Grammar Point: conjugation of ser
Yo soyNosotros
Nosotras somos___ y yo
Tú eresUd.
Él esElla
1 person
1 thing
Uds.
Ellos sonEllas
2+ people
2+ things
Grammar Point: conjugation of estar
Yo estoyNosotros
Nosotras estamos___ y yo
Tú estásUd.
Él estáElla
1 person
1 thing
Uds.
Ellos estánEllas
2+ people
2+ things
Grammar Point: ser and estarD escription
O ccupation
N ationality
T ime
H ealth
E motion
L ocation
P resent progressive
use ser
use estar
Grammar Point: -ar verb conjugation
Yo -oNosotros
Nosotras -amos___ y yo
Tú -asUd.
Él -aElla
1 person
1 thing
Uds.
Ellos -anEllas
2+ people
2+ things
Grammar Point: -er and -ir verb conjugation
Yo -o
Nosotros
Nosotras -emos
___ y yo -imos
Tú -es
Ud.
Él -eElla
1 person
1 thing
Uds.
Ellos -enEllas
2+ people
2+ things
Grammar Point: Questions¿Cómo… How
¿ Qué… What
¿ Cuál… Which/What
¿ Cuándo… When
¿ Cuántos(as)… How many
¿ Por qué… Why
¿ Quién… Who
¿ Con quién… With whom
¿ Dónde… Where
¿ Adónde… To where
¿ De dónde… From where
Grammar Point: “go” verbsThese are verbs that have an irregular yo form that ends in –go:
tener → tengo I have
poner → pongo I put/place/set
hacer → hago I do/make
traer → traigo I bring
salir → salgo I leave
decir → digo I say/tell
venir → vengo I come
Grammar Point:Stem-changing (“boot”) verbspoder (o →ue)almorzar (o → ue)dormir (o → ue)jugar (u → ue)volver (o → ue)empezar (e →ie)entender (e → ie)pensar (e → ie)preferir (e → ie)querir (e → ie)pedir (e → i)
repetir (e → i)
servir (e → i)vestirse (e→i)
despertarse (e → ie)
acostarse (o → ue)probarse (o → ue)encontrar (o → ue)cerrar (e → ie)devolver (o → ue)seguir (e → i)
Grammar Point: Affirmative and Negative Words
Affirmative Negativealguien someone, anyone nadie no one, nobody
algo something nada nothing
algún some, any
alguno(s)
alguna(s)
ningún no, none, not any
ninguno(s)
ninguna(s)
siempre always nunca never
también also, too tampoco neither, either
Grammar Point: conjugation of ir
Yo voyNosotros
Nosotras vamos___ y yo
Tú vasUd.
Él vaElla
1 person
1 thing
Uds.
Ellos vanEllas
2+ people
2+ things
Grammar Point: Comparisons
más + adjective + que more ____ than
menos + adjective + que less _____ than
mayor que / menor que older / younger
mejor que / peor que better / worse
tan + adjective + como as ______ as
tanto(a) + noun + como as much ____ as
tantos(as) + noun + como as many _____ as
Grammar Point: saber and conocer
saber = to know
Yo sé
Nosotros
Nosotras sabemos
___ y yo
Tú sabes
Ud.
Él sabe
Ella
Uds.
Ellos saben
Ellas
conocer = to know
Yo conozco
Nosotros
Nosotras conocemos
___ y yo
Tú conoces
Ud.
Él conoce
Ella
Uds.
Ellos conocen
Ellas
to know facts, information, how to (followed by infinitive)
to know a person or be familiar with a place or thing
Grammar Point: Hace + time Expressions
To ask how long something has been going on:
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que….. How long…
To tell how long something has been going on:
Hace + (length of time)…. It’s been….
…hace + (length of time) …for (amount of time)
Grammar Point:Verbs and Expressions that are followed by an infinitive
me gusta I likeme gustaría I would likeme encanta I lovepoder (o→ue) able to / candeber shouldpreferir (e→i) prefer querer (e→ie) wantpensar (e →ie) plan / thinknecesitar needtener que have toir a going to
Grammar Point: Reflexive VerbsTo say that someone does something for
themselves, you use a reflexive verb. It is a 2-part verb that includes a
reflexive pronoun and a conjugated verb.
Reflexive Pronouns:
Yo me _____
Nosotros
Nosotras nos ________ y yo
Tú te _______
Ud.
Él se ______Ella
1 person
Uds.
Ellos se _____Ellas
2+ people
Grammar Point: Reflexive VerbsExamples of reflexive verbs:
afeitarsebañarseducharsepeinarsecepillarse el pelocepillarse los dientessecarseacostarsearreglarse el pelocortarse el pelo
despertarse (e→ie)levantarselavarsepintarseponerseprepararsevestirse (e→i)probarse (o →ue)quedarse
Grammar Point: Possessive Adjectives
mío
mía
míos
mías
nuestro
nuestra
nuestros
nuestras
tuyo
tuya
tuyos
tuyas
suyo
suya
suyos
suyas
suyo
suya
suyos
suyas
Grammar Point: Preterite of -ar verbs
Yo -éNosotros
Nosotras -amos___ y yo
Tú -asteUd.
Él -óElla
1 person
1 thing
Uds.
Ellos -aronEllas
2+ people
2+ things
Grammar Point: Preterite of -er and -ir verbs
Yo -íNosotros
Nosotras -imos___ y yo
Tú -isteUd.
Él -ióElla
1 person
1 thing
Uds.
Ellos -ieronEllas
2+ people
2+ things
Grammar Point: Irregular Yo Forms in Preterite
Some verbs have a spelling change in the preterite in the yo form:
Examples:
buscar → busqué
pagar → pagué
almorzar → almorcé
Grammar Point: Demonstrative Adjectives
Singular Plural
este, esta this estos, estas these
ese, esa that esos, esas those
aquel, that one over there
aquella
aquellos, those over there
aquellas
Grammar Point: Using Adjectives as Nouns
When you are comparing two similar things, you can avoid repetition by dropping the noun and using an article (el, la, los, las) with an adjective.
—¿Prefieres la camisa roja o la amarilla?
—Prefiero la roja.
Grammar Point: Direct Object Pronouns
Singular Pluralme me nos us
te you (informal)
lo it, him, you (masc. formal) los them, you all (masc.)
la it, her, you (fem. formal) las them, you all (fem.)
• Direct object pronouns tell who or what receives the ACTION of the verb.
• Direct object pronouns can be placed in FRONT of the conjugated verb.
• Direct object pronouns can also be ATTACHED to infinitives, commands or present participle forms of verbs.
Grammar Point: Direct Object Pronouns
EXAMPLES•My mom takes ____ to the movies. = Mi madre _____ lleva al cine. Whom does my mom take to the movies? What’s the most logical answer?
•I’m going to the party with John. He called____ yesterday to invite ___. = Yo voy a la fiesta con John. Él ______ llamó ayer para invitar____. Whom did John call? Whom did he invite?
•You are excited because your dad is taking ____ to get your license. = Tú estás entusiasmada porque tu padre ____ lleva para obtener tu permiso de manejar. Whom is your dad taking to get your driver’s license?
•The teacher believes _____because we always tell the truth. = La profesor _____ cree porque nosotros siempre decimos la verdad. Whom does the teacher believe?
Grammar Point: Irregular Preterite Verbs: ser and ir
Yo fuiNosotros
Nosotras fuimos___ y yo
Tú fuisteUd.
Él fueElla
1 person
1 thing
Uds.
Ellos fueronEllas
2+ people
2+ things
Grammar Point: Irregular Preterite Verbs
hice hicimos
hiciste
hizo hicieron
estuve estuvimos
estuviste
estuvo estuvieron
tuve tuvimos
tuviste
tuvo tuvieron
pude pudimos
pudiste
pudo pudieron
hacer
tener
estar
poder
Grammar Point: Decir (to say)
digo decimos
dices
dice dicen
dije dijimos
dijiste
dijo dijeron
present participle
decir - preteritedecir - present
diciendo
affirmative tú command di
Grammar Point: Affirmative tú Commands
To form the command of a verb that is not irregular, use the él/ella/Ud. form of the verb in its conjugated form. Be sure you know your verb endings for –ar, – er and –ir verbs in the present tense.
command form ea
-ar verbs -er/-ir verbs
Grammar Point: Irregular Affirmative tú Commands
These verbs are irregular in the affirmative tú command:
poner = pon salir = sal
tener = ten ir = ve
venir = ven decir = di
hacer = haz ser = sé
Grammar Point: Present Progressive
The present progressive involves implies that an action is taking place at that exact moment.
Part 1 + Part 2
Estar + present participle form of verb
You MUST have BOTH PARTS for the verb to be complete!
Grammar Point: Present Progressive
PART 1: Conjugate estar for the subject of the sentence
Yo estoy
Nosotros
Nosotras estamos
___ y yo
Tú estás
Ud.
Él está
Ella
1 person
1 thing
Uds.
Ellos están
Ellas
2+ people
2+ things
Grammar Point: Present Progressive
PART 2: the present participle form of the verb
To form the present participle (the same as the -ing form of a verb in English):
-ar verbs:
drop off -ar → add -ando
-er and -ir verbs:
drop off the -er/-ir → add –iendo
*see next slide for a list of irregular present participles
Grammar Point: Irregular Present Progressive
These verbs are irregular in the present progressive:
decir: diciendo vestir: vistiendo
pedir: pidiendo dormir: durmiendo
repetir: repitiendo creer: creyendo
seguir: siguiendo leer: leyendo
servir: sirviendo traer: trayendo
Grammar Point: Attaching Pronouns
Direct and indirect object pronouns can be attached to the end of
- infinitives
- affirmative commands
- present participles
Sometimes it’s necessary to add an accent mark. You can cover up the direct object pronoun and count back 2 vowels to decide where to put the accent mark.