Download - Química en La Industria
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
1/35
QUÍMICAEN LAINDUSTRIA
OLGA RIOJA FERNÁNDEZ
ALEJANDRO LEÓN SOTO1º BACH CIENCIAS
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
2/35
ÍNDICE1.OBTENCIÓN DE PRODUCTOS
INORGÁNICOS DE ALTO VALOR AÑADIDO.2.PROCESOS EN UN ALTO HORNO..HIERRO DE FUNDICIÓN EN ACERO.!.COMPOSICIÓN DE LOS DISTINTOS TIPOS
DE ACERO.". APLICACIÓN DE LOS DISTINTOS TIPOSDE ACERO.
#.IMPORTANCIA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓNCIENTÍFICA EN NUEVOS MATERIALES.
$. BIBLIOGRAFÍA.
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
3/35
1. OBTENCIÓN DE PRODUCTOSINORGÁNICOS DE ALTO VALOR
AÑADIDO.
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
4/35
A%&'()*+,&+- +, )( ,/'0&((3()*+,&(( 0+ +,+(,%3,&,'(*+,&+ +0/'30),3%+)')40%30 5'+- &(&(/30%3,6+,+,&+*+,&+-
&+,+, ', (, ,&+70 ,/'0&()8(( 0' '03 +, )( 83/'%%4,/+ *(&+(0 8*(0 8((
)( 83/'%%4, /+93%3*9'0&9)+0 : /+3&30 83/'%&30 /+ ()&36()3 (;(//3.
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
5/35
• P('&(0 8,%8()+0 8(( )( 39&+,%4, /+ )3083/'%&30 /+ ()&3 6()3 (;(//3< *(&+(0 8*(09=0%(0- &+%,3)3>(0 /+ 9(?( +0%()(- %30&3 +
,@3*(%4, (/%3,() 5'+ 8+*&(, 39&+,+ +) %30&3,() /+ )30 *0*30 : 0' 6()3(%4, /+ ,&+70 +, +)*+%(/3. A 8(& /+ 1 /+ @'&(0 @+0%(0 0+ 8'+/+,
39&+,+ /0&,&30 83/'%&30 (8)%(,/3
9=0%(*+,&+ +) 0+%(/3 : %3*9,(,/3 +) *0*3%3, 3&(0 &+%,3)3>(0 %3*3 40*300 : @&'(+,&+ 3&(0< 1" ( 1 /+ @'&(0 0+%(0 %3, ', 0+%(/+3.
( " /+ @'&(0 *+/(0 %3,&(/(0%3*9,(,/3 83%+030 /+ 40*300 : 0+%(/3.$ ( /+ @'&(0 %3,&(/(0- '0(,/303)(*+,&+ +) @+,4*+,3 /+ 40*300 %3,('%(+0. 2 ( 2" /+ 83/'%&30 0+%30 '0(,/3 ',(
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
6/35
E) '03 /+ 0+%(/+30 ( 8+5'+;( +0%()(-%3*9,(,/3 &+%,3)3>( /+ 0+%(/3 %3, 3&(0 /+
/+0/(&(%4, 8+*&+, 83%+0( %'()5'+ &83/+ @'&( ' 3&()(- ((,&(,/3 +) &(9(?3 /+ )(8)(,&( /+ 83/'%%4, /'(,&+ &3/3 +) (;3. C3*8((,/3 %3, )30 *7&3/30 &(/%3,()+0-+0&( *0*( &+%,3)3>( %3*9,(/(- 8+*&+39&+,+ @'&(0 *+/3 %3,&(/(0 %3, ', %3,&+,/3*+,3 /+ (%(.
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
7/35
L( %(&=)00 +0 ',(&+%,3)3>( *': 6+0=&) 5'+8'+/+ '&)(0+ +, )(0>,&+00 9+,,( /+
83/'%&30 /+ Q'>*%( F,(.
L30 83/'%&30 /+ Q'>*%(F,( 3 P3/'%&30 %3, A)&3
V()3 A;(//3 03, *3)7%')(03=,%(0 %3, +0&'%&'(0
%3*8)+?(0 5'+-+,+()*+,&+- 0+ 39&+,+,+, 83%+030 /+ 83/'%%4,
8+5'+;30.
E0&30 83/'%&30 03, *3)7%')(03=,%(0 %3, +0&'%&'(0%3*8)+?(0- 5'+ 8'+/+, ,%)'6(30 '830 @',%3,()+0 :+&+3=&3*30- +, 0' +0&'%&'(.L30 P3/'%&30 /+ Q'>*%( F,( 0+83/'%+, +, 6(30 0+%&3+0,/'0&()+0 +,&+ )30 5'+ 0++,%'+,&(, )( 0>,&+00 /+8+0&%/(0- 83/'%&30
@(*(%7'&%30- (3*(0-%3)3(,&+0- (/&630- 83/'%&30%30*7&%30- +&%.N3*()*+,&+ +) (0)(*+,&3 :8'%(%4, /+ +0&30 83/'%&30:3 0'0 ,&+*+/30 +5'++ ',(0++ /+ +&(8(0 )(9330(0 : /++)+6(/3 %30&+ +%3,4*%3-++?(/3 &(,&3 +, +) &+*83 /+83/'%%4, : *(&+()+0+*8)+(/30 /'(,&+ +) 83%+03%3*3 +, +) (0&3 +,+7&%3 8((
))+6()(0 ( %(93.
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
8/35
2. PROCESOS EN UN ALTO HORNO.
U, ()&3 3,3 +0 ', 3,3 +08+%() +, +)5'+ &+,+, )'( )( @'04, /+ )30*,+()+0 /+ +3 : )( &(,0@3*(%4,5'>*%(
+, ', *+&() %3 +, +3))(*(/3 ((93.E0&= %3,0&&'/3 83/30 &3,%30 +, @3*(/+ %3,3 ',/30 83 0'09(0+0 *(:3+0. M/+ /+2 ( *+&30 /+ ()&3 :/+ ! ( *+&30 /+ /=*+&30' %(8(%/(/ /+ 83/'%%4, 8'+/+
6(( +,&+ " : 1" &3,+)(/(0
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
9/35
Los hombres primitivossabían ya que haciendo unagran hoguera sobre tierras
ricas en minerales de hierro podían extraer este metal.También sabían queavivando dicha hoguera
mediante una fuertecorriente de aire elrendimiento y la velocidaddel proceso se mejorabannotablemente.
Hoy día, se ha determinadocon exactitud el mecanismoquímico de este proceso elcarb!n empleado
directamente comocombustible u obtenidodurante la combusti!n secombina con el oxígeno de
los !xidos de hierro, parade ar como residuo una
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
10/35
L30 ()&30 3,30(%&'()+0 @',%3,(,9(0(/30 +, +0&+8,%83. S'/+,3*,(%4,836+,+- %3*3 +0,(&'()- /+) (,
&(*(;3 5'+ (, /+&+,+ 8(( 5'+ 0'+,/*+,&3 +0')&++%3,4*%3. E0 ',
+%3 9+, %3,3%/35'+ +) +3- +,8+0+,%( /+) 3>+,3: /+ )( '*+/(/ /+)(+- 0+ 3/(-
@3*=,/30+ 039+ 0'
E0&+ 83%+03 +0- +,+()/(/- +) ,6+03 /+)
/+ 0' 39&+,%4,. M'%30*,+()+0 /+ +38+0+,&(, +) *0*3
%3)3 3?3 : +) *0*3(08+%&3 +,+() 5'+ +)
3>,. O&30 03, /+ %3)3(*())3 3 88'(- :
8'+/+, 8+0+,&(0+ +,@3*( /+ 83)63 3 %3*3
%3,)3*+(/30 /'30. E)*,+() /+ +3 *=0%3*, +0 )( +*(&&(-
5'+ +0&= %3,0&&'/383 !xido férrico.
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
11/35
A 6+%+0 +0 ,+%+0(3 +&(+ +) *,+() /+:(%*+,&30 *': 83@',/30- *+,&(0 5'+- +,3&30 %(030- 0+ 8+0+,&( +, *,(0 0'8+%()+0-'&)=,/30+ +, 0' +&(%%4, (,/+0+%(6(/3(0 *+%=,%(0. C'()5'+( 5'+ 0+( )(@'+,&+ /+) *,+()- /+08'70 /+ 0+ +&(>/3 0'@+',( 0++ /+ (,=)00 : 0+ %)(0%( /+ (%'+/3
%3, )30 +0')&(/30 39&+,/30. E0 *': *83&(,&+/+&+*,(- +, +0&+ 8',&3- )( 5'+( /+)*,+()- +0 /+%- 0' %3,&+,/3 +, +3- /+@3*( 5'+ 8'+/( 0+ %()%')(/(-
(83*(/(*+,&+- )( %(,&/(/ /+ *,+() 5'+ (/+ +,/- (0> %3*3 )( %(,&/(/ /+ *8'+(0 5'+)+ (%3*8(;(,- :( 5'+ ()',(0 /+ +))(0 8'+/+,0+ +)*,(/(0 +, ', 83%+03 8+)*,( /+&30&(%4,.
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
12/35
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
13/35
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
14/35
. HIERRO DE FUNDICIÓN EN ACERO.
L(0 @',/%3,+0 /+ +3
03, ()+(%3,+0 /+ +3F+ : %(93,3 C- /3,/++) %3,&+,/3 +, %(93,38'+/+ 6(( /+) 2 () "-
8'/+,/3 8+0+,&( (/+*=0%(,&/(/+0 /+ 3&30+)+*+,&30 +, )( ()+(%4,%3*3 0)%3 S /+) 2 () !-/+ *(,(,+03 M, (0&(1- : 0+,/3 9(?3 +)%3,&+,/3 /+ ('@+ S :/+ @40@33 P.
N3 390&(,&+- &(*97, /+9+&+,+0+ +, %'+,&( 5'+ )(
8+0+,%( /+ +)+*+,&30 /+()+(%4, 8'+/+ *3/%( )(*=*( 03)'9)/(/ /+ %(93,3+, )( ('0&+,&(- 83 )3 5'+()',(0 @',/%3,+0 ()+(/(0
83/>(, &+,+ ,%)'03 *+,30 /+)2 /+ %(93,3 : 0+
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
15/35
L(0 @',/%3,+0 0+ 0'+)+, /+,3*,( /+(%'+/3 %3, )( (8(+,%( /+ 0' @(%&'(. E,+0&+ 0+,&/3- )(0 @',/%3,+0 0+ %)(0%(,
8,%8()*+,&+ +, @',/%4, 0 )( 0'8+%+/+ 3&'( 8+0+,&( ', 0 30%'3- @',/%4,9)(,%( 9)(,%3 9))(,&+ 3 (&'%(/(0'8+%+ /+ 3&'( %3)3 0=%+3.
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
16/35
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
17/35
L30 (%+30 03, ()+(%3,+0+3%(93,3. E) %(93,3
+0 ', +)+*+,&3 ,&+0&%()-5'+ 0+ ,0+&( +, )30 '+%30/+ )(0 /@++,&+0 +0&'%&'(0/+) +3.L( 03)'%4, 04)/( /+
,0+%4, /+) %(93,3 +, +)+3 : 0+ /+,3*,(('0&+,&(. E) %(93,3 0+%3)3%( 0+*8+ +, )30
,&+0&%30 3%&(7/%30 /++0&( +0&'%&'(. L(('0&+,&( /+9/3 ( 0'+0&'%&'( FCC +0 ',( @(0+9)(,/(- &+,( : (*(,7&%(.
S'0 838+/(/+0*+%=,%(0 /+8+,/+,/+) %3,&+,/3 /+%(93,3- 8+383/>(*30 /( %3*36()3+0 *+/30+8+0+,&(&630 ',(/'+( /+ HB- ',(%(( /+ 3&'( /+
( 11 MP( :
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
18/35
P3 3&3 )(/3- )( 03)'%4, 04)/( /+ ,0+%4, /+)%(93,3 +, +) +3 ( 0+ /+,3*,( @+&(. E,+0&+ %(03 )30 =&3*30 /+ %(93,3 ,3 3%'8(, )30
'+%30 &+&7/%30- *=0 (,/+0- 0,3 )303%&(7/%30- () +0&( 70&30 )&*30 *=0@(63(9)+*+,&+ 0&'(/30 8(( +)(?( )(&+,03,+0 ,/'%/(0.
L30 '+%30 3%&7/%30 +, +)+3 ( 03, (0*7&%30- 83)3 5'+ )( ,0+%4, +, +))30/+ ', =&3*3 /+ %(93,3
/+08)(( 03)(*+,&+ /30 /+)30 0+0 =&3*30 5'+ )33/+(,- )3 5'+ /+0/+ +)8',&3 /+ 60&( +,+7&%3 +0*=0 @(63(9)+.
L( @+&(- () '() 5'+ +)+3 (- +0 *(,7&%( 83/+9(?3 /+ $$C. S+ &(&(/+) %3,0&&':+,&+ *=09)(,/3 /+ )30 (%+30-
/+9/3 +, +0&+ %(03 ( 0'9(?3 %3,&+,/3 +,%(93,3. T+,+ ',( /'+(/+ HB- ',( +00&+,%(
*+%=,%( /+ MP( :', ()((*+,&3 /+)
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
19/35
E0&+ ', &+%+ %3,0&&':+,&+ /+ (,*83&(,%( +, )30 (%+30. S+ &(&(/+) %(9'3 /+ +3 3 %+*+,&&(- /+
@4,')( F+ C. E0&( +0 )( @(0+ 5'+ 0+@3,,( %'(,/3 +) %3,&+,/3 /+ %(93,3/+ )( ()+(%4, +%+/+ +) )>*&+ /+03)'9)/(/ /+ )( @+&( 3 /+ )(
('0&+,&(. L( %+*+,&&( +0 ',%3*8'+0&3 ,&+*+&=)%3 5'+- (/@++,%( /+ )( @+&( : )( ('0&+,&(-+083,/+ ( ',( %3*830%4, 5'>*%(
?(< %3,&+,+ 0+*8+ ', #.#$ +,8+03 /+ %(93,3.
L( %+*+,&&( &+,+ ',( +0&'%&'(
%0&(),( 3&34*9%( %3, )300'+,&+0 8(=*+&30 /+ +/<(!."2Á- 9".Á : %#.$!Á. S'%+)/( ',/(/ +0 %3*8)+?( :
%3,&+,+ 12 =&3*30 /+ +3 : !=&3*30 /+ %(93,3.
L ) @ / / &&
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
20/35
L30 (%+30 : )(0 @',/%3,+0 /+ +3 %3,0&&':+, %3,(, /@++,%( +) '83 /+ *(&+()+0 *+&=)%30,/'0&()*+,&+ *=0 '&)(/3- :( 5'+ 0+ 8'+/+, @(9%(+, (,/+0 %(,&/(/+0 : %3, %30&+0 +)(&6(*+,&+ 9(?30.
A/+*=0- 0'0 838+/(/+0 +, +,+() : )(0 *+%=,%(0 +,8(&%')( (9(%(, ', ,&+6()3 *': (*8)3- 5'+ 6(,/+0/+ 83/'%&30 %3, +00&+,%(0 *3/+(/(0 2
MP( : /'%&)/(/+0 ()&(0 (0&( (5'+))30 3&30%((%&+(/30 83 ',( /+ )(0 +00&+,%(0 *+%=,%(0*(:3+0 +, )( (*( /+ )(0 ()+(%3,+0 *+&=)%(0 2MP(.
L30 (%+30 : )(0 @',/%3,+0 /+ +3 03, *(&+()+09(0(/30 +, )(0 ()+(%3,+0 /+ +3 : %(93,3- ( )(0 5'+&(*97, 0+ (/%3,(, 3&30 +)+*+,&30 /+ ()+(%4,- %3, +)83840&3- *'%(0 6+%+0- /+ +,/'+%+)30- :( 5'+ +)
*+&() +3 83)%0&(),3 %3, ',( *': ()&( 8'+( #
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
21/35
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
22/35
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
23/35
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
24/35
!. COMPOSICIÓN DE LOSDISTINTOS TIPOS DE ACERO.
• Clasifcación de Acero por su composiciónqumica! Acero al car"ono! S+ &(&( /+) &83 9=0%3 /+ (%+3
5'+ %3,&+,+ *+,30 /+) /+ +)+*+,&30 5'+ ,3 03,+3 , %(93,3.
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
25/35
Acero de al#o car"ono! E)A%+3 () %(93,3 5'+ %3,&+,+
*(0 /+ ." /+ %(93,3.
Acero de medianocar"ono! A%+3 () %(93,3
5'+ %3,&+,+ +,&+ . :." /+ %(93,3.
Acero de "a$ocar"ono! A%+3 ()%(93,3 5'+ %3,&+,+*+,30 /+ . /+%(93,3.
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
26/35
Acero de aleación!A%+3 5'+ %3,&+,+ 3&3*+&() 5'+ @'+ (;(//3
,&+,%3,()*+,&+ %3, +) ,/+ *+?3( %+&(0838+/(/+0 /+) *+&().
Acero ino%ida"le! T83/+ (%+3 5'+ %3,&+,+ *(0/+) 1" /+ %3*3 :
/+*'+0&( +%+)+,&++00&+,%( ( )( %3304,
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
27/35
•Clasifcación del acero por su con#enido deCar"ono!
W A%+30 E&(0'(6+0< +) %3,&+,/3 /+ %(93,3 6(( +,&++) .1 :+) .2 .
W A%+30 0'(6+0< E) %3,&+,/3 /+ %(93,3 +0&( +,&+ +) .2
: . .
W A%+30 0+*0'(6+0< E) %3,&+,/3 /+ %(93,3 30%)( +,&+. : +) .! .
W A%+30 0+*/'30< E) %(93,3 +0&( 8+0+,&+ +,&+ .! :." .
W A%+30 /'30< )( 8+0+,%( /+ %(93,3 6(( +,&+ ." :.# .
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
28/35
• Clasifcación del Acero por suspropiedades!
Aceros especiales.
A%+30 ,3/(9)+0.
A%+30 ,3/(9)+0 @+>&%30.
A%+30 I,3/(9)+0 ('0&+,&%30.
A%+30 ,3/(9)+0 *(&+,0&%30.
A%+30 /+ B(?( A)+(%4,U)&(+00&+,&+0.
A%+3 G()6(,(/3 L(*,(0 /+(%+3 +6+0&/(0 %3, Z,%.
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
29/35
". APLICACIONES DE LOSDISTINTOS TIPOS DE ACERO.
• Acero para &erramien#as! (%+3/0+;(/3 8(( ()&( +00&+,%( () /+0(0&+-&+,(%/(/ : @'+(- +, +,+() +)%3,&+,/3 /+ %(93,3 /+9+ 0+ 0'8+3 (
.- 8+3 +, 3%(03,+0 &(*97, 0+ '0(,8(( )( @(9%(%7, /+ %+&(0+(*+,&(0- (%+30 %3, ', %3,&+,/3 /+%(93,3 *=0 9(?3 .1 ( . %3*3+?+*8)3 8(( @(9%( ',( 9'+,(+(*+,&( /+ &())( +) %3,&+,/3 /+%(93,3 +, +) (%+3 /+9+ 0+ /+ .$"- :)( %3*830%3, /+) (%+3 +, +,+() 8((+0&+ &83 /+ +(*+,&(0 /+9+ 0+<
%(93,3 .$" - 0)%3 .2" - *(,(,+03
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
30/35
• Acero para lacons#rucción +) (%+3 5'+0+ +*8)+( +, )( ,0'0&( /+
)( %3,0&'%%4,- 9+, 8'+/+0+ +) (%+3 /+ +@'+3 +,)(0 (*(/'(0 8((+0&'%&'(0 /+ 3*4,- +)
(%+3 +0&'%&'() 8((+0&'%&'(0 *+&=)%(0- 8+3&(*9+, 0+ '0( +,%+(*+,&30 /+ %((8( /+(%+3 3 +)+*+,&30 /+%(8,&+( /+ (%+3. Acero Es#ruc#ural o de re'uer(o
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
31/35
#. IMPORTANCIA DE LAINVESTIGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA EN
NUEVOS MATERIALES.• D+0%9+ +) 83%+03 /+ 39&+,%4, /+83/'%&30 ,3=,%30 /+ ()&3 6()3 (;(//3-(,()(,/3 0' ,&+70 ,/'0&().• A,()( )( *83&(,%( : )( ,+%+0/(/ /+ )(,6+0&(%4, %+,&>%( (8)%(/( () /+0(3))3/+ ,'+630 *(&+()+0 : 0' +8+%'04, +, )(%()/(/ /+ 6/( ( 8(& /+ @'+,&+0 /+
,@3*(%4, %+,&>%(.• E8)%( )30 83%+030 5'+ &+,+, )'( +, ',()&3 3,3 +0%9+,/3 : ?'0&%(,/3 )(0+(%%3,+0 5'>*%(0 5'+ +, 7) 0+ 83/'%+,.
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
32/35
• A'*+,&( )( ,+%+0/(/ /+ &(,0@3*(
+) +3 /+ @',/%4, +, (%+3-/0&,'+,/3 +,&+ (*930 83/'%&300+, +) 83%+,&(?+ /+ %(93,3 5'+%3,&+,+,.•
R+)(%3,( )( %3*830%4, /+ )30/0&,&30 &830 /+ (%+3 %3, 0'0(8)%(%3,+0.• A8)%( (9)/(/+0 ,+%+0((0 8(( )(
,6+0&(%4, %+,&>%(- 8)(,&+(,/38+',&(0- /+,&%(,/3 839)+*(0-+%3+,/3 /(&30- /0+;(,/3 +0&(&+(0/+ +03)'%4, /+ 839)+*(0 '&)(,/3*3/+)30 : )+:+0- +60(,/3 +) 83%+03 :
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
33/35
• R+0'+)6+ +?+%%30 ,'*7%30
+8+0(,/3 +) 6()3 /+ )(0 *(,&'/+0 :+*8)+(,/3 )( ,3&(%4, %+,&>%(- +0&*()30 +3+0 (903)'&3 : +)(&63 (03%(/30: %3,&+&'()( )30 +0')&(/30.• E0&(9)+%+ )30 +)+*+,&30 +0+,%()+08(( +) /0+;3- )( +)(93(%4, : /+@+,0(/+ ', 83:+%&3 /+ ,6+0&(%4,- 039+
', &+*( /+ (%&'()/(/ %+,&>%(-6,%')(/3 %3, )( F>0%( 3 )( Q'>*%(-'&)(,/3 8+@++,&+*+,&+ )(0 TIC.
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
34/35
$. BIBLIOGRAFÍA.
&&8
-
8/18/2019 Química en La Industria
35/35
)*N+