Grammar Point: conjugation of ser

Yo soyNosotros

Nosotras somos___ y yo

Tú eresUd.

Él esElla

1 person

1 thing

Uds.

Ellos sonEllas

2+ people

2+ things

Grammar Point: conjugation of estar

Yo estoyNosotros

Nosotras estamos___ y yo

Tú estásUd.

Él estáElla

1 person

1 thing

Uds.

Ellos estánEllas

2+ people

2+ things

Grammar Point: ser and estarD escription

O ccupation

N ationality

T ime

H ealth

E motion

L ocation

P resent progressive

use ser

use estar

Grammar Point: -ar verb conjugation

Yo -oNosotros

Nosotras -amos___ y yo

Tú -asUd.

Él -aElla

1 person

1 thing

Uds.

Ellos -anEllas

2+ people

2+ things

Grammar Point: -er and -ir verb conjugation

Yo -o

Nosotros

Nosotras -emos

___ y yo -imos

Tú -es

Ud.

Él -eElla

1 person

1 thing

Uds.

Ellos -enEllas

2+ people

2+ things

Grammar Point: Questions¿Cómo… How

¿ Qué… What

¿ Cuál… Which/What

¿ Cuándo… When

¿ Cuántos(as)… How many

¿ Por qué… Why

¿ Quién… Who

¿ Con quién… With whom

¿ Dónde… Where

¿ Adónde… To where

¿ De dónde… From where

Grammar Point: “go” verbsThese are verbs that have an irregular yo form that ends in –go:

tener → tengo I have

poner → pongo I put/place/set

hacer → hago I do/make

traer → traigo I bring

salir → salgo I leave

decir → digo I say/tell

venir → vengo I come

Grammar Point:Stem-changing (“boot”) verbspoder (o →ue)almorzar (o → ue)dormir (o → ue)jugar (u → ue)volver (o → ue)empezar (e →ie)entender (e → ie)pensar (e → ie)preferir (e → ie)querir (e → ie)pedir (e → i)

repetir (e → i)

servir (e → i)vestirse (e→i)

despertarse (e → ie)

acostarse (o → ue)probarse (o → ue)encontrar (o → ue)cerrar (e → ie)devolver (o → ue)seguir (e → i)

Grammar Point: Affirmative and Negative Words

Affirmative Negativealguien someone, anyone nadie no one, nobody

algo something nada nothing

algún some, any

alguno(s)

alguna(s)

ningún no, none, not any

ninguno(s)

ninguna(s)

siempre always nunca never

también also, too tampoco neither, either

Grammar Point: conjugation of ir

Yo voyNosotros

Nosotras vamos___ y yo

Tú vasUd.

Él vaElla

1 person

1 thing

Uds.

Ellos vanEllas

2+ people

2+ things

Grammar Point: Comparisons

más + adjective + que more ____ than

menos + adjective + que less _____ than

mayor que / menor que older / younger

mejor que / peor que better / worse

tan + adjective + como as ______ as

tanto(a) + noun + como as much ____ as

tantos(as) + noun + como as many _____ as

Grammar Point: saber and conocer

saber = to know

Yo sé

Nosotros

Nosotras sabemos

___ y yo

Tú sabes

Ud.

Él sabe

Ella

Uds.

Ellos saben

Ellas

conocer = to know

Yo conozco

Nosotros

Nosotras conocemos

___ y yo

Tú conoces

Ud.

Él conoce

Ella

Uds.

Ellos conocen

Ellas

to know facts, information, how to (followed by infinitive)

to know a person or be familiar with a place or thing

Grammar Point: Hace + time Expressions

To ask how long something has been going on:

¿Cuánto tiempo hace que….. How long…

To tell how long something has been going on:

Hace + (length of time)…. It’s been….

…hace + (length of time) …for (amount of time)

Grammar Point:Verbs and Expressions that are followed by an infinitive

me gusta I likeme gustaría I would likeme encanta I lovepoder (o→ue) able to / candeber shouldpreferir (e→i) prefer querer (e→ie) wantpensar (e →ie) plan / thinknecesitar needtener que have toir a going to

Grammar Point: Reflexive VerbsTo say that someone does something for

themselves, you use a reflexive verb. It is a 2-part verb that includes a

reflexive pronoun and a conjugated verb.

Reflexive Pronouns:

Yo me _____

Nosotros

Nosotras nos ________ y yo

Tú te _______

Ud.

Él se ______Ella

1 person

Uds.

Ellos se _____Ellas

2+ people

Grammar Point: Reflexive VerbsExamples of reflexive verbs:

afeitarsebañarseducharsepeinarsecepillarse el pelocepillarse los dientessecarseacostarsearreglarse el pelocortarse el pelo

despertarse (e→ie)levantarselavarsepintarseponerseprepararsevestirse (e→i)probarse (o →ue)quedarse

Grammar Point: Possessive Adjectives

mío

mía

míos

mías

nuestro

nuestra

nuestros

nuestras

tuyo

tuya

tuyos

tuyas

suyo

suya

suyos

suyas

suyo

suya

suyos

suyas

Grammar Point: Preterite of -ar verbs

Yo -éNosotros

Nosotras -amos___ y yo

Tú -asteUd.

Él -óElla

1 person

1 thing

Uds.

Ellos -aronEllas

2+ people

2+ things

Grammar Point: Preterite of -er and -ir verbs

Yo -íNosotros

Nosotras -imos___ y yo

Tú -isteUd.

Él -ióElla

1 person

1 thing

Uds.

Ellos -ieronEllas

2+ people

2+ things

Grammar Point: Irregular Yo Forms in Preterite

Some verbs have a spelling change in the preterite in the yo form:

Examples:

buscar → busqué

pagar → pagué

almorzar → almorcé

Grammar Point: Demonstrative Adjectives

Singular Plural

este, esta this estos, estas these

ese, esa that esos, esas those

aquel, that one over there

aquella

aquellos, those over there

aquellas

Grammar Point: Using Adjectives as Nouns

When you are comparing two similar things, you can avoid repetition by dropping the noun and using an article (el, la, los, las) with an adjective.

—¿Prefieres la camisa roja o la amarilla?

—Prefiero la roja.

Grammar Point: Direct Object Pronouns

Singular Pluralme me nos us

te you (informal)

lo it, him, you (masc. formal) los them, you all (masc.)

la it, her, you (fem. formal) las them, you all (fem.)

• Direct object pronouns tell who or what receives the ACTION of the verb.

• Direct object pronouns can be placed in FRONT of the conjugated verb.

• Direct object pronouns can also be ATTACHED to infinitives, commands or present participle forms of verbs.

Grammar Point: Direct Object Pronouns

EXAMPLES•My mom takes ____ to the movies. = Mi madre _____ lleva al cine. Whom does my mom take to the movies? What’s the most logical answer?

•I’m going to the party with John. He called____ yesterday to invite ___. = Yo voy a la fiesta con John. Él ______ llamó ayer para invitar____. Whom did John call? Whom did he invite?

•You are excited because your dad is taking ____ to get your license. = Tú estás entusiasmada porque tu padre ____ lleva para obtener tu permiso de manejar. Whom is your dad taking to get your driver’s license?

•The teacher believes _____because we always tell the truth. = La profesor _____ cree porque nosotros siempre decimos la verdad. Whom does the teacher believe?

Grammar Point: Irregular Preterite Verbs: ser and ir

Yo fuiNosotros

Nosotras fuimos___ y yo

Tú fuisteUd.

Él fueElla

1 person

1 thing

Uds.

Ellos fueronEllas

2+ people

2+ things

Grammar Point: Irregular Preterite Verbs

hice hicimos

hiciste

hizo hicieron

estuve estuvimos

estuviste

estuvo estuvieron

tuve tuvimos

tuviste

tuvo tuvieron

pude pudimos

pudiste

pudo pudieron

hacer

tener

estar

poder

Grammar Point: Decir (to say)

digo decimos

dices

dice dicen

dije dijimos

dijiste

dijo dijeron

present participle

decir - preteritedecir - present

diciendo

affirmative tú command di

Grammar Point: Affirmative tú Commands

To form the command of a verb that is not irregular, use the él/ella/Ud. form of the verb in its conjugated form. Be sure you know your verb endings for –ar, – er and –ir verbs in the present tense.

command form ea

-ar verbs -er/-ir verbs

Grammar Point: Irregular Affirmative tú Commands

These verbs are irregular in the affirmative tú command:

poner = pon salir = sal

tener = ten ir = ve

venir = ven decir = di

hacer = haz ser = sé

Grammar Point: Present Progressive

The present progressive involves implies that an action is taking place at that exact moment.

Part 1 + Part 2

Estar + present participle form of verb

You MUST have BOTH PARTS for the verb to be complete!

Grammar Point: Present Progressive

PART 1: Conjugate estar for the subject of the sentence

Yo estoy

Nosotros

Nosotras estamos

___ y yo

Tú estás

Ud.

Él está

Ella

1 person

1 thing

Uds.

Ellos están

Ellas

2+ people

2+ things

Grammar Point: Present Progressive

PART 2: the present participle form of the verb

To form the present participle (the same as the -ing form of a verb in English):

-ar verbs:

drop off -ar → add -ando

-er and -ir verbs:

drop off the -er/-ir → add –iendo

*see next slide for a list of irregular present participles

Grammar Point: Irregular Present Progressive

These verbs are irregular in the present progressive:

decir: diciendo vestir: vistiendo

pedir: pidiendo dormir: durmiendo

repetir: repitiendo creer: creyendo

seguir: siguiendo leer: leyendo

servir: sirviendo traer: trayendo

Grammar Point: Attaching Pronouns

Direct and indirect object pronouns can be attached to the end of

- infinitives

- affirmative commands

- present participles

Sometimes it’s necessary to add an accent mark. You can cover up the direct object pronoun and count back 2 vowels to decide where to put the accent mark.