guia practica de microscopia

7/23/2019 GUIA PRACTICA DE MICROSCOPIA

1/8

DH/ JQFO NF\CK^ \KLFUK# CEN/ AO LEKCKGEF

GQEF O6: DEN\K^NK]EF

]\EONE]EK^ K]XENK^# DFOAJK U NQEHFHK^ HAC

DEN\K^NK]EK

KLJAXEYK^:

âfcf| ck~ nkd}koaoxa~ danoenk~ u }xenk~ vqa nko~xexquao ac den|k~nk}ek/ \afcezf| dkoxfja~ bdahk~/ Nkd}|klf| cf~ }|k}eahfha~ vqa }k~aa ac den|k~nk}ek/

Df|nk Xa|enk

Cf eoyaoneo ha ck~ f}f|fxk~ ha }xenf# ac xaca~nk}ek u ac den|k~nk}ek nkd}qa~xk# f ieofca~ hac ~egck RYE u }|eone}ek~ hac~egck RYEE# bfo nkox|elqehk f dkheienf| cf nkona}neo vqa ac bkdl|a xaoef hac dqohk/ Nko ac }|eda|k ~a nkdaoz f ~kohaf|cf~ }|kiqohehfha~ hac nk~dk~# u nko ac ~agqohk ac dqohk ha ck eoieoexfdaoxa }avqak/

Ao 6112 ac ~qezk NKO\FH GAÔA\ }qlcen qo x|flfjk ~kl|a cf a~x|qnxq|f ha ck~ ik|fdeoia|k~0 ~q ha~n|e}neo#fd}cefdaoxa haxfccfhf# ~qgea|a ac ad}cak ha qo eo~x|qdaoxk fd}ceienfhk| nkd}qa~xk }k| caoxa~ ieof~/

I\FONE^ U ZFNBF\EF^ JFO^ÂO^# bkcfoha~a~# dfoqifnxq|f|ko ac }|eda| den|k~nk}ek nkd}qa~xk ao 615=/ A~xaden|k~nk}ek }k~af qo fqdaoxk ha 6=R u >=R u iqa ad}cafhk }f|f kl~a|yf| a~x|qnxq|f~ ha eo~anxk~/

GFCECAK GFCECAE "6198 698


2/8

DH/ JQFO NF\CK^ \KLFUK# CEN/ AO LEKCKGEF]|eone}ek~ }xenk~

Xkhf caoxa k ~e~xadf~ ha caoxa~ vqa# eoxa|}qa~xk aox|a qo kljaxk }|redk u ac kjk# }a|dexa kl~a|yf| fvqc ha qo xfdfkdfuk| u nko haxfcca ok ye~elca f ~ed}ca ye~xf# ~a ca nko~eha|f qo den|k~nk}ek/ Ac den|k~nk}ek ~ed}ca a~x ik|dfhk }k| qof~kcf caoxalenkoyarf k }cfoknkoyarf# k }k| cf qoeo ha yf|ef~ vqa fnxfo nkdk oenf/ Ac den|k~nk}ek nkd}qa~xk# }k| acnkox|f|ek# nko~xf ha hk~ ~e~xadf~ ha caoxa~ nkoya|gaoxa~ u cf edfgao hac kljaxk kl~a|yfhk f x|fy~ ha c a~ YE\XQFC#EOYA\XEHF u DQU FD]CEIENFHF/

Iegq|f 6/ A~vqadf ha cf df|nbf ha ck~ |fuk~ cqdeok~k~ ao ac den|k~nk}ek nkd}qa~xk fl4 kljaxk fl4 edfgao eoxa|daheffl4 edfgao fqdaoxfhf# ye|xqfc a eoya|xehf/

^a }kh|f }ao~f| vqa fc ad}caf| caoxa~ fhenekofca~ ~a ckg|f|f dfuk|a~ fqdaoxk~# }a|k ao cf ik|dfneo ha cf edfgao ok~kck a~ ed}k|xfoxa cf fd}cefneo ~a |avqea|a vqa cf edfgao ~af oxehf# }f|f ck nqfc a~ oana~f|ek nkdleof| ck~ heia|aoxa~}kha|a~ ha den|k~nk}ek vqa ~ko:

f/ ]kha| ha fqdaoxk/l/ ]kha| ha |a~kcqneo/n/ ]kha| ha haieoeneo/

h/ ]kha| ha }aoax|fneo ha iknk f nfd}k/

]KHA\ HA FQDAOXK: }a|dexa dfgoeienf| cf edfgao/ Ao gaoa|fc ac fqdaoxk "F% a~x hfhk }k| cf |acfneo:

Ao ac den|k~nk}ek nkd}qa~xk cf fd}cefneo a~ egqfc fc }|khqnxk hac fqdaoxk hac kljaxeyk }k| ac fqdaoxk knqcf|:

AC ]KHA\ HA \A^KCQNEKO: ~a |aiea|a f cf nf}fnehfh ha qo ~e~xadf }xenk ha }|a~aoxf| hk~ }qoxk~ }|redk~ he~xeoxk~ k~a}f|fhk~/ ^a a~}aneienf }k| cf he~xfonef doedf ao vqa ~a ckg|f |a~kcya| a~k~ hk~ }qoxk~/ "Ao ac bkdl|a ac }kha| ha|a~kcqneo a~ ha =/6 dd f cf he~xfonef doedf ha ye~eo ncf|f ha = u qof ckogexqh ha kohf }|kdahek ha1


3/8


AC ]KHA\ HA HAIEOENEK: }a|dexa ik|df| edgaoa~ ncf|f~ nko nkoxk|ok~ haieoehk~/

Nko ac ]KHA\ HA ]\KIQOHEHFH: ha iknk a~ }k~elca kl~a|yf| yf|ek~ }fcok~ nko qo de~dk aoikvqa/

]|knahedeaoxk

6/ Ehaoxeienfneo ha cf~ }f|xa~ hac den|k~nk}ek u f ~q yaz foxfcf~ ao cf iegq|f


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Iegq|f


5/8

DH/ JQFO NF\CK^ \KLFUK# CEN/ AO LEKCKGEFHelqja ~q~ kl~a|yfnekoa~ fokxfohk ac fqdaoxk/Eoenea ~q~ kl~a|yfnekoa~ nko ac kljaxeyk ha daok| fqdaoxk# ac nqfc ca l|eohf|f qof edfgao }fok|denffd}cef u nko dfuk| }|kiqohehfh ha iknk/ Cqagk }f~a f dfuk| fqdaoxk u }|ane~a cf~ a~x|qnxq|f~/ ^eoxa~aao }k~eneo nk||anxf u ndkhf }f|f kl~a|yf| u helqjf|/ Ck~ helqjk~ halao ha ~a| ncf|k u gqf|hf|}|k}k|nekoa~/ Fnk~xdl|a~a f kl~a|yf| NKO FDLK^ KJK^ FLEA\XK # a~xk ca ayexf| cf ifxegf knqcf|/

8/ \afcena qo dkoxfja bdahk ha beck k xacf hacgfhf ha nkck| "ceok k hfn|o% ya| / Nko~egoa~ ~q~ kl~a|yfnekoa~/

Knqcf|: [[[[R

Kljaxeyk: [[[[ R

Xkxfc: [[[[ R

Knqcf|: [[[[R

Kljaxeyk: [[[[R

Xkxfc: [[[[R

9/ Xkda# nko qof }e}axf# qof gkxf ha fgqf ha ick|a|k k fgqf nko necfox|k# nkcvqacf ~kl|a qof cdeof# nl|fcf nkocf cfdeoeccf u kl~|yacf fc den|k~nk}ek/ Ya| >/ Nko~egoa ~q~ kl~a|yfnekoa~/

Knqcf|: [[[[R

Kljaxeyk: [[[[ R

Xkxfc: [[[[ R

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6/8


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Knqcf|: [[[[R

Kljaxeyk: [[[[ R

Xkxfc: [[[[ R

Aoikvqa nko ac kljaxeyk ha eoda|~eo

Nko qo gkxa|k nkckvqa qof gkxf dqu }avqaf ha fnaexa ha eoda|~eo ~kl|a cf cfdeoeccf nko qo arxaohehk ha ~fog|a}a|ei|enf xaehk nko nkck|fneo ha W|egbx "~e cf }|a}f|fneo a~ qo arxaohehk iejfhk fc nfck|# nkckvqa cf gkxf ha fnaexa haeoda|~eo he|anxfdaoxa ~kl|a cf cdeof% u }|knahf f fna|nf| ac kljaxeyk f cf }|a}f|fneo ao daok~ ha 6 dd# ao a~xakljaxeyk ~a |avqea|a dfuk| eoxao~ehfh ha cqz/

Nko ac }|a}f|fhk foxa|ek| |afcena ~q kl~a|yfneo nko fnaexa ha eoda|~eo/ Nko~egoa~ ~q~ kl~a|yfnekoa~/

Knqcf|: [[[[R

Kljaxeyk: [[[[R

Xkxfc: [[[[ R

Dahehf~ den|k~nk}ef~:

|af ha nfd}k ye~qfc: haxa|deof cf |acfneo aox|a ac nfd}k ye~qfc u ac }kha| ha |a~kcqneo/

6/ Nkckvqa ac kljaxeyk ao cf }k~eneo fhanqfhf "}|eda|k 8r# cqagk 6=r u }k| cxedk 8=r%// Qlevqa cf }|a}f|fneo ~kl|a cf }cfxeof/8/ Kl~a|ya cf }|a}f|fneo nko ac den|k~nk}ek/1/ Nqaoxa ac oda|k ha nqfh|k~ vqa ~a qlenf ao ac hedax|k hac ne|nqck kl~a|yfhk ao ac den|k~nk}ek# }f|f

haxa|deof| ac |fhek "dexfh hac hedax|k% ha cf ne|nqoia|aonef/9/ Fbk|f nko cf eoik|dfneo bfccfhf ao ac }qoxk foxa|ek| haxa|deoa ac |af hac nfd}k ye~qfc ao decdax|k~ nqfh|fhk~

u cqagk nkoyea|xf a~xf dahehf ao den|dax|k~ u ofodax|k~ nqfh|fhk~ xaoeaohk nkdk lf~a cf ~egqeaoxaeoik|dfneo:


7/8


6 dd6=

>den|dax|k~

6=9

ofodax|k~6=

7fog~x|kd

6 den|dax|k6=

>ofodax|k~

6=8

fog~x|kd

4 >/6869

\4 |fhek

8r4 ">/68695% r "[[[[[[%4[[[[[[[

6=r4 ">/68695% r "[[[[[[%4[[[[[[[

8=r4 ">/68695% r "[[[[[[%4[[[[[[[

Nqfohk q~xah qxecezf ck~ kljaxeyk~ ha 6=r u 8=r# ya vqa cf haxa|deofneo hac hedax|k ~a bfna heinec }k|vqa ~q~ kjk~ ok}qahao he~n|edeof| he~xfonef~ xfo }avqaf~# ck vqa bfna oana~f|ek dahe| ac nfd}k ye~qfc ha 6=r u 8=r# qxecezfohk cf|acfneo vqa are~xa aox|a ck~ kljaxeyk~ ha qo den|k~nk}ek/ A~ hane|# q~xah kl~a|yf vqa nqfohk qxecezfdk~ ck~ kljaxeyk~ hadfuk| fqdaoxk# he~deoqua ac nfd}k ha kl~a|yfneo/

Cf edfgao klxaoehf hac den|k~nk}ek ha cqz

Ao xq nf~f ed}|eda cf ~egqeaoxa eoik|dfneo 6aedxX# ao f|efc u f 2 }qoxk~# }k~xa|ek|daoxa ao ac cflk|fxk|ek dkoxfa~xa cax|a|k ao qof cdeof }k|xfkljaxk~# cqagk nkcknf qof gkxf ha fgqf ~kl|a ac }f}ac# u ieofcdaoxa nkcknf cfcfdeoeccf# }f|f kl~a|yf ac }|a}f|fhk fc den|k~nk}ek/

Kl~a|ya ac cax|a|k ao gaoa|fc u }k~xa|ek|daoxa kl~a|ya nfhf cax|f# qxecena ck~ kljaxeyk~ ha 8r u 6=r0 helqja ckkl~a|yfhk u ha~n|elf ck kl~a|yfhk/

Knqcf|: [[[[R

Kljaxeyk: [[[[R

Xkxfc: [[[[ R


8/8


Knqcf|: [[[[R

Kljaxeyk: [[[[R

Xkxfc: [[[[ R

^ago ck kl~a|yfhk ao cf }|nxenf vqa }qaha nkoncqe|;

]\KIQOHEZFNEKO

6/ \afcezf qo hefg|fdf ha icqjk ha cf fnxeyehfh f |afcezf| ao ac cflk|fxk|ek/ Ha~n|elf nfhf qok ha ck~ }f~k~ ha cf~ xnoenf~ be~xkcgenf~ }f|f ha~f||kccf| qo den|k }|a}f|fhk/8/ Haieof ck~ ~egqeaoxa~ x|deok: iknk# dfgoeienfneo# oexehaz#1/ Ar}cevqa cf iqoneo hac fnaexa ha eoda|~eo nqfohk ~a qxecezf ac kljaxeyk ha 6== r9/ Ndk ~a dkheienf cf edfgao fc qxecezf| ac den|k~nk}ek ha cqz; \afcena qo g|ienk ao ac vqa ~a ayehaonea ac nfdlek

vqa ~qi|a cf edfgao/

guia practica de microscopia

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