Wiedmann, T., Ercin, E., Knoblauch, D., Ewing,

B. and Giljum, S. (2011)

Integrating ecological, carbon and water footprint into a

“footprint family” of indicators: Definition and role in tracking

human pressure on the planet, Ecological...

2011 Gerbens-Leenes, W. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2011) The water

footprint of biofuel-based

transport, Energy & Environmental Science, 4(8):

2658-2668., 2

2011 Fader, M., Gerten, D., Thammer, M., Heinke, J., Lotze-

Campen, H., Lucht, W. and

Cramer, W. (2011) Internal and external green-blue agricultural water footprints of nations, and related water and land savings

through trade, Hydrology and Earth Syst...

2011 Mekonnen, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2011) The

green, blue and grey water

footprint of crops and derived crop products, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15(5):

1577-1600., 6

2011 Chapagain, A.K. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2011) The blue, green and grey water footprint

of rice from production and consumption

perspectives, Ecological Economics, 70(4): 749-758., 2

2011 Feng, K., Hubacek, K., Minx, J., Siu, Y.L., Chapagain, A., Yu, Y., Guan, D. and Barrett, J.

(2011) Spatially explicit analysis of water footprints in the UK, Water, 3(1): 47-63, 3

2011 Hoekstra, A.Y. (2011) The global dimension of water governance: Why the river

basin approach is no longer sufficient and why cooperative

action at global level is needed, Water, 3(1):21-46., 52011 Ercin, A.E., Aldaya, M.M.

and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2011) Corporate water footprint

accounting and impact assessment: The case of the water footprint of a sugar-

containing carbonated

beverage,Water Resources Management, 25(2): 721-741.,

2

2010 Aldaya, M.M., Martinez-Santos, P. and Llamas, M.R.

(2010) Incorporating the water

footprint and virtual water into policy: Reflections from the Mancha Occidental Region,

Spain, Water Resources

Management 24(5): 941-958., 1

2010 Mekonnen, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2010) A global

and high-resolution assessment

of the green, blue and grey water footprint of

wheat, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 14(7), 1259–

1276., 2

2010 Romaguera, M., Hoekstra, A.Y., Su, Z., Krol, M.S. and

Salama, M.S. (2010) Potential

of using remote sensing techniques for global

assessment of water footprint of crops, Remote Sensing, 2(4):

1177-1196., 5

2010 Aldaya, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2010) The water needed for Italians to eat pasta

and pizza,Agricultural Systems, 103: 351-360., 4

2010 Aldaya, M.M., Allan, J.A. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2010)

Strategic importance of green

water in international crop trade, Ecological Economics,

69(4): 887-894., 3

2010 Bulsink, F., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Booij, M.J. (2010) The

water footprint of Indonesian

provinces related to the consumption of crop

products, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 14(1): 119–

128., 4

2009 Van Oel, P.R., Mekonnen M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2009) The external water footprint of

the Netherlands: Geographically-explicit

quantification and impact assessment, Ecological

Economics69(1): 82-92., 3

2009 Hoekstra, A.Y., Gerbens-Leenes, W. and Van der Meer,

T.H. (2009) Water footprint

accounting, impact assessment, and life-cycle

assessment, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,

106(40): E114., 5

2009 Gerbens-Leenes, W., Hoekstra, A.Y. and Van der

Meer, T.H. (2009) The water

footprint of bioenergy, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,

106 (25): 10219-10223, 2

2009 Verma, S., Kampman, D.A., Van der Zaag, P. and

Hoekstra, A.Y. (2009) Going

against the flow: A critical analysis of inter-state virtual water trade in the context of India’s National River Linking

Programme, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 34:...

2009 Gerbens-Leenes, P.W. Hoekstra, A.Y. and Van der Meer. Th. (2009) The water

footprint of energy from biomass: A quantitative

assessment and consequences of an increasing share of bio-

energy in energy supply, Ecological Economics,

68(4): 1052-1060., 2

2009 Hoekstra, A.Y. (2009) Human appropriation of

natural capital: A comparison

of ecological footprint and water footprint

analysis, Ecological Economics 68(7): 1963-1974., 5

2009 Chapagain, A.K., and Orr, S. (2009) An improved water

footprint methodology linking

global consumption to local water resources: A case of

Spanish tomatoes, Journal of Environmental Management,

90: 1219-1228., 4

2008 Liu, J. and Savenije, H.H.G. (2008) Food consumption

patterns and their effect on

water requirement in China, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 12(3): 887-

898., 4

2008 Chapagain, A.K. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2008) The

global component of

freshwater demand and supply: An assessment of virtual water

flows between nations as a result of trade in agricultural

and industrial products, Water International 33(1): 19-32., 3

2007 Galloway, J.N., et al. (2007) International trade in

meat: The tip of the pork

chop, Ambio 36(8): 622-629., 3

2007 Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. (2007) The

water footprints of Morocco

and the Netherlands: Global water use as a result of

domestic consumption of agricultural

commodities, Ecological Economics 64(1): 143-151., 4

2007 Chapagain, A.K., and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2007) The water

footprint of coffee and tea

consumption in the Netherlands, Ecological

Economics 64(1): 109-118., 4

2007 Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. (2007) Water

footprints of nations: water use

by people as a function of their consumption pattern, Water

Resources Management. 21(1): 35-48., 3

2006 Chapagain, A.K., Hoekstra, A.Y., and Savenije, H.H.G.

(2006) Water saving through

international trade of agricultural

products, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 10(3): 455-

468., 3

2006 Chapagain, A.K., Hoekstra, A.Y., Savenije, H.H.G. and

Gautam, R. (2006) The water

footprint of cotton consumption: An assessment of

the impact of worldwide consumption of cotton

products on the water resources in the cotton

producing countries, Ec...

2006 Ma, J., Hoekstra, A.Y., Wang, H., Chapagain, A.K. and Wang, D. (2006) Virtual versus

real water transfers within China, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond.

B. 361 (1469): 835-842., 4

2005 Hoekstra, A.Y. and Hung, P.Q. (2005) Globalisation of

water resources: international

virtual water flows in relation to crop trade, Global

Environmental Change,15(1): 45-56, 3

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Cat

ego

ría

Título del eje

Estado del Arte Publicaciones de Productos de la WFNet

Series1

1. Policy

2. Products /Global

3. Trade/WFNations

4. Products/Local

5. Methodology

6. Inventory

7. Systems

8. Global Tasks

2012. Hoekstra, A.Y. and Mekonnen, M.M. (2012) The water footprint of humanity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(9)

2008; 2012, Globalization of Water

2003; 2005; 2008;2010;2011;2012 Virtual water trade between nations: Global aproaches

(2011) Coca Cola-Europe Water footprint sustentability assessment.: Towards sustainable sugar sourcing in Europe, Brussels.Mekonnen, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2011) The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products.2010, 2012, Animal Products

El problema del agua afecta al Globo LOCALIZADAMENTE-REGIONALMENTE:

¡ Importante VISIBILIZAR LA HUELLA (Flujo/Transfer) !

y también MEDIR EL IMPACTO LOCALMENTE (Wsc) !!

La Huella Hidríca:

Relaciona el consumo en un lugar y el uso del

sistema hídrico de otro lugar

Redución del Mar de Aral (Uzbekistan)

Eficiencia de uso del agua de productos –volumen de agua/tn producto-

Comparación de Huella Hídrica de Biocombustibles de diferentescultivos [litro/litro]

[Gerbens-Leenes, Hoekstra & Van der Meer, 2009]

Arrows show trade flows >10 Gm3/yr

Balance de Agua Virtual Regional(solo comercio agricultura)

[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

1. Caracteristicas del Consumo Volumen Consumido

Patrones de Consumo

2. Caracteristicas de la Producción Clima: demanda de evaporación en el lugar de producción

Prácticas Agrícolas: Eficiencia del uso del agua

Mayores determinantes de la Huella Hídrica

ISO 14046 WF impact Assessment - LCA

Huella Verde no es considerada por no tener impacto asociado

Caracterización de Impacto : Water Scarcity (agua azul)

Modelo de impacto: Water Stress Index (Pfister, 2009)

Muchas graciasmanazza.francisco@inta.gob.ar