efectos de la deformaciÓn craneana intencional sobre la expresiÓn del dimorfismo sexual en...

7/30/2019 EFECTOS DE LA DEFORMACIN CRANEANA INTENCIONAL SOBRE LA EXPRESIN DEL DIMORFISMO SEXUAL EN CRNEOS ADULTOS: UN ANLISIS

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TKOVD]ROANA AD BGOJD

Fnbtjqna ad Bodkbonr Rlbonjdr

Adsn}qnidkql ad Nkq}lsljlhn

DFDBQLR AD JN ADFL]INBOK B]NKDNKN

OKQDKBOLKNJ RLM]D JN DWS]DROK ADJ AOIL]FORIL

RDWTNJ DK B]KDLR NATJQLR5

TK NKJOROR IL]FLIQ]OBL HDLIQ]OBL+

Idil}on sn}n lsqn} nj Qqtjl ad Nkq}lsjlhl Frobl+

]la}ohl ]dqninj _d}inko+S}lfdrl} Htn5 Hd}ik Ink}~tdu

S}lh}nin ad Hdkqobn Gtinkn* OBMI*

Fnbtjqna ad Idaobokn* Tkovd}roana ad Bgojd

Qdror }dnjounan blk foknkboniodkql sn}bonj adj S}lydbql FLKADB_Q >3=3284

Rnkqonhl* Bgojd=331


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O K AO BD

N+ O K AO BD oo

M+ ]DRTIDK ov

>+ S]LJLHL v>+> NH]NADBO IO DKQLR voo

=+ O KQ]LATBBO LK >=+> Nkqdbdadkqdr adj S}lmjdin ad Okvdrqohnbok 2=+>+>+ Adfl}inbok B}nkdnkn Okqdkbolknj 'A+B+O+/ 2=+>+>+> M}dvd Gorql}on ad jn A+B+O+ 4=+>+>+= A+B+O+ dk jlr Nkadr Bdkq}l)Id}oaolknjdr 7=+>+>+2 Dj S}lmjdin ad jn Bjnrofobnbok ?=+>+>+1 Dfdbqlr ad jn A+B+O+ rlm}d jn il}fljlhn bnjvn}on+ >==+>+>+4 Dfdbqlr ad jn A+B+O+ rlm}d dj aoil}foril rdwtnj >8=+= Lmedqovlr =>=+=+> Lmedqovlr Hdkd}njdr =>=+=+= Lmedqovlr Drsdbfoblr =>=+2 Gosqdror =>=+2+> Gosqdror Drqnarqobnr =>=+2+= Gosqdror Moljhobnr ===+2+2 S}daobbolkdr ad}ovnanr ad jnr gosqdror ==

2 INQD]O NJ _ IDQLALR ==2+> Blislrobok ad jn Itdrq}n ==

2+= Itdrq}n Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj ==2+2 Itdrq}n Sobn 7 =12+1 Itdrq}n Sornhtn =62+4 Iqlalr =72+4+> Nkjoror ad Jnkain}`r l Goqlr Nknqioblr 2>

1 ]DRTJQNALR 121+> Nkjoror okq}nslmjnbolknj 121+>+> Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj 121+>+>+> Vorqn F}lkqnj 121+>+>+= Vorqn Jnqd}nj 141+>+= Sobn 7 161+>+=+> Vorqn F}lkqnj 161+>+=+= Vorqn Jnqd}nj 181+>+2 Sornhtn 431+>+2+> Vorqn F}lkqnj 431+>+2+= Vorqn Jnqd}nj 4=1+= Nkjoror dkq}d Slmjnbolkdr 411+=+> Vorqn F}lkqnj 411+=+= Vorqn Jnqd}nj 48

oo


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4 AO RBTRO LK 6>4+> Aoil}foril Rdwtnj 6>4+= Dfdbql ad jn A+B+O+ rlm}d dj Aoil}foril Rdwtnj 624+2 Jn vn}onbok ad jn fl}in dk Vorqn F}lkqnj blil

drqoinal} ad nfokoanadr moljhobnr dkq}d slmjnbolkdr 684+1 Dj Qninl adj bdkq}load blil drqoinal} ad jn vn}onbok adj

qninl dk ntrdkbon ad njlidq}n 6?4+4 Jn Vorqn Jnqd}nj 83

6 BLKBJTRO LKDR 8=

8 MO MJO LH]NFO N 81

NK DWL > Qnmjnr blk }drtjqnalr ad nkjororblkfo}inql}ol 76

NK DWL = Insnr ad gliljlhnr 7?

NK DWL 2 Nsjobnbolkdr ad jn il}flidq}on hdliq}obn dkNkq}lsljlhn Frobn ?>

NK DWL 1 H}foblr ad aorsd}rok y ftkbolkdr ad adfl}inbok adsjnbn adjhnan 'qsr/ ?1

NK DWL 4 Blisn}nbok blk lq}nr slmjnbolkdr >3>

NK DWL 6 Hjlrn}ol ad q}ioklr f}dbtdkqdr >36

ooo


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]DRTIDK

Rd drqtao dj dfdbql ad jn Adfl}inbok B}nkdnkn Okqdkbolknj 'A+B+O+/ rlm}d jn dws}drok

adj aoil}foril rdwtnj 'A+R+/ dk jn il}fljlhn bnjvn}on gtinkn 'vorqnr jnqd}nj y f}lkqnj/

disjdnkal iqlalr ad jn il}flidq}n hdliq}obn 'I+H+/+ Jn itdrq}n drqtvl blistdrqn

sl} bljdbbolkdr s}dgorskobnr adj kl}qd ad Bgojd 'Sobn 7 y bdidkqd}olr N* M* B* A* y G ad

Sornhtn/ y rtmnbqtnjdr 'Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj* Rnkqonhl/ dj btnj ftd tqojounal blil h}tsl

blkq}lj 'rdwl blklboal* rok ABO/+ Ad jnr vorqnr flqlh}fobnr f}lkqnj 'K9 >2>/ y jnqd}nj 'K9

>=8/ ad bnan b}kdl rd lmqtvod}lk inq}obdr ad goqlr nknqioblr glijlhlr* ~td rd

disjdn}lk sn}n drqoin} sl} nkjoror ad S}lb}trqdr dj qninl adj bdkq}load y jlr

blislkdkqdr tkofl}id y kl tkofl}id ad jn fl}in+ Jn okrsdbbok vortnj adj snq}k ad

adfl}inbok bnjvn}on rd }dnjou rlm}d h}ojjnr bn}qdronknr ad}ovnanr adj nkjoror ad

adfl}inbok }djnqovn+

Jlr }drtjqnalr adj nkjoror okq}nslmjnbolknj dk vorqn f}lkqnj ilrq}n}lk aofd}dkbonr

rohkofobnqovnr admoanr nj rdwl* y dk dj bnrl ad jn Slmjnbok ad Sornhtn* n jn okqd}nbbok ad

drqn vn}onmjd blk dj dfdbql ad jn A+B+O+ Dj insn ad gliljlhnr tqojounal dk vorqn jnqd}nj kl

aol btdkqn adj aoil}foril rdwtnj dk kokhtkn ad jnr slmjnbolkdr nknjounanr+

Jnr s}okbosnjdr aofd}dkbonr il}fljhobnr dwsjobnanr sl} dj aoil}foril rdwtnj rd

tmobnk dk jn vorqn f}lkqnj* 'dwsnkrok)blkq}nbbok q}nkrvd}rnj ad jn bn}n* dwsnkrok)

blkq}nbbok ad jn drbnin f}lkqnj y dwsnkrok)blkq}nbbok vd}qobnj ad jn }dhok fnbonj/+

Jn A+B+O+ nfdbq rohkofobnqovnidkqd jnr dwsnkrolkdr y blkq}nbbolkdr dk rdkqoalq}nkrvd}rnj* nr blil jnr blkq}nbbolkdr y dwsnkrolkdr ad jn drbnin f}lkqnj dk rdkqoal

b}kdl)bntanj+

Dk vorqn f}lkqnj jnr aofd}dkbonr dk dj qninl adj bdkq}load kl }drtjqn}lk

rohkofobnqovnr* n dwbdsbok ad Sornhtn* s}lmnmjdidkqd admoal n jn okqd}nbbok ad jn

vn}onmjd drbnjn} blk dj dfdbql A+B+O+ Dk vorqn jnqd}nj dj qninl adj bdkq}load aorb}oiok

rohkofobnqovnidkqd n jnr slmjnbolkdr dk drqtaol+

N kovdj okqd}slmjnbolknj jnr vorqnr f}lkqnjdr rd nh}tsn}lk sl} l}ohdk qkobl+ Drqlr

}drtjqnalr sd}ioqdk blkbjto} ~td kl gny dfdbql ad jn A+B+O+ rlm}d dj A+R+* ko drq rodkaldwsjobnal sl} aofd}dkbonr ad qninl dk vorqn f}lkqnj* dk qnkql ~td dk vorqn jnqd}nj* drqd

jqoil fnbql} r drq nfdbqnkal dj snq}k ad vn}onbok ad jn fl}in+

Dk blkbjtrok* jn qbkobn ad jn il}flidq}n hdliq}obn jlh}n bnsqt}n} dfobnuidkqd

drqnr vn}onbolkdr il}fljhobnr admoanr nj A+R+* ~td }drtjqnk okadsdkaodkqdr ad jn A+B+O+

dk vorqn f}lkqnj

ov


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> + S]LJLHL

H}nbonr jn b}dnbok ad jn bn}}d}n ad Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn dk jn Tkovd}roana ad Bgojd dk dj

nl =33=* drqn Bnrn ad Drqtaolr gn sd}ioqoal nm}o} snrl n tkn aorbosjokn ~td

gorq}obnidkqd dk ktdrq}l snr gn qdkoal tk oisnbql bodkqfobl mnrqnkqd idkl} dkblisn}nbok blk rtr aorbosjoknr gd}inknr 'Nkq}lsljlhn Rlbonj y N}~tdljlhn/+ Drqd

jlh}l kl gtmod}n roal slromjd rok jn sd}rdvd}nkbon ad jlr nbnaioblr ad drqn drsdbonjoana

dk ktdrq}n Fnbtjqna* ~todkdr adslroqn}lk nlr ad drftd}ul sn}n nm}o} snrl n jnr ftqt}nr

hdkd}nbolkdr* qnkql adkq}l jn Nkq}lsljlhn blil ad jnr Bodkbonr Moliaobnr+ Ad gdbgl*

drqn qdror dr blkrdbtdkbon adj vkbtjl ~td rd gn hdkd}nal dkq}d dj Adsn}qnidkql ad

Nkq}lsljlhn y dj S}lh}nin ad Hdkqobn Gtinkn adj Okrqoqtql ad Bodkbonr Moliaobnr y

}dfjden jlr nlr ad }djnbolkdr ~td gn inkqdkoal ktdrq}l Adsn}qnidkql blk jn Fnbtjqna ad

Idaobokn>+

Adrad dj nl =334* yn rd stdad nfo}in} dj okobol ad tk sd}lal ad okrqoqtbolknjounbok ad

jn Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn dk Bgojd* blk tk kovdj ad dkrdnkun ~td nh}tsn n albdkqdr ad

aovd}rlr imoqlr adj ~tdgnbd} moljhobl y nkq}lsljhobl+ Dk tk ftqt}l ity s}woil rd

drsd}n ~td s}lfdrolknjdr ad drqn }dn rd adrdkvtdjvnk dk jnr Bodkbonr Fl}dkrdr*

N}~tdljlhn* Hdkqobn ad Slmjnbolkdr* Rnjta Smjobn* D}hlklin y Snjdlnkq}lsljlhn*

dkq}d lq}nr+

Jlr evdkdr drqtaonkqdr y ftqt}lr s}lfdrolknjdr ad drqn bn}}d}n qdkdilr jn h}nk qn}dn ad

gnbd} nblsol ad blklboiodkqlr kdbdrn}olr ~td jlh}dk nfonkun} drqn okbosodkqd sd}l

nhtd}}oan aorbosjokn* qnkql dk dj imoql knbolknj blil okqd}knbolknj+

Sl} tkn sn}qd* admdilr oistjrn} jn stdrqn dk vnjl} ad jnr bljdbbolkdr dr~tdjdqnjdr

dworqdkqdr ad ktdrq}l snr* hdkd}nkal mnrdr ad anqlr blkfonmjdr y nbbdromjdr ad drqd

inqd}onj+

Sl} lq}n sn}qd* ilqovnalr sl} jlr iqlalr y qbkobnr ad nkjoror tqojounalr dk lq}nr

bodkbonr* admdilr gnbd} }dvorok ad s}lmjdinr bjroblr y klvdalrlr ad okvdrqohnbok*

blk dj fok ad an} btd}sl n ktdrq}n aorbosjokn y slrobolkn}jn qnkql n kovdj knbolknj blil

okqd}knbolknj+

>]lqggniid} y Nrsojjnhn* =332+

v


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>+> NH]NADBOIODKQLR

Dk jn s}dsn}nbok ad jn s}drdkqd Idil}on ad Qqtjl* gd admoal }dbt}}o} nj nslyl ad

aovd}rlr s}lfdrl}dr d okvdrqohnal}dr ~todkdr gnk }drslkaoal jnr ir aovd}rnr atanr y

id gnk nblkrdenal blk vnjolrlr blidkqn}olr+ N qlalr djjlr jdr adml io ir rokbd}l

nh}nadboiodkql+

Dk jn }dvorok adj inktrb}oql y dk jn bl}}dbbok ad itbglr d}}l}dr jd aly io ir

s}lftkan h}nqoqta n jlr s}lfdrl}dr Mn}tbg N}dkrmt}h* Dthdkol Nrsojjnhn* In}ol Bnrq}l y nj

Rdl} Jtor Bnqnjk+

Nh}nadubl qnimok jn hdkd}lrn nytan ~td id m}oka Lrbn} Drsltdyr nj

m}okan}id inqd}onj ad nslyl y }drslkad} itbgnr ad jnr atanr blkbd}kodkqdr n jn

adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn okqdkbolknj y n qnkqnr lq}nr atanr+

Dk drqn s}lftkan nvdkqt}n ad jn Nkq}lsljlhn Moljhobn id gn roal slromjd

nvnkun} h}nbonr n jn s}drdkbon y s}dlbtsnbok adj S}lfdrl} Dthdkol Nrsojjnhn Flkqnokd*

~todk gn roal tkl ad jlr hdrql}dr s}okbosnjdr ad jn Drsdbonjounbok ad Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn

ad jn Tkovd}roana ad Bgojd+ Foknjidkqd* tkn s}lftkan adtan ad h}nqoqta n io s}lfdrl}

qtql}* s}lfdrl} Hd}ik Ink}~tdu* ~todk blkrljoa dkl}ididkqd io adrn}}ljjl blil

okvdrqohnal}* kl rljnidkqd dk dj }dn dk sn}qobtjn}* rokl ~td dk h}nk sn}qd adj ~tdgnbd}

molnkq}lsljhobl+

vo


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>

=+ OKQ]LATBBOLK

Tkl ad jlr qdinr bjroblr ad jn Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn dr dj drqtaol ad jn

Adfl}inbok B}nkdnkn Okqdkbolknj 'A+B+O+/* s}bqobn blik dk vn}onr

slmjnbolkdr n jl jn}hl ad qlal dj itkal>+ Jn bjnrofobnbok y qosljlhn ad jnr

aofd}dkqdr adfl}inbolkdr* etkql blk jlr dfdbqlr ~td s}latbd dk dj b}kdl* jlr

dvdkqtnjdr dfdbqlr kdt}ljhoblr y* ir }djnbolknalr blk jn Dqkljlhn y jn

N}~tdljlhn* btjdr ftd}lk jlr ilqovlr btjqt}njdr ~td ilqovn}lk n drqnr

slmjnbolkdr n adrn}}ljjn} qnj s}bqobn* gnk roal njhtknr ad jnr s}dhtkqnr ir

}dbt}}dkqdr+ ^tour sl} rd} jn A+B+O+* tk fdkidkl ad mnrd btjqt}nj ~tdilaofobn jn il}fljlhn kl}inj adj b}kdl gtinkl* jl ~td oisjobn tkn

okqd}nbbok dkq}d moljlhn y btjqt}n* nadir ad blkjjdvn} sl} djjl* jn aofobtjqna ad

tkn bjnrofobnbok s}dborn ~td dkhjlmd qlalr jlr qoslr lmrd}vnalr 'sl} jl idklr

sn}n tkn ulkn dk sn}qobtjn}/* dr ~td qnkqn nqdkbok rd gn adslroqnal rlm}d drqd

qdin=+

Adkq}l ad jnr bn}nbqd}rqobnr il}fljhobnr ~td rtstdrqnidkqd rd vdk

nfdbqnanr sl} jn A+B+O+* rd dkbtdkq}n dj aoil}foril rdwtnj+ Tk s}lmjdin ~td kl

rd gn }drtdjql adj qlal* dr jn drqoinbok adj rdwl dk b}kdlr adfl}inalr* yn

~td nsn}dkqdidkqd* drqn s}bqobn njqd}n}n goqlr ~td rd tqojounk blikidkqd

sn}n nknjoun} dj aoil}foril rdwtnj+ Njhtklr ntql}dr2* tqojounkal s}lbdaoiodkqlr

ad}ovnalr ad jn Il}flidq}n Jokdnj l Bjrobn* gnk rthd}oal ~td jn A+B+O+ kl

slrdd tk dfdbql rohkofobnqovl rlm}d dj aoil}foril rdwtnj dk bod}qnr ulknr ad jn

}dhok fnbonj* sl} jl ~td jn drqoinbok adj rdwl dk b}kdlr gtinklr kl admd}n

vd}rd nfdbqnan sl} jn s}drdkbon ad drsdbidkdr adfl}inalr n}qofobonjidkqd+

Jtor Njmd}ql Blbojlvl1* sl} dedisjl* rthod}d ~td dworqdk bod}qnr ulknr dk dj

drsjnbklb}kdl ~td kl rtf}dk njqd}nbok s}latbql ad jn A+B+O+* drqnmjdbodkal ad

drqd ilal* rdor '6/ idaoanr sn}n jn drqoinbok adj aoil}foril rdwtnj*

> Hd}qudk y Hd}qudk* >??4= Adiml d Oimdjjlko Pr+fY0 Hd}qudk y Hd}qudk* >??40 Oimdjjlko* >?=4+2 Blbojlvl* >?87+1 Blbojlvl* >?84


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9/126

2

2+ Btjdr rlk jlr goqlr nknqioblr ~td inyl}idkqd rd vdk nfdbqnalr sl}

drqnr vn}onmjdr NKQDBDADKQDR ADJ S]LMJDIN AD OKVDRQOHNBOK

=+>+>+5 ADFL]INBOK B]NKDNKN OKQDKBOLKNJ 'ABO/

Jn A+B+O+ stdad rd} nh}tsnan mnel dj blkbdsql ad ntqlitqojnbok gtinkn ?* dj

~td dkhjlmn aofd}dkqdr qoslr ad s}bqobnr ~td qodkdk dk blik jn okqdkbok ad

ilaofobn} ad inkd}n sd}inkdkqd njhtkn }dhok adj btd}sl gtinkl+ Drqn

ilaofobnbok stdad qdkd} aofd}dkqdr lmedqovlr5 drqqoblr* il}njdr y rlbonjdr*hdkd}njidkqd+ Dkq}d jnr s}bqobnr ir blitkdr ad ntqlitqojnbok drqk dj

qnqtned* dj sod}bokh 'trl ad n}lr dk aofd}dkqdr sn}qdr adj btd}sl* hdkd}njidkqd

dk dj jmtjl ad jn l}den/* s}lvlbnbok ad gd}oanr okqdkbolknjdr* bo}btkborok*

bjoql}oadbqlin* adfl}inbok adj sod* itqojnbok adkqnj* tvtjdbqlin y A+B+O+ Ad

qlanr jnr s}bqobnr idkbolknanr* jn adfl}inbok adj sod y jn A+B+O+ blisn}qdk jn

s}lsodana ad adfl}in} drq}tbqt}nr dr~tdjdqnjdr+

Sn}n drqd q}nmnel* dkqdkadilr blil adfl}inbok rlm}d dj dr~tdjdql* alr

rohkofobnalr kl dwbjtydkqdr dkq}d r5

>+ Tk q}ntin rlm}d tk sd}lal dwqdkrl ad qodisl* ~td ilaofobn jn fl}in

kl}inj adj gtdrl+ Dj s}okbosol mrobl dr jn nsjobnbok* at}nkqd tk jn}hl

sd}lal ad qodisl* ad tkn s}drok adfl}inkqd rlm}d tkl l vn}olr gtdrlr

~td }drtjqnk dk tkn adfl}inbok sd}inkdkqd>3+

=+ Dj s}latbql ad tkn aorql}rok aokiobn ad jlr vdbql}dr kl}injdr adj

b}dboiodkql y adrn}}ljjl okfnkqojdr* sl} jn nsjobnbok ad ftd}unr

dwqd}knr>>+

? Hd}ruqdk & Hd}ruqdk* >??4>3 L}qkd} y Stqbgn}* >?7>>> Ilrr* >?47


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1

Dk mnrd n jl nkqd}ol}* dkqdkad}dilr sl} A+B+O+ nj s}lbdrl ad aorql}rok

q}ntiqobn s}nbqobnal rlm}d dj b}kdl gtinkl* drsdbfobnidkqd rlm}d dj

kdt}lb}kdl* dj btnj slrdd tkn okqdkbolknjoana sl} sn}qd ad rtr }dnjounal}dr+

Drqn s}bqobn dr nsjobnan adrad jn s}oid}n okfnkbon y* dvdkqtnjidkqd* stdad

at}n} qlan jn voan+

Rodkal jn A+B+O+ tkn okqd}nbbok dkq}d s}drolkdr idbkobnr ad l}ohdk

btjqt}nj 'jn nsjobnbok ad qnmjojjnr* vdkanr t lq}lr nsn}nqlr adfl}inal}dr/ y

moljhobnr 'vdbql}dr adj b}dboiodkql y adrn}}ljjl b}nkdnkl kl}inj/* rt drqtaol

}ds}drdkqn tkn qn}dn drsdbonjidkqd blisjden d okqd}drnkqd+ Blisjden* admoal

n ~td jnr s}drolkdr btjqt}njdr stdadk vn}on} dkl}ididkqd dkq}d okaovoatlr+Sl} dedisjl* dk jn nsjobnbok ad tk ioril nsn}nql* sd}l blk aofd}dkqd

okqdkroana* dk tkn iorin ulkn dkq}d aofd}dkqdr okaovoatlr0 dk jn nsjobnbok ad

tk ioril nsn}nql adfl}inkqd* sd}l dk aofd}dkqdr jthn}dr l blk aofd}dkqd

okbjoknbok0 l dk jn blimoknbok ad aofd}dkqdr nsn}nqlr adfl}inal}dr* y drl

rjl sl} an} njhtklr dedisjlr+

Nadir* dr ad okqd}r sn}n jn Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn* sl}~td jnr s}drolkdr

moljhobnr qnimok s}drdkqnk vn}onmojoana dk jn dws}drok il}fljhobn adj

b}kdl gtinkl+ Adrad foknjdr adj rohjl WOW y at}nkqd qlan jn s}oid}n ioqna adj

rohjl snrnal* aovd}rlr okvdrqohnal}dr gnk adrb}oql* nknjounal y btnkqofobnal jn

vn}onmojoana dws}drnan dk jn il}fljlhn b}nkdnj>=0 blkbdsqlr qnk blitkdr dk

Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn blil m}n~tobdfnjon* aljoblbdfnjon* l}qlhknql* s}lhknql*

sjnqomnrn* dkq}d itbglr lq}lr* ad}ovnk* hdkd}njidkqd* adj bjbtjl ad aorqnkbonr

dkq}d goqlr nknqioblr* jlr btnjdr mtrbnk an} btdkqn ad jn vn}onmojoana

il}fljhobn s}drdkqd dk dj b}kdl gtinkl+

Sl} lq}n sn}qd* admoal n ~td jn s}bqobn ad jn A+B+O+ rd dkbtdkq}n bnro

dwqokhtoan* dr slromjd jn lmrd}vnbok adj s}lbdrl adfl}inql}ol ~td rd jjdvn n

>= M}lbn* >7840 Mtwqlk y Il}nkq* >?220 Bgnimd}jnok* >?2?0 Fd}dimnbg* >?810 F}nrrdql* >?430

Gnhdal}k y @dd}r* >?280 Glxdjjr* >?28* >?48* >?820 G}ajob`n* >?43* >?4=0 Jdd y Sdn}rlk*

>?3>0 Jd Altmjd* >?32* >?360 Jdrbgo* >?4>0 Il}dj* >?610 Ljovod}* >?630 Rqdxn}q* >?1=0 Qlaa*

>?=20 Vnjjlor* >?640 Xojad}* >?=3+


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4

bnml at}nkqd dj b}dboiodkql y dj adrn}}ljjl ad jlr kolr q}nqnalr y jn

okvdrqohnbok ad drqn s}bqobn admd joioqn}rd n jlr }drtjqnalr lmrd}vnalr dk

bljdbbolkdr s}dgorq}obnr+

=+>+>+>+5 M]DVD GORQL]ON AD JN A+B+O+

Dj okqd}r sl} dj drqtaol ad jn A+B+O+ anqn adrad jn nkqohdana* blk

Gosb}nqdr 'bn+ 133 n+B+/* Gd}alql* N}orqqdjdr* Rq}nml y Sjokol >2 * ~todkdr

ftd}lk jlr s}oid}lr dk albtidkqn} drqn s}bqobn dk aofd}dkqdr rlbodanadr ad

rtr slbnr* }datbodkal rt okvdrqohnbok n idkbolkn} jnr s}bqobnr lmrd}vnanr

dk aofd}dkqdr btjqt}nr+At}nkqd dj ]dknboiodkql* Ho}jnil Bn}blil>1* dk >448 blisn}n vn}olr

iqlalr ad adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn+

At}nkqd dj rohjl WOW* rd adrn}}ljjn tk okqdkrl sd}lal ad okvdrqohnbok dk

ql}kl n drqd qdin0 dr nr ~td aovd}rlr ntql}dr >4 * adrb}omdk jnr fl}inr

lmrd}vnanr ad A+B+O+* }dblklbdk jn aofd}dkbon dkq}d A+B+O+ y adfl}inbok

b}nkdnkn kl okqdkbolknj* lmrd}vnkal adfl}inbolkdr okqdkbolknjdr dk b}kdlr

ad Kdnkad}qnjdr+

Jlr s}oid}lr okqdkqlr ad bjnrofobnbok rlk nsl}qnalr sl} Jtkod}*

Qlsokn}a* Inhoqlq>6 + ]taljf Vo}bglx* dk >7?= >8 aorbtqd* sl} s}oid}n vdu* jn

b}nkdlidq}n dk vn}olr b}kdlr adfl}inalr+

Njdr G}ajob`n >7 * dk >?>? }dnjoun tkn okvdrqohnbok dk alkad aorbtqo

qlalr jlr qoslr blklboalr ad adfl}inbok d okqdkqn gnbd} njhtknr

blisn}nbolkdr hdkd}njdr nj }drsdbql+ Jn aofd}dkbon dkq}d drqlr ntql}dr y jlr

~td vdka}nk dk dj ftqt}l* }naobn dk ~td dj dkfl~td nsl}qnal sl} jlr s}oid}lr

>2 Dk Hd}ruqdk y Hd}ruqdk* >??4+>1 Lm+ boq+>4 E+E+ Vo}dy '>7>4/* J+N+ Hlrrd '>744/* Ro} Ankodj Xojrlk '>76=/* ]+ @klw '>762/* J+ Jtkod}

'>76?/ dk Hd}ruqdk y Hd}ruqdk* >??4+>6 Jtkod} '>76?/* Qlsokn}a '>78?/* D+ Inhoqlq '>771/ dk Hd}ruqdk y Hd}ruqdk* >??4+>8 Lm+ boq+>7 Ls+ boq+


12/126


13/126

8

adfl}inbolkdr ad qosl qnmtjn} d}dbql gnm}nk qdkoal rt l}ohdk adrad dj dbtnal}

adrad dj Sd}lal Fl}inqovl y slrqd}ol}idkqd rd gnm}n aoftkaoal gnbon jn blrqn

adj Dbtnal} y adj Sd}+ Nadir* sjnkqdn ~td jnr adfl}inbolkdr qnmtjn}dr

d}dbqnr y jnr bo}btjn}dr l nktjn}dr rd}nk alr h}nkadr q}naobolkdr ad

adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn okqdkbolknj ad l}ohdk }djnqovnidkqd roitjqkdl ~td rd

gnm}nk l}ohoknal dk jn blrqn ad Dbtnal} y Sd} y dk jn blrqn ad Bgojd*

}drsdbqovnidkqd+

Jn nsjobnbok ad nkjoror drqnarqoblr itjqovn}onalr rlm}d anqlr dwq}nalr

sl} Il}flidq}n Jokdnj* blkatel n jn blkq}nrqnbok ad gosqdror ~td mtrbnmnk

ntidkqn} jn s}dborok ad jlr nkjoror+ Etkql blk djjl* blidkun}lk n aorbtqo}rdjnr bjnrofobnbolkdr nsl}qnanr sl} ntql}dr bjroblr blil Oimdjjlko=2+

Dk jn nbqtnjoana* blk dj adrn}}ljjl ad jn Il}flidq}n Hdliq}obn* rd gn

}dqlinal dj s}lmjdin ad jn A+B+O+* dj btnj ftd sd}aodkal okqd}r at}nkqd jnr

jqoinr abnanr adj rohjl snrnal+ Dk hdkd}nj* jlr s}lmjdinr ad okvdrqohnbok

rohtdk rodkal jlr iorilr* sd}l rd gnk bnimonal jnr qbkobnr ad nkjoror+

Blk drql rd s}dqdkad aorbtqo} jnr gosqdror ad}ovnanr ad jlr nkjoror

il}fliq}oblr bjroblr n sn}qo} ad tkn idqlaljlhn okklvnal}n+

Nr dr blil F}od y Mnyjnb=1 }dnjoun}lk nkjoror adj blkql}kl ad b}kdlr

blk adfl}inbolkdr 'Nkjoror ad Flt}od} ad blkql}klr ad S}lbtrql njokdnalr/ dk

bljdbbolkdr s}dgorskobnr sd}tnknr+

Dk ktdrq}l snr* Ink}~tdu dq nj+=4* tqojounkal il}flidq}n hdliq}obn*

}dnjoun}lk tk drqtaol blisn}nqovl dk }naolh}nfnr ad b}kdlr kl adfl}inalr y

blk A+B+O+ dkq}d jn slmjnbok ad Il}}l ad N}obn y Sornhtn* tqojounkal blil

h}tsl blkq}lj jn slmjnbok bgojdkn nbqtnj+

Adkq}l adj }dn nkaokn bdkq}l)id}oaolknj* ulkn ad okqd}r ad jn s}drdkqd

okvdrqohnbok* jlr drqtaolr blidkun}lk at}nkqd jn s}oid}n ioqna adj rohjl

=2 Blbojlvl* >?82* >?84* >?87* >?7=* >?71 dk Blbojlvl* >??40 Blbojlvl y Mnffo* >?74* dk

Blbojlvl*>??40 Blbojlvl dq nj+* >?7=0 Blbojlvl dq nj+* d+s+0 Ilrr* >?470 IbKdojj y Kdxqlk* >?640

Nkqlk* >?7?0 Bgdvd}ta dq nj+* >??=0 dkq}d lq}lr+=1 F}od y Mnyjnb* =332+=4 Ink}~tdu* dq nj+ 'ir+/


14/126

7

snrnal* blk jlr q}nmnelr ad Adiml d Oimdjjlko+ Dj oisnbql ~td in}bn}lk drqnr

okvdrqohnbolkdr dk Rtani}obn ftd qnk oisl}qnkqd* ~td jlr q}nmnelr }dnjounalr

slrqd}ol}idkqd sl} lq}lr ntql}dr* rd gnk adaobnal n aorbtqo} y blkq}nrqn} drqd

rorqdin bjnrofobnql}ol* tqojounkal ktdvnr itdrq}nr l nsjobnkal idqlaljlhnr

drqnarqobnr itjqovn}onanr n jlr anqlr }dblhoalr ad jn Il}flidq}n Jokdnj =6+

=+>+>+=+ A+B+O+ DK JLR NKADR BDKQ]L)ID]OAOLKNJDR

Dk jlr Nkadr Bdkq}l Id}oaolknjdr* jn A+B+O+ qtvl tk s}lftrl adrn}}ljjl* qnkql n

kovdj drsnbonj blil qdisl}nj* nr blil qnimok dk jn aovd}roana ad qbkobnr

disjdnanr=8

+Kl ftd gnrqn jn Blk~torqn ~td drqn qbkobn ftd d}}naobnan* sl} jl ~td rd

blkroad}n rt adrn}}ljjl s}lsol ad jnr slbnr s}dgorq}obnr nid}obnknr=7+

Dj lmedqovl ad jn s}bqobn ad jn A+B+O+ dk drqn }dn rd gn dwsjobnal

s}okbosnjidkqd sl} narb}osbok btjqt}nj+ Xdorr=? }dnjou tkn rkqdror rlm}d jlr

lmedqovlr ad drqn s}bqobn+ Rdhk drqd ntql}* jn narb}osbok btjqt}nj nrlbonan n

jn s}bqobn ad jn A+B+O+ rd }djnbolkn qnkql rokb}kobn* blil aonb}kobnidkqd+

Adrad tk stkql ad vorqn rokb}kobl* stdad qdkd} alr vn}onkqdr5 tkn* ~td

drqnmjdbd aofd}dkbonr okqd}slmjnbolknjdr y jn rdhtkan* ~td drqnmjdbd aofd}dkbonr

okq}nslmjnbolknjdr+ Dk qnkql ~td jn s}oid}n drq nrlbonan blk narb}osbolkdr

hdlh}fobnr* btjqt}njdr d oadkqoqn}onr* jn rdhtkan rd }djnbolkn ir modk blk jn

aofd}dkbonbok dkq}d bnrqnr l bjnrdr rlbonjdr adkq}l ad tkn iorin slmjnbok+

Adrad tk stkql ad vorqn aonb}kobl* Xdorr drqnmjdbd bl}}drslkadkbonr

dkq}d sd}lalr y qoslr ad A+B+O+* jl ~td stdad an} okaobolr nbd}bn ad jnr

aokiobnr rlbonjdr* blil rd lmrd}vn dk dj bnrl ad Sornhtn23+

=6 Xdorr* >?6>0 Nkqk* >?7?* >??10 Lrrdkmd}h* >?830IbKdojj y Kdxqlk* >?640 Ilrr* >?47 'vd}

ir nmnel/+=8 Adiml d Oimdjjlko* r,f=7 Xdorr* >?6>=? Xdorr* lm+ boq+23 Blbojlvl* >??1+


15/126

?

=+>+>+2+ Dj s}lmjdin ad jn bjnrofobnbok

Adiml d Oimdjjlko 2> ftd}lk jlr s}oid}lr dk b}oqobn} jnr bjnrofobnbolkdr

}dnjounanr sl} rtr s}dadbdrl}dr* s}okbosnjidkqd dt}lsdlr y kl}qdnid}obnklr*

~todkdr* dk vdu ad hdkd}n} njhk blkrdkrl rlm}d drqd qdin blkjjdvn}lk n

inyl}dr blkftrolkdr dk jn bjnrofobnbok+ Drql q}nel blil blkrdbtdkbon jn

hdkd}nbok ad tkn h}nk bnkqoana ad adklioknbolkdr sn}n bnan qosl

adfl}inql}ol* jlr ~td kl slank tko}rd mnel njhk b}oqd}ol blik+ Djjl oistjr n

Oimdjjlko n b}dn} tk rorqdin bjnrofobnql}ol rokqqobl* mnrnal dk jnr itdrq}nr ad

jlr Nkadr bdkq}l id}oaolknjdr 'Sd} y kl}qd ad N}hdkqokn/* dj btnj rd mnrnmn

s}okbosnjidkqd dk jn adrb}osbok ad jlr }drtjqnalr il}fljhoblr ~td s}lvlbnmn

dj trl ad nsn}nqlr adfl}inal}dr dk dj b}kdl+

Blil rd stdad lmrd}vn} dk jn Qnmjn O* Oimdjjlko drqnmjdbo alr kovdjdr

sn}n jn bjnrofobnbok ad jn A+B+O+5 dj s}oid} kovdj bl}}drslkad n jlr qoslr

drdkbonjdr ad jn sjrqobn okqdkbolknj y iodkq}nr ~td dj rdhtkal bl}}drslkad n

vn}odanadr ad h}nalr y fl}inr+ Jjnin s}lftkanidkqd jn nqdkbok* ~td adkq}l

adj s}oid} kovdj drqnmjdubn* sn}n jn fl}in qnmtjn}* jn okbjoknbok ad jn mvdan

b}nkdnkn* dk qnkql ~td dk jn fl}in nktjn}* drqn bn}nbqd}rqobn rd dkbtdkq}dadkq}l adj kovdj ad vn}odanadr* h}nalr y fl}inr+ Jn foht}n OOn/ itdrq}n jn

bjnrofobnbok adj s}oid} kovdj adrn}}ljjnal sl} Oimdjjlko* dk alkad kl rd okbjtyd

jn okbjoknbok ad jn mvdan sn}n jlr qoslr nktjn}dr* dk qnkql ~td jn foht}n OOm/

itdrq}n* rohtodkal dj iladjl bjnrofobnql}ol sjnkqdnal slrqd}ol}idkqd sl} Njjorlk

dq nj+2=* jn slromojoana ad hdkd}n} tkn bjnrofobnbok moklionj* ~td blkrorqd dk jn

blimoknbok dkq}d dj nsn}nql adfl}inal} 'qnmjnr y vdkanr5 qnmtjn} v,r nktjn}/*

blk jn ao}dbbok ad jn adfl}inbok }drsdbql nj Sjnkl ad F}nk`ft}q 'd}dbql v,r

lmjobtl/+

Qnmjn O5 Qnmjn Qnwlkiobn ad jnr Adfl}inbolkdr Okqdkbolknjdr adj B}kdl

'Rdhk Oimdjjlko5 >?22 N* s+=>1/+

2> Adiml d Oimdjjlko 'r,f/2= Njjorlk dq nj+ >?71


16/126

>3

QOSLRDRDKBONJDR AD

JN SJNRQOBN

OKQDKBOLKNJ

VN]ODANADR* H]NALR_ FL]INR

BN]NBQD]AORQOKQOVL ADJ

S]LBDRL

ADFL]INKQD

AORSLROQOVLRQDBKOBLR

Adfl}inalrQNMTJN]DRLMJOBTLR

'M}nbgobdsgnjon}qofobonjdr lmjobto/

n/ fl}inr bt}vl)lbbosoqnjdrm/ fl}inr bt}vl)f}lkqnjdrb/ h}nalr okqd}idaolr a/h}nalr dwq}dilr 'Fjnq)gdnar ad jn joqd}nqt}n/

Blis}droklbbosoql)f}lkqnj

idaonkqd qnmjdqnrjom}dr

Vn}odana MojlmnalrVn}odana Q}ojlmnalr Johnat}nr rnhoqnjdr y

bl}lknjdr nsqnr sn}nois}oio} rt}blr

Adfl}inalrQNMTJN]DR

D]DBQLR'M}nbgobdsgnjo

n}qofobonjdr d}dbqo/

n/ fl}inr sjnkl)f}lkqnjdrm/ fl}inr sjnkl)jimaobnrb/ h}nalr okqd}idaolr a/h}nalr dwq}dilr'Btkdofl}idr ad jnjoqd}nqt}n/

Blis}drokslrqd}ol} sl} sjnkl

ad adbmoql

Blis}drok nkqd}ol}sl} qnmjdqn

Vn}odana Sn}njdjdssdalrBlk adqdkbok adj

qdbgl l}moqnj y R 2 nvdbdr ad jnr rodkdr

Vn}odana Rdtalbo}btjn}dr

Jn bnmdun rd inkqodkd

nagd}oan n jn btnjidaonkqd vdkanr lbl}}dnr djrqobnr

Vn}odana Mojlmnalr yQ}ojlmnalr Johnat}nr rnhoqnjdr y

bl}lknjdr nsqnr sn}nois}oio} rt}blr

Adfl}inalrNktjn}dr

'L}mobtjn}drn}qofobonjdr/

Vn}odana LmjobtlrVn}odana D}dbqlr

Blis}drokroiq}obn nktjn}*

sl} vdkanr lbl}}dnr djrqobnr+

Okqdkroana ad jnsjrqobn

Fl}inr bojka}obnrDedisjn}dr

ioiqoblr Fl}inr bkobnr


17/126

>>

QNMJN OO5 n/ l}ohoknj ad Oimdjjlko 'r,f/ y m/ Rdhk Njjorlk dq nj+ >?71+

QNMTJN] NKTJN] QNMTJN] NKTJN]

D]DBQLqnmtjn}

d}dbqlD]DBQL

qnmtjn}

d}dbql

nktjn}

d}dbql

LMJOBTLqnmtjn}

lmjobtl

nktjn}

LMJOBTLqnmtjn}

lmjobtl

nktjn}

lmjobtl

Drqd dr~tdin bjnrofobnql}ol ftd tqojounal dk itbglr bnrlr rok aorbtrok

dk jnr bljdbbolkdr ad jlr Nkadr bdkq}l id}oaolknjdr y nk rd disjdn dk jn

nbqtnjoana+ Rok dimn}hl* s}drdkqn s}lmjdinr idqlaljhoblr* admoal n ~tdokbjtyd adfl}inbolkdr dvoadkqdidkqd aofd}dkqdr adkq}l ad tk ioril h}tsl* ~td

an btdkqn ad tk dwbdrl ad roisjoboana nj rorqdin ad bjnrofobnbok+

Drsltdyr22 nfo}in ~td drqd s}lmjdin* dk itbglr bnrlr* kl s}lvodkd ad

jn bjnrofobnbok adrn}}ljjnan sl} Oimdjjlko* rokl ~td rd admd n ~td jlr s}lsolr

okvdrqohnal}dr ~td okqdkqnk aonhklrqobn} jnr adfl}inbolkdr* rohtodkal dj s}oid}

kovdj ad bjnrofobnbok* gnbdk bnrl liorl adj rdhtkal kovdj+ Rok dimn}hl* dk jn

joqd}nqt}n rd idkbolknk }doqd}nanidkqd aorbtrolkdr ~td rlrqtvod}lk aofd}dkqdr

okvdrqohnal}dr blk Oimdjjlko* }drsdbql n jlr b}oqd}olr tqojounalr sn}n adfoko}

njhtklr rtmqoslr* blil jnr vn}odanadr btkdofl}idr l srdtalbo}btjn}dr* qnkql

~td dj s}lsol Oimdjjlko qtvl ~td dkvon} aovd}rlr blitkobnalr sn}n nbjn}n} drqnr

atanr21+ Drql rthod}d ~td jn bjnrofobnbok kl drqnmn }dfoknan blisjdqnidkqd*

ntk~td d}n slromjd }dnjoun} nkjoror blisn}nqovlr blk djjn+

Xdorr24* aorbtqd jn bjnrofobnbok ad Oimdjjlko y nfo}in ~td kl stdad rd}

nsjobnan dk dj bnrl ad Sd}* admoal n ~td s}lvlbn blkftrok dkq}d jnr

adfl}inbolkdr5 >/ rd blkftkadk vn}odanadr ad adfl}inalr sl} btknr y mnkanrblk dj qosl qnmtjn}0 =/ slrdd fnjqn ad s}dborok sn}n }dblklbd} jnr fl}inr5 tk

q}iokl dkbtna}n fl}inr aorqokqnr0 2/ dworqd h}nk gdqd}lhdkdoana dkq}d jlr

Sgyjti Qnmtjn}dr y Nktjn}dr* admoal n ~td rd mnrn dk tkn s}drtslrobok ad

22 Drsltdyr* bli+ sd}r+21 Xdorr* >?6=0 Rlql)Gdoi* >?78+


18/126


19/126

>2

d}dbqn/ s}latbd tkn bt}vnqt}n dk jn jkdn idaon mnrnj* etkql blk djdvnbok ad jn

b}drqn sdq}lrn y adrvonbok vdkq}nj adj sjnkl adj fl}nidk ihkti* dk qnkql ~td

jn adfl}inbok lmjobtn* s}latbd nsjnrqniodkql adj mnrob}kdl* etkql blk

ads}drok ad jn b}drqn sdq}lrn y adrsjnuniodkql al}rnj adj sjnkl adj fl}nidk

ihkti+

IbKdojj y Kdxqlk 13 }dnjoun}lk tkn blisn}nbok dkq}d b}kdlr rok

adfl}inbok* blk b}kdlr adfl}inalr nkqd}lslrqd}ol} 'qnmtjn}dr d}dbqlr/ y

bo}btkfd}dkbonjdr 'nktjn}dr lmjobtlr/+ Jlr }drtjqnalr lmqdkoalr rthod}dk ~td

jnr ilaofobnbolkdr adj kdt}lb}kdl s}latbql ad jn A+B+O+ s}latbdk vn}onbolkdr

dk dj h}nal ad adfl}inbok adj mnrob}kdl+ Qnimok rd lmrd}vn ~td dk nimlrqoslr ad adfl}inbolkdr gny djdvnbok adj s}lbdrl l}moqnj adj f}lkqnj y ad jn

b}drqn sdq}lrn adj qdisl}nj* tkn }drq}obbok ad jn }lqnbok kl}inj gnbon nmnel

adj fl}nidk ihkti y tk nsjnrqniodkql adj mnrob}kdl idaol rnhoqnj+

Nkqk 1> * lmrd}vn ~td jnr adfl}inbolkdr nkqd}lslrqd}ol}dr 'qnmtjn}dr

sn}n Oimdjjlko1=/ s}latbdk dkrnkbgniodkql adj kdt}lb}kdl* blkblioqnkqd blk

dkrnkbgniodkql ad jn bn}n* blk tk b}dboiodkql naobolknj ad jn inyl}n ad jnr

}dholkdr jnqd}njdr* etkql blk dwsnkrok jnqd}nj y ntidkql ad jn nkhtjnbok ad jn

mnrd b}nkdnj* dk qnkql ~td jnr adfl}inbolkdr bo}btkfd}dkbonjdr 'nktjn}dr rdhk

Oimdjjlko 12 /* }drtjqnk dk tk nkhlrqniodkql adj kdt}lb}kdl y ad jn bn}n*

blketkqnidkqd blk tk nkhlrqniodkql idaoljnqd}nj y djlkhnbok nkqd}lslrqd}ol}

ad jn mnrd b}nkdnj11+

Blbojlvl 14 blisn} b}kdlr qnmtjn}dr d}dbqlr blk kl adfl}inalr

s}lvdkodkqdr ad bdidkqd}olr tmobnalr dk jnr bd}bnknr ad jn jlbnjoana ad

Q}djdx* N}hdkqokn* jl ~td aol blil }drtjqnal tk dfdbql rohkofobnqovl ad jn A+B+O+

rlm}d jnr vn}onmjdr iq}obnr b}nkdnjdr* dws}drnanr dk tk nbl}qniodkql

13 IbKdojj y Kdxqlk* >?641> Nkqk* >?7?* >??1+1= Oimdjjlko* >?=4+12 Oimdjjlko* ls+ boq+11 Nkqk* >?7?0 dk Jodmd}inkk dq nj+* =333+14 Blbojlvl* >?82+


20/126

>1

nkqd}lslrqd}ol}* ntidkql ad jn njqt}n y nkbgl ad jn mvdan* blkrqnkbon ad jn

bnsnboana b}nkdnkn* ilaofobnbolkdr dk dj nkbgl adj mnrob}kdl y

ilaofobnbolkdr dk dj drsjnbklb}kdl+

Dk >?84* drqd ioril ntql} }dnjou nkjoror blk inqd}onjdr ad

Sntbn}bnkbgn 'Sd}/* lmrd}vnkal ~td dj dfdbql ad jn adfl}inbok bo}btjn}

d}dbqn rlm}d jn il}fljlhn b}nkdnkn d}n drbnrn* dkblkq}nkal aofd}dkbonr

rljnidkqd dk jn bt}vn gl}oulkqnj y jlkhoqta iwoin16+

Dk >?7=* Blbojlvl18 nknjou dj dfdbql ad jn adfl}inbok bo}btjn} dk dj

inqd}onj ad Il}}l ad N}obn* lmrd}vnkal tk rdvd}l dfdbql ad jn A+B+O+ dws}drnal

dk jn aorioktbok dk jlkhoqta ad okolk* aorioktbok adj nkbgl iwoil dokb}didkql adj aoidq}l monrq}obl* njqd}nbolkdr adj b}dboiodkql kl}inj adj

drsjnbklb}kdl* s}okbosnjidkqd n kovdj ad jnr jlkhoqtadr y njqt}nr* yn ~td jlr

b}kdlr adfl}inalr s}drdkqnk dj }lrq}l* jn }moqn y kn}ou ir njqlr* etkql blk

idkl} adrn}}ljjl jlkhoqtaoknj adj snjnan} y sl}bok inwojlnjvdljn}+ Blbojlvl dq

nj+17 }dnjoun}lk drqtaolr dk Rnk Sda}l ad Nqnbnin* staodkal drqnmjdbd} }dnjdr

aofd}dkbonr dkq}d okaovoatlr kl}injdr y adfl}inalr qnmtjn}dr d}dbqlr y lmjobtlr

y bo}btjn}dr d}dbqlr y lmjobtlr+

]dbodkqdidkqd rd gnk adrn}}ljjnal okvdrqohnbolkdr dk alkad rd nsjobn

Il}flidq}n Hdliq}obn dk jlr nkjoror }djnqovlr nj dfdbql ad jn A+B+O+ dk jn

il}fljlhn bnjvn}on+ F}od y Iobgdj Mnyjnb1? }dnjoun}lk nkjoror adj blkql}kl ad

b}kdlr blk adfl}inbolkdr 'Nkjoror ad Flt}od} ad blkql}klr ad S}lbtrql

njokdnalr/ dk bljdbbolkdr s}dgorskobnr sd}tnknr+ Jlr }drtjqnalr blkfo}ink

~td jnr adfl}inbolkdr bo}btkfd}dkbonjdr l nktjn}dr itdrq}nk ilaofobnbolkdr dk

jn }dhok mnrolbbosoqnj* etkql blk tk okb}didkql ad jn s}lydbbok fnbonj nkqd}ol} d

okfd}ol}+ Qnimok rd lmrd}vn* blisn}nal blk jn ilaofobnbok fnbonj* idkl}

h}nal ad drq}dbgdu dk jn }dhok mnrolbbosoqnj+ Drqlr ntql}dr kl adrbn}qnk ~td

16 Blbojlvl* >?84+18 Blbojlvl* >?7=+17 Blbojlvl y Unvnqqod}o* ds+ dk Blbojlvl* >??1+1? F}od y Iobgdj Mnyjnb* ls+ boq+


21/126

>4

njhtknr ilaofobnbolkdr stdank drqn} }djnbolknanr blk jlr }nrhlr il}fljhoblr

s}lsolr ad jn slmjnbok tqojounan dk dj nkjoror+

Blbojlvl43 nfo}in ~td drqnmjdbd} tkn rkqdror }drsdbql adj dfdbql ad jn

A+B+O+ rlm}d jn il}fljlhn b}nkdnkn kl dr tkn qn}dn fboj gnrqn dj ilidkql*

rlm}d qlal blil rd ns}dbon dk jn bn}nbqd}ounbok y qosljlhn ad jnr

adfl}inbolkdr+ Rok dimn}hl* nbdsqn ~td rd stdadk }dnjoun} njhtknr

okfd}dkbonr nj }drsdbql+ Nr dr blil rokqdqoun dj dfdbql ad jlr aofd}dkqdr qoslr ad

adfl}inbolkdr 'disjdnkal jn bjnrofobnbok ad Oimdjjlko/ rlm}d jn il}fljlhn

bnjvn}on+ Drqd ntql} rthod}d ~td* dk hdkd}nj* jn A+B+O+ slrdd tk dfdbql

blkrsobtl dk hjnmdjn* v}qdw* okbjoknbok adj f}lkqnj* njqt}n ad jn mvdan*s}lqtmd}nkbon lbbosoqnj dwqd}kn* sd}foj b}nkdnkl y sl} jn s}drdkbon ad

sjnholbdfnjon4>+

Jnr bn}nbqd}rqobnr ~td Blbojlvl lmrd}vn dkq}d jnr btnq}l vn}odanadr

bjrobnr b}dnanr sl} Oimdjjlko* etkql blk jn vn}onkqd kl adfl}inal rlk5

>+ Bo}btjn} D}dbqn B+D+5 adrn}}ljjl hjnmdjn} 'idkl} ~td B+L+/* v}qdw

s}liokdkqd* mvdanr njqnr* in}bnan s}lqtmd}nkbon lbbosoqnj dwqd}kn*

sd}foj b}nkdnkl lvload* idkl} b}dboiodkql }djnqovl ad jlr n}blr

uohliqoblr* qninl qlqnj kl}inj adj b}kdl* b}kdlr jovonklr+

=+ Bo}btjn} Lmjobtn B+L+5 adrn}}ljjl hjnmdjn}* v}qdw s}liokdkqd* inyl}

okbjoknbok adj f}lkqnj* sd}foj b}nkdnkl lvload* idkl} b}dboiodkql }djnqovl

ad jlr n}blr uohliqoblr* b}kdlr h}nkadr+

2+ Kl Adfl}inalr K+A+5 mnen s}lsl}bok ad hjnmdjnr s}liokdkqdr*

S}lqtmd}nkbon dwqd}kn rtnvd+

1+ Qnmtjn} D}dbqn Q+D+5 in}bnan s}lqtmd}nkbon lbbosoqnj dwqd}kn* rok sd}foj

b}nkdnkl bn}nbqd}rqobl* s}drdkbon ad sjnholbdfnjon* idkl} s}lsl}bok ad

}djodvdr ftd}qdr* adrn}}ljjl idaol adj sjnkl ktbnj* qninl qlqnj kl}inj

adj b}kdl+

43 Blbojlvl* >??1+4> Blbojlvl* ls+ boq+* s+ >3?


22/126

>6

4+ Qnmtjn} Lmjobtn Q+L+5 mvdanr mnenr* rok sd}foj b}nkdnkl bn}nbqd}rqobl*

s}drdkbon ad sjnholbdfnjon* rtnvd adrn}}ljjl adj sjnkl ktbnj* b}kdlr

jovonklr+

Lq}l stkql ~td admd idkbolkn}rd dr ~td drqd ntql} lmrd}vn dk rt

okvdrqohnbok ~td njhtklr }nrhlr nrlbonalr blk jn adfl}inbok n}qofobonj rd

aorq}omtydk aofd}dkbonjidkqd blk }drsdbql nj rdwl 'ls+ boq+* s+ >84/+

Ink}~tdu dq nj+4=* tqojounkal nkjoror il}fliq}obl hdliq}obl* }dnjoun}lk tk

drqtaol blisn}nqovl dkq}d b}kdlr kl adfl}inalr y blk A+B+O+ dkq}d jn

slmjnbok ad Il}}l ad N}obn y Sornhtn+ Jlr }drtjqnalr lmqdkoalr ank btdkqn ad~td dworqd tkn bjn}n rdsn}nbok dkq}d nimlr h}tslr* }dfjdenal s}okbosnjidkqd

dk dj blislkdkqd tkofl}id ad jn vn}onbok ad jn fl}in 'vd} hjlrn}ol* nkdwl 6/*

nrlbonan blk vn}onbolkdr dk jn dwsnkrok knrnj* inwojn} y sn}odqnj y sl} jn

drq}dbgdu ad jn ulkn lbbosoqnj+ Dj blislkdkqd tkofl}id* okbjtoal dk dj nkjoror*

anmn btdkqn ad jnr vn}onbolkdr dk jn okbjoknbok adj kdt}lb}kdl* ~td rdsn}nmn

b}kdlr lmjobtlr ad d}dbqlr+ Jn vn}onmjd qninl adj bdkq}load kl ftd

rohkofobnqovn+ Jn okfjtdkbon ad jn A+B+O+ rlm}d dj blislkdkqd tkofl}id ad

vn}onbok ad jn fl}in* an btdkqn ad tk okb}didkql ad jn drq}dbgdu n jl jn}hl adj

ded vdkq}l)al}rnj dk jn ao}dbbok QD QL ND NL+ Dj dfdbql ad jn

adfl}inbok nktjn} ~tdan }dfjdenal sl} tk klql}ol njokdniodkql ad jlr

jnkain}`r 'goqlr nknqioblr tqojounalr dk dj nkjoror0 vd} hjlrn}ol* nkdwl 6/

tmobnalr dk jn }dhok fnbonj n jl jn}hl ad drqd ded+ Jn adfl}inbok qnmtjn} rd

nrlbon blk tk dfdbql roiojn}* sd}l idklr in}bnal+ Jnr ilaofobnbolkdr ad jn

il}fljlhn b}nkdnkn dwsjobnan sl} dj blislkdkqd kl tkofl}id l jlbnjounal rd

}dfjdenk dk jn blkq}nbbok ad jn mvdan* jn dwsnkrok jnqd}nj adj s}lbdrl

uohliqobl y drfdkloadr+ Dj blislkdkqd kl tkofl}id* rok dimn}hl kl slrdd dj

ioril h}nal dwsjobnql}ol dk blisn}nbok blk dj blislkdkqd tkofl}id+

Ro modk drqnr okvdrqohnbolkdr itdrq}nk bjn}nidkqd jnr ilaofobnbolkdr ~td

rtf}d dj kdt}lb}kdl sl} dfdbql ad jn A+B+O+* nk dworqd admnqd rlm}d dj dfdbql

4= Ink}~tdu dq nj+* ir+


23/126

>8

~td drqn s}bqobn slrdd rlm}d dj drsjnbklb}kdl+ Blbojlvl 42 * lmrd}v ~td

dworqdk bod}qnr ulknr dk dj drsjnbklb}kdl ~td kl rtf}dk njqd}nbok s}latbql

ad jn A+B+O+* drqnmjdbodkal 6 idaoanr sn}n jn drqoinbok adj aoil}foril rdwtnj*

dvdkqtnjidkqd kl nfdbqnanr sl} jn ABO* 'nkbgl f}lkqnj ikoil* nkbgl

mouohliqobl* njqt}n knrnj* njqt}n l}moqnj* nkbgl l}moqnj* nkbgl snjnqnj/+ Rok

dimn}hl* aofd}dkqdr ntql}dr gnk stdrql n s}tdmn drqn nfo}inbok 41+ ]glad44*

strl n s}tdmn aodu ad jnr idaoanr rthd}oanr sl} Blbojlvl46* rtstdrqnidkqd

oknjqd}nanr sl} jn s}bqobn ad jn A+B+O+* dk tkn bljdbbok ad b}kdlr

sd}qdkdbodkqdr nj Vnjjd ad Nunsn+ Rtr }drtjqnalr aod}lk btdkqn ~td dworqd tk

dfdbql rohkofobnqovl ad jn A+B+O+ dk rdor ad jnr aodu idaoanr stdrqnr n s}tdmn*}dftqnkal* dkqlkbdr* jlr sjnkqdniodkqlr ad Blbojlvl+

=+>+>+4+ Dfdbqlr ad jn ABO rlm}d dj aoil}foril rdwtnj

Sn}n nknjoun} dk s}lftkaoana dj dfdbql ad A+B+O+ rlm}d jn il}fljlhn bnjvn}on* jnr

okvdrqohnbolkdr admod}lk blkbdkq}n}rd dk blklbd} ~t vn}onmjdr moljhobnr

nbqnk kl}injidkqd rlm}d jn il}fljlhn b}nkdnkn kl}inj y ~t dfdbqlr

s}latbdk* blk dj fok ad lmrd}vn} ro drqnr vn}onmjdr rd vdnk nfdbqnanr sl} jn

A+B+O+ y ad ~t inkd}n+ Dkq}d djjnr foht}nk jn dws}drok il}fljhobn adj

aoil}foril rdwtnj* jlr bnimolr il}fljhoblr lbt}}oalr at}nkqd jn lkqlhdkon adj

okaovoatl y jnr vn}onbolkdr ad jnr f}dbtdkbonr ad }nrhlr aorb}dqlr* dkq}d lq}lr+

Blklbodkal jlr dfdbqlr ad bnan tkl ad drqlr fnbql}dr rlm}d jn il}fljlhn

bnjvn}on* qnkql dk b}kdlr kl adfl}inalr blil dk adfl}inalr* rd}n slromjd

nknjoun} jlr dfdbqlr ad jn A+B+O+ rlm}d jn il}fljlhn bnjvn}on*

okadsdkaodkqdidkqd ad drqlr fnbql}dr* nadir ad nknjoun} jlr dfdbqlr ad jn

A+B+O+ rlm}d djjlr48+

42 Blbojlvl* >?84+41 Nkqlk* >?7?0 Bgdvd}ta dq nj* >??=0 @lgk dq nj+* >??20 ]glad* =33>* =33=44 ]glad* =33>* =33=+46 Blbojlvl* >?84+48 Blbojlvl* >?84+


24/126

>7

Dj aoil}foril rdwtnj dr dj fnbql} ad okqd}r dk jn s}drdkqd okvdrqohnbok y

rd} adfokoal blil jnr aofd}dkbonr il}fljhobnr* foroljhobnr* mol~tiobnr y ad

blisl}qniodkql ad inbglr y gdim}nr ad tkn iorin drsdbod 'Stbbon}djjo dq nj+*

>??6/+ Dj aoil}foril rdwtnj yn drq s}drdkqd adrad jlr drqnalr qdis}nklr adj

adrn}}ljjl dim}olkn}ol* blk jn blkrqoqtbok hlknanj aofd}dkbonj adqd}ioknan sl}

jlr b}lilrlinr inrbtjoklr y fdidkoklr* sl} jl ~td rd stdad nfo}in} ~td dk

inifd}lr y lq}lr vd}qdm}nalr* dj aoil}foril rdwtnj n kovdj b}lilriobl rd

blisl}qn blil tkn vn}onmjd aorb}dqn 'dk okaovoatlr kl}injdr* rok njqd}nbolkdr

b}lilriobnr/* rok tkn h}nanbok dkq}d WW y W_+ Dk blkq}nrqd blk jl nkqd}ol}*

jn dws}drok ad jlr bn}nbqd}dr rdwtnjdr rdbtkan}olr adj aoil}foril rdwtnj* rdblisl}qn blil tkn vn}onmjd blkqoktn* dworqodkal tkn h}naodkqd dkq}d jnr

aofd}dkqdr bn}nbqd}rqobnr ad aovd}rn kaljd ad dws}drok ad drqd fdkidkl

'}lmtrqoboana* blkbdkq}nbok ad gl}ilknr rdwtnjdr dk jn rnkh}d* drqnqt}n*

aorq}omtbok ad jn sojlroana* qoim}d ad jn vlu* dqb+/+ Nj nknjoun} dj aoil}foril

rdwtnj dk tkn slmjnbok n sn}qo} ad btnj~tod} okaobnal}* rqd rd aorq}omtyd

moilanjidkqd* dk alkad dj h}nal dj aoil}foril rdwtnj adfoko} jn ulkn ad

rlm}dslrobok dkq}d nimlr rdwlr5 iodkq}nr dworqn inyl} h}nal ad aoil}foril

rdwtnj dkq}d glim}dr y ited}dr* idkl} rd} jn ulkn ad rlm}dslrobok dkq}d

h}tslr inrbtjoklr y fdidkoklr y vobdvd}rn47+

Njhtknr bn}nbqd}rqobnr il}fljhobnr ~td s}drdkqnk aoil}foril rdwtnj dk

gtinklr rlk jn drqnqt}n* jn vdjjlroana y jn }lmtrqoboana* dkq}d lq}nr+

Dj drqtaol adj aoil}foril rdwtnj rlm}d dj dr~tdjdql gtinkl blidku n

s}okbosolr adj rohjl WW* blk jlr q}nmnelr solkd}lr ad Njdr G}ajo`n* ~todk ftd dj

s}oid}l dk rthd}o} dj drqtaol ad jnr vn}onmjdr il}fljhobnr dr~tdjdqnjdr adrad

tkn sd}rsdbqovn lrqdliq}obn sn}n jn adqd}ioknbok adj rdwl* drqtaol ~td ftd

jjdvnal n bnml btn}dkqn nlr adrstr blk inqd}onjdr ad Bnsda Bljlt}da*

D+D+T+T+4?+

47 Xgoqd* >??>+4? @ddk* >?43


25/126

>?

]dbodkqdidkqd* No}qlk y Rdh}d 63 * nknjoun}lk dj }dn adj s}lbdrl

inrqloadr dkq}d b}kdlr inrbtjoklr y fdidkoklr* drqtaonkal dj }dn

blis}dkaoan dkq}d q}dr stkqlr b}nkdliq}oblr naynbdkqdr n drqd goql

nknqiobl+ Jlr }drtjqnalr aod}lk btdkqn ad aofd}dkbonr drqnarqobnidkqd

rohkofobnqovnr dkq}d nimlr rdwlr+

Dk Ni}obn jnqokn rd gnk }dnjounal njhtklr q}nmnelr* adrqnbnkal jn jnml}

gdbgn sl} okvdrqohnal}dr n}hdkqoklr6>+ Dk ktdrq}l snr adrqnbnk jlr q}nmnelr

}dnjounalr sl} Blbojlvl 6= sn}n slmjnbolkdr adj kl}qd ad ktdrq}l snr+ Drqd

ntql}* dkq}d jlr nlr >?82 y >?7> nknjou dj dfdbql ~td slrdd jn A+B+O+ rlm}d dj

aoil}foril rdwtnj dk slmjnbolkdr adj kl}qd ad Bgojd* jn Snqnhlkon y dj Sd}+Dk jn nbqtnjoana* h}nbonr n jn okklvnbok idqlaljhobn m}okanan sl} jn

Il}flidq}n Hdliq}obn* rd gnk }dnjounal ktdvnr okvdrqohnbolkdr dk ql}kl nj

aoil}foril rdwtnj dk slmjnbolkdr gtinknr+ ]lrnr y Mnrqo}62 nknjoun}lk jn

}djnbok dworqdkqd dkq}d njlidq}n y aoil}foril rdwtnj dk dj blisjdel

b}nkdlfnbonj* tqojounkal iqlalr ad Il}flidq}n Hdliq}obn ad q}dr

aoidkrolkdr+ Drqlr okvdrqohnal}dr nfo}ink gnmd} dkblkq}nal aofd}dkbonr

rohkofobnqovnr dkq}d nimlr rdwlr qnkql dk dj qninl 'inyl} dk dj inrbtjokl/

blil dk jn fl}in 'inyl} drsnbol knrlfn}khdl* inyl}dr okrd}bolkdr

itrbtjn}dr dk rdwl inrbtjokl/* jl ~td rthod}d ~td dj aoil}foril rdwtnj nfdbqn

jn fl}in adj blisjdel b}nkdlfnbonj* ntidkqnkal jnr vn}onmjdr nbqtnjidkqd

aorslkomjdr dk Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn sn}n drqnmjdbd} dj h}nal ad aoil}foril dkq}d

nimlr rdwlr+

Jnr bn}nbqd}rqobnr ~td ank btdkqn adj aoil}foril rdwtnj }dbomdk

okfjtdkbonr ad vn}onmjdr qnkql hdkqobnr blil nimodkqnjdr ~td* dk blketkql*

q}ndk blil blkrdbtdkbon vn}onbolkdr dk dj h}nal ad aoil}foril rdwtnj+

63 No}qlk y Rdh}d* =3326> Md}}y* >?680 Stbbon}djjo* >?8=0 Blbojlvl >?82* >?84* >?870 Sd}oulkotr* >?8?0 Fokkdhnk y

In}bro`* >?8?0 Blbojlvl dq nj+* >?7=0 Blbojlvl y Mnffo* >?740 Lrrdimd}h* >?78* dk Blbojlvl*

>??6+6= Blbojlvl* >?82* >?84* >?87* >??40 Blbojlvl dq nj+* >?7=62 ]lrnr y Mnrqo}* =33=


26/126

=3

Qnimok rd gn blkrqnqnal ~td aovd}rnr vn}onmjdr nimodkqnjdr johnanr n

njqd}nbolkdr ad jnr blkaobolkdr ad rnjta s}latbdk aorioktbok adj h}nal ad

aoil}foril rdwtnj n dwsdkrnr adj rdwl inrbtjokl* ~todkdr aoioktydk rt sdrl*

qnjjn y }lmtrqdu61+ Drqnr dvoadkbonr rthod}dk ~td jnr slmjnbolkdr inrbtjoknr

rlk ir rdkromjdr n jnr vn}onbolkdr nimodkqnjdr* dk qnkql ~td dj rdwl fdidkokl

s}drdkqn inyl} }drorqdkbon frobn n jlr bnimolr nimodkqnjdr navd}rlr+

Stbbon}djjo 64 s}lslkd ~td jlr dfdbqlr s}lvlbnalr sl} jn adrktq}obok dk

slmjnbolkdr inrbtjoknr s}latbd aorftkbok hlknanj* blk jn blkrdbtdkqd

aorioktbok adj nsl}qd ad qdrqlrqd}lkn+ Qnimok rthod}d ~td dworqdk alr

sd}lalr ad nsn}obok ad jlr bn}nbqd}dr rdwtnjdr rdbtkan}olr5 tkl qdis}nkl* djbtnj nsn}dbd dk jn dqnsn s}dstmd}nj* lmrd}vnal dk dj sd}idq}l bdfjobl y lq}l

qn}al* ~td rd inkofodrqn dk jn dqnsn stmd}nj* lmrd}vnal n sn}qo} adj ntidkql

adj sdrl* ad jn qnjjn y jn }lmtrqdu ad jlr drsdboidkdr inrbtjoklr dk

blisn}nbok blk jlr fdidkoklr+

Dk blkqdwqlr n}~tdljhoblr* dj aoil}foril rdwtnj rd gn tqojounal blil

okaobnal} ad drq}r nimodkqnj66+

61 Gnjj* >?870 Rqoko* >?7=* >?740 Gtrr)Nrgil}d dq nj+* >?7=0 Rqokrlk* >?740 Stbbon}djjo dq nj+*

>??6* dk Blbojlvl >??6+64 Stbbon}djjo* >??6+66 Blbojlvl* >??1


27/126

=>

=+= LMEDQOVLR

=+=+> LMEDQOVL HDKD]NJ5

Drqtaon} dj dfdbql ad jn ABO rlm}d jn dws}drok il}fljhobn bnjvn}on admoan nj

aoil}foril rdwtnj* dk slmjnbok bgojdkn nbqtnj y s}dgorskobn+

=+=+= LMEDQOVLR DRSDBFOBLR5

Blkrq}to} insnr ad gliljlhnr sn}n anqlr ad goqlr dk =A dk vorqnr f}lkqnjdr y

jnqd}njdr ou~tod}anr+

Drqoin} dj rdwl ad bnan drsdboidk dk dj slrqb}kdl blk vn}onmjdr kl iq}obnr*

'blkq}lj ad drqoinbok b}nkdnkn adj rdwl/+

Bjnrofobn} jn itdrq}n sl} A+B+O+ 'L+ Drsltdyr sn}n Sobn 7 y R+ ^tdvdal sn}n

Sornhtn/+

Drqnmjdbd} jnr bn}nbqd}rqobnr il}fljhobnr ir blkrsobtnr ~td aofd}dkbonkb}kdlr fdidkoklr ad inrbtjoklr* qnkql dk jn bljdbbok kl adfl}inan* blil dk

bljdbbolkdr blk A+B+O+

Nknjoun} dj dfdbql ad jn A+B+O+ rlm}d jn il}fljlhn bnjvn}on+

Bn}nbqd}oun} jnr vn}onbolkdr il}fljhobnr s}latboanr sl} jn A+B+O+

Nknjoun} drqnarqobnidkqd jlr dvdkqtnjdr dfdbqlr ad jn A+B+O+ rlm}d jn dws}drok

bnjvn}on adj aoil}foril rdwtnj+

Slkd} dk vnjl} jnr bljdbbolkdr tqojounanr dk drqd drqtaol+


28/126

==

=+2 GOSQDROR

=+2+> GOSQDROR DRQNARQOBNR5

G35 Jn adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn okqdkbolknj kl nfdbqn rohkofobnqovnidkqd jn

dws}drok bnjvn}on adj aoil}foril rdwtnj+

G>5 Jn adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn okqdkbolknj ded}bd tk dfdbql drqnarqobnidkqdrohkofobnqovl rlm}d jn dws}drok b}nkdnj adj aoil}foril rdwtnj+

=+2+= GOSQDROR MOLJHOBNR5

G35 Jnr vn}onbolkdr il}fljhobnr ~td s}drdkqnk jlr b}kdlr rlidqoalr n

adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn okqdkbolknj rlk okadsdkaodkqdr }drsdbql ad jnr

vn}onbolkdr il}fljhobnr s}latboanr sl} dj aoil}foril rdwtnj+

Jn adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn okqdkbolknj kl nfdbqn jn drqoinbok adj

aoil}foril rdwtnj dk b}kdlr+ 'GOSLQDROR AD JN OKQ]NRBDADKBON AD JN

ADFL]INBOK B]NKDNKN OKQDKBOLKNJ DK JN DRQOINBOK AD RDWL

DK OKAOVOATLR/+

G>5 Jnr vn}onbolkdr il}fljhobnr bnjvn}onr admoanr nj aoil}foril rdwtnj rlk

adsdkaodkqdr ad jnr vn}onbolkdr il}fljhobnr s}latboanr sl} jn s}bqobn ad ABOJn adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn okqdkbolknj bntrn tk rdrhl dk jn drqoinbok

adj aoil}foril rdwtnj dk b}kdlr+ 'GOSQDROR ADJ DFDBQL NBQOVL AD JN

ADFL]INBOK B]NKDNKN OKQDKBOLKNJ DK JN DRQOINBOK AD RDWL

DK OKAOVOATLR/+


29/126

=2

=+2+2 S]DAOBBOLKDR AD]OVNANR AD JNR GOSQDROR

Ro G3 dr vd}anad}n* dkqlkbdr* jnr vn}onbolkdr il}fljhobnr ~td dwsd}oidkqdk

jlr b}kdlr rlidqoalr n adfl}inbok b}nkdnkn okqdkbolknj kl njqd}n}k

rohkofobnqovnidkqd jlr goqlr y }dholkdr nknqiobnr ~td rlk ad blkrdkrl dk jn

s}bqobn ad jn Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn sn}n drqoin} dj rdwl ad jlr okaovoatlr+

2+ INQD]ONJ _ IQLALR

2+>+ BLISLROBOK AD JN ITDRQ]N

Jn itdrq}n drqtvl blistdrqn sl} tk qlqnj ad >2> b}kdlr 'k9>2>/+ Rd

dwniokn}lk 24 b}kdlr adj roqol Sobn 7* 14 b}kdlr s}lvdkodkqdr ad jlr roqolr N*

B* A* y G ad Sornhtn y 4> b}kdlr s}lvdkodkqdr ad jn bljdbbok Bdidkqd}ol

Hdkd}nj68* ~td ftd tqojounal blil h}tsl blkq}lj sl} kl s}drdkqn} A+B+O+

_n ~td kl qlalr jlr b}kdlr staod}lk rd} flqlh}nfonalr n sn}qo} ad jnr

alr vorqnr s}okbosnjdr* 'f}lkqnj y jnqd}nj ou~tod}an/* admoal nj drqnal ad

f}nhidkqnbok ad djjlr sn}n drqnr vorqnr* jlr vnjl}dr qlqnjdr sl} vorqn aofod}dk dk

njhtklr bnrlr+ Jn qnmjn OOO }drtid dj kid}l ad vorqnr flqlh}nfonanr sn}n bnan

rdwl dk drqnr slmjnbolkdr y jlr qlqnjdr ad vorqnr sl} rdwl y jnal+

QNMJN OOO+ Kid}l ad vorqnr flqlh}nfonalr sn}n bnan slmjnbok rdhk rdwl drqoinal+

ITDRQ]N F]LKQNJ JNQD]NJ QLQNJRDWL F I F I F}lkqnj Jnqd}nj

Bdi+ H}nj == =2 =1 =8 14 4>

Sobn 7 =2 >2 => >1 26 24

Sornhtn >8 =? >7 =8 16 14

Qlqnj 6= 64 62 67 >=8 >2>

68 Jn bljdbbok Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj slrdd tklr klvdbodkqlr okaovoatlr+


30/126

=1

2+=+ ITDRQ]N BDIDKQD]OL HDKD]NJ5Jn bljdbbok Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj bl}}drslkad n tkn alknbok sl} sn}qd ad drqd

l}hnkoril n jn Tkovd}roana ad Bgojd* ad tkn bnkqoana ns}lwoinan ad ?33

dr~tdjdqlr 'k?33/* sd}qdkdbodkqdr n blkqdwqlr rtmnbqtnjdr+ Drqn bljdbbok ftd

dwbnvnan dk alr dqnsnr at}nkqd jn abnan ad >?83 y ftd foknkbonal sl} dj

s}lydbql FLKADB_Q K+>3=7)?>+

Jn bljdbbok drq }ds}drdkqnan s}okbosnjidkqd sl} okaovoatlr ad drq}nql

rlboldblkiobl idaol y mnel ~td gnmoqn}lk jn ]dhok Idq}lsljoqnkn y ~tdit}od}lk at}nkqd jn abnan ad >?43+ Drqn slmjnbok rd} blkroad}nan dk jn

itdrq}n blil h}tsl blkq}lj admoal n ~td kl slrddk A+B+O+

Jn Qnmjn OV itdrq}n jn aorq}omtbok ad nsdjjoalr adkq}l ad jn bljdbbok

~td s}drdkqn drqd qosl ad okfl}inbok+ Ad jlr dr~tdjdqlr lmrd}vnalr dk drqd

drqtaol* jn inyl}n '?1$/ s}drdkqn nsdjjoalr ad l}ohdk drsnlj* rdhtoal ity

slrqd}ol}idkqd sl} nsdjjoalr ad l}ohdk instbgd '2*7$/ y nsdjjoalr ad lq}nr

knbolknjoanadr '=*8$/+ Jl nkqd}ol} rthod}d ~td drqn slmjnbok stdad rd}

blkroad}nan }ds}drdkqnqovn ad bgojdklr idrqoulr* slromjdidkqd ad jn}hn anqn+

Ad drqn bljdbbok rd rdjdbbolkn}lk dr~tdjdqlr ~td slrdyd}nk rljnidkqd

nimlr nsdjjoalr drsnljdr* blk dj fok ad jlh}n} inyl} glilhdkdoana fdklqsobn

y ~td kl s}drdkqn}nk snqljlhnr b}nkdnknr+

Jn bljdbbok rd bn}nbqd}oun sl} s}drdkqn} h}nk bnkqoana ad n}q}lsnqnr d

okrd}bolkdr itrbtjn}dr in}bnanr* snqljlhnr ~td kl ftd}lk nqdkaoanr n sdrn}

ad jlr nvnkbdr dk rnjta ~td yn dworqnk dk drn slbn 'q}ntinqorilr blil

f}nbqt}nr ~td ad}ovn}lk n kdb}lror ad jn sodun nfdbqnan* bn}odr ad in}bnandwqdkrok* dkq}d lq}nr snqljlhnr/* s}drdkbon ad dwqdkrnr sjnbnr ad q}qn}l

adkqnj* nadir ad kl slblr bnrlr ad snqljlhnr bn}dkbonjdr '}n~toqoril y

lrqdlsl}lror s}okbosnjidkqd/0 sl} lq}n sn}qd* jn }dvorok ad jnr bntrnr ad itd}qd

ad itbglr ad drqlr okaovoatlr an btdkqn ad jn adfobodkbon njoidkqn}on ~td drqd

h}tsl slrdd 'oknkobok* `xnrgol}`l}* dkq}d lq}nr/+


31/126

=4

Jl nkqd}ol} sd}ioqd rthd}o} ~td drqn slmjnbok rtf}o okqdkrl drq}r

nimodkqnj* bn}nbqd}ounal sl} dsorlaolr ad aorqokqnr okqdkroanadr sl} ads}ovnbok

njoidkqn}on* in}bnal drftd}ul frobl* mnel kovdj ad gohodkd* drbnrl nbbdrl n jn

rnjta* njqn dwslrobok s}okbosnjidkqd ad dkfd}idanadr okfdbbolrnr+

QNMJN OV+ Aorq}omtbok ad jlr Nsdjjoalr dk jn Bljdbbok Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj+

Rok Oa+ Instbgd Drsnlj Dwq}nked}l QLQNJ

K 123 >7 12? >2 ?33

$ 17 = 1? >*11 >33

Qlalr drqlr }drqlr rdlr rd dkbtdkq}nk adslroqnalr dk jlr jnml}nql}olr ad

nkq}lsljlhn frobn ad jn Fnbtjqna ad Bodkbonr Rlbonjdr ad jn Tkovd}roana ad

Bgojd y bl}}drslkadk s}okbosnjidkqd n okaovoatlr blisjdqlr dk drqnal

dr~tdjdqounal+

2+2+ ITDRQ]N SOBN 75

Dj Lnror ad Sobn rd tmobn dk jnr i}hdkdr l}odkqnjdr ad jn Snisn adj

Qnin}thnj* n jlr sodr ad jn s}d)bl}aojjd}n* n tkn njqt}n ad >+=33 idq}lr rlm}d dj

kovdj adj in}+ Dj bdidkqd}ol ad Sobn 7 rd jlbnjoun rlm}d tkn sjnkobod ad n}dkn

blk johd}l adbjovd ad drqd n ldrqd+

N sn}qo} ad drqd bdidkqd}ol rd adfokd dk s}oid}n okrqnkbon dj Blisjdel

Sobn)Qn}nsnb* sd}qdkdbodkqd nj sd}lal Okqd}idaol Qn}al '>333 >133 a+ B+/

sl} jl ~td rt }djdvnkbon adkq}l adj blkqdwql ad jn n}~tdljlhn ad jn }dhok dr ad

rtin oisl}qnkbon+

Dj Blisjdel Sobn)Qn}nsnb rd blkroad}n blil tkn nh}tsnbok adrlbodanadr ad qosl rdl}lr l rlbodanadr ad }nkhl ~td gnmoqn}lk drqn }dhok

at}nkqd dj sd}lal Okqd}idaol Qn}al '>333 >133 a+B+/* roiojn} n jnr

slmjnbolkdr adj Kl}qd H}nkad y dk hdkd}nj* ad jlr Nkadr Bdkq}l)Rt}67+ Drqlr

rdl}lr* dk qnkql rorqdinr rlbonjdr* sd}rdhto}nk tk okqd}r mrobl adj glim}d

67 Kdu >?860 Kdu y Aojjdgny >??40 Rbgonssnbnrrd dq nj+ >?7?


32/126

=6

nkaokl* bl}}drslkaodkqd n jn ntqlrtfobodkbon l rtrqdkqnmojoana rlbonj y

dblkiobn* rlsl}qnan rlm}d blisjdenr drq}tbqt}nr rlbonjdr y }dfoknalr

idbnkorilr ad dbl)blisjdidkqn}odana d okqd}nbbok qkobn6?+

Drqd roqol dvoadkbon kovdjdr ad ed}n}~tounbok dkq}d jlr slmjnal}dr adj

Blisjdel Sobn)Qn}nsnb* etkql blk jn nroidq}n dk jn }daorq}omtbok ad jlr

}dbt}rlr y lmedqlr* nr blil drsdbonjounbok ad jnr nbqovoanadr83+

N dwbdsbok ad tkn }dvorok snjdlsnqljhobn }dnjounan sl} Itkounhn8> y

ad tk okfl}id ad q}nmnel s}drdkqnal }dbodkqdidkqd 8= * kl dworqd okfl}inbok

molnkq}lsljhobn rlm}d drqn bljdbbok* sl} jl ~td dr rtinidkqd oisl}qnkqd

sn}n jn n}~tdljlhn ad drqn ulkn dj drqtaol ad djjn* sl} rd} nadir* jn ~tdadfokd btjqt}njidkqd tk Blisjdel Btjqt}nj+

Drqn bljdbbok rd dkbtdkq}n s}lvorl}onidkqd tmobnan dk jlr jnml}nql}olr

ad jn Fnbtjqna ad Bodkbonr Rlbonjdr ad jn Tkovd}roana ad Bgojd+ Dj qlqnj ad jn

bljdbbok drq blkqnmojounal dk >33 okaovoatlr* ad jlr btnjdr 86 rd dkbtdkq}nk

dr~tdjdqlkounalr* dk qnkql ~td dj }drql rd dkbtdkq}n dk drqnal ad

iliofobnbok+

Blk }drsdbql n jn A+B+O+ s}drdkqd dk drqn slmjnbok* Lrbn} Drsltdyr

'OKFL]ID FLKADB_Q >323?=2/ lmrd}vn ~td jn inyl} sn}qd ad drnr

adfl}inbolkdr blis}dkad nj rdwl fdidkokl '64*=>$/* iodkq}nr ~td dkq}d jlr

glim}dr s}dalioknk jlr kl adfl}inalr* ntk~td njhtklr rlm}drnjdk sl} rt

adfl}inbok qnmtjn} y bo}btjn} d}dbqnr+ ]drsdbql ad drqlr jqoilr* jnr

adfl}inbolkdr bo}btjn}dr rd}nk nqsobnr* ir modk vokbtjnanr n jn blrqn ad

N}obn y Sornhtn* ir l idklr glilhkdnr dkq}d glim}dr y ited}dr+

Jn Qnmjn OV itdrq}n jn aorq}omtbok rdhk rdwl ad jnr adfl}inbolkdr

b}nkdnknr ad drqn slmjnbok82+

6? Kdu y Aojjdgny >??40 It}}n >?8= y >?8783 Kdu* >?728> Itkounhn* >?81n8= ]dqninj y Snbgdbl* =33182 Drsltdyr* bli+ sd}r+


33/126

=8

QNMJN OV+ Aorq}omtbok rdhk dj rdwl ad jnr adfl}inbolkdr b}nkdnknr sl}

vorqn dk Sobn 7 'BD5 Bo}btjn} D}dbql* BL5 Bo}btjn} Lmjobtl* KA5 Kl

Adfl}inal* QD5 Qnmtjn} D}dbql* QL5 Qnmtjn} Lmjobtl/+

F]LKQNJ JNQD]NJ

SOBN 7 Fdi Inrb Fdi Inrb

BD > = > =

BL 3 = 3 =

KA 2 4 = 4

QD 1 2 1 2

QL >4 > >1 =

QLQNJ =2 >2 => >1

2+1+ ITDRQ]N SORNHTN5

Dk jnr bd}bnknr ad jn jlbnjoana ad Sornhtn ftd}lk dwbnvnalr dk >?>2 sl} Inw

Tgjd* btnq}l bdidkqd}olr s}dgorskoblr bl}}drslkaodkqdr n q}dr sd}lalr

btjqt}njdr5 >/ Fl}inqovl 'S}lqlknubn rdhk Tgjd 81 /* }ds}drdkqnal sl} dj

bdidkqd}ol A* narb}oql nj sd}lal rdionjadnkl '>333 nB+ nj 433 nB+/ ad

Itlu 84 sn}n jn blrqn* dk alkad* rd slrqtjn jn blkqoktoana ad jn q}naobok

blrqd}n gnrqn jn o}}tsbok adj sd}lal nh}bljn njadnkl0 =/ Sd}lal Idaol

'Qoxnkn`t rdhk Tgjd86/* }ds}drdkqnal sl} jlr bdidkqd}olr B y N0 y 2/ Sd}lal

Okqd}idaol Qn}al 'Sd}lal Nqnbnidl rdhk Tgjd 88 /* }ds}drdkqnal sl} dj

bdidkqd}ol G+

Jn itdrq}n qlqnj btdkqn blk >=3 dr~tdjdqlr '48 inrbtjoklr* 11

fdidkoklr y >? rtmnatjqlr* rdhk Blbojlvl 87 /+ Jn A+B+O+ s}drdkqd dk drqn

bljdbbok* vn}n* adrad dj qosl bo}btjn} s}drdkqd dk jnr slmjnbolkdr ir

81 Tgjd* >?>?m84 Itlu* >?8?86 Tgjd* ls+ boq+88 Tgjd* ls+ boq+87 Blbojlvl* >??1* s+woo+


34/126

=7

qdis}nknr* gnrqn jnr adfl}inbolkdr ad qosl qnmtjn}* dk jnr slmjnbolkdr ir

qn}anr+

Drqlr bdidkqd}olr drqk }ds}drdkqnkal tkn slmjnbok ~td* n sdrn} ad

jlr bnimolr btjqt}njdr ~td rlrqtvod}lk adrad dj Sd}lal Fl}inqovl gnrqn dj

Sd}lal Okqd}idaol Qn}al* inkqtvod}lk tkn dblklin mnrnan

ftkanidkqnjidkqd dk jn dwsjlqnbok ad jlr }dbt}rlr in}oklr* blisjdidkqnal

blk }dbt}rlr blkqokdkqnjdr+ Sl} drql ioril* sn}n Blbojlvl8?* drqn slmjnbok

s}drdkqn tk s}lbdrl jlbnj ad jdvd okb}didkql h}natnj adj sn}dkqdrbl n jl jn}hl

adj qodisl* ilad}nal sl} dj nsl}qd ioh}nql}ol+ Sl} lq}n sn}qd* T}omd73* rthod}d n

sn}qo} ad nkjoror bd}ioblr* ~td dworqd tk s}daliokol jlbnj f}dkqd jl fl}kdl*qnkql dk bdidkqd}olr ir qn}alr 'Sornhtn K/ blil qdis}nklr 'Sornhtn M/+

QNMJN V+ Aorq}omtbok Rdwtnj ad jnr Adfl}inbolkdr B}nkdnknr dk

Sornhtn 'bli+ sd}r+ Drsltdyr/+

F]LKQNJ JNQD]NJ

SORNHTN Fdi Inrb Fdi Inrb

BD = 2 > =

BL 4 7 1 ?

KA = 8 2 8

QD 6 1 4 =

QL = 8 4 8

QLQNJ >8 =? >7 =8

8? Blbojlvl* >??1+73 T}omd* =332+


35/126

Foht}n >5 Insn blk jn jlbnjounbok }djnqovn ad jlr roqolr drqtaonalr dk jn

s}drdkqd okvdrqohnbok+

2+4+ IQLALR

At}nkqd yn q}dr rohjlr* jn Nkq}lsljlhn Frobn blil aorbosjokn bodkqfobn blk

bjn}nr mnrdr dk jn Moljlhn* rd gn okqd}drnal dk jn vn}onmojoana moljhobn ad jlr

rd}dr gtinklr* blk lmedqovlr mnrqnkqd bjn}lr 7> 5 dvljtbok* blisn}nbok*

bjnrofobnbok y dwsjobnbok ad jn aovd}roana moljhobn gtinkn0 jl ~td gn jjdvnal

n drqn aorbosjokn n qlin} ad jnr bodkbonr moljhobnr tkn h}nk bnkqoana adidqlaljlhnr* dkq}d djjnr jnr okvljtb}nanr blk jn adrb}osbok y nkjoror adj

qninl y jn fl}in ad jlr lmedqlr moljhoblr+

Jlr s}oid}lr drqtaolr }dnjounalr disjdnkal drqnr idqlaljlhnr rd

mnrnmnk s}okbosnjidkqd dk jn adrb}osbok ad rt lmedql ad drqtaol+ At}nkqd dj

7>Btvod}* >733+

=?


36/126

23

rohjl WW* etkql blk jn okbl}sl}nbok ad nkjoror drqnarqoblr n jlr nkjoror

adrb}osqovlr* drqn bodkbon* etkql blk jn Moljlhn* bliodkun n dwsd}oidkqn} tkn

q}nkrobok adrad tk kovdj adrb}osqovl n tkl btnkqoqnqovl 7= + Jlr nkjoror

il}fljhoblr okbjtnk* nadir ad jnr adrb}osbolkdr ad jn fl}in* q}nqniodkqlr

drqnarqoblr blil dj bldfobodkqd ad bl}}djnbok ad Sdn}rlk 72 * dj nkjoror ad

vn}onkun 71 y dj nkjoror ad blislkdkqdr s}okbosnjdr* ~td jd s}lvdnk }ohl}

bodkqfobl n jnr okvdrqohnbolkdr y bnsnboana s}daobqovn+ Rdhk Nanir dq nj+74* n

idaonalr adj rohjl WW* jn adrb}osbok btnkqoqnqovn ad jn fl}in moljhobn drqnmn

blimoknan blk nkjoror drqnarqoblr ~td adrb}omdk jlr snq}lkdr ad vn}onbok ad

jn fl}in* adkq}l y dkq}d h}tslr* ankal okobol nr n jn Il}flidq}n Bjrobn+Dk jn s}drdkqd okvdrqohnbok* rd adfoko} il}flidq}n blil dj drqtaol ad

jn vn}onbok ad jn fl}in y rt blvn}onbok blk lq}nr vn}onmjdr76+

Jn il}flidq}n bjrobn 78 * adrn}}ljjnan s}okbosnjidkqd at}nkqd dj rohjl

WW* blkrorqd ftkanidkqnjidkqd dk jn nsjobnbok ad nkjoror drqnarqoblr

itjqovn}onalr n tk rdq ad vn}onmjdr il}fljhobnr+ Jnr idaoanr jokdnjdr

'aorqnkbon dkq}d alr stkqlr adkq}l ad tk lmedql moljhobl/ rlk jnr vn}onmjdr ir

tqojounanr* ntk~td qnimok rd disjdnk khtjlr y }naolr+ Jlr nkjoror

drqnarqoblr itjqovn}onalr ir disjdnalr rlk jlr nkjoror ad blislkdkqdr

s}okbosnjdr* nkjoror ad vn}onmjdr bnkkobnr y nkjoror ad ftkbolkdr

aorb}oioknkqdr77+

Tkl ad jlr s}lmjdinr ftkanidkqnjdr ad jnr qbkobnr il}fliq}obnr

q}naobolknjdr dr jn adsdkadkbon dkq}d jn fl}in y dj qninl adj lmedql drqtaonal

'Mll`rqdok dq+ nj+* >??4/+ Sl} djjl* rd disjdn}lk fnbql}dr ad bl}}dbbok adj

qninl* blk dj fok ad aoriokto} dj dfdbql ~td rqd s}lvlbnmn dk jlr nkjoror+ Rok

7= }dv+ Mll`rqdok* >??772 Sdn}rlk* >7?471 Forgd}* >?2474 Nanir dq nj+* =33276 Mll`rqdok* >??>0 A}yadk nka In}aon* >??70 Nanir dq nj+* =33278 In}btr* >??30 ]dyidkq* >??>77 Nanir dq nj+* =332


37/126

2>

dimn}hl dj trl ad alr fnbql}dr ad bl}}dbbok dk tk ioril nkjoror slank an}

}drtjqnalr ity aofd}dkqdr7?+

Sl} lq}n sn}qd* jn gliljlhn ad jnr aorqnkbonr jokdnjdr dr ity aofboj ad

s}dborn}* stdrql ~td kl rd disjdnk stkqlr glijlhlr* rokl ~td rd disjdnk

idaoanr ad aorqnkbonr dkq}d goqlr 'sl} dedisjl5 nkbglr ikoilr y iwoilr/*

~td }datbd n tkn rljn aoidkrok jn okfl}inbok il}fljhobn blkqdkoan dk jlr

lmedqlr moljhoblr ~td* sl} rt knqt}njdun* rlk ad q}dr aoidkrolkdr ?3+ Dr adbo}*

jnr qbkobnr ad nkjoror jokdnjdr kl ank btdkqn ad jn fl}in ad jlr lmedqlr

nknjounalr* nj blkqdisjn} dk rt drqtaol* aorqnkbonr dkq}d goqlr y kl jn hdlidq}n

~td dworqd dkq}d djjlr+ Nanir ?> dedisjofobn drql btnkal rd ioad dj jn}hl ynkbgl iwoil ad tkn hlqn ad nhtn blisn}nan blk tk vnjl* dk qnkql ~td jlr

alr lmedqlr stdadk qdkd} drqnr idaoanr ohtnjdr y rok dimn}hl* rd}

nmrljtqnidkqd aofd}dkqdr il}fljhobnidkqd+

Sl} jqoil* dj trl ad jnr qbkobnr ad il}flidq}n jokdnj kl sd}ioqd

hdkd}n} }ds}drdkqnbolkdr h}fobnr ad jn fl}in* admoal n ~td kl rd blkrd}vnk

jnr }djnbolkdr hdliq}obnr ad jlr lmedqlr nknjounalr+

N aofd}dkbon ad jn il}flidq}n jokdnj l bjrobn* jn il}flidq}n hdliq}obn

'I+H+/ bnsqt}n jn fl}in hdliq}obn ad jlr lmedqlr moljhoblr* nadir ad drqn}

okbl}sl}nan blk nkjoror drqnarqoblr itjqovn}onalr y ftkbolkdr ad vortnjounbok

ad jn vn}onbok ad jlr blislkdkqdr ad jn fl}in* ~td }dftd}unk jn bnsnboana

s}daobqovn ad jnr okvdrqohnbolkdr ~td tqojounk drqlr iqlalr+ Jn il}flidq}n

hdliq}obn rt}hd n foknjdr ad jlr nlr 73 blil tkn ktdvn inkd}n ad drqtaon}

jn vn}onbok il}fljhobn* blkroad}nkal jn hjlmnjoana ad jn fl}in+ Drqn aorbosjokn

ad}ovn ad jn rkqdror ad alr drbtdjnr5 sl} tkn sn}qd ad jn molidq}n ad @n}j

Sdn}rlk '>748)>?26/* F}nkbor Hnjqlk '>7==)>?>>/* X+ Xdjalk '>763)>?36/ y

]lknja Forgd} '>7?3)>?6=/* ~todkdr nsjobn}lk dj jhdm}n ad jn drqnarqobn

itjqovn}onkqd 's}okbosnjidkqd inq}obdr ad blvn}onkun/ n blketkqlr ad aorqnkbonr

7? Nanir dq nj+* ls+ boq+?3Ls+ boq+?>Ls+ boq+


38/126

2=

n sn}qo} ad tkn itdrq}n ad okaovoatlr0 sl} lq}n sn}qd adj trl ad jn

}ds}drdkqnbok ad jn aofd}dkbon ad jn fl}in idaonkqd }deojjnr ad adfl}inbok

nrlbonan n AN}by Qglisrlk '>763)>?17/

Rd adfoko} il}flidq}n hdliq}obn 'I+H+/ blil dj nkjoror drqnarqobl ad

jn blvn}onkun dkq}d jn fl}in y jlr fnbql}dr bntrnjdr ~td jn ilaofobnk ?=+ Tkl ad

rtr s}okbosnjdr lmedqovlr dr jn adrb}osbok ad jn aovd}roana ad jlr lmedqlr

moljhoblr y jn mr~tdan ad dwsjobnbolkdr bntrnjdr n rt vn}onbok dk qninl y

fl}in?2+ Dk rdkqoal dwqdkrl* drqn ktdvn aorbosjokn moliq}obn rd lbtsn ad jlr

iqlalr ~td sd}ioqdk jn adrb}osbok* sn}qobok y nkjoror ad jn vn}onbok ad jn

fl}in dk slmjnbolkdr ad l}hnkorilr* okadsdkaodkqdidkqd ad jnr vn}onbolkdrad qninl y dk }djnbok n fnbql}dr qnjdr blil dj b}dboiodkql* dj q}nqniodkql

dwsd}oidkqnj y,l jn dvljtbok ad tk h}tsl fokoql ad l}hnkorilr ?1+

Jnr s}lsodanadr ad jn I+H+ ~td gnbdk ad djjn tkn gd}}niodkqn qoj sn}n

dj drqtaol ad jn vn}onbok ad jn fl}in rlk5

Dj disjdl ad inq}obdr ad goqlr ad bll}adknanr blil anql s}oin}ol+

Jnr inq}obdr ad il}flbll}adknanr }dbtsd}nk jn okfl}inbok drsnbonj

ad alr l q}dr aoidkrolkdr s}lson ad jlr lmedqlr moljhoblr5 goqlr

glijlhlr 'jnkain}`r/ blkqdkoalr dk inq}obdr ad il}flbll}adknanr

mo l q}oaoidkrolknjdr* l modk* blkql}klr 'ltqjokdr/ adfokoalr sl}

rdbtdkbonr blkqoktnr ad baohlr l ad bll}adknanr+

Dk rdhtkal jthn}* dj nkjoror ad jnr blkfoht}nbolkdr ad drqlr goqlr

dwq}nd jnr aofd}dkbonr admoanr n drbnjn* }lqnbok y q}nrjnbok*

}dbtsd}nkal jn okfl}inbok drsnbonj blkqdkoan dk jnr drq}tbqt}nr n

blisn}n}+

Sl} jqoil* jnr qbkobnr ad IH sd}ioqdk jn }ds}drdkqnbok vortnj ad

jlr bnimolr ad jn fl}in dk rt rdkqoal hdliq}obl l}ohoknj* nr blil dj

nkjoror kti}obl y drqnarqobl ad aobglr bnimolr* ntidkqnkal

?= Mll`rqdok* >??>?2 Sohjotbbo y Rbgjobgqokh* >??7?1 ]lgjf & In}btr* >??2


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22

rohkofobnqovnidkqd dj vnjl} s}daobqovl ad jlr }drtjqnalr y jnr

blkbjtrolkdr n jlr ~td jjdhn dj okvdrqohnal}+

2+4+>+ Nkjoror ad goqlr nknqioblr l jnkain}`r

Dk I+H+ dworqdk alr qoslr ad nkjoror drqkan}5 jlr ~td nknjounk jlr blkql}klr l

sjnklr ad jnr fl}inr moljhobnr ad alr l q}dr aoidkrolkdr* blklboal blil

nkjoror ad ltqjokdr y jlr ~td nknjounk jn vn}onbok ad jn fl}in n q}nvr ad

stkqlr l goqlr nknqioblr aorstdrqlr rlm}d jlr lmedqlr* blklboal blil

nkjoror ad jnkain`r l ad goqlr aorb}dqlr+ N blkqoktnbok rd dwsjobn} blk

inyl} adqnjjd drqn jqoin qbkobn+

>+ Anqlr S}oin}olr5

Dj nkjoror ad jnkain`r bliodkun blk dj }djdvniodkql adj anql s}oin}ol adj

lmedql moljhobl rlidqoal n drqtaol* dj btnj stdad rd} }dblhoal dk q}dr

aoidkrolkdr* l n q}nvr ad tkn oinhdk adj lmedql moljhobl* blil tkn

flqlh}nfn* tkn }naolh}nfn t lq}l qosl ad oinhdk+

Drqd dr tkl ad jlr stkqlr ir b}tbonjdr ~td rdsn}n jn il}flidq}n jokdnj'I+J+/ ad jn I+H+ Iodkq}nr jn I+J+ }dblhd jn idaoan ad jn aorqnkbon dkq}d alr

goqlr* jl ~td q}nd blil blkrdbtdkbon jn s}aoan ad jn okfl}inbok drsnbonj dkq}d

jnr idaoanr qlinanr* jn I+H+ }dbtsd}n drqn okfl}inbok adj lmedql nknjounal*

stdrql ~td dj goql l jnkain}` }djdvnal slrdd okfl}inbok qnkql dk dj ded w

blil dk y* sn}n alr aoidkrolkdr y dk jlr dedr w*y* u* sn}n q}dr aoidkrolkdr+

Tk blketkql ad drqlr goqlr blkfl}in dj insn ad il}flbll}adknanr ~td

bl}}drslkad}n n tkn }ds}drdkqnbok adj lmedql moljhobl }djdvnal* ad nbtd}aln jnr }dholkdr ad okqd}r ad nkjoror sn}n dj okvdrqohnal}+ Admoal n jl nkqd}ol}* jn

rdjdbbok ad drqlr goqlr dr sn}qd ftkanidkqnj adkq}l adj nkjoror+ Jn adfokobok

ad jlr jnkain}`r l goqlr n blkroad}n} dk jn }dnjounbok adj insn ad

il}flbll}adknanr slrdd bod}qnr s}lsodanadr ~td }drsnjank jn qbkobn ad jn

I+H+ dk blkq}nrqd blk jn I+J+5 jlr jnkain}`r rlk stkqlr n jlr btnjdr dj


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41/126

24

drsdbidkdr* n sn}qo} ad jlr vnjl}dr }droatnjdr ad}ovnalr ad jnr aorqnkbonr

ikoinr btna}nanr }drsdbql ad jn blkfoht}nbok ad blkrdkrl+ Dj blkrdkrl

sn}n tk rdq ad drsdbidkdr dr lmqdkoal sl} tkn rdjdbbok n}moq}n}on adj s}oid}

drsdboidk blil tk blkrdkrl ad s}tdmn* rlm}dslkodkal jtdhl qlalr jlr lq}lr

drsdbidkdr dk drqd blkrdkrl ad s}tdmn y slrqd}ol}idkqd s}lidaonkal qlanr

jnr blkfoht}nbolkdr njokdnanr+ Jn blkfoht}nbok s}lidaol dr* dkqlkbdr* tqojounan

blil tk ktdvl blkrdkrl ad s}tdmn y dkqlkbdr dj s}lbdrl dr oqd}nal gnrqn rt

blkvd}hdkbon??+

2+ Drsnbolr il}fliq}oblr itjqoaoidkrolknjdr

Tkn vdu lbt}}oan jn rlm}dslrobok ad jlr aorqokqlr insnr ad gliljlhnr* rd

}ds}drdkqn bnan drsdboidk blil tk stkql dk tk drsnbol bt}vl* kl Dtbjadl*

jjninal drsnbol ad @dkanjj>33 + Rdhk Rjobd dq nj+>3> * dj drsnbol ad @dkanjj

'@dkanjjr rgnsd rsnbd/ dr jn blkrq}tbbok hdliq}obn ftkanidkqnj dk ~td rd

mnrn jn il}flidq}n hdliq}obn+ Jn aorqnkbon dkq}d stkqlr dk dj drsnbol ad

@dkanjj rd adkliokn aorqnkbon ad S}lbtrql 'S}lb}trqdr aorqnkbd* vd} hjlrn}ol

s+>3?/* ~td rd adfokd blil jn }nu btna}nan ad jn rtin ad jnr aofd}dkbonr nj

btna}nal dkq}d jnr slrobolkdr ad jlr jnkain}`r ad alr blkfoht}nbolkdr

rlm}dstdrqnr nj bdkq}loa roud>3=+ Dj drsnbol ad @dkanjj s}lvdd tk blisjdql rdq

ad nkjoror ad jnr aorqnkbonr ad S}lbtrql dkq}d rdqr n}moq}n}olr ad jnkain`r+ Dk

drqd drsnbol jlr aofd}dkqdr drsdbidkdr 'inq}obdr ad il}flbll}adknanr/ rd

tmobnk }drsdbql adj blkrdkrl 'tmobnal nj bdkq}l adj movn}onal/* ad nbtd}al n jn

aorqnkbon ad S}lbtrql ~td slrddk blk }drsdbql n rqd+ Dj drsnbol ad @dkanjj

nalsqn jn fl}in ad tkn drfd}n btnkal dj lmedql nknjounal slrdd rljnidkqd q}drjnkain}`r 'tk q}okhtjl/+ Iodkq}nr inyl} rdn jn bnkqoana ad jnkain}`r ~td

qdkhn tk lmedql* ir aoidkrolkdr qdka} dj drsnbol ad @dkanjj* sl} jl ~td kl

?? Qsr ]djnqovd Xn}s* qtql}onj+

>33 @dkanjj* >?71>3> Rjobd dq nj+* >??7+>3= Mll`rqdok* >??6+


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26

sla}k rd} }ds}drdkqnanr qlanr jnr aoidkrolkdr nj ioril qodisl* admoal n jn

oislromojoana adj rd} gtinkl ad }ds}drdkqn} lmedqlr dk tk drsnbol inyl} ad

q}dr aoidkrolkdr 'gosd}drsnbol/+

Jnr s}lsodanadr inqdiqobnr adj drsnbol ad jn fl}in rlk ity

blisjdenr* sl} jl ~td kl rd stdadk }dnjoun} nkjoror drqnarqoblr itjqovn}onalr

blkvdkbolknjdr+ Tkn njqd}knqovn dr gnbd} tkn ns}lwoinbok adj drsnbol ad jnr

fl}in kl Dtbjadl n tk drsnbol qnkhdkqd ~td s}drdkqn tkn hdlidq}n Dtbjadn*

~tdankal drqnr inq}obdr l}adknanr dk tk sjnkl moaoidkrolknj+ Dk drqd ktdvl

drsnbol rd s}lydbqnk jlr drsdbidkdr ~td rd dkblkq}nmnk dk dj drsnbol ad

@dkanjj+ Dj stkql ad qnkhdkbon rd tmobn dk jn blkfoht}nbok ad blkrdkrl+

1+ Ftkbok ad Sjnbn Adjhnan 'Q+S+R+/

Sn}n vortnjoun} drqd drsnbol qnkhdkqd* Mll`rqdok>32 nansq tk njhl}oqil 'qgok

sjnqd rsjnok/ mnrnan dk dj drqtaol ad jn adfl}inbok ad foknr jioknr idqjobnr

n jnr adfl}inbolkdr ad jnr fl}inr moljhobnr* nkjlhl n jnr h}ojjnr s}lstdrqnr

sl} AN}by Qglisrlk>31

Sladilr okrb}omo} dk tk rorqdin ad bll}adknanr bn}qdronknr dj blkql}kl ad tk

l}hnkoril P+++Y N blkqoktnbok sladilr q}nqn} drqn P+++Y foht}n dk q}ioklr

hdkd}njdr* blil tkn ftkbok ad w d y+ P+++Y Ro rlidqdilr ktdrq}l rorqdin

}dbqnkhtjn} n adfl}inbok P+++Y njqd}nkal sl} dedisjl jn ao}dbbok ad jlr dedr* jn

}djnbok w,y P+++Y lmqdka}dilr tk ktdvl rorqdin ad bll}adknanr* btyn

adfl}inbok }drsdbql nj qosl l}ohoknj rd} rdhtoan dwnbqnidkqd sl} jn foht}n

okrb}oqn+ Dk lq}nr snjnm}nr* lmqdkdilr tkn ktdvn foht}n ~td }ds}drdkqn n jn

nkqd}ol} mnel tkn ftd}un ir l idklr glilhkdn* y ~td dr tkn ftkbok ad jnr

ktdvnr bll}adknanr* dwnbqnidkqd adj ioril ilal ~td jn foht}n l}ohoknj d}n

ftkbok ad w d y P+++Y+

Dk jn Foht}n = ilrq}nilr tk dedisjl ad drqd ntql}+

>32 Mll`rqdok* >?7?+>31 Qglisrlk* >?>8* ss+ =6= =62+


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Foht}n =5 Adfl}inbok ad h}ojjnr bn}qdronknr rdhk An}by Qglisrlk+

Sn}n slad} }dnjoun} jl nkqd}ol}* rd b}dn y iokoioun jn dkd}hn ad ql}rok

'mdkaokh dkd}hy inq}ow/ kdbdrn}on ad adfl}inbok ad tkn glen idqjobn sn}ngnbd} blokboao} jlr jnkain}`r ad jn blkfoht}nbok idaon blk jlr ad tkn fl}in

adqd}ioknan* dr adbo} jn ql}rok ~td admd hdkd}n} jn h}ojjn sn}n q}nkrfl}in}rd

adrad dj blkrdkrl gnrqn bnan tkl ad jlr drsdboidkdr+ Jtdhl ad tkn rd}od ad

q}nkrfl}inbolkdr n sn}qo} adj bjbtjl ad jn inq}ou ad dkd}hn ad ql}rok* ~td

mtrbnk an} tkn mnrd l}qlhlknj sn}n jn adrb}osbok ad jnr aofd}dkbonr ad jn

fl}in dk dj drsnbol qnkhdkqd nj drsnbol ad @dkanjj 's}okbosnj xn}sr/ y

}ds}drdkqn} jnr ilaofobnbolkdr ad jn fl}in ad bnan drsboidk }drsdbql n jn

blkfoht}nbok ad blkrdkrl 'xdohgq inq}ow/* rd }dnjoun tk nkjoror ad

blislkdkqdr s}okbosnjdr ad tkn aorq}omtbok ad fl}inr dk dj drsnbol qnkhdkqd

'}djnqovd xn}sr/+ Jlr }djnqovd xn}sr rd bnjbtjnk n sn}qo} ad jnr aorqnkbonr ad

S}lbtrql l ad jlr vdbql}dr s}lsolr ad jn adfl}inbok sn}bonj 'sn}bonj xn}sr/ y

adsdkadk adj sn}idq}l + Drqd sn}idq}l dr dj dwslkdkqd blk ~td rd bnjbtjn

jn inq}ou ad adfl}inbolkdr }djnqovnr 'sn}bonj xn}sr/ dk dj nkjoror ad }djnqovd

xn}sr+ Btnkal 93* jlr dedr ad jn adfl}inbok }djnqovn rd blkroad}nk nkjlhlr

n jlr dedr ad tk nkjoror ad blislkdkqdr s}okbosnjdr* s}lsolr ad jlr nkjoror

bjroblr ad drqnarqobn itjqovn}onan y jnr aorqnkbonr dkq}d bnan tkl ad jlr

drsdbidkdr }dhorq}nalr drqk blkqdkoanr dk jnr aorqnkbonr ad S}lbtrql>34+

Jn h}ojjn ad ql}rok stdad }dfjden} jnr vn}onbolkdr tkofl}idr 'blislkdkqd

tkofl}id/ ~td rtf}d* dr adbo}* jnr vn}onbolkdr ~td rtf}dk qlalr jlr stkqlr gnbon

28

>34 ]lgjf y In}btr* >??2


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27

tkn ao}dbbok adqd}ioknan* blkrd}vkalrd jlr dedr sn}njdjlr y rjl

ilaofobkalrd dj khtjl dkq}d djjlr 'blil jn q}nkrfl}inbok ad tk btna}nal n

tk }liml l }dbqkhtjl/ l qnimok jnr vn}onbolkdr jlbnjdr ~td rtf}dk tklr

slblr stkqlr l vn}onbolkdr kl tkofl}idr 'blislkdkqd kl tkofl}id/* ~td gnbdk

sd}ad} dj sn}njdjoril dkq}d jnr jkdnr 'q}nkrfl}inbok ad tk btna}nal n tk

q}nsdbol l q}nsduload/+ Nr* dj okvdrqohnal} stdad lmrd}vn} jn vn}onbok ad tk

drsdboidk n lq}l blil tk blkqoktl* jjninal dk jn joqd}nqt}n nkhjlrnelkn*

il}sgokh+

4+ Nkjoror drqnarqoblrTkl ad jlr stkqlr ir oisl}qnkqdr dr ~td jlr }drtjqnalr ad jn rlm}dslrobok

stdadk rd} nknjounalr drqnarqobnidkqd blk drqn qbkobn adj ioril ilal ~td

dk il}flidq}n q}naobolknj+ Dr dk drqn fnrd dk alkad dj okvdrqohnal} blkq}nrqn

jnr gosqdror drqnarqobnr y moljhobnr* djnml}nanr nkqd}ol}idkqd n jn

okvdrqohnbok* blil q}naobolknjidkqd rd }dnjoun dk Moljlhn+ Jn blkq}nrqnbok rd

jlh}n n sn}qo} adj nkjoror ad blislkdkqdr s}okbosnjdr idkbolknal

nkqd}ol}idkqd* alkad jlr blislkdkqdr ad jn fl}in '}djnqovd xn}s/* nbqnk blil

vn}onmjdr adsdkaodkqdr ad jn vn}onbok ad jn fl}in adkq}l ad tk nkjoror

drqnarqobl itjqovn}onal* ~td stdadk rd} rlidqoanr n s}tdmn mnel jnr vn}onmjdr

okadsdkaodkqdr ~td dj okvdrqohnal} blkroad}n dwsjobnk jn vn}onbok ad jn fl}in+

Hdkd}njidkqd rd gn tqojounal jn }dh}drok ijqosjd* s}okbosnjidkqd adkq}l adj

drqtaol ad s}lbdrlr lkqlhdkqoblr+

Sl} blkrohtodkqd* sn}n jjdvn} n bnml jn dedbtbok adj S}lh}nin ad

Okvdrqohnbok rthd}oal sl} jn I+H+* rd }dnjoun}lk jlr rohtodkqdr snrlr5

>+ Jlr b}kdlr n}~tdljhoblr y rtmnbqtnjdr ftd}lk flqlh}nfonalr dk kl}in

nknqiobn f}lkqnj y jnqd}nj ou~tod}an* rohtodkal sjnkl ad F}nk`ft}q* blk

tkn bin}n aohoqnj Fteo FokdSow 6?33* n >+2 Im ad }drljtbok+ Jnr

flqlh}nfnr ftd}lk }djdvnanr dk drbnjn ad h}ordr y slrqd}ol}idkqd n rt

lmqdkbok rd }lqtjn}lk y daoqn}lk blistqnbolknjidkqd+

=+ Jnr oihdkdr ad jn Bljdbbok ad Sornhtn rd lmqtvod}lk ad jn mnrd ad


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2?

anqlr aorslkomjd dk dj Jnml}nql}ol ad Boqljlhn Dvljtqovn ad Inifd}lr*

Fnbtjqna ad Idaobokn 's}lydbql FLKADB_Q >3=3284/+

Jn drqoinbok ad rdwl ad jn bljdbbok ad Sobn 7 ftd jjdvnan n bnml

rohtodkal jnr okaobnbolkdr rthd}oanr sl} Xgoqd y Mto`rq}n y Tmdjn`d}>36* sn}n jn

il}fljlhn slrqb}nkdnj* s}okbosnjidkqd adj gtdrl blwnj+

Jn drqoinbok ad rdwl ad jn bljdbbok Sornhtn ftd jjdvnan n bnml sl} jn

n}~tdjlhn Rojvon ^tdvdal>38* rohtodkal jlr okaobnal}dr kl iq}oblr ~td rd

trnk ad blkrdkrl sn}n dj b}kdl gtinkl 'adrn}}ljjl y ao}dbbok adj s}lbdrl

inrqloadr* adrn}}ljjl ad hjnmdjn* s}liokdkbon ad okolk* adrn}}ljjl addiokdkbonr f}lkqnjdr* adrn}}ljjl ad s}lqtmd}nkbon lbbosoqnj dwqd}kn* adrn}}ljjl

ad diokdkbon }dq}lqdisl}nj* nkhtjnbolkdr dk hdkd}nj* adrn}}ljjl adj ml}ad

l}moqnj* fl}in ad jnr }moqnr* dqb+>37/* dk qnkql ~td jn bljdbbok ad Bdidkqd}ol

Hdkd}nj slrdd rdwl y dana blklboal* sl} jl ~td rt nrohknbok ftd jjdvnan n

bnml rohtodkal jn okfl}inbok nsl}qnan sl} rtr }drsdbqovnr fobgnr+ Jn

bjnrofobnbok ad jn A+B+O+ ftd jjdvnan n bnml sl} dj n}~tdjlhl Lrbn} Drsltdyr*

rohtodkal jlr sn}idq}lr ad Oimdjjlko>3?+

Dk jn dqnsn ad lmqdkbok adj anql s}oin}ol* rd adfokod}lk* n sn}qo} adj

}djdvniodkql flqlh}fobl* >6 goqlr nknqioblr glijlhlr sn}n jn vorqn f}lkqnj

'Insn >>+>* Nkdwl 1/ y >4 sn}n jn vorqn jnqd}nj ou~tod}an 'Insn >>+= adj Nkdwl

1/+ Sn}n jn vorqn jnqd}nj rd okbjtyd}lk 1 rdtaljnkain}`r 'vd} hjlrn}ol* Nkdwl 6/

blk dj s}lsroql ad nknjoun} jn dkd}hn ad ql}rok ad jn mvdan b}nkdnkn*

s}latbql ad jn A+B+O+ Dj }dhorq}l ad drqlr goqlr rd }dnjou blk dj rlfqxn}d qsrAoh

v+ >+13>>3+

>36 Xgoqd* >??>0 Mto`rq}n y Tmdjn`d}* >??1+>38 Okfl}id ad S}lydbql Flkadbyq >3=3284+>37 Nrbao y Kdidr`}o* >?83>3? Oimdjjlko* r,f+>>3 Rqnqd Tkovd}roqy lf Kdx _l}`* Rqlky M}ll`* K_5 gqqs5,,jofd+mol+rtkyrm+dat,il}sg,rlfq)

anqnnb~+gqij


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Sn}n slkd} n s}tdmn dj d}}l} ad aohoqnjounbok* rd }dnjoun}lk qdrq ad blkfonkun

dk bnan tkn ad jnr slmjnbolkdr sn}n nimnr vorqnr+ Jn Foht}n 2 itdrq}n blil

dedisjl* jn s}tdmn ad blkfonkun }dnjounan dk drqn okvdrqohnbok sn}n ited}dr ad

Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj+ Jn ktmd ad stkqlr 'adkq}l adj btna}nal/ n jn ad}dbgn adj

movn}onal itdrq}n jn blkvd}hdkbon ad jnr aohoqnjounbolkdr rlm}d tk ioril

drsdboidk* okaobnal} ad jn idkl} vn}onkun okq}nslmjnbolknj '}dsdnqr/* nj

blisn}n}jn blk jn vn}onkun okqd}slmjnbolknj+

FOHT]N 25 S}tdmn ad blkfonkun ad jn s}dborok ad jnr idaobolkdr+ Dj

btna}nal okaobn jn aohoqnjounbok }dsdqoan ad jn iorin oinhdk* ~td rd

rdsn}n adj }drql ad jn ktmd ad stkqlr+

Jn stdrqn n s}tdmn ad jnr gosqdror ktjnr ad ntrdkbon ad aofd}dkbonr

drqnarqobnidkqd rohkofobnqovnr dkq}d h}tslr* rd }dnjou idaonkqd nkjororitjqovn}onal sn}n anqlr =A 'NKLVN ad tkn y alr vnr* INKLVN* }dh}drok

ijqosjd itjqovn}onan y nkjoror aorb}oioknkqd/+ Jlr drqnah}nflr disjdnalr rlk

ad Xoj`r y F ad Hllanjj* nbdsqnkal rt rohkofobnkbon mnel dj 4$ '3+34/ ad

s}lmnmojoana ad dfdbql adj nun}+ Jnr vn}onmjdr okadsdkaodkqdr rlidqoanr n

s}tdmn dk drqn okvdrqohnbok rlk rdwl* A+B+O+* qninl y roqol* ~td ftd okbjtoan

13


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48/126

Foht}n 1+ Dr~tdin adj njhl}oqil adj iqlal tqojounal dk dj s}drdkqd drqtaol+

N/ ]DJDVNIODKQL FLQLH]FOBL'Sjnkl ad F}nk`ft}q/

M/ AOHOQNJOUNBOK AD JLRGOQLR L JNKAIN]@R'Adfokobok ad Insn ad

Il}flbll}adknanr/

B/ NKJOROR DWSJL]NQL]OL'qsr]djx/

Nkjoror ad S}lbtrqlIl}sgokhl vortnjounbok ad bnan drsboidk blk

}drsdbql nj blkrdkrl+ Lmrd}vnbok ad jlr h}foblr adaorsd}rok 'w* y/

A/ NKJOROR BLKFO]INQL]OL'qsr}dh}/+

INKLVN y Nkjoror Aorb}oioknkqd+

D/ S]DRDKQNBOK DK H]NFOBLR*QNMJNR* ADKA]LH]NINR* DQB+Fdklh}ninr dk KQR_R)SB

1=


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1+ ]DRTJQNALR

1+>+ Nkjoror Okq}nslmjnbolknj5

1+>+>+ Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj5

1+>+>+>+ Vorqn F}lkqnj5

Jn Foht}n 4 itdrq}n jn aorq}omtbok ad jlr b}kdlr dk vorqn f}lkqnj sn}n jlr alr

s}oid}lr }djnqovd xn}sr'w9 ]X>0 y9 ]X=/+

FOHT]N 4+ Aorq}omtbok ad jlr drsdbidkdr ad Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj dk

vorqn f}lkqnj+ Rd okbjtydk jnr h}ojjnr ad ql}rok blk }drsdbql nj blkrdkrl

sn}n bnan ]X 'w>3/+

12


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11

Dk drqd h}fobl rd ns}dbon bjn}nidkqd jn rdsn}nbok sl} rdwl ad jlr

drsdbidkdr n jl jn}hl adj s}oid}}djnqovd xn}s']X>/+ Jnr vn}onbolkdr dkq}d dj

blislkdkqd tkofl}id y kl tkofl}id kl ftd}lk rohkofobnqovnr+

Dj aoil}foril rdwtnj dk drqn slmjnbok rd dws}drn dk jn drbnin f}lkqnj

dk dj ded b}kdl)bntanj+ Jlr glim}dr s}drdkqnk idkl} dwsnkrok }drsdbql ad

jnr ited}dr0 dk jn diokdkbon sn}odqnj }drsdbql nj sjnkl rnhoqnj dk dj sjnkl

q}nkrvd}rl+ Jlr b}kdlr inrbtjoklr s}drdkqnk inyl} dwsnkrok q}nkrvd}rn

}drsdbql ad b}kdlr fdidkoklr* blil rd lmrd}vn dk boholk+ Jlr b}kdlr

inrbtjoklr s}drdkqnk inyl} dwsnkrok }drsdbql ad b}kdlr fdidkoklr* dk jlr

goqlr dk jn }dhok fnbonj dk dj ded b}kdl)bntanj+ Jlr glim}dr s}drdkqnk inyl}dwsnkrok fnbonj }drsdbql ad jnr ited}dr+

Jn bl}}drslkadkbon dkq}d drqnr vn}onbolkdr dr jn rohtodkqd5

Jn dwsnkrok ad jn drbnin f}lkqnj rd nrlbon blk jn blkq}nbbok ad jn

diokdkbon sn}odqnj* jn blkq}nbbok ad boholk }drsdbql nj sjnkl rnhoqnj y jn

blkq}nbbok fnbonj dk dj ded nsobnj)bntanj+ Drqd qosl dr bn}nbqd}rqobl ad b}kdlr

fdidkoklr+

Nj blkq}n}ol* jn blkq}nbbok ad jn drbnin f}lkqnj rd nrlbon blk jn

dwsnkrok ad jn diokdkbon sn}odqnj }drsdbql adj sjnkl rnhoqnj* jn dwsnkrok ad

boholk }drsdbql nj sjnkl rnhoqnj y jn dwsnkrok fnbonj dk jd ded b}kdl)bntanj+

Drqd qosl dr bn}nbqd}rqobl ad b}kdlr inrbtjoklr+

Dk btnkql nj rdhtkal }djnqovd xn}s ']X=/* drqd kl }dfjden jn rdsn}nbok

sl} rdwl dk jn itdrq}n* admoal n ~td dwsjobn tk mnel sl}bdkqned ad jn vn}onkun

qlqnj '>1*67$/+

Jnr vn}onbolkdr }dfjdenan sl} dj ]X= lbt}}dk dk jn diokdkbon sn}odqnj*

boholk* }drsdbql nj sjnkl rnhoqnj* }moqn }drsdbql nj sjnkl rnhoqnj* }dhok fnbonj dk

dj ded b}kdl)bntanj+

Jn bl}}drslkadkbon dkq}d drqnr vn}onmjdr dr jn rohtodkqd5

Jn dwsnkrok ad jn diokdkbon sn}odqnj }drsdbql adj sjnkl rnhoqnj rd

nrlbon blk dwsnkrok ad boholk }drsdbql nj sjnkl rnhoqnj* dwsnkrok q}nkrvd}rnj

ad jn }moqn y blkq}nbbok fnbonj dk dj ded b}kdl)bntanj+


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Nj blkq}n}ol* jn blkq}nbbok ad jn diokdkbon sn}odqnj rd nrlbon blk

blkq}nbbok ad boholk* ad jn }moqn y ad jn }dhok fnbonj dk dj ded b}kdl)bntanj+

Jlr nkjoror drqnarqoblr 'Qnmjnr 7+> y 7+= adj Nkdwl 7/ n}}lenk vnjl}dr

rohkofobnqovlr sn}n vn}onmjd rdwl* dk qnkql ~td kl jl gnbd sn}n jn vn}onmjd

qninl 'qnmjn 7+4 adj Nkdwl 7/

Dk }drtidk* jlr }drtjqnalr lmqdkoalr ad jn qbkobn itdrq}nk jn }lmtrqdu

adj dkfl~td sn}n aorb}oiokn} dj aoil}foril rdwtnj dk dj b}kdl gtinkl*

blkfo}inal nisjonidkqd nj tqojoun} jlr iqlalr bjroblr

1+>+>+=+ Vorqn Jnqd}nj5Jn Foht}n 4+> adj Nkdwl 4 itdrq}n jn aorq}omtbok ad jlr b}kdlr dk vorqn jnqd}nj

sn}n jlr alr s}oid}lr }djnqovd xn}sr']X> y ]X=/+

Kl rd lmrd}vn tkn bjn}n rdsn}nbok sl} rdwl* yn ~td jlr b}kdlr rd

nh}tsnk nj bdkq}l adj movn}onal* ntk~td rd lmrd}vn rdsn}nbok dk jlr dwq}dilr

adj ded w+

Sn}n ]X>* jnr vn}onbolkdr ad jn fl}in rd lmrd}vnk dkq}d okolk y jn

s}lydbbok ad jniman* dk jn bt}vnqt}n ad jn mvdan* dk jn bt}vnqt}n ad jn

drbnin sn}odqnj* dk jlr goqlr drsjnbklb}nkdnjdr* ad nbtd}al nj ded

nkqd}lslrqd}ol}+

Jn bl}}drslkadkbon dkq}d drqnr vn}onbolkdr dr jn rohtodkqd5

Jn dwsnkrok dkq}d okolk y jn s}lydbbok ad jniman rd nrlbon blk idkl}

bt}vnqt}n ad jn mvdan y ad jn drbnin f}lkqnj y blk jn blkq}nbbok

nkqd}lslrqd}ol} ad jn }dhok drsjnbklb}nkdnkn+

Sl} dj blkq}n}ol* jn blkq}nbbok dkq}d okolk y jn s}lydbbok ad jniman rd

nrlbon blk ntidkql ad jn bt}vnqt}n ad jn mvdan y ad jn drbnin f}lkqnj y blkdwsnkrok nkqd}lslrqd}ol} ad jn }dhok drsjnbklb}nkdnkn+

]X= }dfjden qnimok vn}onbolkdr ad jn fl}in n kovdj adj kdt}lb}kdl y

drsjnbklb}kdl+

Jnr vn}onbolkdr rd s}drdkqnk dkq}d okolk y dj s}lbdrl inrqloadr* dk jn

bt}vnqt}n ad jn mvdan* dk jn bt}vnqt}n ad jn drbnin adj f}lkqnj* dk jlr goqlr


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drsjnbklb}nkdnjdr dk dj ded b}kdl)bntanj y dk dj sd}foj fnbonj 's}lhknqoril/+

Jn bl}}drslkadkbon dkq}d drqnr bn}nbqd}rqobnr dr jn rohtodkqd5

Jn dwsnkrok dkq}d okolk y dj s}lbdrl inrqloadr rd nrlbon blk

aorioktbok ad jn bt}vnqt}n ad jn mvdan y adj f}lkqnj* blk jn blkq}nbbok

nkqd}lslrqd}ol} ad jlr goqlr fnbonjdr dk dj ded nkqd}lslrqd}ol} y ntidkql adj

s}lhknqoril njvdljn}+

Sl} dj blkq}n}ol* jn blkq}nbbok dkq}d okolk y dj s}lbdrl inrqloadr rd

nrlbon blk ntidkql ad jn bt}vnqt}n ad jn mvdan y adj f}lkqnj* dwsnkrok ad jlr

goqlr fnbonjdr dk dj ded nkqd}lslrqd}ol} y idkl} s}lhknqoril njvdljn}+

Jlr nkjoror drqnarqoblr 'Qnmjn >+> y >+= adj Nkdwl >/ ad drqn itdrq}n}dvdjnk ~td jnr aofd}dkbonr lmrd}vnanr sn}n rdwl kl rlk rohkofobnqovnr ' ad

Xoj`r kl rohkofobnqovl/* dk qnkql ~td jnr aofd}dkbonr sn}n qninl 'Qnmjn >+4/ r jl

rlk+

Dk }drtidk5 dj aoil}foril rdwtnj kl dr lmrd}vnmjd dk vorqn jnqd}nj+ Dj

qninl adj bdkq}load n}}len vnjl}dr rohkofobnqovlr+

1+>+=+ Sobn 75

1+>+=+>+ Vorqn F}lkqnj5

Jn foht}n 4+= adj Nkdwl 4 itdrq}n jn aorq}omtbok ad jn itdrq}n ad Sobn 7 dk

vorqn f}lkqnj sn}n ]X> y ]X=+

Dk drqn itdrq}n* jn rdsn}nbok sl} rdwl dr idklr klql}on dk

blisn}nbok blk Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj* s}lmnmjdidkqd admoal n rt drbnrdu

itdrq}nj+ Jn adfl}inbok ad sjnbn adjhnan 'qsr/ n jl jn}hl adj ]X> s}drdkqn

vn}onbolkdr roiojn}dr n jnr lmrd}vnanr dk Bdidkqd}ol Hdkd}nj* okaobnkal rtnrlbonbok blk dj

efectos de la deformaciÓn craneana intencional sobre la expresiÓn del dimorfismo sexual en...

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