examen de acreditación de niveles de lengua inglesa ... · a famous christian preacher, john...

Examen de Acr editación de Niveles de Lengua Inglesa - SEREX - 2017

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Level: Post Intermediate Paper: Reading

A. Read the article below.

A.1. Seven sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from the

sentences A-H the one which fits each gap, and write the letter in the gap. There

are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.

A. In one superb story, The Man with the Twisted Lip, Holmes solves yet

another case with ease.

B. (Question: was it really a good idea to hold up the ant as an example of how

to live? The ant system is an exploitative aristocracy based on the unthinking

toil of millions of workers and the complete inactivity of a single queen and a

handful of drones.)

C. In the book “Right to be lazy” Paul Lafargue reminds us that God, after

working for six days, rests for all eternity.

D. “I propose to rise at eight because though this will not be early it will be

much earlier than I now rise, for I often lie till two.”

E. But he would never find a solution.

F. What a different world from the everyday one of assemblies, lessons, tests

and the threat of punishment.

G. Parents begin the brainwashing process and then school works yet harder to

indoctrinate young people with the necessity of early rising.

H. For others, early rising and never-ending activity are incredibly rewarding.

(extra)

I. In his youth, the great poet of loafing, Walt Whitman, would arrive at the

offices of the newspaper where he worked at around 11.30am, and leave at

12.30 for a two -hour lunch break.

The virtue of idleness

It is a sad fact that from early childhood so many of us are tyrannized by the

moral myth that it is right, proper and good to wake at the crack of dawn and

immediately leap out of bed in order to set about some useful work as quickly

and cheerfully as possible. (1) __G__

The culture has its aphorisms and sayings, and well -meaning parents, teachers

and guardians are quick to use them to prick the conscience of the idle:

“The early bird catches the worm.” (Anonymous)

“Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise,”

(Benjamin Franklin, 1757)

“The Devil will find work for idle hands to do.”

The propaganda against oversleeping goes back a very long way, more than

2,000 years, to the Bible. In the Old Testament (Proverbs, chapter 6) we rea d:

“Go to the ant, you slothful people; consider her ways, and become wise:

though having no guide, overseer, or ruler, she provides her meat in the

summer, and gathers her food in the harvest.”

(2) __B__

A famous Christian preacher, John Wesley, who hims elf rose every morning at

4am, was fond of preaching the dignity of labour. In 1786 he w rote a sermon


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called “The Duty and Advantage of Early Rising” in which he claimed that lying

in bed was physically unhealthy, comically using quasi -scientific terms to drive

home his argument: “By soaking so long between warm sheets, the flesh

becomes soft and flabby, and the nerves, in the meantime, become less taut.”

One well-known literary figure from 18th century London, Dr . Johnson,

repeatedly criticised himself for his lazy ways. In his diary at the age of 29 he

wrote, “O Lord, save me from sloth.” Twenty years later, things hav en't

improved, and he resolves “ to rise early. Not later than six if I can. ” The

following year, realising that he cannot rise at s ix, he makes a new resolution:

(3) __D__ Although the moralising tradition is the one most popular with

parents, teachers and preachers, there is a counter tradition which is keen to

sing the praises of getting up late. Some have been quick to point out that God

himself set a go od example. (4) __C__

There was no work in the garden of Eden. Work is a curse brought on by

jealousy and material desire. It is the jealousy of Cain that leads God to decree

that “You will earn your bread by the sweat of your brow.” If wo rk is a curse,

how did it become a virtue? And if we feel we are beyond jealousy and a desire

for ever more material things, why should we feel condemned to toil in this

way?

For some, greatness and late rising are natural bedfellows. Late rising is for

the independent of mind, the individual who refuses to become a slave to work,

money, ambition. (5) __I__ Another hour's work after lunch and then it was

time to hit the town.

The lie-in - by which I mean lying in bed awake - is not a selfish indulgence but

something essential to the art of living. As that famous fictional detective

Sherlock Holmes knew. Reclining in his smoking jacket, puffing his pipe,

Holmes would sit and ponder for hours on a tricky case . (6) __A__ An

incredulous policeman comments: “ I wish I knew how you reach your results,”

to which Holmes replies: “I reached this one by sitting upon five pillows and

consuming an ounce of tobacco.”

Every child obliged to get up early for school every weekday knows the joy of

idleness on those delightful days when they fall ill. You can lie in bed all day,

avoid work and be looked after. (7) __F__ Suddenly everyone is very nice to

you.

Idleness as a waste of time is a damaging notion put about by the enemies of

the intellect. The idle are prone to think, and thinking could be dangerous. The

English writer Will Self puts it like this: the Protestant work ethic which

demands that people shouldn't be idle is really a taboo on thinking.

Introspection could lead to that terrible thing: a clear image of our frag mented

and dissonant world. (A rt icle bas ed on ext racts from How To Be Id le by Tom Hodgkins on)


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B. Read the following text and complete the exercises below .

B.1. You are going to read a magazine article about crime prevention.

For Question s 1-6, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D.

A recent survey of crime statistics shows that we

are all more likely to be burgled now than 20 years

ago and the police advise everyone to take a few

simple precautions to protect their homes.

The first fact is that burglars and other intruders

prefer easy opportunities, like a house which is very

obviously empty. This is much less of a challenge than an occupied house, and

one which is well-protected . A burglar will wonder if it is worth the bo ther.

There are some general tips on how to avoid your home becoming another

crime statistic. Avoid leaving signs that your house is empty. When you have to

go out, leave at least one light on as well as a radio or television, and do not

leave any curtains wide open. The sight of your latest music centre or

computer is enough to tempt any burglar.

Never leave a spare key in a convenient hiding place. The first place a burglar

will look is under the doormat or in a flower pot and even somewhere more

'imaginative' could soon be uncovered by the intruder. It is much safer to leave

a key with a neighbour you can trust. But if your house is in a quiet, desolate

area be aware that this will be a burglar's dream, so deter any potential

criminal from approaching your house by fitting security lights to the outside

of your house.

But what could happen if, in spite of the aforementioned precautions, a burglar

or intruder has decided to target your home? Windows are usually the first

point of entry for many intruders. D ownstairs windows provide easy access

while upstairs windows can be reached with a ladder or by climbing up the

drainpipe. Before going to bed you should double -check that all windows and

shutters are locked. No matter how small your windows may be, it is surprising

what a narrow gap a determined burglar can manage to get through. For extra

security, fit window locks to the inside of the window.

What about entry via doors? Your back door and patio doors, which are easily

forced open, should have top quality security locks fitted. Even though this is

expensive it will be money well spent. Install a burglar alarm if you can afford

it as another line of defence against intruders.

A sobering fact is that not all intruders have to break and enter into a

property. Why go to the trouble of breaking in if you can just knock and be

invited in? Beware of bogus officials or workmen and, particularly if you are

elderly, fit a chain and an eye hole so you can scrutinise callers at your leisure.

When you do have callers ne ver let anybody into your home unless you are

absolutely sure they are genuine. Ask to see an identity card, for example.

If you are in the frightening position of waking in the middle of the night and

think you can hear an intruder, then on no account sho uld you approach the

intruder. Far better to telephone the police and wait for help. (Adapte d from https :/ / w ww. fl o - jo e.c o.u k)


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1 A well-protected house

A is less likely to be burgled.

B is regarded as a challenge by most criminals.

C is a lot of bother to maintain.

D is very unlikely to be burgled.

2 According to the writer, we should:

A avoid leaving our house empty.

B only go out when we have to.

C always keep the curtains closed.

D give the impression that our house is occupied when we go out.

3 The writer thinks that hiding a key under a doormat or flower pot:

A is a predictable place to hide it.

B is a useful place to hide it.

C is imaginative .

D is where you always find a spare ke y.

4 Gaining entry to a house through a small window:

A is surprisingly difficult.

B is not as difficult as people think.

C is less likely to happen than gaining entry through a door.

D is tried only by very determined burglars.

5 According to the writer, window locks, security locks and burglar alarms:

A cost a lot of money but are worth it.

B are good value for money.

C are luxury items.

D are absolutely essential items.

6 The writer argues that fitting a chain and an eye hole:

A will prevent your home being burgled.

B avoids you having to invite people into your home.

C is only necessary for elderly people.

D gives you time to check if the visitor is genuine.

B.2. Vocabulary exercise: find words or expressions in the text that

match the definitions below.

a. something that by its nature is a test or a difficult thing to accomplish

b. to attract (someone) to do something, esp. something unwise, wrong, or

immoral

c. empty of people, deserted

d. a person who enters a place secretly or illegally

e. a break or opening

f. causing a feeling of thoughtfulness or worry

g. at one’s convenience


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C. Read the passage.

C.1. For Questions 1-9, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D. The last

one is a Summary Question, in which you have to tick the THREE options

you decide to choose.

Smart Energy

(1) The next few decades will see great changes in the way energy is supplied

and used. In some major oil producing nations, 'peak oil' has already been

reached, and there are increasing fears of global warming. Consequently, many

countries are focusing on the switch to a low carbon economy. This transition

will lead to major changes in the supply and use of electricity. [A] Firstly, there

will be an increase in overall demand, as consumers switch from oil and gas to

electricity to power their homes and vehicle s. [B] Secondly, there will be an

increase in power generation, not only in terms of how much is generated, but

also how it is generated, as there is growing electricity generation from

renewable sources . [C] To meet these challenges, countries are investi ng in

Smart Grid technology. [D] This system aims to provide the electricity

industry with a better understanding of power generation and demand, and to

use this information to create a more efficient power network.

(2) Smart Grid technology basically involves the application of a computer

system to the electricity network. The computer system can be used to collect

information about supply and demand and improve

engineer's ability to manage the system. With

better information about electricity demand, the

network will be able to increase the amount of

electricity delivered per unit generated, leading to

potential reductions in fuel needs and carbon emissions. Moreover, the

computer system will assist in reducing operational and maintenance costs.

(3) Smart Grid technology offers benefits to the consumer , too. They will be

able to collect real-time information on their energy use for each appliance.

Varying tariffs throughout the day will give customers the incentive to use

appliances at times when supply greatly exceeds demand, leading to great

reductions in bills. For example, they may use their washing machines at

night. Smart meters can also be connected to the internet or telephone system,

allowing customers to switch appliances on or off remotely. Furthermore, if

houses are fitted with the apparatus to generate their own power, appliances

can be set to run directly from the on -site power source, and any excess can be

sold to the grid.

(4) With these changes comes a range of challenges. The first invo lves

managing the supply and demand. Sources of renewable energy, such as wind,

wave and solar, are notoriously unpredictable , and nuclear power, which is

also set to increase as nations switch to alternative energy sources, is

inflexible. With oil and gas, it is relatively simple to increase the supply of

energy to match the increasing demand during peak times of the day or year.

With alternative sources, this is far more difficult, and may lead to blackouts


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or system collapse. Potential solutions include investigating new and efficient

ways to store energy and encouraging consumers to use electricity at off-peak

times.

(5) A second problem is the fact that many renewable

power generation sources are located in remote areas, such

as windy uplands and coastal regions, where there is

currently a lack of electrical infrastructure. New

infrastructures therefore mus t be built. Thankfully, with

improved smart technology, this can be done more

efficiently by reducing the reinforcement or construction costs.

(6) Although Smart Technology is still in its infancy, pilot schemes to promote

and test it are already underway. Consumers are currently testing the new

smart meters which can be used in their homes to manage electricity use.

There are also a number of demonstrations being planned to show how the

smart technology could practically work, and trials are in place to te st the new

electrical infrastructure. It is likely that technology will be added in 'layers',

starting with 'quick win' methods which will provide initial carbon savings, to

be followed by more advanced systems at a later date. Cities are prime

candidates for investment into smart energy, due to the high population

density and high energy use. It is here where Smart Technology is likely to be

promoted first, utilising a range of sustainable power sources, transport

solutions and an infrastructure for charging electrically powered vehicles. The

infrastructure is already changing fast. By the year 2050, changes in the energy

supply will have transformed our homes, our roads and our behaviour. (Adapte d from https :/ / w ww. e x am e n gl is h.co m)

1 According to paragra ph 1, what has happened in some oil producing

countries?

A They are unwilling to sell their oil any more.

B They are not producing as much oil as they used to.

C The supply of oil is unpredictable.

D Global warming is more sever here than in other countries.

2 Where in paragraph 1 can the following sentence be placed? Circle the

option below.

There is also likely more electricity generation centres, as households and

communities take up the oppo rtunity to install photovoltaic cells and small

scale wind turbines.

[A] [B] [C] [D]

3 Which of the following is NOT a benefit of Smart Grid technology to

consumers?

A It can reduce their electricity bills.

B It can tell them how much energy each appliance is using.

C It can allow them to turn appliances on and off when they are not at home.

D It can reduce the amount of energy needed to power appliances.


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4 According to paragraph 4, what is the problem with using renewable sources

of power?

A They do not provide much energy.

B They often cause system failure and blackouts.

C They do not supply a continuous flow of energy.

D They can't be used at off -peak times.

5 In paragraph 5, what ca n be inferred about cities in the future?

A More people will be living in cities in the future than nowadays.

B People in cities will be using cars and buses powered by electricity.

C All buildings will generate their own electricity.

D Smart Grid technology will only be available in cities.

6 The word 'remote' in paragraph 5 could be best replace d by:

A isolated

B crowded

C attractive

D alone

7 The word 'underway' in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to:

A permanent

B complete

C beneficial

D in progress

8 What is the main idea of the final paragraph? (paragraph 6).

A To describe who will benefit from Smart Grid technology first.

B To outline the advantages of Smart Grid technology.

C To summarise the main ideas in the previous paragraphs.

D To describe how, where and when Smart Technology will be introduced.

9 In paragraph 6, what can be inferred about the introduction of Smart Grid

Technology?

A The technologies which produce most benefits will be introduced first.

B The cheapest technologies will be introduced first.

C The technologies which are most difficult to put into place will be

introduced first.

D Technologically advanced systems will be introduced first.

Summary Question

10-12 Which THREE of the aspects below are answered in the passage?

A How consumers are likely to respond to Smart Grid technology.

B The problems which will have to be overcome in switching to Smart Grid

technology.

C The reasons why Smart Grid technology will be needed in the future.

D A comparison between Smart Grid technology and the present electrical

distribution system.

E The ways Smart Grid technology will affect the way consumers use energy.

F An analysis of the costs and benefits of Smart Grid technology.


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C.2. Explain the following words /expressions (in bold and underlined

in the text)

a. on the switch __changing into __

b. renewable sources __sources that do not disappear __

c. remotely __that can be controlled from a distance __

d. notoriously unpredictable __that can’t be foretold__

e. off-peak times __not the rush hours__

f. windy uplands __high area with strong winds__

g. in its infancy __in its beginnings / still new__

h. It is likely that __it is probable__

i. a range of __a variety of__


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Level: Post-Intermediate Paper: English in Use

A. Word formation. Read the text below and use the words given in

capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the blank

space.

DREAM MACHINE

In an area where family cars are about as _ charismatic_ CHARISMA

as fridges, Volkswagen has taken the most _ successful_ SUCCESS

car of al l time, the “Beetle”, back to the_drawing_ DRAW

board and given it a _ futuristic_ look. Its return FUTURE

promises to be one of the greatest comebacks of

al l time. The _manufacturers_ say the new model wi l l pay MANUFACTUR E

tribute to the original , which epitomized _ individuality_ INDIVIDUAL

and mobi l i ty. Emphasis wi l l be put on fuel _ efficiency_ EFFICIENT

and low emissions, the main sel l ing point being its

ecological _friendliness_ . The engine wi l l switch off FRIENDLY

_automatically_ when not being used. Due to go into AUTOMATI C

_production_ within a year, the car wi l l be very di fferent PRODUCE

to the one that served so many _motorists_ in the past. MOTOR

B. Read the text below and circle the option which best f its each space.

Saving Europe’ s Woodlands

Hidden in almost every European country there are ancient and

untouched forests. These forests are often 0- ___ in wildlife and are

1- ___ to many endangered species. One example is a small patch of

Scottish forest which 2- ___ a variety of coniferous trees 3- ___ for a

wide range of birds and insects. Although many of the ancient 4- ___

of Europe worshipped trees, there is 5- ___ respect for them today.

the World Wildlife Fund has decided to 6- ___ attention to the

importance of Europe’s ancient woodlands. They are asking for the

remaining forests to be protected by controlling the tra de in wood.

7- ___ governments are being asked to regenerate forests where 8- ___

and manage them in a more nature-friendly way. At present almost a

third of Western Europe is 9- ___ by trees. Unfortunately, many of

these were only 10- ___ recently. This means they can’t support such


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a(n) 11- ___ variety of plant and animal life. If we destroy the

ancient forests, we will cause many species to 12- ___ extinct. The

decline of ancient forests began thousands of years ago. Yet, with the

growing awareness of the 13- ___ of ancient woodlands, it is hoped

those remaining will be 14- ___ . By the year 2020 the W.W.F. hopes

to have 15- ___ many forest reserves across Europe. It isn’t too late

to do something for our ancient trees.

0- full wealthy prosperous rich

1- house place home shelter

2- contains includes embraces holds

3- capable suitable able plenty

4- humans peoples beings persons

5- small tiny little few

6- draw bring carry move

7- As well as In addition Too Plus

8- necessary important urgent vital

9- loaded packed full covered

10-placed put plotted planted

11-deep wide excessive extreme

12-come end become get

13-value advantage gravity seriousness

14-released endured survived saved

15-done up set up brought on made out

C. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the

first one using the word given. Do not change the given word. You

must use between two and five (2–5) words including the given word.

1- Suzy didn’t go out until after Paul had arrived. BEFORE

Suzy waited until Paul _ HAD ARRIVED BEFORE GOING OUT_

2- I’m sure it wasn’t Patrick who did it. HAVE

It _CAN’T HAVE BEEN PATRICK_ who did it.

3- The student could hardly absorb all the new information.

DIFFICULTY

She _HAD DIFFICULTY IN ABSORBING _all the new information.


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4- We found what the doctor said shocking. WERE

We _WERE SHOCKED BY WHAT THE DOCTOR _ said.

5- It wasn’t necessary for you to get a visa to travel to Australia. NEED

You _NEEDN’T HAVE GOT A VISA _ to visit Australia.

6- The boy had taken an anorak so he wouldn’t get wet. AVOID

The boy had taken an _ ANORAK TO AVOID GETTING WET _

7- Although she dislikes pets, she allowed her children to get a dog.

NEVERTHELESS

She _DISLIKES PETS, NEVETHELESS SHE ALLOWED_ her children …

8- It was not easy for her mother to understand the instructions.

HARDLY

Her mother _COULD HARDLY UNDERSTAND_ the instructions.

9- The marathoner couldn’ t run fast because of his swollen ankle.

PREVENTED

His swollen ankle _ PREVENTED THE MARATHONIST FROM RUNNING

FAST_

10- Mark didn’t tell me it was a secret so I told Maggie. HAVE

If Mark had _TOLD ME IT WAS A SECRET , I WOULDN’T HAVE TOLD M._

D. Read the following text and fill in the blank spaces with words /

phrases from the box. Do not repeat them. There are THREE (3) extra

words.

CANCELLED – SPINS – SMALL – RIOT POLICE – SHARING – OVERTUR NED –

CELEBRAT I ON – VANDALIS ED – ACCEPTANC ES – OPEN-ACC ES S – GATHERI NG –

STRANGER S – HITS – GATECRA SH – REALLY – UNAUTHORI S ED – FEATURING –

TURNED UP – TEENAGER – CLEAN-UP – VOLUNTEER S – EVENTUAL L Y – LEGAL

The Facebook party … that became a riot

How did a quiet 16th birthday celebration turn into a full-scale riot? Read

and find out what happened when a Dutch teenager made a Facebook error.

It began as a plan for a very normal 16 th birthday party. Merthe Weusthuis

wanted a quiet 1-_CELEBRATION_ with a small group of friends in her

family home in the 2-_SMALL_ Dutch town of Haren. Like many teenagers,

she decided to send out invitations via a social network site. But Merthe

made one big mistake: she used 3-_OPEN-ACCESS_ settings on Facebook,


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so it wasn’t just her friends who could see details of the event, lots of 4-

_STRANGERS_ could too.

The number of invitation 5-_ACCEPTANCES_ quickly snowballed into an

avalanche. Not marking the event as ‘private’ meant the electronic

invitation was 6-_EVENTUALLY_ seen by 240,000 people, of whom 30,000

confirmed online that they planned to attend. To make matters worse, an

7-_UNAUTHORISED_ campaign was launched to promote the party by

means of a dedicated website and Twitter account, which received hundreds

of thousands of 8-_HITS_ . The party became known as ‘Project X Haren’

after the 2012 American film Project X in which three high school students

throw a birthday party that 9-_SPINS_ out of control. Video trailers for

Merthe’s party were produced, with scenes from Project X edited in, and

they were posted on YouTube. T-shirts 10-_FEATURING_ Merthe’s face

were also made, all without her knowledge or consent.

Even after Merthe’s parents had 11-_CANCELLED_ the party, the publicity

didn’t stop. Local media reported on the forthcoming event and teenagers

12-_TURNED UP_ to have their pictures taken outside the Weusthuis

family home. On the evening the party was to have taken place, about

5,000 teenagers began 13-_GATHERING_ in Haren, many outside the

Weusthuis house. When it became clear that there was nothing to 14-

_GATECRASH_, violence broke out and 500 15-_RIOT POLICE_ equipped

with helmets, shields and batons were brought in to control the crowd.

Shops in the centre of Haren were 16-_VANDALISED_ and looted,

journalists were attacked, cars were set on fire or 17-_OVERTURNED_ and

street signs and lamp posts were damaged.

However, Facebook was also involved in the 18-_CLEAN-UP_effort in the

days after the riot. A group called ‘Project Clean-X Haren’ was set up to

gather and organise 19-_VOLUNTEERS_ . Another group named ‘Suspect-X

Haren’ was created to help police identify and arrest the rioters by

20-_SHAR ING_ photos and videos of the event.


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Level: Post-Intermediate Paper: Listening

1- You will hear people talking in eight different situations. For questions 1-8, choose the

best answer A, B or C. Tick ( √ ) the correct option.

1- You hear a man talking about a part of his home. What part is he describing?

A the balcony

B the living room

C the garden

2- You hear a woman talking about taking care of her home and family. Why did she

need help?

A because her husband joined the army

B because her husband went away for work

C because her husband is very busy at work

3- You overhear a man talking to a receptionist on the phone. Where does the

receptionist work?

A a doctor´s surgery

B a computer company

C a health and fitness club

4- You hear a woman talking to some workers. What are they doing for her?

A moving her furniture

B painting her house

C building walls and stairs

5- You hear a woman leaving a answerphone message about a meeting. Why can´t she be

at the meeting?

A her flight was delayed

B she is feeling unwell

C her car has broken down

6- You hear a woman asking her friend to cancel something for her. What does she want

the friend to cancel?

A the milk delivery

B her dental appointment


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C the daily newspaper delivery

7- You hear a woman and her husband talking about their telephone bill. What´s the

problem?

A they have been sent the wrong bill

B they have been disconnected.

C they have been overcharged.

8- You hear a woman talking to the shopkeeper in a bakery. What does she buy?

A yoghurt

B bread

C cake

2- You will hear five different people talking about a music performance they have been to.

For the statements below, choose from the list (A-F) which applies best to each person.

Use the letters only once. There is one extra letter you do not need to use.

Speaker 1 _D_ Speaker 2 _F_ Speaker 3_E_ Speaker 4 _B_ Speaker 5 _C_

A This person thought the music wasn´t performed well.

B This person hadn´t really expected to enjoy it.

C This person wasn´t able to enjoy the performance.

D This person was disappointed.

E This person knew somebody who was performing.

F This person was celebrating something.


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Think about:

Installing burglar alarms

Build ing fences around the house

Reporting suspicious characters to the police

Keeping an eye on the property

Level: Post-Intermediate Paper: Writing

E-mail writing. Write a suitable text of 210-240 words:

A friend of yours from Misiones will soon settle in Santa Rosa. He has

already bought a house in a residential area in the outskirts of the city and

is worried about the lack of safety in the place. Write an e -mail to give

advice on security measures to be taken.

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16

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B. Express your opinion on ONE of the following topics. Write between 210

and 240 words.

OPTION 1: After your neighbour loses his job, he is home during the day. That's how

he discovers that his teenage son has a small marijuana plantation behind the garage.

The man confronts his son, who, instead of acting repentant, explains to him exactly

how much money he is making from the marijuana and tries to persuade your character

to join in the business.

OPTION 2: Write your response to the following statement taken from a recent

newspaper article: “Technology makes us more alone.” Do you agree or disagree?

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examen de acreditación de niveles de lengua inglesa ... · a famous christian preacher, john...

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