geometría urbana - metodología - tomo ii

7/21/2019 Geometría Urbana - Metodología - Tomo II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/geometria-urbana-metodologia-tomo-ii 1/108



CC



C

Hbvckr Grks`bdcmma

IKAEKT\ÅB [\LB@B

EKTADAMAIÅB - TAEA CC



CC



CCC

Grks`bdcmma, Hbvckr Dbråa

Ikaektråb [rlb`b 8 Ektadamaiåb. Taea CC. - 2b kd. ‚

Trk`quk Mbuquk` 8 km butar, <62;.26; p. ? <2x2; je.

CZL@ 39>-3>9-::-9:>9-3

2. Tkaråb dk [rlb`csea. C. TåtumaJDD 922

Butar8 Grks`bdcmma, Hbvckr Dbråa ‚ Brquctkjta. Ebstkr c` Ja`-skrvbzca`k k \kstbura dkc Lck`c Jumturbmc. Kspkjcbmcstb k`Dksbrramma Zustk`tblmk.k-ebcm. bdec`Fbrqucik`kscs.jae.brCebik` dk Tbpb8 Mb ksjukmb dk Btk`bs. Brtcstb8 \bgbkm Zb`zcaNkjna km dkpúscta quk ebrjb mb mky 22.9<: - Lukàs Bcrks -

Brik`tc`b.

Mb rkpradujjcú` tatbm a pbrjcbm dk kstk mclra, k` jubmquckr gar-eb quk skb, cdã`tcjb a eadcgcjbdb, à butarczbdb par km butar,vcamb mas dkrkjnas rkskrvbdas.

Kstb alrb nb scda pulmcjbdb par su butar ekdcb`tk km scstkebdk butapulmcjbjcú` dk L[LAO V[LMCZNC@I, Z.M. pbrb sudcstrclujcú` y pukstb b dcspascjcú` dkm pølmcja lbha km skmmakdctarcbm L[LAO k` mb pmbtbgareb a`-mc`k dk kstb kdctarcbm.L[LAO V[LMCZNC@I, Z.M. à sk rkspa`sblcmczb dk mas ja`tk-`cdas dk kstb AL\B, `c dk su dcstrclujcú` gukrb dk su pmbtb-gareb a`-mc`k.

Blrcm <62;



CW



W

Mb rkbmczbjcú` dk kstk mclra ks

irbjcbs b ksgukrzas eb`ja-

eu`bdas dk jck`tas dk pkr-

sa`bs quk ek lrc`dbra` su

bpaya ja` kstb c`vkstcibjcú`.



WC



WCC

C@DCJK EKTADAMÚICJA

2. V\ÚMAIA Vi62

<. ZKJ[K@JCB TKÚ\CJB DK BJJCÚ@

<.2. KZTBDAZ J\KBTCWAZ Vi6:

<.<. BLA\DBHK VBZCWA Vi64

<.:. BLA\DBHK BJTCWA Vi6;

<.4. BLA\DBHK V\ASKJTCWA Vi67

:. BLA\DBHK VBZCWA

:.2. V\C@JCVCAZ NAMÅZTCJAZ Vi63

:.<. C@T[CTCWA Vi63

:.<.2. KTK\@A C@GC@CTA

:.<.<. C@T[C\ EK@TBM

:.<.:. V\ÂJTCJB C@T[CTCWB

:.:. C@ZTC@TCWA Vi62;

:.:.2. KR[CMCL\CA

:.:.<. C@ZTC@TA KEAJCA@BM:.:.:. V\ÂJTCJB C@ZTC@TCWB

:.4. VK\JKVTCWA Vi6<2

:.4.2. JADCIAZ

:.4.<. VK\JKVJCÚ@ GÅZCJB

:.4.:. V\ÂJTCJB VK\JKVTCWB



WCCC

4. BLA\DBHK BJTCWA

4.2. - DCGK\K@JCBDA Vi6<9

4.2.2. - @[LK DK \KMBJCA@KZ

4.2.<. - VB\TCJCVBJCA@ ZAJCBM

4.2.:. - JA@GMCJTAZ S VATK@JCBMCDBDKZ

4.<. - C@ZTC@TA JA@H[@TA Vi6::

4.<.2. - DKM @[DA, B MB TKMB\BÒB

4.<.<. - KMKEK@TAZ BJTCWAZ

4.<.<.2. - C@T[CJCÚ@ BJTCWB

4.<.<.2.2 - C@TK\JBELCA JA@ MB @BT[\BMKXB

- C@TK@ZCÚ@ KZVC\CT[BM

- G[K\XB WCTBM LCDC\KJJCA@BM

- EAWCECK@TA DK C@TK\JBELCA

4.<.<.2.< - C@TK\\KMBJCA@ LBZCJB [@CWK\ZBM

- KZVBJCA, IKAEKT\CB

- K@K\ICB C@GC@CTB DK \KMBJCA@KZ

- T\B@ZGA\EBJCA@

4.<.<.<. - C@ZTC@TA BJTCWA

4.<.<.<.2 - EKDCBJCA@KZ DK MB K@WAMWK@TK

- KZTBLCMCDBD EK@TBM B@BMAICJB

- MK@I[BHK S \KMBJCA@KZ- JAEV\K@ZCA@ DKM EKDCA

4.<.<.<.< - C@ZTC@TA DK MB [\LB@CXBJCA@

- KZTÂTCJA, EB@TCK@K K@ KM TCKEVA

- T\B@ZECZCÚ@ S \K@AWBJCÚ@

- DKZVMBXBECK@TA JA@JKVT[BM

4.<.<.:. - VK\JKVJCÚ@ BJTCWB

4.<.<.:.2 - J[K\VA R[CECJA DKM NAEL\K



C^

- KZT\[JT[\BZ KMKEK@TBMKZ

- R[CECJB K@K\IÃTCJB DKM J[K\VA

- BDBVTBJCÚ@ & T\B@ZGA\EBJCÚ@

4.<.<.:.< - KZT\BTAZ DK MB TCK\\B

- JA@ZCZTK@JCBZ EC@K\BMKZ

- JA@K^CA@KZ ‚ KZT. 0 = JBEL.

- \KDC\KJJCA@KZ G[@JCA@BMKZ

I\BGA BJTCWA

4.:. - G[K\XB DK JANKZCÚ@ Vi6;7

4.:.2. - XA@B DK KR[CMCL\CA

4.:.<. - V[@TAZ DK TK@ZCÚ@

4.:.:. - JCJMAZ DK JA@T\AM

;. BLA\DBHK V\ASKJTCWA

;.2. ‚ JCJMA J\KBTCWA Vi672

;.<. ‚ BJTCWCDBD Vi674

;.<.2. - DKZKR[CMCL\CAZ BT\BSK@TKZ

;.<.<. - DCZKÒA A\IB@CZEA [\LB@A

;.<.<.2. - C@T[CJCÚ@ \KJKVTCWB

;.<.<.2.2 - BLZA\LK\ S V\ASKJTB\

- CDKBMKZ

- BDBVTBLCMCDBD C@GC@CTB

- C@ZT\[EK@TBMCZEA Z[ZTK@TBLMK

;.<.<.2.< - K@K\ICB KR[CMCL\BDB DKM V\KZK@TK

- DC\KJJCA@BMCDBD

- K@MBJKZ BT\BSK@TKZ



^

- KWAM[JCA@ C@ZT\[EK@TBM

;.<.<.<. - C@ZTC@TA \KJKVTCWA

;.<.<.<.2 - BJJCA@KZ N[EB@BZ JA@ MB @BT[\B

- GCHB\ [@ VK@ZBECK@TA DC\CICDA

- BJJCA@KZ J[BMCGCJBTCWBZ

- T\B@ZGA\EBJCA@KZ Z[ZTK@TBLMKZ

;.<.<.<.< - B\TK 0 AVK\BJCA@KZ N[EB@BZ

- JAEV\K@ZCA@ [\LB@B

- \KMBJCA@KZ [\LB@BZ

- K^VB@ZCÚ@ J[MT[\BM

;.<.<.:. - VK\JKVJCÚ@ \KJKVTCWB

;.<.<.:.2 - J[K\VA GCZCJA K C@ZT\[EK@TAZ

- KZT\[JT[\B JA\VA\BM

- C@ZT\[EK@TBMCZEA DK BDBVTBJCÚ@

- T\BZMBJCÚ@

;.<.<.:.< - KZT\BTAZ GCZCJAZ DK MB [\LB@CXBJCÚ@

- TKJ@AMAIÅBZ- GA\EBJCÚ@ GÅZCJB [\LB@B

- EKDCAZ DK T\B@ZGK\K@JCB

;.<.<.:.: - I\BGA \KJKVTCWA

;.:. ‚ DCZTB@JCBZ Vi6>9

;.:.2. - B[TAKWBM[BJCÚ@

;.:.<. - MKICTCEBJCA@

;.:.:. - Z[ZTK@BTLCMCDBD

7. LCLMCAI\BGÅB Vi63:



IKAEKT\ÅB [\LB@B ‚ EKTADAMAIÅB ‚ TAEA CC

2

2. V\ÚMAIA

Mb skjjcú` 6< dk Ektadamaiåb k` Ikaektråb [rlb`b, ks kmdksbrramma tkúrcja quk sk ja`dujk b mb prbxcs, y quk tck`k ja-ea alhktcva ik`krbr k` su trbtbeck`ta, dcgkrk`tks jbelcaspbrb quk sk bdbptk b mbs sctubjca`ks pbrtcjumbrks y ik`krbmksk` su bpmcjbjcú`.

@a prktk`dk par tb`ta k` su jaepmkhcdbd ik`krbr u`b rkstrcj-jcú`, a u` ø`cja dajuek`ta pbrbdcieâtcja, scà par km ja`trb-rca, dksbrrammb u`b skrck dk prajksas quk sk pukdk` cr bhus-

tb`da k` km tckepa, bdbptb`da su rkbmcdbd y ja`jrktb`da u`bbpmcjbjcú`. Ja`vcrtck`da b mas pragksca`bmks k` ik`krbm, u`khkepma quk às pkrectcrâ ik`krbr ùkvas dajuek`tas pbrbk`trkmbzbr jaàjceck`tas dk dcgkrk`tks pbåsks, ja` sus pra-pcbs kxpkrck`jcbs.

Jaea rkjaek`dbjcú` pbrb mb prâjtcjb dk mb ektadamaiåb, dk-lcda b su kxtk`scú` k` mb ebtkrcb dk dcvkrsbs pragksca`ks y

jbepas dk kstudca, sk prapa`k u` ebrja dk kxpb`scú` dkmjaàjceck`ta par ekdca dk prkiu`tbs quk sa` mcectbdbs y àprktk`dk` juepmcr ja` tadbs mbs pasclcmcdbdks c`blbrjblmksquk ja`tck`k u` pbcsbhk urlbà, pkra db` u` vbsta kspkjtradk pasclcmcdbdks quk bepmåb` mb vcscú` dk jubmquckr pragkscú`k` pbrtcjumbr a dk dcsjcpmc`bs ja`jrktbs, par tb`ta ks arck`tbtc-va bprk`dkr b kvbmubr mbs pasclcmcdbdks, y k`ja`trbrsk ja` uèbrja k` km quk eavck`da u`b pckzb dkm raepkjblkzbs, sk

pukdk` alskrvbr jaea mas dkeâs kmkek`tas k`trb` k` eavc-eck`ta.

Var mb ùekrascdbd dk mas pu`tas quk sk kù`jcb` k` masåtkes jubrta y quc`ta, k` tb`ta quk pbrb su kmblarbjcú` gukra`taebdbs tadbs mbs pasclcmcdbdks bgra`tbdbs, dksdk vcsca`ksebjra y ecjra ksjbmb, blardbdbs dksdk âelctas u`cvkrsbmks,sk dklk` k`tk`dkr jaea pasclcmcdbdks dk jbelca y rkkvbmub-

jca`ks k` km eaek`ta dk pa`krmbs k` prâjtcjb, puksta quk mbs




<

pbmblrbs sa` sci`cgcjbdas quk paskk` kstrkjnkz a bepmctud k`dkebsåb, k` ja`hu`ta ja` mas sci`cgcjbdas prapcas dk mbs pbmb-lbs, par ma quk mbs dkrcvbjca`ks dk u` kstudca pukdk` brrahbr

jk`tras alskrvbdarks dcvkrsas, y kmma ks ma quk k`rcqukjk bøèâs mb pascjcú` quk mk db cdk`tcdbd b mb prbxcs.

Var tb`ta dksdk mb blstrbjjcú` ik`krbm bm dksk`vamvceck`ta k`mas gajas dk kstudca, dklk kstbr prksk`tk km å`dcjk pbrb ulc-jbràs dk gareb pkreb`k`tk k` da`dk às sctubeas y, nb-lck`da k`tk`dcda mas irbgas nkxbãdrcjas, paskkrmas k` tadaeaek`ta, pbrb k`ja`trbr kstb ik`krbmcdbd k` mas k`gaquks

pukstas k` jukstcú`.Gc`bmczb`da mbs rkjaek`dbjca`ks, biubrda quk k` km usa dkkstk scstkeb à pbrbdcieâtcja, pravaquk u` rkk`juk`tra sa-lrk sus prapcas jaàjceck`tas y km maira dk ùkvbs vcsca`ksbpmcjbdbs dk dcgkrk`tks garebs, ja` k`tk`dceck`ta y kstudcac`tkmcik`tk, kvbmub`da ik`krb`da ùkvbs jkrtkzbs y ja`vcj-jca`ks, rkkvbmubjca`ks ma sk mkk, ik`krb`da rkgareumbjca`ks,y prbxcs salrk ma quk k`tk`dkeas alhktcvb y jmbrbek`tk jaeasustk`tblcmcdbd y belck`tk prairbeblmk jck`tågcjbek`tk par mbek`tk nueb`b.




:

<. ZKJ[K@JCB TKÚ\CJB DK BJJCÚ@

<.2. KZTBDAZ J\KBTCWAZ

Jub`da sk sck`tk km pumsa sbìuå`ka quk dcsjurrk par mbs vk-`bs, a sk ja`tkepmb mb vcdb quk trb`sjurrk dksdk mb àjnk b mbebòb`b, sk k`juk`trb u` pbtrú` quk pkrtk`kjk b tadas kstasgk`úekàs dkàec`bda jaea mb ”pumsbjcú` c`jksb`tk― dk mb

`bturbmkzb. Ãstb ks rkspa`sblmk dk mb kxpb`scú` y ja`trbjjcú`dk tadas mas arib`cseas vcvas, k` da`dk jbdb kxpb`scú` ik-`krb km jrkjceck`ta dkm jukrpa quk jaepa`k tada skr vcva, y

jbdb ja`trbjjcú` ja`struyk y arib`czb mas prajksas c`tkràs.Dk kstb gareb ks jaea km jukrpa nuebà jrkjk y sk dksbrra-mmb, bprk`dck`da b dkspmbzbrsk salrk mb jartkzb tkrrkstrk ja`km b`dbr, ja`struyk`da k` sus pbsas u`b rbzú` ek`tbm, rkprk-sk`tbdb par km bprk`dczbhk dk mbs jastuelrks y mas sblkrksquk sk dcrcik` dksdk ma ”b`bmúicja b ma dcictbm― (Jbssb`y,<666) keprk`dck`da km jbecà dkm jaàjceck`ta.

Tadas mas kmkek`tas quk dkvck`k` dk mb jrkbjcú`, sk k`juk`-trb` lbsbdas k` su c`cjca trc`ctbrca, quk k` mb ekdcdb qukkekrik y bdquckrk u`b gareb gåscjb, sk ik`krb` jbelcas ytrb`sgarebjca`ks. Kstk dksk`vamvceck`ta bm ciubm quk mas prc`-jcpcas, bjtøb dk gareb pbrbmkmb, jbdb bpkrturb rkprksk`tb k` såecsea u` kstbda dk mb ebtkrcb prkdaec`b`tk. Ks dk kstb gar-eb k` quk sk ja`gareb mb skjuk`jcb dksdk mas kmkek`tasLbsk quk sa` ”Vbscvas―, quk k` su dksbrramma sk ja`dujk` b

mas ”Bjtcvas― pbrb eb`cgkstbrsk mukia k` mas ”\kjkptcvas― a

praykjtcvas.




4

Jbdb nkxbkdra sk rkø`k k` u` jk`tra pbrb rkmbjca`brsk ja`mas trks kmkek`tas ”Jrkbtcvas―, ik`krb`da k` mb ja`tcùcdbd, km

jrkjceck`ta ardk`bda y k`jbusbda quk sk kstblmkjk par prc`-jcpcas jaeu`ks k` jbdb c`stb`tk.

<.<. BLA\DBHK VBZCWA

Mb ja`tkepmbjcú` ks uà dk mas c`struek`tas ek`tbmks eâsgukrtks dkm Zkr nuebà, bprk`dkr b eb`tk`krsk k` ma sulhktc-va, jbec`br y pbskbr par mb jcudbd sc` pk`sbr k` mas dktbmmks,c`tk`tb`da jaeprk`dkrmb jaea u` irb` arib`csea quk gu`jca-`b bm u`åsaà.

Kstk dksk`vamvceck`ta sk kmblarb dksdk ma c`tuctcva, sc` kvb-

mubr `cìu`b dk mbs pbrtks y sc` prkhucjcas, às bpraxcebeas

KMKEK@TAZ LBZK VBZCWAZ

C@ZTC@TAZ BJTCWAZ

\KJKVTCWAZ

J\KBTCWAZ

C@T[CTCWA

C@ZTC@TCWA

VK\JKVTCWA




;

mk`tbek`tk y ja` jbutkmb, b ik`krbr b`âmcscs ja`hu`tas dk rk-mbjca`ks nbjck`da pbrtcjcpbjcú` dk ùkstrb ek`tk, mbs keajca-`ks y km jukrpa gåscja, c`tk`tb`da jbpturbrmb dksdk km ja`hu`ta

dk rkjkptarks quk tk`keas, prajkdck`da sc` rbza`beck`ta,mclrks dk jaàjceck`tas.

Dklkeas sk`tcr beb`da jbdb jasb, rkjaàjcã`damb jaeapbrtk dk ùkstra jukrpa, ja`tkepmb`da mb jcudbd jaea sc guk-sk u`b irb` alrb dk brtk. Vkrjclck`da su rctea, su jarbzú`, kmjaepartbeck`ta dk mbs pkrsa`bs, mas muibrks dk rkmbjca`ks,mbs dcgkrk`jcbs k`trk mas dcstc`tas narbrcas, km dåb y mb àjnk.

Dk kstb gareb às bpraxcebeas pbscvbek`tk b k`ja`trbrjckrtbs jarrkspa`dk`jcbs, ecektcseas, mb ekearcb urlb`b ja`sus jastuelrks.

<.:. BLA\DBHK BJTCWA

Dk mb ja`tkepmbjcú` surik mb jaeprk`scú` dk mas sciàs2,såelamas y scstkebs quk sk k`juk`trb` k` gu`jca`beck`ta,

par ekdca dk mbs jasbs jaeu`ks sk pukdk` pbmpbr prc`jcpcasciubmks pbrb ecmks dk pkrsa`bs k` u` c`stb`tk, dk kstb garebàs bpraxcebeas ja`sjck`tkek`tk bm `øjmka.

Dksdk ma dcgkrk`jcbda y mb jaeprk`scú` dkm gu`jca`beck`taja`hu`ta, jaeprk`dkeas jubmks sa` mbs rbza`ks pbrb qukkxcstb u`b gukrzb dk jankscú`, a u` gu`jca`beck`ta jbpbz dk

2 Kxtk`scú` lclmcairâgcjb8 (Kja, <666)

G[K\XB DK JANKZCÚ@

C@ZTC@TA JA@H[@TA

DCGK\K@JCBDA




7

btrbkr mbs dcgkrk`jcbs ja` mas prc`jcpcas quk bjk`tøb` sus scec-mctudks.

B pbrtcr dk kstk dc`becsea, jaàjkeas mbs bjtcvcdbdks dk`-sbs, ja`gmcjtcvbs y `kibtcvbs, quk sk bhustb` pkreb`k`tkek`tkja` mbs bjtcvcdbdks supkrgmubs, c`jmuscvbs y pasctcvbs. Belbsdcrkjjca`ks sa` mbs ik`krbdarbs dk u`b rkprksk`tbjcú` kèavceck`ta quk ù`jb sk ja`jmuyk, jbelcb`tk, rkvkmb`da masbspkjtas quk sk k`juk`trb` ksja`dcdas, eâs bmmâ dk mas quksk bù`jcb`.

<.4. BLA\DBHK V\ASKJTCWA

@as k`grk`tbeas dksdk km jaàjceck`ta bm sciuck`tk pbsa, qukks mb ja`strujjcú` dk mb jcudbd par mb kxprkscú`, km nbjkrsk aårk` rkd. Mas butarks quk bjaepbòb` km prajksa sa` mas qukjaeu`cjb` km jbelca, y ja`stctuyk` u` eada ùkva dk Zkr k`mb sajckdbd, par sus bjjca`ks sa` mas rkspa`sblmks dk ik`krbreavceck`tas k` tadbs mbs ksjbmbs y scstkebs.

JA@D[JJCÚ@

BJTCWCDBD

DCZTB@JCB




9

Jbdb butar ks rkspa`sblmk dk mb ja`dujjcú` dk su prapcadksbgåa, y mbs bjtcvcdbdks quk keprk`dk, dklk` skr c`jmuscvbsy sk kxpb`dk` k` mb sajckdbd nbjcb ma eømtcpmk, sk dklk ja`-

tbicbr b mb eumtctud par k`tuscbsea bjtcva. Kstbeas b`tk kmdksbgåa quk pbrb mmkibr mkhas k` mb bjjcú`, sk dklk ja`strucr u`jbec`a dk eujnas.

Zúma dk kstb gareb mas praykjtas sk ja`vckrtk` k` lkmmbs alrbsdk brtk, jaelc`br mb kstãtcjb dktbmmbdb dk jbdb butar praykj-tubm, ja` km padkr dk u`b palmbjcú` vcvb ja` dkjcsca`ks y pkr-tk`k`jcb bm tkrrctarca k` quk nblctb.




>




3

:. BLA\DBHK VBZCWA

:.2. V\C@JCVCAZ NAMÅZTCJAZ

Vbrb kmma dklkeas k`tk`dkr quk jbdb uà dk mas jaepa`k`-tks, tck`k u`b gu`jcú` pbrtcjumbr quk sk juepmk k` tadas masarib`cseas vcvas. K` mb ekdcdb quk kstb gu`jcú` sk k`juk`trbja` ja`gmcjtas a patk`jcbmcdbdks, sk vb` dkeastrb`da mas så`-taebs ik`krbdas k` su supkrgcjck? bm ciubm quk jub`da àsmbstcebeas, qukdb` jcjbtrcjks quk às rkekearb` tadb mbvcdb ksk eaek`ta? tadbs mbs rkjrkbjca`ks sk gchb` vcsubmek`tk

k` mb Ncstarcb, km kmkek`ta quk bjueumb mbs kxpkrck`jcbs.Kstbs garebs dk vcvk`jcbs, pukdk` ik`krbrsk k` tadas masscstkebs quk gu`jca`b` jaea arib`cseas ja`hu`tas. Eujnbsvkjks ks tadb u`b jcudbd quk apkrb dcgkrk`jcbmek`tk bm rksta,jaea atrbs vkjks k` jcudbdks kxtk`sbs y dk ebyar tbebòa,sa` mas skjtarks skirkibdas quk eukstrb` prkdaec`b`tkek`-tk jckrtbs bptctudks.

K` belas jbsas nby quk bprk`dkr b mkkr km belck`tk, bjardkbm dksbrramma quk tkìb, sk dklk` ik`krbr c`garebjca`ks qukmmkvk` b jaeprk`dkr km ja`hu`ta, pbrb padkr dcrcicrsk pastk-rcarek`tk b mbs pbrtks k` gareb ardk`bdb y k`jbusbdb.

Vbrb altk`kr kstas prc`jcpcas, sk utcmczb` tkaråbs jarrkmbjca`b-dbs ja` mas ekrcdcbàs dkm jukrpa nuebà (Anbsnc & Ea`tk,<66;) jaea km scstkeb eâs pkrgkjta quk padkeas rkjaàjkr,

pkrectcã`daàs pbrtcr dk ja`jkptas u`cvkrsbmks praparjca`b-das par jaseaia`åbs arck`tbmks, pbrb altk`kr pascjca`ks na-måstcjbs dksdk mas dcgkrk`tks âìumas dk alskrvbjcú`.

:.<. C@T[CTCWA

:.<.2. KTK\@A C@GC@CTA

Ma quk vkeas jaea alhktas dcspkrsas k c`gc`ctas k` mb rkbmcdbdpar mb quk trb`sctbeas, sk k`juk`trb` k` u` sama kspbjca gc`ctay uà quk ks mb cebic`bjcú` ek`tbm.




26

\kjrkbeas pbcsbhks, sk`sbjca`ks, muibrks, y tadas kmmas skrkmbjca`b` bm ciubm quk k` mas sukòas, k` vcsca`ks quk vbèâs bmmâ dkm muibr k` quk tk k`juk`trks, ialkr`bdas par mas

sujksas quk ajurrk` y mbs sctubjca`ks quk sk dcgkrk`jcb` u`bb atrb ja` su prapca sci`cgcjbda.

Mb dcgkrk`jcb àtblmk k`trk mb cebic`bjcú` y mas sukòas, ks mbgukrzb dk ”vamu`tbd― quk apkrb k` km pbsbhk dk mas jbelcas.

Var ekdca dk kmmb sk pukdk` ik`krbr jbecàs b skiucr, u`muibr bm jubm mmkibr, eck`trbs quk k` mas sukòas ik`krbmek`tksaeas kspkjtbdarks dk mbs sctubjca`ks sc` padkr jbelcbrmbs.

Dk kstas eu`das c`tkràs y jaepmkhas par sus `bturbmkzbscepbmpblmks, kxcstk u` jbecà quk às nbjk jaeprk`dkr kmc`tkrjbelca k`trk km c`tkrcar y km kxtkrcar, quk ks mb c`tucjcú`,jaea u`b gareb supkrcar quczâs, dk rkjclcr mb rkbmcdbd jae-pukstb par bqukmma jbpbz dk bmlkribr mb cebic`bjcú` quk kspbsbda, ja` km gutura alhktubm, k` km prksk`tk quk jaepa`k mbkxcstk`jcb dk ma vkrdbdkra.

Mb c`tucjcú` (dkm mbtå` c`tukrc «ecrbr nbjcb dk`tra¿ a «ja`-tkepmbr¿) ks u` ja`jkpta dk mb Tkaråb dkm jaàjceck`ta bpmc-jbda tbelcã` k` mb kpcstkeamaiåb quk dksjrclk km jaàjc-eck`ta quk ks dcrkjta k cèkdcbta, sc` c`tkrvk`jcú` dk mb dk-dujjcú` a dkm rbza`beck`ta, sck`da ja`scdkrbda jaea kvc-

dk`tk.<

Ma c`tuctcva khkrjk km eu`da dk mbs cdkbs, mb ”ek`tk gcmasúgcjb― a

dk tb`tbs garebs dk pk`sbeck`tas jaea rbza`beck`tas kxcs-tk`? y mb gu`jcú` ks mb jbpbjcdbd dk jrkbr ùkvbs rkbmcdbdks,ja`jkptas, pk`sbeck`tas a cepumsbr ùkvbs pkrjkpjca`ks,par mb patk`jcbmcdbd quk tck`k dk ja`strucr km ja`hu`ta k` u`c`stb`tk, sck`da km rkjcpck`tk dk Tada k` ardk`br u`b bjjcú`.

< Guk`tk wkl8 (Ycocpkdcb) nttp8//ks.wcocpkdcb.ari/wcoc/C`tucjc%J:%L:`

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuici%C3%B3n







22

Mb c`tucjcú` ks u` da` sbirbda y mb rbzú` su scrvck`tk. Nk-eas jrkbda u`b sajckdbd quk na`rb b su scrvck`tk amvcdb`dakm da`. Bmlkrt Kc`stkc`

Mas eãtadas utcmczbdas par mb c`tucjcú`, vb` eâs bmmâ dk mbspkrjkpjca`ks gåscjbs, y sk padråb` kù`jcbr jaea mb mkjturb dku` mkìubhk quk ks ktkrà par su pkreb`k`jcb, y ik`krb tadbsmbs c`tkrja`kxca`ks dk`tra dk så. Mbs prkea`cjca`ks a prkjai-`cjca`ks sa` u` khkepma ja`jrkta, k` quk bprk`dkr b mkkr masjcjmas rkpktctcvas quk ik`krb km belck`tk, sk pukdk` ja`jklcrrkmbjca`ks quk vb` eâs bmmâ dk mbs pkrjkpjca`ks dk ùkstrbvcdb, pudck`da prkdkjcrsk ma quk vb b sujkdkr pkrectcã`daàs

bjtubr k` km prksk`tk.

Kstk ks km irb` dksbgåa jaea ektadamaiåb dk b`âmcscs, k` kmbprk`dczbhk dk ma quk pkreb`kjk dk`tra dk ma jbelcb`tk,bqukmmas kmkek`tas quk sa` mas rkjcpck`tks dk mbs ebyarksksjbmbs, jbpbjks dk apkrbr salrk mb kspa`tb`kcdbd quk prk-sk`tb km ktkrà jbelca.

:.<.<. C@T[C\ EK@TBMTrb`sctbr c`c`tkrruepcdbek`tk par mb jcudbd, sc` bpkibrsk b`bdb, rkjarrck`da lbha dcgkrk`tks ekdcas bjardk b mb kxtk`-scú` quk sk quckrb b`bmczbr, jbec`b`da, k` lcjcjmktb a k` atrasvknåjumas. Dkhbrsk mmkvbr par ma quk km muibr samcjctb, k`trkibrskb mb dkrcvb: par mbs sctubjca`ks quk prksk`tb mb `bturbmkzb

”pscja ikairâgcjb―4, pkreb`kjkr sckeprk ja` u`b bptctud dkpbska y u` jaepartbeck`ta mødcja, c`tk`tb`da bepmcbr bm eâ-

xcea pasclmk mb kxtk`scú` quk sk blardb.

"[` lbrrca urlbà à kstâ dktkrec`bda sambek`tk par masgbjtarks ikairâgcjas y kja`úecjas scà par mb rkprksk`tb-jcú` quk sus nblctb`tks y mas dk atras lbrrcas tck`k` dk ãm"? y

prksk`tb k` mb ecseb alrb pbrb eastrbr "mb kstrkjnkz dkm

: Tkaråb dk mb Dkrcvb. Iuy Dklard. (23;>)4

C`tkr`bjca`bm Zctubjca`cstb. Arib`czbjcú` dk brtcstbs k c`tkmkjtubmks rkvamu-jca`brcas (23;9-23;<).




2<

Vbrås rkbm k` km quk vcvk jbdb c`dcvcdua... u` jubdrbda ika-irâgcja suebek`tk pkqukòa". Jnaelbrt dk Mbuwk, k` sukstudca salrk Vbrcs kt m'biimaeãrbtca` pbrcsck``k (Lclmcatkjbdk Zajcamaiåb Ja`tkeparâ`kb, V.[.G. 23;<)

Bprk`dkr b mkkr ma vkrdbdkra dk mb c`garebjcú` b mb quk àssaektkeas, pbrb ùtrcràs bdkjubdbek`tk y nbjkr bjjksclmkmb rkbmcdbd, bmcek`tâ`daàs dk mbs apartu`cdbdks quk àsagrkjk km rkjarrcda pbrb dksbrrammbràs.

Blb`da`bràs b ùkstra jaàjceck`ta, dkhbr quk jcrjumk` mbssctubjca`ks k` mb ekdcdb quk mbs ceâik`ks sk ceprki`k` k`

ùkstrb ek`tk, trb`sctb`da par mbs dcgkrk`jcbs y dcvkrscdbdks,birkib`da tadas mas kspbjcas k` u` ecsea kmkek`ta quk kskm pbska.




2:

Vscjaikairbgåb. Cebik`8 Ly Obrk`obr`bo (Aw` waro) _JJ6U,vcb Ycocekdcb Jaeea`s.;

;

Guk`tk wkl8 (Ycocpkdcb)nttp8//ks.wcocpkdcb.ari/wcoc/Vscjaikairbg%J:%BDb

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicogeograf%C3%ADa






24

:.<.:. V\ÂJTCJB C@T[CTCWB

Trbzbr u`b rkd salrk mb quk keprk`dkeas km buta dcbi`ústcja,rkjbudbr ceâik`ks, tkxtas y rkicstras gatairâgcjas a gcmebjca-

`ks dk jbdb gaja a sctubjcú` quk às dktuva mb btk`jcú` parsus sa`cdas, rkmbjca`ks, mkìubhks, scmk`jcas, pbusbs, cepbj-tas, gukrzbs, dklcmcdbdks, ktj.

Ebpb rkbmczbda par mas c`vkstcibdarks quk trblbhbra` ja`

Vbum-Nk`ry Mbuwk Jnaelbrt .7

Nbjkr rkprksk`tbjca`ks vcsubmks, jrkbtcvbs y dk b`âmcscs qukjrkbeas pkrtc`k`tks pbrb eastrbr ma quk c`tuceas. [tcmczbràelrks pbrb dkgc`cr mbs sctubjca`ks, jaea rkgkrk`jcbmks kxcs-

7 Vbum-Nk`ry Jnaelbrt dk Mbuwk–s ebp ag b yauì waeb`–s haur`kystnrauin Vbrcs, 23; - Zkk eark bt8

nttp8//www.ktnb`zujokreb`.jae/lmai/<622/62/6:/ibeks-tnbt-nkmp-us-wb`dkr/#stnbsn.ozq6s<mE.dpug

http://www.ethanzuckerman.com/blog/2011/01/03/games-that-help-us-wander/%23sthash.kzq0s2lM.dpuf








2;

tk` kmkek`tas quk pkrectk` dkgc`cr km pbcsbhk, jaea àdas,eaha`ks, lardks (My`jn, 2376).

Jub`da sa` c`dcspk`sblmks pbrb km gu`jca`beck`ta, sk dktkr-ec`b` jaea mb gukrzb vctbm dkm belck`tk, b`bmczb`da jubmcdb-dks quk blsarlk y pa`k k` jcrjumbjcú` b su pbsa, ik`krb`dambs jbpbjcdbdks dk rkàvbjcú`.

B kstas belck`tks sk mks padråb bsajcbr km jbrâjtkr dk mbsbjtcvcdbdks quk rkbmczb, jaea sk rkmbjca`b ja` mbs dkeâspbrtks. Jub`da sk k`juk`trb` k` dkskqucmclrca, sa` muibrkskxjmucdas, jkrrbdas, a c`jmuscvas quk praeukvk` u` bmta irbdadk btrbjjcú` y rkjurrk`jcb. Tck`k` damk`jcbs sajcbmks a muibrksquk dkeukstrb` ralas, c`skiurcdbd, c`sbtcsgbjjcú`, a ja`gmcjtasquk pkrdurb` k` km tckepa, jaea pamåtcjas, sajcbmks, kja`úec-jas.

Tadb kstb c`garebjcú` rkjblbdb, às mmkvb c`kmudclmkek`tk baltk`kr u` bprk`dczbhk skjuk`jcbm quk blrk mbs pukrtbs dk pbrk` pbr, b blardbr km c`stc`ta jaea ekdca dk altk`kr sk`sbjca-

`ks y ùkvas bprk`dczbhks dksdk u` prc`jcpca gcrek k c`tk`jca-`bda.

:.:. C@ZTC@TCWA

:.:.2. KR[CMCL\CA

@bdb às skpbrb dk mb `bturbmkzb b`cebm pbrb mb ksk`jcb dkmc`stc`ta. K` mb vcdb dk mas b`cebmks ks bmtbek`tk pkrjkptclmk km

c`stc`ta dklcda b sus garebs dk salrkvcvcr k` mbs rkmbjca`ksja` mbs dkeâs kspkjcks y ma quk ja`suek, sblck`da dcgkrk`-jcbr pkrgkjtbek`tk mas bmcek`tas, a jartkhbr b u`b pbrkhb jaeama nbjk u` pbva rkbm ja` sus jamarks. Vadråbeas kù`jcbrbdkeâs dk kstas c`stc`tas dk salrkvcvcr gåscjbek`tk quk tck`kkm naelrk, kxcstk u` c`stc`ta quk apkrb ek`tbmek`tk jub`daàs prksk`tbeas k` u` muibr.

Ja` ãm bjkptbeas a rkjnbzbeas pk`sbeck`tas, bprk`dkeasb pa`kr k` gu`jca`beck`ta mb ekearcb ja` mb jankrk`jcb dkm




27

rbza`beck`ta pbrb dbr u`b jnbrmb a kxpascjcú`, sblkeas br-iuek`tbr bjtub`da dkgk`scvb a btbjb`tkek`tk k` mbs dcstc`tbssctubjca`ks. Kstbeas dk kstb gareb b`tk u` c`stc`ta quk ks km

quk pradujk eavceck`tas b mbs keajca`ks, bm ecsea tckepak` quk utcmczbeas rkbjjca`ks gåscjbs pbrb c`tkrjbelcbr mkìub-

hks, jb`bmczb`da km c`stb t̀k.

Tadas kstas eavceck`tas ik`krbdas sa` jaea vclrbjca`ks k`rkspukstbs bm belck`tk, quk c`tk`tb` pradujcr u` kqucmclrca ja`ãm. B`tk u`b pkrsa`b btbjb`tk vkrlbmek`tk, mb ek`tk dk uàsk pa`k c`stc`tcvbek`tk k` dkgk`scvb? k` u`b sctubjcú` ja`trb-

rcb tk`keas mb gbecmcbr, k` quk mb ek`tk sk blrk pbrb ja`tbrjasbs pkrsa`bmks? jub`da k`ja`trbeas b u` becia, às tar-`beas tatbmek`tk rkjkptcvas pbrb jaeprk`dkrma.

Dksdk ùkstrb jbptbjcú` sk padråb` pk`sbr jubmks sa` mbsbjtcvcdbdks quk sk taeb` c`stc`tcvbek`tk pbrb ecektczbrsk kù` belck`tk y rkspa`dkr b`tk ãm? k` jbsas kxtrkeas dk pkr-sa`bmcdbd kstb bjjcú` dcbrcb mmkvb b mbs pkrsa`bs b pkrdkr supkrsa`bmcdbd, bmia bså jaea u`b skjuk`jcb dk bjtas rkpktctc-vas quk mas utcmczb pbrb dkhbr ja`garek bm belck`tk quk maradkb, sc` khkrjkr sus dkskas. K` pscjamaiåb sujkdk b ekùdaja` mas pbdrks quk prktk`dk` ja`dujcr gcrekek`tk b sus nchasb u`b jbrrkrb u`cvkrsctbrcb a tk`kr ja`dujtbs ”lck` vcstbs― pbrb

mb sajckdbd.

Kstbs bjtcvcdbdks dcbrcbs mmkvb` b ik`krbr km ecektcsea dkbptctudks rkpktctcvbs y ja`tcùbs quk sk dcstb`jcb` skjuk`-

jcbmek`tk dk mb jrkbtcvcdbd quk jbrbjtkrczb b u` `còa.

Tadas kstas bjtas pukdk` skr k`tk`dcdas k` u` tkrrctarca parmb sc`jra`cjcdbd b mb quk sk kxpa`k`, rkpktcdbek`tk. [tcmczbru` muibr dk rku`cú` k` u`b jcudbd, cr b u` pbrquk mas gc`ks dkskeb`b, mb ja`jkpjcú` ecseb dk sblkr quk mas sâlbdas ydaecìas à sk trblbhb, mb kxcstk`jcb dk mas scktk dåbs dk mbskeb`b, jaea mb ecseb ja`jkpjcú` dk mmbebr dåbs b kstb




29

skjuk`jcb quk jaeck`zb y tkrec`b ja` km Zam, y skpbrbrma k`trks nkjnas, beb`kjkr, btbrdkjkr y bàjnkjkr.

Zk padråb` kù`jcbr k` kstas belck`tks, eadkmas dk sc`jra`c-jcdbd pasctcvas y `kibtcvas. K` mb ekdcdb quk paskb` rkmbjca-`ks pasctcvbs, sa` mbs quk bmcek`tb` mbs bptctudks quk pradu-jk` u` dksbrramma kvamutcva k` km naelrk. Mb bptctud rkmcicasbks u` khkepma dk cepascjcú` sc`jrú`cjb utcmczbdb par mas jk`-tras jrcstcbàs ja` mbs cimkscbs? y u`b bptctud tatbmek`tk ja`trb-rcb ks mb btrbjjcú` dk muibrks k` da`dk sk k`juk`trb` hukiasdk bzbr, prkvbmkjck`da mas dkskas ea`ktbrcas.

K` mb ekdcdb quk kstas bjtas rkpktctcvas, jaea mb ekdctbjcú`,arbjcú`, nbjkr km lck` b mbs pkrsa`bs, alrbr k` ùkstras trblb-

has dk garebs jarrkjtbs, às ja`dujceas pkreb`k`tkek`tkk` u` rktarà bm kqucmclrca, y bprk`dck`da b mkkr k` km mkìubhkurlbà kstbs dktkrec`bjca`ks, ks pbrtk dkm trblbha u`â`cek kc`nkrk`tk quk nby quk rkbmczbr, bprk`dck`da b vbmarczbr tb`tama kqucmclrbda, ja` rkspkjta bm dkskqucmclrca ik`krbm k` quk skk`juk`trb` pkreb`k`tkek`tk tadas mas scstkebs vcvas.

:.:.<. C@ZTC@TA KEAJCA@BM

Dkm eavceck`ta y rkjaàjceck`ta dkm kspbjca ik`krbda par mbrkd dk pu`tas quk blardbeas ja` mb c`tucjcú`, às dktk`keask` jbdb pbrtk, bjtubeas dksdk ma kstâtcja pbrb jaeprk`dkrmas eavceck`tas quk bja`tkjk` y su bjtcvcdbd.

Taebeas u`b bjtctud bjtcvb, trbtb`da dk quk tck`k` mas tkrrcta-

rcas, mbs rkmbjca`ks, mas rctas y pratajamas sajcbmks quk sk prk-sk`tb`, prksk`jcb`da mas sujksas quk bja`tkjk`.

Km ja`jkpta pratbia`cstb bquå ks km dk tkrrctarcbmcdbd a cdk`tc-gcjbjcú` dk mas c`dcvcduas ja` u` ârkb quk c`tkrprktb` jaea

prapcb, y quk sk k`tck`dk quk nb dk skr dkgk`dcdb dk c`tru-sca`ks, vcambjca`ks a ja`tbec`bjca`ks. K` mas kspbjcas pø-lmcjas mb tkrrctarcbmczbjcú` vck`k dbdb salrk tada par mas pbj-tas quk mbs pkrsa`bs kstblmkjk` b prapúscta dk juâm ks su

tkrrctarca y juâm ks mas mcectks dk ksk tkrrctarca. Ksk kspbjca pkrsa`bm a c`garebm bjaepbòb b tada c`dcvcdua bmmâ da`dk vb




2>

y sk kxpb`dk a ja`trbk k` gu`jcú` dk mas tcpas dk k`juk`tray k` gu`jcú` dk u` lusjbda kqucmclrca k`trk bpraxcebjcú` ykvctbjcú`. (Dkmibda, 2333)

Kstb bptctud c`stc`tcvb prksk`jcbm, vck`k dbdb par mbs keajca-`ks quk ks mb k`jbribdb dk cepumsbr mas jbelcas pbrtåjcpksdkm belck`tk. Mb kjub`cecdbd ks km k`jmbvk pbrb eb`tk`kr k`gu`jca`beck`ta mb kspa`tb`kcdbd dkm bprk`dczbhk. Dklkeaskstbr btk`tas pkra trb`qucmas, ksb ks mb jaelc`bjcú` par mbjubm `as kstblmkjkeas pbrb bprk`dkr dk u` muibr, jbptb`da yblsarlck`da km ja`ajceck`ta husta y `kjksbrca pbrb bjtubrrkjblb`da c`garebjcú`.

V.H.Jraao. MB WCK ZVA\TCWK. Tc`tkd ikssa a` jb`vbs &

pbc`tkd waadk` grbek.9

9 Guk`tk wkl8 nttp8//www.phjraao.jae

http://www.pjcrook.com/







23

:.:.:. V\ÂJTCJB C@ZTC@TCWB

Bpraxcebrsk b mbs gu`jca`ks jumturbmks jaea km muibr k` da`dksk dkskepkòb` mbs gu`jca`ks eâs jaepmkhbs dkm urlb`csea.

Trbzbr u`b pkqukòb rkd c`tk`jca`bdb k`trk jbdb uà dk masmuibrks y k` jbdb uà dk kmmas, jaea pkrsa`bs quk sk k`-juk`trb` suhktbs y ja`stb`tks quk ik`krb` mb sci`cgcjbjcú`.

Km ocasqukra, km ja`dujtar, ebsbs dk pkrsa`bs k` eavceck`ta,u` blukma sk`tbda k` u` zbiuâ`, u`b gbecmcb pbskb`da? y ja`jbdb uà dk kmmas kstblmkjkr mbs rkmbjca`ks b mbs quk sk k`-

juk`trb` sastk`cdas. Vadråbeas cebic`br ncmas ja`kjtcvask`trk jbdb u`b dk mbs pbrtks, y k` mb ekdcdb quk sa` ebyarksmbs ja`kxca`ks, eâs k`kriåbs sk k`trkib`, a ebyarks sa` massujksas quk pkrectk` quk sk eb`tkìb` u`cdas mas kmkek`-tas.

K` Jmak, irb` jcudbd, mbs pkrsa`bs quk pbsb` par mbs jbmmksà sk jaàjk`. Bm vkrsk cebic`b` ecm jasbs mbs u`bs dk mbsatrbs, mas k`juk`tras quk padråb` ajurrcr k`trk kmmbs, mbs

ja`vkrsbjca`ks, mbs sarprksbs, mbs jbrcjcbs, mas eardcsjas.Vkra `bdck sbmudb b `bdck, mbs ecrbdbs sk jruzb` u` skiu`-da y dkspuãs nuyk`, nusekb` atrbs ecrbdbs, à sk dktck-

`k`. (Jbmvcà, <62<)

@as vbeas b k`ja`trbr tk`dk`jcbs pkreb`k`tks y jbelcb`-tks, puksta quk ks muibr k` km quk sk c`skrtb` mbs c`garebjca-`ks y ekdcas dk jaeu`cjbjcú` ebscvas quk c`tkrvck`k` k` mas

júdcias dk eavceck`tas y bjtas. Km ocasqukra ja` mb c`tk`scú`dk vk`dkr sk bpraxceb ja` pulmcjcdbd, mbs pkrsa`bs sk sck`tk`cdk`tcgcjbdbs ja` mb c`garebjcú` quk kxpa`k, bmiuck` mkhas dkksk muibr, sk`tbda k` u` zbiuâ` sk k`trktck`k pbrtcjcpb`da dkkstk bjta ja` km scepmk nkjna dk alskrvbr.

Cdk`tcgcjbrkeas vcsca`ks jmbvks dk kstas k`juk`tras, mb alskr-vbjcú`, km bjta dk mb vk`tb, mbs `kjkscdbdks dk mbs pkrsa`bsdk eb`tk`krsk c`garebdbs, mb bptctud jaekrjcbm, mb kjaàeåbpbrtcjumbr dkm sctca.




<6

Gatairbgåb [rlb`b, Jbrtbik`b dk C`dcbs, Jamaelcb.

Kxcstk` eaek`tas kspkjcbmks dk bjtcvcdbdks quk sa` jumturb-mks k` ksk`jcb, jaea mbs gkjnbs gkstcvbs, ik`krbdarbs dk k`-

juk`tras, c`jmuscú` dk jmbsks sajcbmks, jrkbdarbs dk trblbhaspbrb tadbs mbs pkrsa`bs, ciubmdbdks sajcakja`úecjbs sc`lrkjnbs cepartb`tks, ecsebs apartu`cdbdks dk k`rcqukjceck`-ta kdujbtcva.

Ksas sujksas sa` jrujcbmks tb`ta pbrb tadas mas b`âmcscs qukqukrbeas nbjkr, jaea tbelcã` pbrb km c`tkrjbelca sajcbm, kskm eaek`ta k` quk mbs sajckdbdks sk dkpurb` k c`jrkek`tb`

su patk`jcbm.

Kstk b`âmcscs k`jmbvbda k` ma c`tuctcva y dksbrrammbda k` mac`stc`tcva, `as prkpbrb ja`skjuk`tkek`tk nbjcb ma pkrjkptcva,ma eâs scepmk dk b`bmczbr, utcmczb`da km ja`ajceck`ta y massk`tcdas dk pkrjkpjcú` jaea ekdca dk rkicstra.




<2

:.4. VK\JKVTCWA

:.4.2. JADCIAZ

Ja` mas jc`ja úribàs dk mas sk`tcdas, ks jaea pkrjclceas maskmkek`tas ja` mas quk às rkmbjca`beas k` km belck`tk. Wcs-tb, tbjta, amgbta, iusta, budctcva, sa` mbs garebs dk bpraxceb-jcú` quk sk tck`k` b u` ecsea b`âmcscs, ja`gareb`da dcgkrk`-tks jbrbjtkråstcjbs dk u`b rkbmcdbd garebdb par ùkstrbs jae-pralbjca`ks.

Rukrkeas sblkr mb jbmcdbd dk mb ebdkrb k` u`b eksb, mb iam-pkbeas, sk`tceas u` rucda ektâmcja dk u`b ebdkrb ebjczb a

nukja dk u`b ebdkrb lmb`db. Zc qucscãrbeas ja`tcùbr kxpk-rcek`tb`da, padråbeas nbjkrma jaepralb`da jbdb jbrbjtkrås-tcjb ja` mas sk`tcdas.

Kstk eu`da dk jaepralbjca`ks pkrjkptcvbs sk k`juk`trbvc`jumbda dcrkjtbek`tk ja` mas c`stc`tas, pradujck`da jbdbbpraxcebjcú`, u`b jaepralbjcú` quk rkvkrlkrb tbelcã` k` mbek`tk, dk ma quk sk`tceas b`tk mas dcgkrk`tks tcpas dk ebtkrcb-

mks gåscjas quk às radkb`.

Ja` mas sk`tcdas ks júea padkeas pkrjclcr gâjcmek`tk masjúdcias quk sa` garebdas k` mb `bturbmkzb, sustk`tbdarksbjardk bm belck`tk k` quk sk k`juk`trk`. Vadkeas dkjcr quku`b lb`db euscjbm sk k`juk`trb sastk`cdb par quck` mb dcrcik,jaea u`b jcudbd sk sustk`tb par mb arib`czbjcú` gåscjb qukja`gareb, ja` su eu`cjcpca, bmjbmdåb, pmbzbs, jaecsbråb, ea-

ùek`tas, kdcgcjcas ncstúrcjas, ktj.? jaea tbelcã` par su sus-tk`tbjcú` `bturbm quk k` prcekrb c`stb`jcb, ks ma quk sci`cgcjbmb prksk`jcb, u` khkepma dk kmma ks mb jbdk`b ea`tbòasb dkmNcebmbyb, da`dk bscstk` ecmks dk pkrkircàs b ksk sctca par sudcstcìucda rkgkrk`tk rkmcicasa. B ma mbria dk mb jardcmmkrb Brik`-tc`b tbelcã` às k`ja`trbeas ja` u` sc`gå` dk muibrks k`da`dk sk nbjåb` pcjtairbebs a pktraimcgas dk jrkk`jcbs yjastuelrks, par da`dk mas blaråik`ks dkhblb` ceprksbs sus

nukmmbs brtåstcjbs, ik`krb`da sctcas dk k`juk`tra k`trk trclus.




<<

Mb `bturbmkzb k` kstas jbsas, nb scda utcmczbdb jaea sustk`tadk pkrpktrbr km pk`sbeck`ta k` mas sujkscvas jbelcas quk skik`krb`, b tbm pu`ta dk padkr alskrvbrmas nay dåb ja` mb ecs-

eb jbmcdbd quk ma rkprksk`tblb` nbjk eâs dk ecm bòas, k`jckrtbs ajbsca`ks quk sk ncjckra` ceprksca`ks k` jukvbs, naydåb sk k`juk`trb` ja` ebtkrcbmks y jamarks dk mb ãpajb.

K` tadas kstas jbsas, tb`ta dk nctas `bturbmks jaea mas gar-ebdas par km naelrk, ja`gareb` júdcias sci`cgcjbdas quk skeb`tck`k` par ik`krbjca`ks, y scrvk` par su ja`scstk`jcb pbrbprkskrvbr km pk`sbeck`ta, y trbsectcr eâs mkhas quk mas prapcas

sujksas dk mb nueb`cdbd.Dk mb ecseb gareb k` júea km pmb`ktb Tckrrb às eukstrb suncstarcb par sus rbstras ikamúicjas, sk trbsectk` tadbs mbs c`-garebjca`ks quk qukdb` ja`tk`cdbs k` mas alhktas tkjàmúic-jas quk mb nueb`cdbd ik`krb. K` tadas kmmas kxcstk` júdciasgu`jca`bmks kstãtcjas quk mk db` gareb y ja`tk`cda pbrb qukrkprksk`tk` bmia k` mb sajckdbd. Kstk sci`cgcjbda jbelcb, skrk dcrkjjca`b y pckrdk su rkbmcdbd k` mb ekdcdb quk ma qukpkreb`kjk, pbsb b skr mb jbsjbrb dk ma quk pkrkjk.

Jub`da mb mcturicb pbsb b skr u` rctubm, pckrdk km sci`cgcjbdadk mb rkbmczbjcú` pbrb ja`vkrtcrsk k` u` ekra bjta rkpktctcva

dk bjjca`ks. (Kjobrts-nbusk`)

@a padkeas c`tkrprktbr ja` jkrtkzb blsamutb mb rkbmczbjcú` dkmbs pcrâecdks kicpjcbs, par mbs dcstb`jcbs jumturbmks quk pa-

skkeas, pkra sc padkeas bpraxcebràs b vkr km kstbda dku`b jcudbd bjtubm par mas bja`tkjceck`tas quk sujkdk` k` kmprksk`tk, rkprksk`tbtcvas dk mas sujksas pbsbdas.

Mcepckzb urlb`b, skiurcdbd, kstãtcjb, muibrks dk c`tkrjbelca,bjjksclcmcdbd, tadas sa` gbjtarks quk pkrectk` dkàtbr gåscjb-ek`tk, ma quk sujkdk ja` mas dkeâs c`tkrjbelcas quk sk ik-`krb`. Bprk`dck`da b dcstcìucr mas kmkek`tas vkrdbdkras,

garebeas u`b ja`jkpjcú` rkbm dk mas júdcias quk sk vbmarb`




<:

k` dcgkrk`tks jbtkiaråbs dk`tra dk u` ja`hu`ta dk kmkek`tasebyarks.

:.4.<. VK\JKVJCÚ@ GÅZCJB

Dk mas k`mbjks ik`krbdas ja` c`garebjcú` c`stc`tcvb, vkeasu` rkjaàjceck`ta dk ma pkrjkptcva jaea mas kmkek`tas gåscjasquk sustk`tb` ebtkrcbmek`tk mbs dkeâs eb`cgkstbjca`ksàelrbdbs.

Taebeas u`b cda`kcdbd dk c`traecscú`, c`vkstcibdarb, rbjca-`bmcstb y jck`tågcjb dk mas kmkek`tas quk c`tkrvck`k` k` km

dksbrramma dk mbs ja`kxca`ks. Vkreb`kjkr ja`stb`tkek`tkja` u`b bptctud k`gajbdb k` ma quk skb dk ùkstra c`tkrãs. Zkrc`jcscvas k` mas kmkek`tas quk sk prksk`tb` c`jmuscvas y b`bmc-zbr mbs gu`jca`ks quk dkskepkòb.

Gatairbgåb [rlb`b, Laiatâ, Jamaelcb. C`grbkstrujturb dkskrvcjcas dk trb`spartk.

Dklkeas c`vkstcibr jubmks sa` mbs tkjàmaiåbs quk c`tkrvck-`k` k` km prajksa dk ajupbjcú`, jaea ks bgkjtbda km jmceb,mbs pbrtcjumbrcdbdks ikairâgcjbs y `bturbmks dkm tkrrctarca pbrbmb kxtrbjjcú` dk ma ec`krbmks? a mb ja`strujjcú` salrk u` jbujk

dk u` råa, ik`krb`da jb`bmks c`tkràs dk c`grbkstrujturb? jae-




<4

praektcã`daàs b kstbr btk`tas k` mb jaepmkhcdbd dk mas kmk-ek`tas.

:.4.:. V\ÂJTCJB VK\JKVTCWB

Zk dkgc`k par mbs arck`tbjca`ks quk taeb km dksbrramma urlbà,ja` mas rkjursas quk sa` eb`khbdas. Vbrb kmma sk dklk` b`b-mczbr par ekdca dk pmbàs y gatairbgåbs bãrkbs, mas tcpas dktrbebs urlb`bs, mbs ja`kxca`ks quk tck`k, mas gajas jk`trbmksquk dksbrrammb a mb kxtk`scú` c`dkgc`cdb salrk km tkrrctarca.

Vbrb skr eâs dkgc`cda k` kstb kxpmcjbjcú`, pkra bm ecsea

tckepa sc` qukrkr k`jbhbr k` eadkmas, kxcstk` k` mb ncstarcbskrcks dk kstudcas quk jbtbmaib` km urlb`csea par mas btrclu-tas quk paskk`. Butarks jaea Jaao, Gaujbumt, Oaamnbss,EjNbri, Wcrcmca, \assc, k`trk atras>, nb` ik`krbda prc`jcpcastkúrcjas dk b`âmcscs, jaea tb`ta tcpas dk jcudbdks nb` scdajrkbdbs par dcgkrk`tks eb`cgkstbjca`ks quk mb ja`struyk`,bmiuàs khkepmas sa`8 Vamcjã`trcjb, Dcgusb, Ektâpamcs, Jk`trå-guib, Jk`tråpktb, Wcmmb Ecskrcb, Birajcudbd, ktj.

>

Jk`tra B`dbmuz dk Brtk Ja`tkeparâ`ka, Guk`tk wkl8www.btrclutasurlbàs.ks

http://www.atributosurbanos.es/






<;

Zêa Vbuma, Wcmmb Ecskrcb3

Zalrk mb bjjcú` dk kstbs trbebs, tk`keas mc`kbmcdbdks, jur-

vbs, k`juk`tras, pasclcmcdbdks dk eb`cgkstbr km ja`ajceck`ta,ebrjbs ncstúrcjbs salrk mb ja`strujjcú` kdcmcjcb, sck`da jbdbpbrtk vcstb dksdk mb pkrjkpjcú`, c`struek`tas pbrb mb ja`s-trujjcú` dk u` tada urlb`a.

Cepbjta dk mbs dcbia`bmks salrk pbrtk dkm jk`tra dk mb jcu-dbd dk Jncjbia.26

3 Guk`tk wkl8 www.gmcjor.jae/pnatas/lkchb-gmar/ 26

Guk`tk wkl8 nttp8//www.lcgurjbjca`ks.jm/664/xurlb`cse.nte, ^-[rlb`cse8"Brjnctkjturk b`d tnk Bekrcjb` Jcty", Ebrca Ib`dkmsa`bs.

http://c/Users/frearq/Uniphysis_2010/Book/2013_03_02%20Urbanismo/02_Metodologia/www.flickr.com/photos/beija-flor/



http://www.bifurcaciones.cl/004/xurbanism.htm








<7




<9

4. BLA\DBHK BJTCWA

4.2. DCGK\K@JCBDA

4.2.2. @[LK DK \KMBJCA@KZ

Kxcstk` k` mb pbrtcjcpbjcú` sajcbm u` ja`hu`ta dk c`gmuk`jcbsquk sk eukvk` dk garebs jbútcjbs y sc` ardk` bpbrk`tk? sck`-da su dksbrramma cepumsbda gu`dbek`tbmek`tk par ma nktkra-iã`ka, pravajb`da mbs rkmbjca`ks quk pkrectk` mas dcgkrk`tkstcpas dk dksk`vamvceck`tas urlbàs. Kstas sk dksbrrammb` yjaeprk`dk` dksdk mb ùlk22, a rkdks sajcbmks dk c`garebjcú`quk sk jb`bmczb` dksdk km kxtkrcar bm c`tkrcar.

@ulk a Zajcbm @ktwaro.

Dksdk kstk c`gc`cta scstkeb dk dksardk` bpbrk`tk, kxcstk uàrdk` ebrjbda dk mc`kbmcdbdks dk sujksas quk pukdk` skr

trbzbdas, k` quk mas kxtrkeas dkm dksardk` c`kvctblmkek`tkbpbrkjk` jckrtbs btrbjjca`ks quk tck`dk` b jaardc`br km ja`-

hu`ta.

Zc vkeas u`b ùlk k` km jckma, sk kxtck`dk k` ja`stb`tks gar-ebs jbelcb`tks, sckeprk pkrkjk y pkreb`kjk. Kstbs pkreu- 22 Atrbs dk mbs rkprksk`tbjca`ks pbrb ùlk, ks Zajcbm @ktwaro y sus rkprk-

sk`tbjca`ks ja` u` Irbga Zajcbm. Kxtk`scú` lclmcairâgcjb8nttp8//ks.wcocpkdcb.ari/wcoc/IrbgaQsajcbm

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafo_social






<>

tbjca`ks c`vbrcblmks padråb` àtbrsk irbjcbs b ùkstrb pasc-jcú` gchb jaea alskrvbdarks salrk mb supkrgcjck dkm pmb`ktbTckrrb. Zc guãskeas quck`ks pbrtcjcpbeas jaea u`b pbrtåjumb

eâs suspk`dcdb k` km bcrk, pkrjclcråbeas jckrtbs rkmbjca`ks ybjaepbòbeck`tas k` db`zbs bãrkbs ja` mas jarpøsjumas dkbiub ja`tciuas k` km belck`tk bteasgãrcja.

@ulks CC. Var km bcrk b`db` pmâjcdbs ea`tbòbs a jardcmmkrbstrâicjbs dk saelrb quk asjurkjk` km dåb. Zk mbs àelrb ù-lks. Mbs garebs sukmk` skr kxtrbòbs. Znbokspkbrk alskrvúu`b. Vbrkjåb u` drbiú`. Ksb ùlk dk u`b tbrdk k` su pbmb-lrb rkspmb`dkjk y brdk y mb skiuceas vck`da tadbvåb. ±Ruã

sa` mbs ùlks1 ±[`b brquctkjturb dkm bzbr1 Ruczâ Dcas mbs`kjksctb pbrb mb khkjujcú` dk Zu c`gc`ctb alrb y sus ncmas dkmb trbeb asjurb. Ruczâ mb ùlk skb à ekàs vb`b quk kmnaelrk quk mb ecrb k` mb ebòb`b. (Lariks, 2337)

Mb pascjcú` kspbjcbm dk mas kmkek`tas quk sk kù`jcb` k` mbpbrtcjcpbjcú`, sa` jaea ksbs pbrtåjumbs, quk db`zb` k` mbjaepmkhcdbd dk mb rkbmcdbd quk eb`khb jbdb skr suhkta b u`belck`tk a pbcsbhk. [`ck`da mb jaepmkhcdbd k` mb pkrjkpjcúèk`tbm, sk ja`gareb` mbs rkdks dk dksarib`czbjca`ks ebtkrcb-mks dk alhktas y sctubjca`ks quk ra`db` salrk ma quk pk`sb-eas y nbjkeas dcbrcbek`tk.

Mmkvbr b u` ncha b mb ksjukmb, cr bm trblbha, btk`dkr b mbs pkrsa-`bs, c`tkirbrtk k` u` kqucpa keprksbrcbm, jaàjkr a bgcb`zbrrkmbjca`ks ja` dktkrec`bdas suhktas quk tk radkb`. Jbdb u`bdk kstbs bptctudks, jblk` dk`tra dk rkdks quk bpbrk`tkek`tkk` u`b vcscú` jck`tågcjb y grbiek`tbdb, sk k`juk`trb` dksar-ib`czbdbs y dksvc`jumbdbs.

Mb ùlk par så ecseb à pukdk kepuhbr u` alhkta, par suja`scstk`jcb ktãrkb, pukdk skr btrbvksbdb sc` skr dbòbdb, ysk dksbrrammb k` mas jckmas par su tbebòa kxpb`scva, ik`krb`-da mb cepra`tb dk su tbebòa pbrb ùkstrb pkrjkpjcú`. Mbek`tk, paskkdarb dk kstbs jbrbjtkråstcjbs, ks jbpbz dk biru-

pbr u` sc`gå` dk sctubjca`ks, y dkpk`dck`da dk mb pkrekblcmc-




<3

dbd ek`tbm, ks dcgåjcm dk dbòbr lbha u`b gartbmkzb keajca`bmdktkrec`bdb.

K` kstb k`ebrbòbdb pkrjkpjcú`, mas suhktas sciuk` km prc`jc-pca dk ”kguscú`―2<, k` quk ja`stb`tkek`tk mb rkbmcdbd sk eumtc-pmcjb k` vbrcblmks, y quk tadbs kmmbs sk k`juk`trb` u`cdbs parsu ja`trbpascjcú`. Var u` mbda tk`keas mb ek`tk ktãrkb yjbelcb`tk, u`cgcjbdarb dkm atra kxtrkea quk ks ma dcvkrsagåscja, dk gareb quk u` rkjarrcda pbcsbhåstcja ks ja`jk`trbdak` mb ekearcb quk ks km jaeck`za y km gc` dkm dksk`mbjk dkmjbec`br? par ma ja`trbrca, u` kmkek`ta gåscja brtåstcja, jaea

u`b alrb dk brquctkjturb, k`trkmbzb ecmks dk ek`tks quk mbalskrvb` par su kstãtcjb y sk rkgkrk`jcb scelúmcjbek`tk parsu prksk`jcb.

\kjarrcda

Gaja

2<

Kguscú`8 Tk`dk`jcb dk vamvkr eømtcpmk bm TADA. Ap. Jctb Jbp. ”Zå`tkscsTrc`cdbd―. Ikaektråb [rlb`b. Taea C.

ALHKTCWAZ

BI\[VB\ZK

KZTB\

JA@WK\ZB\

DKZJB@ZB\ H[IB\

\KJ\KBJCÚ@




:6

K`trk ekdca dk tadas kstas kmkek`tas, pkrjkptcvas par supbrtcjcpbjcú`, sk dklk` rkicstrbr sus jaepa`k`tks scstkeâtc-jbek`tk, pbrb padkr k`tk`dkrmas k` sus prc`jcpcas par mbs

prkajupbjca`ks rkbmks dk mbs pkrsa`bs quk ja`gareb` km be-lck`tk pscjasajcbm, tb`ta dksdk mas alhktas, sujksas y rkmbjca-`ks jaea skb` pasclmks. Vbrb kmma kxcstk` eãtadas dk pbrtcjc-pbjcú` sajcbm, quk às ik`krb u`b dcrkjtb cèkrscú` b mb jae-pmkhcdbd.

4.2.<. VB\TCJCVBJCA@ ZAJCBM

\ulã` Vksjc (Vksjc, Vksjc, & Vãrkz, <669) prapa`k jaea ektada-

maiåb k` km skiu`da jaepa`k`tk mb pbrtcjcpbjcú` sajcbm, y pbrbmairbr quk kxcstb gructcvbek`tk kstb rkbmcdbd, sk dklk` ik`krbreaek`tas k` mas quk mbs pkrsa`bs sk sck`tb` bek`bs bm be-lck`tk quk ma radkb`.

Arib`czb`da kvk`tas, jk`bs vkjc`bmks, k`juk`tras k`trk ta-das mas tcpas sajcbmks, sk ib`b prairkscvbek`tk ja`gcb`zb,pa`ck`da k` jukstcú` mas sblkrks jatcdcbàs, quk ja`gareb`

km jaàjceck`ta jamkjtcva dk mb palmbjcú`.

Dk kstk k`trbebda c`tkrrkmbjca`bda dk dbtas ja`tcùas y dcs-ja`tcùas, sk bprk`dk dk mas vbmarks vkrdbdkras dk u`b pa-lmbjcú`, k`trk km sblkr y km nbjkr, ja`strucr u` jbecà ja` kmgartbmkjceck`ta quk agrkjk mb nktkraik`kcdbd sajcbm.

Vbrtck`da dksdk mb bmkbtarckdbd, sk lusjb` mas c`gareb`tksjmbvks quk sa` mas quk pbrtcjcpb` k` km dksbrramma, ja`vcrtcã`-

dask pbumbtc`bek`tk k` butarks, quck`ks par ekdca c`tkirbr-sk, skrâ` mas quk cepumsk` ja`skjutcvbek`tk mas prajksas dkmjbecà.

Bdkeâs dk kstk eãtada, kxcstk` atras bmtbek`tk dksbrrammb-das jaea ma sa` mbs kstbdåstcjbs y k`jukstbs, quk pkrectk` dkgarebs bcsmbdbs a jaelc`bdbs ja` km prajksa dk pbrtcjcpbjcú`sajcbm, ik`krbr dbtas `kjksbrcas k`gajbdas, pbrb dkgc`cr ja`

ebyar kxbjtctud jckrtas dksbrrammas.




:2

4.2.:. JA@GMCJTAZ S VATK@JCBMCDBDKZ

Dk mb jbptbjcú` jbsuåstcjb dkm dksardk`, sk dklk` ik`krbr k`km jbecà dk mb pbrtcjcpbjcú` dcgkrk`tks c`struek`tas quk pkr-ectb` jaeprk`dkr mb jaepmkhcdbd, par ekdca dk mb pbrtcjcpb-jcú` ja`hu`ta. Tbmks jaea8

- Zcstkebs blckrtas dk cìrksas dk dbtas, a ”scstkebs

dk ikstcú` dk lbsk dk dbtas―2:.- Vbmblrbs jmbvk dk mbs tkeâtcjbs blardbdbs, irbda dk

ardk` quk tck`k jbdb pbmblrb jmbvk ja`jkptubm, kù`-jcbdb jaea ebyar, àrebm, a ksjbsb c`jmuscvcdbd.

- ”Ikstcú` dkm jaàjceck`ta―24.- Gu`jca`beck`ta dkm ja`jkpta utcmczbda. Ja`jkptas c`-

jmuscvas, ja`dujtarks dk cdkbs a dk rkmbjca`ks, dkjbelca y trb`sgarebjca`ks.

- Garebjcú` dk kstrujturbs skjuk`jcbmks, múicjbs y k`-jbdk`bdbs2;.

- Ârlam dk ja`gmcjtas y patk`jcbmcdbdks, ik`krb`da rbec-gcjbjca`ks kekrik`tks y ja`vkrik`tks, dk ebyar aekàr vbmar.

- Taracdk dk Wbmarks27.- Ec`d ebps29.- Mb Dcb`ãtcjb puda nblkr kvamujca`bda ø`cjbek`tk

ekdcb`tk mb jaepbrtcek`tbjcú` gcmasúgcjb dkm pralmkebk` sus kmkek`tas y mb c`vk`jcú` dk vbrcbs dajk`bs dkjrctkrcas, jaea "mb c`tradujjcú` dk u` brlctrbrca", "mb mky

2: ZILD, sa` scstkebs c`gareâtcjas quk eb`khb` mb c`garebjcú` b `cvkmsagtwbrk. Kxtk`scú` lclmcairâgcjb8 nttp8//ks.wcocpkdcb.ari/wcoc/LbskQdkQdbtas 24 Oàwmkdik Eb`bikek`t, ebpbs dk rkprksk`tbjcú` utcmczbdas pbrb trb`s-gkrcr jaàjceck`tas. Kxtk`scú` lclmcairâgcjb8nttp8//k`.wcocpkdcb.ari/wcoc/OàwmkdikQeb`bikek`t 2; Ektadamaiåb dk Ncpkr bprk`dczbhk k`gajbdb k` km jaàjceck`ta kstrujtu-rbm. Mucs Bmlkrta Dkebttcb. Guk`tk wkl8 nttp8//mucsdkebttcb.jae/ 27 Ektadamaiåb dk irbgas pamcãdrcjas utcmczb`da km taracdk jaea ebtrcz rkprk-

sk`tbtcvb.29 Guk`tk wkl8 nttp8//www.ec`d-ebppcì.ja.uo/ebok-ec`d-ebp.nte

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_de_datos



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management


http://luisdemattia.com/



http://www.mind-mapping.co.uk/make-mind-map.htm










:<

dk bgc`cdbd", "mb dc`âecjb", "mb kjubjcú` dk mb samujcú`úptceb"2>, "mbs mkyks dk skmkjjcú` dk cepartb`jcbs", "mbjck`jcb dk arib`czbr jck`jcbs", "b`umbjcú` par jaepb-

rbjcú` dk butarcdbd ja` butarcdbd". C`vkstcibr.

Vbrb quk tada kstk ja`hu`ta c`stc`tcva qukpb dk`tra dk u`scstkeb dk jaepa`k`tks k`jbdk`bdas, sk dklk` ardk`br k`garebs k`jbuzbdbs pbrb ik`krbr u` dcbi`ústcja dk mas kmk-ek`tas y mbs ksjbmbs quk btbòk` k`trk kmmas.

2> Mb Kjubjcú` dk mb Zamujcú` Úptceb skråb quk u` pralmkeb lck` rksukmtaks bqukm quk rkprksk`tb (sci`cgcjb a mmkvb ja`scia) km ebyar lck` pbrb kmeâxcea `øekra dk dc`âecjbs. Ks dkjcr, quk jubmquckr samujcú`, eadcgcjbdbpar km tckepa dcspa`clmk pbrb pa`kr k` prâjtcjb mb samujcú`, dklkråb skrjrkbtcvb a ja`strujtcvb pbrb km ebyar `øekra pasclmk dk dc`âecjbs. Mbsamujcú` úptceb pbrb jubmquckr pralmkeb skråb u`b samujcú` quk mairbrb kmeâxcea lk`kgcjca k` tadbs mbs dc`âecjbs. Guk`tk wkl8

nttp8//www.sjck`tamaiyjaursks.ari/ksQKZ/jaursks-vckw/dy`becjs/stkp/dktkrec`c`i-aptceue-samutca`s.ntem

http://www.scientologycourses.org/es_ES/courses-view/dynamics/step/determining-optimum-solutions.html








::

4.<. C@ZTC@TA JA@H[@TA

4.<.2. DKM @[DA, B MB TKMB\BÒB23

Kxcstk` pbrb km dksbrramma urlbà, c`gmuk`jcbs quk sk db` dkgareb `bturbm prairksb`da dksdk km jk`tra nbjcb mb ùlk jck`-tågcjb dk c`gc`ctbs dkgc`cjca`ks y mb jaepmkhcdbd mbtk`tk. Km dksb-rramma nkxbia`bm y ardk`bda, pbrtk dksdk u` prc`jcpca qukc`gmuk`jcb b sus jaepa`k`tks b dksk`vamvkrsk, jamblarb`dak` mb garebjcú` dk mbs jcudbdks ja` su kvamujcú` tkjàmúicjb ykm dksbrramma nuebà.

Kstas kmkek`tas vb` b kstbr c`vbrcblmkek`tk k` km dksbrramma,y sk nbmmb` jamblarb`da k`trk så pbrb ja`garebr k c`gmuk`jcbrdcrkjtb a c`dcrkjtbek`tk b tadas mas alhktas quk jaàjkeas.

Vbrb kmma às dklkeas nbjkr prkiu`tbs skjuk`jcbmks dk ar-dk`bjcú` dk mb jaepmkhcdbd, k`jbdk`bdbs par mas kqucvbmk`tksprc`jcpcas ikaeãtrcjas quk sa` utcmczbdas pbrb ardk`br mb `btu-rbmkzb ecseb dk mas kjascstkebs.

Nblck`da dkgc`cda b`tkrcarek`tk jbdb pu`ta, às padkeask`gajbr k` prkiu`tbs ebyãutcjbs<6 dk mas ja`gmcjtas y patk`-

23 Mb pbmblrb tkmb vck`k dkm mbtc` tkmb, prajkdk t̀k dk *tkxmb, garebda par kmsugcha ‚ mb dk tkxkrk, (tkhkr, trk`zbr, k`trkmbzbr), quk dca mbs pbmblrbs tkhkr ytkhcda. Guk`tk wkl8 nttp8//ktceamaicbs.dkjncmk.`kt/1tkmb <6 Ebyãutcjb8 Eãtada sajrâtcja ja` quk km ebkstra, ekdcb`tk prkiu`tbs, vb

nbjck`da quk km dcsjåpuma dksjulrb àjca`ks quk k` ãm kstblb` mbtk`tks.\kbm Bjbdkecb Kspbòamb © Tadas mas dkrkjnas rkskrvbdas.

http://etimologias.dechile.net/?tela







:4

jcbmcdbdks quk rksumtb` dkm pbska y ja`vkrsbjcú` ja` km jcu-dbdbà, tbmks sblkrks sk pukdk` dksbrrammbr k` pbrtcjcpbjcú`dkm ”kqucpa kvbmubdar―, pbrb dksk`trbebr km ùda dk rksamu-

jca`ks, k` quk sc tcrbeas dksdk u` ncma, padkeas kèbrbòbreâs km bsu`ta, b u`b tkmbrbòb arib`czbdb, k` quk jbdb c`tkr-skjjcú` y pu`ta quk pbrtcjcpb dkm ja`hu`ta, pukdk` khkrjkrk`trk tadbs sus pbrtks, u`b sc`kricb dk prkjcscú` y rkscstk`jcb,k` da`dk sk prksca`b gajbmek`tk sk nbjk sk`tcr km ja`hu`ta.

Mas pragksca`bmks quk ja`trcluyk` ja` mb kdujbjcú`, tck`kèuy prksk`tk quk, tada bqukmma quk prkvcbek`tk nb scda rb-za`bda par mas c`dcvcduas, sk bprk`dk eujna ekhar, quk

bqukmma quk nb scda ekearczbda, ja` ma jubm, sk ja`gcrebquk kstk eãtada dk bprk`dczbhk, b pksbr dkm pbsa dk mas sc-imas, à nb pkrdcda bø` su vcik`jcb. (Lujnkttc, C^)

Kstbs prkiu`tbs scepmks gareb` jaea scstkebs dk eumtcap-jcú`<2, k` mb ekdcdb quk sk jaepmktb` mbs pbrtks, sk nbjk` vkrdk`tra dk mb rkd ja` quk kstâ c`tkirbda8

Mas tkebs quk blardbeas, sk rkgckrk` b8 ±Belck`tbmks = 0Naelrk1 K` jbsa dk scstkebs belck`tbmks, às rkgkrceas bja`gmcjtas a patk`jcbmcdbdks dk8 ±Ncstarcb = 0 Jumturb = 0 Jcvc-mczbjcú`1 K` jbsa dkm Naelrk, às rkgkrceas b ja`gmcjtas apatk`jcbmcdbdks dk8 ±Gåscja = 0 Keajcú` = 0 Ek`tk1

<2 Tbelcã` mmbebda prkiu`tbs dk apjcú` eømtcpmk a eumtcpmk-jnacjk tkst.




:;

Vbrb jaeprk`dkr scepmkek`tk kstbs rkmbjca`ks, sk rkbmczb u`pbrbmkma k`trk Belck`tk / Naelrk.

K` mb cebik`, b mb czquckrdb kstâ Belck`tk, ja` sustrks kmkek`tas. Mb Jcvcmczbjcú` rkprksk`tbdb ja` u`a

dk sus kmkek`tas quk ks mb kja`aeåb, mb Jumturb rk-

EK@TK

KEAJCÚ@

GÅZCJANCZTA\CB

J[MT[\B

JCWCMCXBJCÚ@

N A E L \ K

B E L C K @ T K




:7

prksk`tbdb ja` mb alrb dk ”Mbs ek`c`bs― dk Wkmbz-qukz par km sk`tcda dk mb vkstcek`tb, skòbs, ikaektråbdkm jubdra, jamarks, y mb Ncstarcb ja` mb kstrujturb ur-lb`b kdcgcjbtarcb. K` mb dkrkjnb km Naelrk, jaepuks-tb par u`b dcictbmczbjcú` dkm dcluha rkbmczbda parXkyscì, 2>;6, ja` sus trks kmkek`tas, Gåscja, Kea-jcú`, Ek`tk.

Jbdb uà dk kstas kmkek`tas bm ecsea tckepa sk dksbrrammbìrâgcjbek`tk k` mas kmkek`tas ”BJTCWAZ― dk dcbi`ústcja,

dkgc`cdarks dkm kspbjca praykjtubm. Nbjcã`daàs øtcmks k` kmusa dk mb irbgamaiåb jaea ektadamaiåb dk ardk` y jaepasc-

jcú` scepmk dk mb rkbmcdbd.

4.<.<. KMKEK@TAZ BJTCWAZ

Vbrb kmma às nbrkeas prkiu`tbs jbdb vkz eâs dkgc`cdbs yk`gajbdbs, bm ecsea tckepa k` quk sk eumtcpmcjb`, ma quk àsdbrâ mb pasclcmcdbd k` km jbecà dkm jukstca`beck`ta,jaeprk`dkr y jaepmktbr dcgkrk`tks briuek`tas qukb`tkrcarek`tk à às nkeas pmb`tkbda, pravajâ`daàs km

jbecà dk cdb y vukmtb, bprk`dkr dk ma eømtcpmk pbrb ùtrcr maø`cja.




:9

4.<.<.2. C@T[CJCÚ@ BJTCWB

Mb c`tucjcú` ks u`b dk mbs ja`skjuk`jcbs quk rkprksk`tbeasdksdk km Kspbjca k` su kstbda lbsk, quk su bjtcvcdbd sk ja`-gareb` km jukrpa EK@TBM y km arib`csea dk mb JCWCMCXBJCÚ@

‚

C @ T K \

\ K M B J C Ú @

J [ K \

V A

R [ Å E C J A

E K D C B J C A @ K Z

K @ W A M W K @ T K

C @ T K \

J B E L C A

C @ Z T C @ T A

@ B T [

\ B M K X B

[ \ L B

@ B

N C Z T A

\ C B

G Å Z C J A

J [ M T [ \ B K E A J C A @ B M

J C W C M C X B J C Ú @

E K @ T B M




:>

K` km jk`tra dk ja`kxcú` k`trk belbs pbrtks, sk k`juk`trb mb

ja`jck`jcb quk ks rkprksk`tbda par km prksk`tk Kspbjca, qukk` su dcstb`jcbjcú` ja`gareb` k` su kstbda bjtcva km C@TK\-JBELCA y mb C@TK\\KMBJCÚ@.

4.<.<.2.2. C@TK\JBELCA JA@ MB @BT[\BMKXB

”Ek`tbmek`tk― km naelrk jaea c`dcvcdua à kxcstk, puksta quk

tada sk k`juk`trb k` k`trkmbzbeck`tas, mb ek`tk ks rkprksk`-tbdb par km prapca jukrpa quk ja`tck`k u`b tatbm pkrekblcmcdbd

ja` km kspbjca k` quk nblctb? dksdk ùkstrbs ja`scstk`jcbsquåecjbs eamkjumbrks, saeas vbjåas pkrekblmks ja`garebdasjaea u`b dk mbs eâs irb`dks c`tk`sca`ks kspcrctubmks dk mb`bturbmkzb, y ja`tck`k b su prapcb dcspascjcú` km c`tkrjbelca yjaàjceck`ta ataribda par mas dkeâs kmkek`tas `bturbmksjaea gc` ømtcea dk pkrgkjjcú`.

Vbrtck`da dk kstk ja`tkxta às dklkeas nbjkr u` jukstca`b-

rca pkrsa`bm dk prkiu`tbs ektadamúicjbs y ardk`bdbs.

- C@TK@ZCÚ@ KZVC\CT[BM - ±Juâmks sa` mbs c`tk`sca`ksquk tck`k` mbs pkrsa`bs, mas cdkbmks quk sk eb`cgckstb` ja` mbcdk`tcdbd dk urlb`b kxcstk`tk1 ±Kstbeas b`tk pkrsa`bs qukdkskb` u` jbelca1

EK@TBMJCWCMCXBJCÚ@

@ T K \ \ K M B J C Ú @

C @ T K \ J B E L C A

B L Z A \ L

K \ V \

A S K J

T B \

K @ K \

I Å B V \ K

Z K @ T

K




:3

C`tk`sca`ks quk sk bmcek`tb` dkm Naelrk y sk dksb-

rrammb` k` km Tkrrctarca.

- G[K\XB WCTBM LCDC\KJJCA@BM - ±Júea ks mb c`tkirbjcú`k`trk mbs bptctudks quk taeb km naelrk k` km belck`tk1 ±Zkrkspktb` mbs jbpbjcdbdks `bturbmks dkm tkrrctarca1 ±Kxcstk u`bsc`kricb dk jaeu`cjbjcú` k`trk tadbs mbs pbrtks1 ±Kxcstk`c`tk`sca`ks dk c`jmuscú` sajcbm par pbrtk dkm jcudbdb`a1

Belck`tk ks km kstblmkjceck`ta dk mb ek`tk k` mbs rk-mbjca`ks

- EAWCECK@TA DK C@TK\JBELCA - ±Ruã ekearcb dk pra-irksa tck`k` mbs pkrsa`bs1 ±Nby kvk`tas dk jbelca quk ik-`krk ja`gcb`zb y pkrtk`k`jcb ja` km muibr1 ±Nby tk`dk`jcbs bqukdbrsk tadb mb vcdb k` ksk sctca1 ±Zk pukdk tk`kr u` pra-irksa kdujbtcva dk par vcdb1 ±Km ja`tk`cda quk blsarlkeas,

BDBVTBJCÚ@ S DKZB\\AMMA

CEVMB@TBJCÚ@ DK C@TK@ZCA@KZ

EKDCA DK \KMBJCA@KZ

BELCK@TK


CEVMB@TBJCÚ@ DK C@TK@ZCA@KZ

EKDCA DK \KMBJCA@KZ




46

às pukdk ib`br u` muibr sci`cgcjbtcva k` mb jcudbd, km pbås ak` km eu`da1

Trbsmbdbr jaàjceck`ta bjueumbda k` u` sctca pbrbbpmcjbr k` dcvkrsas tkrrctarcas

4.<.<.2.<. C@TK\\KMBJCA@ LBZCJB [@CWK\ZBM

Kmma às mmkvb b pmb`tkbr y jaeprk`dkr b mas scstkebs, jaeagarebs dk rkmbjca`ks ikaeãtrcjbs pkrgkjtbs quk pukdk` skrpraykjtbdas par ekdca dk mb cebic`bjcú`, y quk bm lbhbr b mb

rkbmcdbd ik`krb` vbrcblmks c`gc`ctbs k`trkmbzbdbs quk jarrks-pa`dk` ja` mb `bturbmkzb. Kmma ja`tck`k u`b rbzú` cèkdcbtbja` mb ”jcvcmczbjcú`―, bquå kmmb sk prksk`tb jaea km eâs bmta

dksbrramma dk mb ek`tk nueb`b mmkvbdb b u` tkrrctarca gareb`damb pscqucs dk mb urlb`czbjcú`, jaea umtceb dcstb`jcbjcú` pambrc-zbdb ja` mb prcectcvb `bturbmkzb nueb`b.

Kstbs das pbrtks ja`gareb` mb `bturbmkzb ecseb jaea u`

scstkeb dk c`tkrrkmbjca`ks, quk k` su bjtcvcdbd ja`jkdk` kmrkjcpck`tk par da`dk mb cebic`bjcú` dkm naelrk sk trbsmbdbpar mb jcvcmczbjcú`, quk k` su bjtcvcdbd pkreb`k`tk dksdk susprapcas jaeck`zas dk vcdb, ja`gareb` tadbs mbs rkbjjca`kskspa`tâ`kbs quk surik` jaea mas prc`jcpcas prcectcvas, c`dcs-pk`sblmks pbrb mb vcdb.

- KZVBJCA, IKAEKT\CB - ±Juâmks sa` mbs c`tk`sca`ks dku`b jcvcmczbjcú`1 ±Ja` quk jubmcdbdks sk bprapcb dkm tkrrctarcak` km quk nblctb1 ±Ekrbek`tk jaekrjcbmks bdec`cstrbtcvbs,

JB@BMCXB\ JA@ C@TK@ZCA@KZ

[TCMCXBJCÚ@ BVMCJBDB BM EKDCA

BELCK@TK

BJ[E[MB\ JA@AJCECK@TAZ




42

gbecmcbrks, keprk`dkdarbs, jbpctbmks urlb`bs, pradujtcvbs,atrbs1

Ikaektråbs y scktk prc`jcpcas dk mb jcvcmczbjcú`.

- K@K\ICB C@GC@CTB DK \KMBJCA@KZ - ±Ruã ekdcas dkjaeu`cjbjcú` sk dksbrrammb`1 ±Wåbs gãrrkbs, jaekrjcbmks,kjaturcsea, keprksbrcbmks, kja`úecjbs, dk c`garebjcú`1±Ruã prajkdk`jcbs sastk`clmks a sustk`tblmks paskk`, ja`rkspkjta b mb sctubjcú` rkica`bm dk mbs dcgkrk`tks ksjbmbs1±Ruã tcpa y jmbsks dk rkjursas `kjksctb` dkm kxtkrcar quk àpukdb` pradujcr a ik`krbr k` km c`tkrcar urlbà1

\kmbjca`ks y ja`tcùcdbd dk jbelcas k`trk Vmb`ktb

Tckrrb ‚ Jumturb ‚ Jcvcmczbjcú`.

- T\B@ZGA\EBJCÚ@ - ±K` quã prajksa dk dksbrramma skpadråb jbtbmaibr mb jcvcmczbjcú`1 ±Ks kstb jcvcmczbjcú` u` jk`tradk rkgkrk`jcb majbm, `bjca`bm a c`tkr`bjca`bm1 ±Ruã khkepmas

eb`cgckstb quk mbs nbjk supkrcar a c`gkrcar b mbs dkeâs1 ±Zas-

- VBJCK@JCB - JB\CDBD - N[ECMDBD- IK@K\AZCDBD - TKEVMB@XB- DCMCIK@JCB - JBZTCDBD

JCWCMCXBJCÚ@

J[MT[\B

VMB@KTB TCK\\B

J[MT[\B

VMB@KTB TCK\\B

- C\B - K@WCDCB - ZALK\LCB- BWB\CJCB - I[MB- VK\KXB - M[H[\CB

9 V\C@JCVCAZ

JCWCMCXBJCÚ@

J[MT[\B

VMB@KTB TCK\\B

J[MT[\B

VMB@KTB TCK\\B




4<

tk`clmk, sustk`tblmk a ja`suecstb sc` rkàvbr mas rkjursas1±Ks jbpbz dk skr mb guk`tk dkm jaàjceck`ta, dk mb pradujjcú`,dk mb tkjàmaiåb, u atrbs1

Mas jbelcas quk sk eb`cgckstb` k` mb Jcvcmczbjcú`, sktrbsmbdb` k` km Belck`tk.

4.<.<.<. C@ZTC@TA BJTCWA

Km c`stc`ta ks u`b dk mbs ja`skjuk`jcbs quk rkprksk`tbeasdksdk mb K`kriåb k` su kstbda lbsk, quk ja` u`b bjtctud bjtc-vb sk ja`gareb` km jukrpa KEAJCA@BM y km arib`csea dk mb

J[MT[\B ‚




4:

4.<.<.<.2. EKDCBJCA@KZ DK MB K@WAMWK@TK

Km ja`hu`ta dk bjjca`ks quk bprk`dkeas dksdk `còas àssctøb k` u` ebrja ja`tkxtubm dkgc`cda salrk km jubm tadbs mbsik`krbjca`ks dklk` bdbptbrsk râpcdbek`tk nbstb bmjb`zbr u`kstbdca cmusarca dk kqucmclrca. Kstb gareb dk rkiumbjcú` pbsbpar mbs ktbpbs dkm naelrk dksdk mb `còkz b mb bdumtkz, y k`jbdb uà dk mas kstbdas keajca`bmks sk vb` b bù`jcbr jb-rbjtkråstcjbs prapcbs salrk mbs jubmks sk dksbrrammb ebyar va-mu`tbd salrk su bjtubjcú`, sck`da quk tada ks u`b k`vamvk`tkk` trb`sgarebjcú`, km skr Nuebà `bjk jarparbmek`tk cdã`tcjak` km trb`sjurrcr dk mas bòas, y ma quk às dcgkrk`jcb sustb`-jcbmek`tk sa` mbs rkmbjca`ks y ùkstra dksbrramma jaea skrksjaeu`ks.

Vrkiu`tbs suikrcdbs b rkbmczbrsk8

- KZTBLCMCDBD EK@TBM B@BMAICJB - ±Juâmks sa` mbsjrkk`jcbs, y bjtctudks quk eukstrb` mbs pkrsa`bs b`tk mb vcdb1±Juâmks sa` mbs jastuelrks quk sk bdaptb`1 ±Júea sa` masjaepartbeck`tas jatcdcbàs1 ±Ruã sk pukdk taebr jaearkgkrk`jcb gchb dk mbs bptctudks jatcdcb`bs ja` rkspkjta b mbsvbrcblmks1

E K D C B J C A @ K Z K @ W A M W K @ T K

@ Z T C @ T A

B J J C A

@ K Z N

[ E B @

B Z

B \ T K

J[MT[\B KEAJCA@BM




44

Kstblcmcdbd ek`tbm, bjueumbjcú` gåscjb. Jubdra8 Wk`-

dkdarb dk Gmarks<< .

- MK@I[BHK S \KMBJCA@KZ - ±Ruã mkìubhk ks utcmczbdak`trk mbs pkrsa`bs1 ±Ks dcstb`jcbda, jkrjbà, beblmk, jardcbm,nastcm1 ±Nby skiurcdbd jub`da sk pbskb y sk vcvk mb jcudbd1±Juâmks sa` mas belck`tks jatcdcbàs ja` mas quk às rkmbjca-`beas y quã irbda dk cepartb`jcb tck`k jbdb uà dk kmmas1

<<

Dckia \cvkrb, Wk`dkdarb dk Gmarks (2343) Euska Kspbòam dk Brtk Ja`-tkeparâ`ka.




4;

Ja`dujtb, pbrâektras keajca`bmks. K` mb cebik` sk pukdk` alskrvbr mbs vkstcek`tbs, skòbs, ecrbdbs, kspbjca pølmcja, km muibr k` da`dk sk rkbmczblb` mas c`-

tkrjbelcas. Jubdra8 Mmkibdb dk mas kelbhbdarks c`-imksks<:.

- JAEV\K@ZCA@ DKM EKDCA - ±Ruã tcpa dk bprapcbjca`ksik`krbeas k` km ekdca1 ±Júea utcmczbeas mb `bturbmkzb pbrbùkstra lk`kgcjca1 ±Ja` quk c`struek`tas tkúrcjas a dk jaà-jceck`ta às bjkrjbeas pbrb jaeprk`dkr km belck`tk1 ±Ruãks ma quk blsarlkeas jaea vkrdbdkra jaàjceck`ta, dk maquk c`stc`tcvbek`tk jbptbeas1

<:

Wcttark Jbrpbjjca - tãepkrb - 243; - (Ibmmkrck dkmm'Bjjbdkecb (Wk`cjk,Ctbmy))




47

Vu`ta dk vcstb y ja`strujjcú` dkm tkrrctarca. Km usa dkmbs tãj`cjbs dk pkrspkjtcvbs pbrb padkr arib`czbr mbrkbmcdbd, jaepa`ck`da jaàjceck`tas. Jubdra8 Lbsåmc-

jb dk sb` Mark`za. G. Lru`kmmksjnc s. ^W4.<.<.<.<. C@ZTC@TA DK MB [\LB@CXBJCA@

C`stc`tas nuebàs dk ja`vcvk`jcb k` jamkjtcvcdbd pbrb ik`krbru` dksbrramma c`tkirbda par ekdca dk mbs dcstc`tbs kxpkrck`jcbsy jaàjceck`tas quk sk dksbrrammb` k` garebs dcgkrk`jcbdbs yquk sa` dk utcmcdbd pbrb km prairksa ik`krbm. Dksdk ksk c`tkr-jbelca dk `kjkscdbdks y jama`czbjcú` dk mb `bturbmkzb sk

dksprk`dk` mas trks kstbdas par mas jubmks btrbvcksb mb jumturbk` su jrkjceck`ta.


- KZTBTCJA, EB@TCK@K K@ KM TCKEVA - ±Juâmks sa` masvbmarks dk ja`vcvk`jcb quk tck`k`1 ±Var quã sk cepmb`tbra`k` u` muibr1 ±Ruã jmbsks dk prkskrvbjcú` jumturbmks kxcstk`1±Ruã garebs jumturbmks bdaptbra` pbrb nbjkrma1 ±Ruã kmk-




49

ek`tas dk mb `bturbmkzb ik`krb` mb cepra`tb jumturbm1 ±Ruãå`dcjks dk jrkjceck`ta a dkjrkjceck`ta palmbjca`bm paskk`1

Kstâtcja. K` mb cebik`, km trblbha dcbrca, mb pradujjcú`,mb gbecmcb, km naibr, mbs jastuelrks, mb `bturbmkzb jcr-

ju`db`tk. Jubdra8 Zbc`t-\ãey, Grb`jcb8 k`kra, 2>36 <4

- T\B@ZECZCÚ@ S \K@AWBJCÚ@ - ±Ruã jumturb ks mb qukprkpa`dkrb k` mb bjtubmcdbd1 ±Ruã tcpa jumturbm tck`dk b rk`a-vbr rkbdbptâ`dask km tkrrctarca1 ±Ruã patk`jcbmcdbdks sk dks-pckrtb` y jubmks sk ”jrcstbmczb`―<; jaea gchbs k` kstb ik`krb-

jcú`1 ±Ruã rkmbjca`ks jumturbmks sk trbsectk` y jubmks skblsarlk`1

<4 Wc`jk`t vb` Iain, Vc`turbs, Úmka salrk tkmb, Zbc`t-\ãey, Grb`jcb8 k`kra,2>36, Km Euska Ektrapamctb`a dk Brtk, @ukvb Saro, @ukvb Saro, Kstbdas

[`cdas dk Beãrcjb, @artkbeãrcjb<; Ja`jkpta dksbrrammbda k` Trc`cdbd. (Ikaektråb [rlb`b, <62;)




4>

Trbsecscú` y dcvkrscdbd. \kprksk`tbjcú` ncstúrcjb dkmb jumturb Brik`tc`b, sk pukdk` alskrvbr mbs dcgkrk`tksvkstcek`tbs, sctubjca`ks y k`juk`tras jumturbmks.Jubdra8 \adamga Jbepadú`cja. Brik`tc`b.

- DKZVMBXBECK@TA JA@JKVT[BM - ±Zk k`juk`trb ja`stc-tucda km tcpa jumturbm quk prkpa`dkrb1 ±Zk vcvk k` mb dcvkrsc-dbd jumturbm1 ±Nby kqucdbd sajcbm1 ±Ruã cepra`tb tck`k b

`cvkm majbm, rkica`bm, `bjca`bm a c`tkr`bjca`bm1 ±Zalrk quãjastuelrks c`tkrvck`k k` su dksbrramma1 ±Jbepksc`b, jctbdc-`b, jbpctbmk`sk1 ±Júea c`tkrvck`k` mbs dkeâs jastuelrksdk`tra dk kstb1




43

Jumturb k c`tkrjbelca. Dcvkrscdbd jumturbm. Butar8Ruc`a

4.<.<.:. VK\JKVJCÚ@ BJTCWB

Mb pkrjkpjcú` ks u`b dk mbs ja`skjuk`jcbs quk rkprksk`tb-eas dksdk mb Trb`sgarebjcú ̀ k` su kstbda lbsk, quk ja`u`b bjtctud bjtcvb sk ja`gareb` km jukrpa GÅZCJA y mb NCZ-TA\CB ‚

NCZTA\CB GÅZCJA

J [ K \ V A R [ Å E C J A

@ B T [ \ B M K X B [

\ L B @ B

K Z T \

B T A Z

G Å Z C J

A Z

J [ K \

V A G Å Z C J

A




;6

4.<.<.:.2. J[K\VA R[CECJA DKM NAEL\K

Km naelrk paskk kstrujturbs kmkek`tbmks y garebs ik`ãtcjbsdk jaepascjcú` eamkjumbr prkdktkrec`bdbs pbrb ik`krbr km

jukrpa Nuebà. @ukstra arcik` skmmbda par kstbs garebs dk`bturbmkzb, sk k`juk`trb rkmbjca`bda ja` mb ja`jkpjcú` y maskstbdas gktbmks (ec`krbmks 0 vkiktbmks 0 b`cebm 0 jukrpa Nu-ebà) par mas jubmks btrbvcksb u` kelrcú` pbrb ja`jklcrsk k`kstb vcdb salrk km pmb`ktb Tckrrb, juyas kstbdas quåecjas utcmc-zb mukia jaea jaàjceck`ta cepmåjcta pbrb ik`krbr su bdbptb-lcmcdbd y kqucmclrca ja` km k`tarà quk ma radkb.

- KZT\[JT[\BZ KMKEK@TBMKZ - ±Ruã tcpa dk bmcek`tb-jcú` ks mb prkdaec`b`tk1 ±Juâmks sa` mas prajksas par masquk btrbvcksb` ma quk ja`sueceas, jaecdb prcebrcb, skju`db-rcb a tkrjcbrczbdb1 ±Ruã pbrtk dkm jukrpa taeb ebyar rkmkvb`-jcb par mb gareb k` júea ma utcmczbeas1 ±Cepkrb km skdk`tb-rcsea a ma `úebdk1 ±Zk trblbhb k` mbs agcjc`bs, ksk`jcbmek`tkek`tbm, a k` km jbepa, ksk`jcbmek`tk gåscja1

Jukrpas y scstkebs dkm arib`csea nuebà.

- R[CECJB K@K\IÃTCJB DKM J[K\VA - ±Kxcstk sc`jra`czb-jcú` k`trk ma quk sk pck`sb y ma quk sk nbjk1 ±Ruã tbrkbs sa`khkjutbdbs pbrb ja`skiucr km bmcek`ta1 ±Juâmks sa` mas ea-ek`tas eâs cepartb`tks quk utcmczbeas pbrb ja`suecr, bm-eukrza, jk`b1 ±Ja` quk jmcebs km jukrpa sk prksk`tb eâs




;2

ja`gartblmk1 ±Juâmks sa` mas eaek`tas eâs lk`kgcjcasaspbrb ik`krbr trblbha1

Ruåecjb k`kriãtcjb. Dcgkrk`tks garebs dk ja`suecjcú`dk k`kriåb, y km ja`gart dkm jukrpa nuebà k` km tcke-

pa. Cebik`8 Mb khkepmcgcjbjcú` dk mb za`b dk ja`gart

belck`tbm k` mb brquctkjturb<7 .

- BDBVTBJCÚ@ & T\B@ZGA\EBJCÚ@ - ±Júea às bdbp-tbeas b mas ùkvas jbelcas1 ±Zaeas jbpbjks dk bmcek`tbr-às dk dcgkrk`tks garebs1 ±C`jarparbeas bjtcvcdbdks pbrbrkiumbrczbr ùkstra scstkeb, skb` ek`tbmks a gåscjbs1 ±Jbe-lcbeas mbs garebs k` jaea utcmczbeas ùkstra arib`cseabjardk bm muibr k` quk às k`ja`trkeas1 ±Juâmks sa` mbspasclmks eadcgcjbjca`ks quk sk kstâ` dcspukstbs b rkbmczbr1

<7 Wcjtar Amivby, 237:.




;<

K`vamvk`tk y bdbptbjcú` ariâ`cjb. \utbs Ektblúmcjbs

quk sk db` k` km jukrpa Nueb`a.<9

4.<.<.:.<. KZT\BTAZ DK MB TCK\\B

Kstrbtcgcjbjcú` supkrpukstb dk mas kmkek`tas quk sk samcdcgcjb`jaea eãtada dk ik`krbr mb kxpb`scú`, y su rkmbjcú` k`trk mbsk`tcdbdks quk sk ja`kjtb` k`trk så, gareb`da u` ja`hu`tagu`jca`bm quk sk kxpb`dk y utcmczb k`kriåbs prkdcspukstbs parkm pmb`ktb Tckrrb, dkhb`da k` jbdb pbsa nukmmbs dk mas kstbdasquk pkreb`kjk` k` km tckepa.

- JA@ZCZTK@JCBZ EC@K\BMKZ - ±Ruã kmkek`tas sa` masquk prkdaec`b` k` km belck`tk1 ±Biubs, råas, ebrks, skmvb,dksckrta1 ±Ruã gcscairbgåb y ikaeargamaiåb sk pukdk` dksjrc-lcr1 ±Juâm ks km jmceb, mb nuekdbd rkmbtcvb y mbs tkepkrbturbsquk sk rkicstrb`1 ±Juâmks sa` mas vkiktbmks quk pbrtcjcpb` k`km nâlctbt1 ±Tcpas dk garkstbjca`ks butújta`bs a garâ`kbs qukgareb` mas kjascstkebs1 ±Juâmks sa` mas b`cebmks quk jama-`czb` ksas belck`tks1

<9 Guk`tk wkl8 nttp8//lcaqucqukst.wcocspbjks.jae/C`tradujjc%J:%L:`

http://bioquiquest.wikispaces.com/Introducci%C3%B3n







;:

Ja`scstk`jcbs ec`krbmks dk dcgkrk`tks jaepascjca`ksquk mk ja`jkdk` mas dcvkrsas jamarks b mbs ea`tbòbs.

Zbmtb, Brik`tc`b.

- JA@K^CA@KZ ‚ KZTÂTCJBZ 0 = JBELCB@TKZ - ±Juâmkssa` mas kjascstkebs quk pkrectk` mbs rkmbjca`ks k`trk mbspbrtks1 ±Kjascstkebs bjuâtcjas, tkrrkstrks y bãrkas quk skjaelc`b`1 ±Ruã rkmbjca`ks sk ik`krb` k`trk jbdb scstkeb1±Nkrlåvaras, jbr`åvaras1 ±Zkjtarks quk praeukvk` ebyarkqucmclrca kja scstãecja gbvarkjck`da mbs rkmbjca`ks1 ±Nbyrkskrvbs `ujmkbdbs dk `bturbmkzb1 ±Jarrkdarks dk vcdb sbmvb-

hk1 ±Xa`bs Luggkr <>1

<>

Xa`bs dk beartciubeck`ta, gareb`da kspbjcas dk trb`scjcú` k`trk mbsza`bs pratkicdbs y km k`tar`a.




;;

tas. Cebik`8 \kprksb ncdrakmãjtrcjb Km Jnajú`, Brik`-tc`b.

I\BGA BJTCWA

K` mb ekdcdb quk vbeas rkja`ajck`da y dcrkjjca`b`da masjaepa`k`tks, altk`keas u`b dkgc`cjcú` irâgcjb bpraxcebtcvbdk mas kmkek`tas y mbs rkmbjca`ks quk sk garhb` dk`tra dk mbrkd, ik`krb`da k` jbdb c`stb`jcb quk sk kstudck, u`b skjuk`-jcb dk jaepartbeck`tas rkmbtcvbek`tk prairbebdas y sulsk-

juk`tks.

K Z T \

[ J T [ \ B R

[ Å E

C J B

T \ B @ Z G A \ E B J C Ú @

\ K M B

J C A @ K Z

I K A E K T \ Å B Z

K @ W

A M W

K @ T

K

D K Z V MB

XB E C K @

T A

J A @ Z C Z T K @

J C B Z

J A @ K ^

C A @ K Z

\ K D C \ K J J C A

@ K Z

J A E V \ K @ Z

C Ú @

K Z T BL C M C D BD

E A W C E C K @ T A

G [ K \ X

B W C T B M

K Z T Â T C J A

T\BZECZCÚ@

C @ T K @ Z C Ú @

MK@I[BHK




;7

4.:. G[K\XB DK JANKZCÚ@

4.:.2. - XA@B DK KR[CMCL\CA

K` kstbs garebs dk pbrtcjcpbjcú` dk ma jaepmkha, ks júeapadkeas vamvkr ùtrcdas dk ja`tk`cdas b ma scepmk, par ekdcadk mas jb`bmks dk arib`czbjcú` k`jbribdas dk k`mbzbr mas daskxtrkeas, c`tkrjbelcb`da ma kxtkrcar ja` ma c`tkrcar.

K`trk belbs pbrtks, kxcstk` garebs dk ik`krbr pu`tas ekdcasdk trb`scjcú`, k` quk à mcdkrk` mbs mujnbs dkm jbas, `c mb sce-pmkzb ikaeãtrcjb dkm nkxbkdra, y ks par ekdca dk jaeprk`dkrkm kqucmclrca quk kxcstk` k` tadbs mbs jasbs. [`b arib`czbjcú`kxtrkecstb, padråb mmkvbr b pk`sbr k` scstkebs c`øtcmks qukbrrahb` dbtas c`kxcstk`tks, kstbråbeas b`tk u`b kspkjck dkcepkrcbmcsea artadaxa dcrcik`tk? par atra mbda u` scstkeb ta-tbmek`tk jbútcja, dkhb`da bm mclrk bmlkdråa mbs sctubjca`ks, à

sk padråb` ik`krbr `cìø` tcpa dk arib`czbjcú` supkrcar ja`- hu`tb.

Ãstb skråb u`b k`skòb`zb u`cvkrsbm, pbrb bprk`dkr b eb`khbrmb kdujbjcú`, k` quk às dklkeas pkreb`k`tkek`tk rkàvbr,bprk`dck`da dk mbs ùkvbs jumturbs y rkmbjca`ks k`trk mas ks-tudcb`tks, bpravkjnb`da mbs tkjàmaiåbs pbrb jumtcvbrsk dksdkbelas grb`jas, lbha u`b dalmk vcscú`, jaea u` kstudcb`tk quk

G[K\XB JK@T\ÅG[IB

G[K\XB JK@T\ÅVKTB

@[LK

JK@T\A




;9

kdujb y bm ecsea tckepa ik`krb c`struek`tas ùkvas dk da-jk`jcb, k`jbriâ`dask dk trb`sgkrcr km jaàjceck`ta.

K` mb ekdcdb quk sk ik`krk` mbs bpraxcebjca`ks b kspkhbr maskmkek`tas k` mas irbgas rkspkjtcvas, às dbrâ` ja`skjuk`jcbskmkek`tbmks salrk mbs quk mbs vbrcblcmcdbdks blardb` k` jckr-tbs ja`stb`tks.

Km k`rcqukjceck`ta rksumtb`tk dk kstk k`sbya, dkvck`k dk u`becrbdb tatbmek`tk k` eavceck`ta, bprk`dck`da b utcmczbr ùks-trb ek`tk c`tuctcvb jbpbz dk ik`krbr mbs c`tkrrkmbjca`ks, lbha mbscepmk gukrzb lc`brcb k`trk das sujksas, quk sk dcvkrscgcjb ykspkjcgcjb k` su dksbrramma nbjcb mb dcvkrscdbd dk mb ek`tkrbjca`bm.

4.:.<. - V[@TAZ DK TK@ZCÚ@

K`trk ma kxtkrcar y ma c`tkrcar sk jaeck`zb b eb`cgkstbr kstkkspbjca dk c`tkrrkmbjca`ks, quk ks dksdk da`dk sk pukdk`k`ja`trbr jubmks sa` mas pu`tas eâs cepartb`tks quk dkjcdk`

km dkstcà dkm belck`tk, y juâmks sa` mas kmkek`tas quk c`tkr-gckrk` k` su eavceck`ta.

Dk mb dkgc`cjcú` dkm kspbjca praykjtubm altk`keas u`b ecrbdburlb`b, quk sk k`gajb kxjmuscvbek`tk k` sujksas quk skk`jbrib` dk ik`krbr mbs rkmbjca`ks k`trk mbs pbrtks, jaearksumtb`tks dk u` ja`hu`ta dk pasclcmcdbdks, quk dkgc`k` jb-rbjtkråstcjbs prapcbs dkm ja`hu`ta.




;>

K` lbsk b mbs praxcecdbdks ja` km jk`tra, ks mb c`tk`scdbd ja`quk c`gmuyk` k` km dksbrramma urlb`a, y dkpk`dck`da jubmksskb` mas mbzas, sk vb` b ik`krbr tcpas dk dcrkjjca`ks ja`gmcjtc-vbs a patk`jcbmks quk pkrectk` km dksk`vamvceck`ta lusjb`damb jbdk`b dk eavceck`tas b mbs quk btbòk`.

B pbrtcr dk ma dcjna, padkeas k`u`jcbr mas jcjmas sujkscvas dkeavceck`tas quk prkdaec`b` k` mb ja`garebjcú` dk tadb ur-lb`czbjcú`.




;3

4.:.:. - JCJMAZ DK JA@T\AM

Lbsbdas k` mb cdkb quk jub`da kxcstk u` kxjkscva ja`gmcjta apatk`jcbmcdbd k` u`a dk mas kmkek`tas, ks mb c`stb`jcb b`tkrcarb kstk sujksa quck` dktkrec`b km ja`tram dk mb k`kriåb quk skkectk a blsarlk.

Zc par khkepma kxcstk u` dkskqucmclrca k` mb jcvcmczbjcú`, skdklk` ik`krbr y brtcjumbr bjtcvcdbdks rkmbtcvbs ja` km kmkek`tab`tkrcar dk mb jbdk`b, k` kstk jbsa mbs rkmbjca`ks ek`tbmks dk

mb palmbjcú`, jaea ekdca dk ja`trambr mb gbmtb dk, a ma quk skkxjkdk k` mb btk`jcú` dk kstk jaepa`k`tk.

K` km jbsa dk ja`gmcjtas keajca`bmks quk bm ecsea tckepa sa`jumturbmks, sk dklk rkiumbr mbs bjtcvcdbdks dk mb jcvcmczbjcú`,jaeprk`dck`da quk sujkdk ja` mbs c`stctujca`ks, pamåtcjbssajcbmks, ebjra kja`aeåbs.

B I [ B

T C K \ \ B

E K T B M

G [ K I A

EBDK\BEBDK\B




76

K` jbdb u`b dk kstbs pbrtks k`ja`trbeas ma quk sk dk`aec-

`âlbeas jaea pu`tas dk tk`scú`, quk k` tadas mas jbsas skk`juk`trb ajumta par mb sc`taeâtcjb quk sk nbjk vkr ja` ebyarc`tk`scdbd, quk `a ks `kjksbrcbek`tk km muibr k` da`dk masdkskqucmclrcas sk prksk`tb`.

Mukia dk ãstk b`âmcscs arib`czbdar, sk pbsb b ja`garebr kmjcjma jrkbtcva, quk ks mb jaeprk`scú` dk mbs jbdk`bs k`kriãtc-jbs quk dktck`k` a bjkmkrb` km pbsa dk c`garebjcú` par jbdb

u`b dk mbs pbrtks jaepa`k`tks dkm tada.




72

;. BLA\DBHK V\ASKJTCWA

;.2. ‚ JCJMA J\KBTCWA

Vbrb ik`krbr u`b ja`dujjcú` ardk`bdb y k`jbdk`bdb, skdklk pk`sbr salrk km eavceck`ta k`trk mbs pbrtks, bm ciubm quktadas mas kmkek`tas `bturbmks, kxcstk u` k`jbdk`beck`ta quksk gareb b pbrtcr dk u` pu`ta dk ja`dujjcú`, quk ks km pu`tadk tk`scú` quk apkrb salrk mas dkeâs jaepa`k`tks.

Vbrb quk `bzjb y sk dksbrrammk k` km kspbjca, dklk jarrks-

pa`dkr b u`b skjuk`jcb dk bjjca`ks jrkbtcvbs y ja`trambdarbsquk mk pkrectcrâ tk`kr vcdb, buta sustk`tâ`dask b så ecseb.

Jbdb u`b dk kstbs gbsks dk mas kmkek`tas nb scda utcmczbdbektadamúicjbek`tk, pbrb km kstudca y dksbrramma jaekrjcbmjaea k` atrbs tb`tbs bjtcvcdbdks.

b - gukia Cdkb

l ‚ tckrrb Vmb`ks y gc`b`jcbjcú`- Daec`ca prâjtcja

j - ektbm Bpkrturb bm pølmcja

d - biub Zkiucr km `kiajca

- Trbtbr ja` km pølmcja

k - ebdkrb Keprksb dk grutas.- Dc`kra pbrb sus kepmkbdas

Kstas jcjmas, dklk` jarrkspa`dkr b mas jcjmas jrkbtcvas quk skdb` dk`tra dkm scstkeb dkm nkxbkdra. Lbha u` ja`jkpta tkúrcjak` quk pbrb ja`dujcrsk dk`tra dkm dkskqucmclrca, sk dklk`ja`garebr `ukvas pu`tas quk ebi`ktcjk` tk`sca`b`da b masdkeâs quk nblctb` k` km belck`tk. Dklkrâ` tk`kr pbrb kmma,




7<

quk skmkjjca`brsk u` ”Nbcoø―<3, a àelrk patk`jcbm quk skrâkm cepumsar jrkbtcva dkm arib`csea urlbà.

Vbrb km jbsa dkm dkskqucmclrca dk mb bjtcvcdbd ek`tbm, sk dklk`rkjrkbr jbdk`bs dk sujksas k` mbs bjtcvcdbdks ek`tbmks, bj-jkdck`da sckeprk dksdk mb jumturb y ma keajca`bm, ik`krb`dajbdk`bs dk c`tk`sca`ks tk`dck`tks b ekharbr mb bptctud jae-pmkek`tbrcb u apukstb, bjardk b sc ks ksjbsb a kxjkscvb.

@as k`ja`trbeas k` ja`jmuscú` b`tk u`b skjuk`jcb dk k`-

sbelmks, patk`jcb`da mbs rkmbjca`ks quk kxcstk` k`trk jbdbu`b dk mbs pbrtks, vc`jumb`da ik`krbjca`ks dk sujksas pbrbja`trclucr k` km ja`hu`ta mbs jaeu`cjbjca`ks lcdcrkjjca`bmksk`trk mas kmkek`tas quk dcspaìbeas jaea prceardcbmks pbrbkm dksbrramma kqucmclrbda.

<3 Nbcous. Vaksåb trbdcjca`bm Hbpa`ksb, garebdb par trks vkrsas.

B I [ B

T C K \ \ B

E K T B M

G [ K I A

EBDK\BEBDK\B




7:

Tada belck`tk k` su ja`hu`ta ks lukà par sus kqucmclrcas, maquk blu`db k` ja`skjuk`jcb ksjbskb par atra mbda, y ks ce-partb`tk jaeprk`dkr kstas scstkebs jaea eãtadas dk bprk`-

dczbhk. K`ja`trbr km pu`ta ekdca dk rkmbjca`ks, ks c`tkrvk`crsalrk mas belck`tks nbjcb mas jubmks às prapaìbeas.

”Zebmm cs Lkbutcgum― (Ma Vkqukòa ks Nkreasa), k` juya Vrk-

gbjca prkiu`tblb8 ±Wbeas b skiucr bgkrrâ`daàs b u` kstcmadk vcdb quk jrkjck`tkek`tk vbjåb bm eu`da y dkvbstb b mb`bturbmkzb par ekdca dk su kxjkscva ã`gbscs k` mbs sbtcsgbj-jca`ks ebtkrcbmks, a vbeas b kepmkbr mas padkrks jrkbtcvasdk mb jck`jcb y dk mb tkjàmaiåb, lbha km ja`tram dk mb sblcdu-

råb, k` mb kmblarbjcú` dk garebs dk vcdb quk sk k`jubdrk`dk`tra dk mbs mkyks c`bmtkrblmks dkm u`cvkrsa y quk skb` jb-

pbjks dk bmk`tbr mbs eâs bmtbs bspcrbjca`ks dk mb `bturbmkzbnueb`b1―. (ZJN[EBJNK\, 2334)

K`jbusb`da dklkrks, bprk`dck`da dk mb ksjbmb k`kriãtcjbquk apkrbeas, pbrb salrkmmkvbr jbdb eaek`ta, ja` su rks-pkjtcvb k`trkib dk bjjca`br.




74

;.<. - BJTCWCDBD

;.<.2. DKZKR[CMCL\CAZ BT\BSK@TKZ

Kstas pu`tas c`tk`jca`bdas dk cdkbs, dklk` pravajbr km ea-vceck`ta dk tadbs mbs dkeâs pbrtks, ik`krb`da bjtcvcdbdksquk prc`jcpck` k` mb pkreutbjcú` k`trk mas scepmks k`trkmbzb-eck`tas dksbrrammbdas dkm belck`tk y km Naelrk.

Vbrb kmma sk dklk pa`kr kstbs c`tk`sca`ks k` km jk`tra, asnbota`b, dksdk da`dk sk praykjtb` km k`jbdk`beck`ta dkrkmbjca`ks quk vb b gu`jca`br pbrbmkmbek`tk bm dcbi`ústcja,

ik`krb`da irbgamaiåbs pbrbmkmbs quk rkstctuyk` km dkskqucmclrcak` u` kqucmclrca tk`dk`jcbm, nbjcb u`b så`tkscs dk mb gareb.

Lbsâ`dask k` tadas kmmas, k` km prc`jcpca dk praykjtbr pravk-`ck`tk dksdk km Kspbjca 0 K`kriåb 0 Trb`sgarebjcú`, jaepa-`ck`da mbs garebs prceardcbmks dk arib`czbjcú` quk sk kspkjc-gcjb` ja`garek sk dksbrrammk` k` km âelcta jck`tågcja.




7;

Bqukmma quk cepumsbeas ja`vk`ck`tkek`tk dksdk ma Sc`, mc-vcbà par su ksk`jcb gcmasúgcjb, ik`krb rkgmkhas pbrbmkmas salrkma Sbì, y k` mb ekdcdb quk às bpraxcekeas b mbs rkbmcdbdks

gåscjbs praykjtbdbs, sk gu`dbek`tb mb tkaråb ja` mb bjjcú`.

Dk kstb gareb vamvkeas ùkvbek`tk b mb praykjtbjcú`. Vbr-tck`da k` garebs dk arib`czbjca`ks kqucmclrbdbs, nbjcb kmdkskqucmclrca y mb cepkrgkjjcú` k` ma quk eb`cgkstbeas, ksjaea sk pukdk` eavkr sujkscvbek`tk ma quk sk k`juk`trbkstrujturbda. Bm ciubm quk u` kmkjtrajbrdcairbeb quk b`bmczb

km mbtcda dkm jarbzú`, jub`da u`b a`db vcbhb nbjcb brrclb, dklknbjkrma nbjcb blbha, tbelcã` sk pukdk` cepumsbr mbs urlb`c-zbjca`ks y tada arib`csea vcva, pbrb quk mk`tbek`tk vukmvbnbjcb su jk`tra, ja`vcrtck`da mas ja`gmcjtas k` apartu`cdbdksdk jbelca.

;.<.<. DCZKÒA A\IB@CZEA [\LB@A

Vbrb km dcskòa dkm kspbjca urlbà ks c`dcspk`sblmk pbrtcr dks-

dk mas kmkek`tas lbsk, sblck`da dk b`tkebà jubmks sa` mbsk`kriåbs b k`trkibr k` jbdb uà dk mas jbsas pbrb quk kxcstbu`b trb`sgarebjcú` lusjbdb dk`tra dkm jbelca dc`âecja quktck`k` mas belck`tks.

Vbrb u`b urlb`czbjcú` sc` måectks urlbàs, sk prktk`dkråbja`garebr gajbmcdbdks, jaea pbrb u`b jcudbd quk sk k`juk`-trb bmtbek`tk dk`scgcjbdb, sk mk ja`gareb` kspbjcas vkrdks dk

c`tkrjbelcas jumturbmks y sajcbmks. Kstas pu`tas salrk km be-




77

lck`tk, dklk` skr mas kmkek`tas \KJKVTCWAZ, jbpbjks dkbmlkribr mb jbpbjcdbd BJTCWB quk par km prapca eavceck`tadk mbs jasbs tck`dk nbjcb su pama apuksta, bm ciubm quk u`

ceâ` sk sck`tk btrbåda.

Kmkek`tas \KJKVTCWAZ

B L Z A \ L K \ V \ A S K J T B \

B J J C A

@ K Z

N [

E B @ B

Z

K @ K \ I Å B V \ K Z K @ T K

KZT\BTAZ

GÅZCJAZ

N C Z T A \ C B

G Å Z C J

A

J [ M T [ \

B K E A J C A @ B

M


E K @ T B M

J[K\VA

GÅZCJA

B \ T K




79

;.<.<.2. C@T[CJCÚ@ \KJKVTCWB

Tadb kstb keb`bjcú` dk bjtcvcdbd dk rkmbjca`ks, bjjkdk` batra rkjcpck`tk k` mb jbdk`b dk prajksas quk ks km rkjkptcva,

quk ks nbjcb da`dk mb k`kriåb cepumsbdb taeb su dksbrrammapbrb kxpb`dcrsk y dcvkrscgcjbrsk, rkprksk`tâ`dask par BL-ZA\LK\ ‚ V\ASKJTB\ y mb K@K\IÅB V\KZK@TK.

;.<.<.2.2. BLZA\LK\ S V\ASKJTB\

C`tk`jca`br lbha tadas mas rkjursas ”ek`tbmks― dcspa`clmks

nbjcb u` kstblmkjceck`ta dk cdkbmks quk kstã` praykjtbdasja` mb c`tk`scú` dk mb c`tkirbjcú` bdbptblmk b mb `bturbmkzbprcectcvb quk às radkb, ardk`b`da mbs jubmcgcjbjca`ks pbrbkstblmkjkr u` kqucmclrca c`struek`tbm dk bjjcú` salrk mb `bturb-mkzb c`tkrcar dkm naelrk bjtub`da k` mb `bturbmkzb kxtkrcar qukàs k`vukmvk y rkiumb ùkstrb vcdb, km pmb`ktb Tckrrb.

Mb sustk`tblcmcdbd dkm c`tkrjbelca ek`tbm ks mb prava-jbjcú` dkm dksk`gaquk, pbrb k`ja`trbr mb dkgc`cjcú` dkmbs rkmbjca`ks quk bpraxceb` k` su mkìubhk bm nae-lrk ja` km belck`tk.


- CDKBMKZ - ±Juâmks sa` mas cdkbmks quk vbeas b utcmc-zbr y quk dkskbeas pbrb cepmb`tbr k` mb sajckdbd1 ±Ruã tcpa

EK@TBMJCWCMCXBJCÚ@

C @ T K \ \ K M B J C Ú @


B L Z A \ L

K \ V \

A S K J

T B

K @ K \

I Å B V

\ K Z K @ T

K




7>

dk pkrsa`bs k c`stctujca`ks qukrkeas quk jamblark` k` kmpraykjta1 ±Zalrk quã jrkkeas quk sk dklk` patk`jcbmczbrùkstrbs bjjca`ks1

Cdkbmks dk pk`sbeck`ta quk ja`jk`trb mas jaàjc-eck`tas dkm belck`tk y mas prapbib, c`tkrvc`ck`da k`km dkstcà dk mbs rkmbjca`ks.

- BDBVTBLCMCDBD C@GC@CTB - ±Júea às bdbptbeas bm mu-ibr y b mas ùkvas jbelcas quk prapa`keas1 ±Ruã kqucpa dk

trblbha supa`keas quk skrâ `kjksbrca pbrb keprk`dkr1±Juâmks sa` mbs pkrsa`bs cdú`kbs y pragksca`bmks quk sa``kjksbrcbs pbrb km dcâmaia1 ±Ruã jasbs sa` `kjksbrcbs dkmbelck`tk pbrb quk às jkdb km kspbjca k` da`dk sk pukdbapkrbr1

VK@ZBECK@TA

V\AVBIB\ K@ KM EKDCA

BELCK@TK

JA@JK@T\B\ JA@AJCECK@TAZ

C@TK@ZCÚ@CDKBGA\EB


CEVMB@TBJCÚ@ DK C@TK@ZCA@KZGA\EBJCÚ@ DK C@ZT\[EK@TAZ DK BDBVTBJCÚ@

EKDCA DK \KMBJCA@KZKHK\JK G[K\XBZ VAZCTCWBZ A @KIBTCWBZ




73

Bdbptblcmcdbd quk sk ik`krb ja` km bjjca`beck`ta, bj-tcvb`da y dktkjtb`da mbs dcgkrk`jcbs, pbrb pa`krmbs k`jaardc`bjcú` ja` u` prc`jcpca quk sk jrkk jaeø`.

- C@ZT\[EK@TBMCZEA Z[ZTK@TBLMK - ±Ruã jaàjceck`tas skrkquckrk` pbrb blardbr mbs pralmkeâtcjbs1 ±Juâmks sa` mbsektadamaiåbs kmkicdbs quk utcmczbrkeas jaea c`struek t̀as dkdcbi`ústcja1 ±K` tarà b quk c`stctujcú`, jamkica, gu`dbjcú`,eu`cjcpca a bmjbmdåb às gu`dbek`tbeas1

C`struek`tbmcseas sustk`tblmks quk lusjb` u`b rkmb-jcú` k`trk km belck`tk y su ja`skjuk`tk trb`sgareb-jcú`, ik`krb`da ja` mb vamu`tbd dk mb cdkb y dk mb gar-eb, u`b kxprkscú` blstrbjtb y ja`jrktb.

;.<.<.2.<. K@K\ICB KR[CMCL\BDB DKM V\KZK@TK

Mb ja`jck`jcb dk mb ”jcvcmczbjcú`― quk sk k`juk`trb k` ja`stb`-

tk eavceck`ta, ik`krb k`gaquks salrk pu`tas prkdcspukstas

nbjcb da`dk dcrcik tadbs sus k`kriåbs, gu`jca`b`da par ekdcadk mb btrbjjcú`, tada ma quk vkeas y nbjcb da`dk sk praykjtb`mas c`tkrksks ja`hu`tas ks jaea sk dksbrrammb` mas jrkjceck`-tas y kvamujca`ks dk mb pscqucs urlb`b, sck`da mb k`vamvk`tkdkm naelrk mas ekdcas jumturbmks dk jaeu`cjbjcú` y mbs ja`-suecjca`ks quk ik`krb k` km tkrrctarca, mb prapcb gareb dk prk-sk`tbrsk bm gutura.

LØZR[KDB DK MB ZC@J\A@CXBJCÚ@JBELCB@DA DK DC\KJJCÚ@ S DK \KMBJCA@KZ

T\B@ZGA\EB\ K^TK\CA\

JA@ MBZ G[@JCA@KZ N[EB@BZ




92

C`tk`sca`ks dcrkjjca`bdbs dk mb Jcvcmczbjcú` k` ja`hu`-ta, jaea u` jaìmaekrbda dk pk`sbeck`tas k`ja`-trbdas quk ja`struyk` jbelcas jamkjtcvas.

- K@MBJKZ BT\BSK@TKZ - ±Ruã jubmcdbdks mk padkeasdbr b mb jcvcmczbjcú` pbrb quk btrbcib tcpas dkgc`cdas dk pkrsa-`bs1 ±Jcudbdks pradujtcvbs, dkm jaàjceck`ta, sustk`tblmks1±Vraeavck`da c`tk`sca`ks ja`jk`trbdbs quk btrbcib` tcpasdkgc`cdas dk c`tkrksks1 ±Lmaqukb`da u`bs y pasclcmctb`daatrbs `kjkscdbdks dkgc`cdbs1 ±Kxcstk` vc`jumbjca`ks k`trk maurlbà-rurbm1 ±Juâmks sa` mas vbmarks birkibdas quk c`jrk-

ek`tb` km patk`jcbm dk mas rkjursas majbmks1

K`mbjks c`tk`jca`bdas quk btrbk` y ik`krb` rkmbjca-`ks ja` mas jaepa`k`tks dk mb jcvcmczbjcú`, pbrb k`rc-qukjkrsk dkm c`tkrjbelca.

- KWAM[JCA@ C@ZT\[EK@TBM - ±Juâmks sa` mas c`stru-

ek`tas mkibmks, c`stctujca`bmks, pamåtcjas, kja`úecjas sk rk-quckrk` pbrb km dksbrramma1 ±Zalrk quã tcpa dk bptctud pscja-sajcbm sk dkeb`db bjtubr1 ±Júea pukdk` kvamujca`br masc`struek`tas pbrb ik`krbr u`b dc`âecjb dcrkjjca`bdb1 ±Ruãrkmcicú` ks mb quk cepkrb, y juâmks sa` mbs dcvkrscdbdks rkmcica-sbs quk sk k`juk`trb`1 ±Ik`krb kstbs rkmbjca`ks u` jaekr-jca husta k`trk mbs pbrtks1 ±Ruã tcpas dk kjaàeåbs sk puk-dk` utcmczbr pbrb mairbr u` prkjca rkbm dkm trblbha, y pradujtas

jkrtcgcjbdas1

JCWCMCXBJCÚ@

\KBMCDBD V\ASKJTBDB

\KBMCDBD BJT[BM

DC\KJJCA@BMCDBD

C@TK\JBELCA




9<

Kvamujcú` c`struek`tbm ik`krbdb ja` km c`tkrjbelca y

sus rkmbjca`ks quk rk-dcrkjjca`b k` su ømtcea ksmblú`km naelrk. Ãstk ks quck` sk k`jbrib dk dcrkjjca`brdksdk su pbrtcjumbrcdbd u` jbelca ik`krbm jamkjtcva.

;.<.<.<. C@ZTC@TA \KJKVTCWA

Mbs bjtcvcdbdks sujkscvbs quk sk mcib` par prc`jcpcas rkmbjca-`bdas ja` km jbelca, bjjkdk` bm dksbrramma rkjkptcva, qukdkebrjb mas prc`jcpcas rkpktctcvas dk mas jubmks km Kspbjca y mb

Trb`sgarebjcú` sk k`juk`trb` k`jbdk`bdas, rkprksk`tbdaspar BJJCA@KZ N[EB@BZ JA@ MB @BT[\BMKXB y B\TK 0AVK\BJCA@KZ N[EB@BZ -

JCWCMCXBJCÚ@

\KBMCDBD V\ASKJTBDB

\KBMCDBD BJT[BM

DC\KJJCA@BMCDBD

NAEL\K T\B@ZGA\EBDA\

E K D C B J C A @ K Z K @ W A M W K @ T K

C @ Z T C @ T A

B J J C A

@ K Z N

[ E B @

B

B \ T K

J[MT[\B KEAJCA@BM




9:

;.<.<.<.2. BJJCA@KZ N[EB@BZ JA@ MB @BT[\BMK-XB

Tadbs mbs `kjkscdbdks nueb`bs sa` garebs quk sk jb`bmczb`

par ekdca dk mbs jubmcgcjbjca`ks ja` mbs quk bjjca`b c`stru-ek`tbmek`tk y pradujk rkmbjca`ks keajca`bmks quk sk samcdc-gcjb` ja` u`b c`tk`scú` quk lusjb su kstblmkjceck`ta y dksb-rramma k` mb k`vamvk`tk nueb`b, ik`krb`da par c`tkrekdca dkmb vamu`tbd ùkvbs pascjca`ks cdkbmcstbs quk gmujtøb` k`trkja`skrvbjcú` y trb`sgarebjcú`.

Mb kxpkrck`jcb y km sblkr quk ib`beas k` mb ekdcdb

quk às dksbrrammbeas jumturbmek`tk k` km tkrrctarca,ks u` jbpctbm c`vcamblmk y sustk`tblmk, ja` quk jbdbZkr juk`tb pbrb su sulscstk`jcb.


- GCHB\ [@ VK@ZBECK@TA DC\CICDA - ±Ruã tcpa dk kea-jca`ks sk dklk` kìk`drbr k` km belck`tk pbrb eadcgcjbr sudcrkjjcú`1 ±Zalrk quã belck`tks sk dklk bjtubr1 ±Juâmkssa` mas alhktcvas dk jarta, ekdcbà y mbria pmbza quk qukrk-eas cepmb`tbr1




94

Zamcdcgcjbr u` pk`sbeck`ta. Mbs rkdks quk ja`gareb mbek`tk salrk mb quk sk rkmbjca`b pbrb dksbrrammbrsk.

Cebik`8 Ec`ds ebps:6.

- BJJCA@KZ J[BMCGCJBTCWBZ - ±Ruã mbzas jubmcgcjbdas skdklk` ik`krbr ja` km âelcta k` km quk sk blardb1 ±Zk dklkk`mbzbr mb `bturbmkzb ja` km naelrk jaea ja`dujtar b pbrtcrdk quã prc`jcpcas1 ±Juâmks sa` mas grbiek`tas dkm nâlctbt qukdklk` nbjkrsk `atbr pbrb ja`jklcrmbs jaea pbrtk dk mb jumtu-rb1

Bjjca`ks jbmcgcjbtcvbs. Km jkrklra y mbs rkmbjca`ks qukik`krb k` mb vcdb dcbrcb. Cebik`8 Jkrklra y jaeu`cjb-

jcú`.:2

:6

Guk`tk wkl8 nttp8//www.ec`d-ebppc`i.ja.uo/ebok-ec`d-ebp.nte :2 Guk`tk wkl8 nttp8//www.jbtkdu.ks/gcmasagcbrtks/




http://www.catedu.es/filosofiartes/








9;

- T\B@ZGA\EBJCA@KZ Z[ZTK@TBLMKZ - ±Dk quã garebdklkeas bjjca`br pbrb rkstblmkjkr `ukvbs jubmcdbdks k` mb`bturbmkzb1 ±Ruã sk dklk ja`skrvbr dk ma bjtubm1 ±Ruã sk

quckrk trb`sgarebr, dkhbr dk skr1 ±Júea dklkeas rkbjjca`brb`tk mas dcgkrk`tks tcpas dk belck`tks1

Bjtubr keajca`bmek`tk pbrb trb`sgarebr km belck`tkk` km quk sk vcvk. Dcgkrk`tks kstbdas quk ik`krb`bprk`dczbhks y jbelcas k` mb vcdb.

;.<.<.<.<. B\TK 0 AVK\BJCA@KZ N[EB@BZ

Gareb dk bjjca`br patk`jcbm salrk km tkrrctarca b irb`dks ksjb-mbs pradujcda par mb jumturb, utcmczb`da jaea c`struek`tbmcseabm naelrk pbrb k`jbuzbr mb ekearcb urlb`b y ik`krbr c`tkr-

jbelcas dk gmuhas dk c`garebjcú` quk sk dkspmbzb` k` mbsapkrbjca`ks ek`tbmks, salrk mbs quk sk dksbrrammb y kxpb`dkpbrb ik`krbr u`b ebyar bpraxcebjcú` bm tkrrctarca? hu`ta b kstakm padkr dk kvamujca`br jaea k`tk patk`jcbm salrk km jubm skbjueumb km ja`ajceck`ta y sk eb`tck`k mb pkrpktucdbd dk suvcdb.




97

Ja`gareb` kmmas k` su ja`hu`ta, mb bdbptbjcú` dkmnaelrk k` sus jaeck`zas ja` mb `bturbmkzb y às dbkm mkibda quk tk`keas c`skrtas k` ùkstrbs jbrbjtk-

råstcjbs y jastuelrks. Mas quk às cdk`tcgcjb às nbjkgukrtks y mb sustk`tblcmcdbd pbrtk dk k`ja`trbr ksbsgartbmkzbs c`skrtbs jaea km vbmar birkibda quk às dc-gkrk`jcb dkm rksta.


- JAEV\K@ZCA@ [\LB@B - ±Ruã kmkek`tas jumturbmks

scrvk` pbrb k`jmbvbr u`b kstblcmcdbd k` km tkrrctarca1 ±Nbjcbquã dcrkjjca`ks sk dklk k`jbuzbr mbs kxpkrck`jcbs bjueumb-dbs par km naelrk1 ±Ruã k`juk`tras jumturbmks tck`dk` bik`krbr u`b kstblcmcdbd y ekhar brrbcia1 ±Dk quã garebs skeb`cgckstb mb c`jmuscú` sajcbm1

Jaeprk`scú` urlb`b. Eøscjb, brtk, tblkr`b, jumturbsdkm pbsbda. Brtk gamomúrcja brik`tcà dkm pbcsbà. ButarEamc`b Jbepas.

- \KMBJCA@KZ [\LB@BZ - ±Juâmks sa` mas c`tkrjbelcas

quk ik`krb` ekharks rkmbjca`ks jumturbmks c`tkr urlb`bs1




99

±Ruã tcpa dk jb`bmks dk c`garebjcú` y jaeu`cjbjcú` sa` masquk sk pukdk` cepumsbr1 ±Jb`bmks dk jaeu`cjbjcú` brtåstcjb,rkjrkbtcvb, brquctkjtú c̀jb, `bturbm, ncstúrcjb1 ±Zalrk jubmks sk

dklk cepumsbr ebyar btk`jcú` pbrb quk jrkzjb` y tk`ib` eb-yar usa1

\kmbjca`ks [rlb`bs. Kmkek`tas quk ik`krb` k`juk`-tras k`trk pkrsa`bs dk dcgkrk`tks rkica`ks. Cebik`8Kspbjca pølmcja dk Gmark`jcb, Ctbmcb.

- K^VB@ZCÚ@ J[MT[\BM - ±Ruã tcpas dk kxpb`sca`ksjumturbmks sk gareb` k` km tkrrctarca1 ±Kstbs kxpb`sca`ks

bjrkjck`tb` mb pkrtk`k`jcb1 ±Ks u`b jcudbd quk gaek`tb jum-turbs u`cvkrsbmks a eb`tck`k sus jastuelrks1 ±Ruã irbda dkgmkxclcmcdbd bdbptbtcvb sapartb1 ±Juâmks sa` mbs jastuelrksquk sk eb`tck`k` y jubmks sa` jbpbjks dk jbelcbr1 ±Ekdcasdk jaeu`cjbjcú`, garebs dk trb`sgarebjcú` quk aprcek jumtu-rbmek`tk b mb kxpb`scú` pbrb quk jbelck dk sk`tcdas1




93

;.<.<.:.2. J[K\VA GCZCJA K C@ZT\[EK@TAZ

Var su prapcb `bturbmkzb nueb`b, mb kstrujturb jarparbm skk`juk`trb prkdcspukstb pbrb padkr bjtubr salrk tadas mastkrrctarcas k` mas quk às k`ja`trkeas, ja`qucstb`da mas muib-rks par ekdca dkm jrkjceck`ta c`struek`tbm, quk km naelrkja`struyk ja` sus jbrbjtkråstcjbs ek`tbmks y jarparbmks bdnk-rcdbs b mas alhktas quk pkrectk` su sulscstk`jcb. Ks cepartb`-tk quk kstbs kxtk`sca`ks y mas jcjmas quk sk ik`krb`, pkrectb`

mb rkàvbjcú` dk rkjursas k`kriãtcjas dksdk su kxtrbjjcú` bsu utcmczbjcú` y dkskjna, ik`krb`da quk tadas mas `kiajcasskb` vkrdks a kjamúicjas k` sus prc`jcpcas.

Mb quåecjb k`kriãtcjb jarparbm quk eb`cpumb ùkstrasarib`cseas vcvas, às db km mkibda eâs cepartb`tkdkm gu`jca`beck`ta sustk`tblmk. Bprk`dck`da b vbmarbrjubmks sa` mbs gu`jca`ks y bspkjtas kstãtcjas quk kmmb

dktkrec`b, às k`ja`trbeas ja` rbza`beck`tas euyprúxceas b mas c`struek`tas bprapcbdas pbrb km k`-tarà.

- KZT\[JT[\B JA\VA\BM - ±Juâmks sa` mas c`struek`-tas tkjàmúicjas quk sk ik`krb` pbrb km dksbrramma1 ±Vrkda-ec`b`tkek`tk gåscjas a kstrujturbmks, ja` tkjàmaiåbs b`bmúic-jbs1 ±Ksk`jcbmek`tk c`gareâtcjas, sagtwbrk, tkúrcjas1 ±Ruã

irbda dk u`cvkrsbmcdbd tck`k` mbs tkjàmaiåbs1 ±Za` ja`struc-

NCZTA\CB GÅZCJA

J [ K \ V A R [ Å E C J A

@ B T [ \ B M K X B [ \ L B @ B

K Z T \

B T A Z

G Å Z C J

A Z

J [ K \

V A G Å Z C J

A




>6

dbs ja` ebtkrcbmks butújtaàs a c`dustrcbmczbdas1 ±Zk cepmk-ek`tb` mas pradujtas vkrdks y ebtkrcbmks sustk`tblmks1

Kstrujturb jarparbm dk mbs brtcjumbjca`ks k` jaelc`b-jcú` ja` mbs tkjàmaiåbs y km dksbrramma sajcbm dk suutcmczbjcú`.

- C@ZT\[EK@TBMCZEA DK BDBVTBJCÚ@ - ±Ruã rkmbjcú`

tck`k` mas c`struek`tas ik`krbdas ja` km pmb`ktb1 ±Ik`krb`dkskjnas y ja`gmcjtas1 ±Zk ecrb mb lbsurb jaea u` rkjursak`kriãtcja1 ±Vkrectk` mb rkàvbjcú` dk mb lcúsgkrb k` mb quksk k`juk`trb`1 ±Zus dcskòas sa` sustk`tblmks ja` km sctca1±Dksdk dú`dk pravck`k` mas ja`jkptas ja` quk sa` jrkbdas1±Zk utcmczb mb `bturbmkzb y k` quã ekdcdb ks pravkjnasb apkrhudcjcbm pbrb kmmb1




>2

C`struek`tbmcseas y tkjàmaiåbs dk usa.

- T\BZMBJCÚ@ - ±Juâmks sa` mas c`struek`tas quk skpa`k` k` jaardc`bjcú` pbrb dksbrrammbrsk1 ±Zk pukdk` mairbrscstkebs tkjàmúicjas quk sk buta sustk`tk` b mbria pmbza1±Ruã pbrtcjcpbjcú` tck`k jbdb pbrtk pbrb gu`jca`br k` ja`hu`-ta1 ±Ruã ja`tcùcdbd pbrtcjcpbtcvb tck`k` mas c`struek`tas k`su dksbrramma1 ±[` tkmãgaà tck`k ja`tcùcdbd tkjàmúicjb1±Juâmks sa` mbs tkjàmaiåbs quk dkhb` dk utcmczbrsk1

Trbsmbjcú`, jaepmkhcdbd y scepmcjcdbd dk mb tkjàmaiåb.




>:

Tkjàmaiåbs dk mb urlb`czbjcú` k c`struek`tas lâscjas

dk usa. Cebik`8 Czquckrdb km trk` b vbpar ks u`b b`tc-iýkdbd. Gata ik`tcmkzb dkm KEV\AT[\, Brik`tc`b. Bmb dkrkjnb, trk` dk bmtb vkmajcdbd dk Ctbmcb.

- GA\EBJCÚ@ GÅZCJB [\LB@B - ±Juâmks sa` mas prajksasquk btrbvcksb mb `bturbmkzb pbrb ja`garebrsk tkjàmúicjbek`-tk1 ±Juâmks sa` mas úrdk`ks kstãtcjas quk taeb mb gareb gåsc-jb1 ±Ruã kstrujturbs a rktåjumbs ik`krb` mb eargamaiåb urlb-

`b1 ±Ruã dk`scdbdks cepkrb` y k` quk garebs sk dksbrra-mmb`1 ±Tck`k dcvkrscdbd dk ksjbmbs, nueb`b, lbrrcbm y jk`trbm1±Ruã gu`jca`ks sk dkstc`b b juepmcr par mb tkjàmaiåb1 ±\k-prksk`tb mb kstãtcjb dk mb brquctkjturb urlb`b mb cdk`tcdbd dkmmuibr1 ±Dkskepkòb` lck` mbs gu`jca`ks mas scstkebs vcbmks ytrb`spartk pølmcja, dksdk mbs belck`tbmks, sajcbmks, jumturbmksnbstb mbs prapcbs dk mb jcrjumbjcú`1 ±Ruã c`grbkstrujturb dkskrvcjcas sk k`juk`trb prksk`tk1 ±Ks kjamúicja km trbtbda dk

mas rkscduas1 ±Júea sk ja`struyk mb bjjksclcmcdbd dkm jcudb-dbà par km tkrrctarca1




>4

Garebjcú` gåscjb dk mbs urlb`czbjca`ks k` km tckepa,ja` su rkjarrcda ncstúrcja. Km jbsa dk \aeb, Ctbmcb, y mbsupkrpascjcú` dk kstrbtas ncstúrcjas quk mb jcudbd pa-skk.

- EKDCAZ DK T\B@ZGK\K@JCB - ±Ruã trb`sgarebjca`kssugrk` mbs tkjàmaiåbs pbrb bdbptbrsk1 ±Dksdk quã ksjbmb skdcskòb` mbs tkjàmaiåbs pbrb dkskepkòbr u`b gu`jcú`1 ±Dc-skòas quåecjas a gåscjas1 ±Ks u`b ebtkrcbmcdbd prairbebdbjaea ma ks km bjkra, a km tbmmbda dk u`b rajb bpravkjnb`dasus prapckdbdks ec`krbmks `bturbmks1 ±Júea gu`jca`b` mbstkjàmaiåbs pbsbdbs jaea lbsk par da`dk trb`sjurrk` mbs

guturbs1 ±[`b våb dk jcrjumbjcú` scrvk pbrb trb`sctbr ja` ùk-vbs tkjàmaiåbs, a u` kdcgcjca sk pukdk rkbdbptbr tkjàmúic-jbek`tk1 ±Juâmks sa` mbs c`àvbjca`ks quk sk prksk`tb` k`mb ja`strujjcú`, c`dustrcb, brquctkjturb1




>9

;.:. DCZTB@JCBZ

;.:.2. B[TAKWBM[BJCÚ@

Kstas dcbirbebs gchas par su dksbrramma, sa` cdkbmks quk k` mbrkbmcdbd sk k`juk`trb` k` ja`stb`tk trb`sgarebjcú`, sck`daquk km dksk`vamvceck`ta dk mb rkbmcdbd ks k` kspcrbm, bsjk`-dk`tk par km taracdk dkm eavceck`ta sujkscva dk mb k`kriåb.@bdb pukdk arib`czbrsk pkrgkjtbek`tk, sc à ks par mb cdkbdk u`b dcstb`jcb gchb nbjcb ma quk sk quckrk mmkibr y dksdk da`-dk sk cepumsb` mas sblkrks.

Zc ùkstrbs jrkk`jcbs kstâ` ebm:<, dksbrrammbeas tada u` ja`- hu`ta dk vcdb ebm dcrkjjca`bda. Dk mb ecseb gareb k` júeau`b pkrsa`b tatbmek`tk artadaxb pckrdk pkrspkjtcvbs dk mbvcdb, sk pradujk sc quck`ks jaea kqucpa cepumsb` km dksbrra-mma urlbà, ma nbjk ja` c`tk`sca`ks ebm alrbdbs.

Var kmma ks cepartb`tk skiucr km dksbrramma, sc`tck`da km praykj-tbr jaea km ecsea eavceck`ta vcva dk ùkstrb vcdb, pkrsa`bmc-zbràs y skr pbrtk c`tkirb`tk dk tada praykjta k` quk às

:< Kìrbeb8 Zkiø` mb tkrecàmaiåb dk mb dcb`ãtcjb, sk dkàec`b kìrbeb btada rkicstra b `cvkm jkmumbr dk mbs pkrjkpjca`ks dk u`b sctubjcú` dktkrec`b-db k` km eaek`ta k` quk u`b pkrsa`b sk k`juk`trb k` kstbda dk c`ja`s-jck`jcb. Mb c`ja`sjck`jcb pukdk skr tatbm (mb pradujcdb par km kgkjta dk mb

b`kstkscb) a pbrjcbm (jub`da sk rkjclk u` iampk). Guk`tk wkl8nttp8//ks.wcocpkdcb.ari/wcoc/KìrbebQ%<>dcb`%J:%B3tcjb%<3

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engrama_%28dian%C3%A9tica%29






>>

prapaìbeas pbrtcjcpbr, pbrb jaeprk`dkr sus eavceck`tas ydcrkjjca`ks quk sa` taebdbs.

Vbrb kmma sk dklk vamvkr ja`stb`tkek`tk b mas prc`jcpcas dkdcbi`ústcja par c`tkrekdca dk mas prc`jcpcas dk ”blardbhk salrk

ma pbscva―, quk ks mb trc`cdbd dk pu`tas quk às k`skòb` b

k`ja`trbr mas eavceck`tas y rkbjjca`ks, kspkrbdbs a à kspk-rbdbs k` km prajksa dk ja`samcdbjcú`.

;.:.<. MKICTCEBJCA@

K` jbdb prajksa ik`krbda, sk dklk gartbmkjkr km ”blardbhk

bjtcva―, ja`gareb`da pbrbmkmbek`tk scstkebs dk pbrtcjcpbjcú`k` quk mas suhktas sk k`juk`trb` jamblarb`da k` km jbelca, bmb ebrjnb dk k`ja`trbr mbs k`kriåbs quk sk dklk` pa`kr pbrbquk km dksbrramma ik`krbm skb pasctcva. K` kstk jbecà quk ksdk sujksas jåjmcjas y jbelcb`tks, às vk`drâ` ùkvbs juks-tca`ks, sctubjca`ks quk às kepuhb` y bjkmkrb` mas prajksas,jaea qucklrks a dktk`ceck`tas dk gbjtarks kxtkràs. Ma ce-partb`tk ks quk tada ma quk sk jaeck`zb, ks u`b pmb`tbjcú` dk

u`b skecmmb quk ja`tc`øb pkrpktubek`tk, y k` mb ekdcdb qukmb vbeas bmcek`tb`da, mbs apartu`cdbdks dk dksbrramma sa` mbsquk sk bpraxceb` pbrb ialkr`br km praykjta y mkictcebrsk parsu prapcb prksk`jcb.

;.:.:. Z[ZTK@BTLCMCDBD

Zkiuceck`ta y jaepralbjcú` dk mas trks jaepa`k`tks prc`jc-

pbmks, Vbscvas, Bjtcvas y Vraykjtcvas, quk pbrtcjcpb` skjuk`-jcbmek`tk k` km prajksa dkm dksbrramma.




>3

Vbscva

Bjtcva

C @ T K \

\ K M B J C Ú @

J [ K \

V A

R [ Å E C J A

E K D C B J C A @ K Z

K @ W A M W K @ T K


C @ Z T C @ T A

@ B T [

\ B M K X B

[ \ L B

@ B

N C Z T A

\ C B

G Å Z C J A

J [ M T [ \ B K E A J C A @ B M


E K @ T B M




36

\kjkptcva

Kstk prajksa dklk skr bjardk b mas sujksas quk vbmmb` bja`-tkjck`da, pkrectcã`dask kvbmubrsk bqukmmas quk par su cepra`-tb kvajb` jbelcas y rkmbjca`ks dk`tra dk mb rkd dc`âecjb yjrkbtcvb. Vbrb rkbmczbr mb kvbmubjcú` sk dklk` pbsbr par trksjcjmas dk jaepralbjca`ks quk dkpk`dk` dk mb ksjbmb ja` mbquk apkrkeas y km tckepa ja` quk `as bpraxcebeas b kstb

kvbmubjcú`. Ks cepartb`tk pbrb kmma bprk`dkr b grbiek`tbr maspmbzas ja` mas quk prktk`dkeas bjtubr y sc mas sujksas nb`mmkibda b ja`jrktbrsk.

Km jcjma pbscva ks tatbmek`tk pkrsa`bm y dk jarta pmbza, pu-dck`da ik`krbr jaepralbjca`ks c`tuctcvbs, c`stc`tcvbs y pkrjkp-tcvbs dk mas jaepartbeck`tas k` km tkrrctarca. Km sciuck`tk jcjmaks km bjtcva quk sk rkbmczb k` gareb irupbm y dk ekdcb`a pmb-

za, ja` mas butarks jmbvks dkm skiuceck`ta praykjtubm. Var

B L Z A \ L K \ V \ A S K J T B \

B J J C A

@ K Z

N [ E B

@ B Z

K @ K \ I Å B V \ K Z K @ T K

KZT\BTAZ

GÅ

ZCJAZ

N C Z T A \ C B

G Å Z C J A

J [ M T [ \

B K E A J C A

@ B M


E K @ T B M

J[K\VA

GÅZCJA

B \ T K




3<




3:

7. LCLMCAI\BGÅB

Lariks, H. M. (2337). Mas ja`hurbdas. Kekjk Kdctarks.

Lujnkttc, B. (C^). \kgmkxcú` Bjbdãecjb k` Dcskòa y

Jaeu`cjbjcú`. 3.

Jbmvcà, C. (<62<). Mbs jcudbdks c`vcsclmks. ZC\[KMB.

Jbssb`y, D. (<666). Km gutura dk mb k`skòb`zb dk mb

jaepascjcú`. \kvcstb Mkjturb y vcdb. \kvcstb Mbtcàbekrcjb`b

Dk Mkjturb .

Dkmibda, E. (2333). Km b`cebm pølmcja8 nbjcb u`b b`trapamaiåb

dk mas kspbjcas urlbàs. B`birbeb.

Kjobrts-nbusk`, O. v. MB @[LK ZAL\K KM ZB@T[B\CA. JbrtbsEktbgåscjbs. Kdcjcú` dcictbm.

Kja, [. (<666). Trbtbda dk Zkecútcjb Ik`krbm (Ruc`tb kdcjcú`

kd.).

Grks`bdcmma, H. (<62;). Ikaektråb [rlb`b. Trk`quk Mbuquk`,

Lukàs Bcrks8 Lulao.

My`jn, O. (2376). Tnk Cebik ag tnk Jcty. Lasta`, Ebss. KK.[[.8

ECT Vrkss.

Anbsnc, Y., & Ea`tk, T. (<66;). Jaea Mkkr km Jukrpa. [rbà

Z.B.




34

Vksjc, \. A., Vksjc, M., & Vãrkz, H. N. (<669). Vraykjtbr mb

sustk`tblcmcdbd8 K`gaquk y Ektadamaiåb dk Gmbjbe pbrb

praykjtbr mb sustk`tblcmcdbd. Mb Vmbtb8 JKVB.

ZJN[EBJNK\, K. G. (2334). Ma Vkqukòa ks Nkreasa. Ebdrcd8

Tur-sk`/Nkreb`` Lmuek.

Ycocpkdcb. (s.g.). Ycocpkdcb arib`czbjcú .̀ Altk`cda dk

nttp8//ks.wcocpkdcb.ari/

geometría urbana - metodología - tomo ii

Documents