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LEXICAL CATEGORIAS
In each sentence, words have different functions, according to
this, words are divided in
CLASES OR CATEGORIES
OF FUNCTION OF CONTENT
They only appear in Their meaning is complete with the idea. They can
combination with be defined usin other words of content.
CONTENT WORDS
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LEXICAL CATEGORIES
and their function
Words ofcontent
-NOUNS
-ADJECTIVES
-ADVERBS
-VERBS
Words offunction
-ARTICLES
-CONJUNCTIONS
-PREPOSITIONS
-DEMOSTRATIVES
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Words ofcontent
Nouns
Is the part of the sentence that enunciates animals, people,
things, ideas, feelings:
They don`t have GENDER (the, a, an) articles
They have NUMBER (singular plural)
Types: Common
Proper
Abstract
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The verb
Verbal Tenses :
Simple present futurepast infinitive
Compuestos Continuos Perfect
present be have/has
past was/were + ing had + part
future will be will have
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Tiempos verbales
Gerund ing = Noun infinitive
Imperative infinitive = it`s an order
Passive voice present past
is +part +by was +part+by
are were
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Clasification
Prefixes
Negative un non in dis a
Reversative de disPejorative mis mal pseudo
Degree-size arch super out
Attitude co anti pro counter
Locative sub inter trans
Time-order pre post ex re
Number uni mono tri multi
Sufixes
Occupationalster -eer
Diminutivelet -ette
Femenine -ess -ieStatus -hoodship -dom
Noun/adjectiveiteian
-ese -ist -ism
Verb/noun -er -or ant ee-ation -ing
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Nominal Phrase
The subject is a Nominal Phrase (FN, its nucleous
or main word is a NOUN or SUSTANTIVEthat can`t be removed
Example:
Diana works in the sales departmentPeople is going to the beach Saturday
Most high schools in USA publish a yearbook
All my love is for my family
Many democracies have Presidents
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Nominal Phrase
Its formed by all the words that are before theverb
Types:
With Proper, Common or Abstract nouns
a) A complex phrase
All of my friends houses
b) Adjective + Sustantive
The beautiful girl is my sister. An expensive car costs money.
c) Article or demostrative +Sustantive
These houses have 2 windows An intersting article
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Verbal phrase
Its formed by all the words that are after the
verb.
It has the same pre and post modifiers as the
nominal phrase
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The sentence and its elements
PRE POST MODIFIERS
Articles
Adjectives Adverbs
Nouns or Sustantives
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PRE POST MODIFIERS
Article is a word that combined with a noun indicates volumeor numerical scope.
Articles are:
definite:the, is the same for nouns in singular or pluralindefinite:awhen words starts with consonant sound
an word starts with a vowel sound.
Some can in certain circumstances function as a plural ofa/an
Ej: He bougth some lovely Italian shoes.Some of my sisters are working now.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word -
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PRE POST MODIFIERS
Adjectives are words that describe nouns or pronouns. They maycome before the word they describe (That is a cute puppy.) or they may
follow the word they describe (That puppy is cute.)
Grades: Base Comparative Superlative
small the ____est
nice ______er than
expensivebeautiful more_____than the most______
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PRE POST MODIFIERS
Adverbsare words that modify everything but nouns and pronouns.They modify adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs. A word is an adverb if it
answers
how He plays tennis agressively.
when Come home immediatly.
where.I live here. The word goodis an adjective, while wellis an adverb.
Tip: Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs.
adjectives ending in -ly: friendly, silly, lonely, uglynouns, ending in -ly: ally, bully, Italy, melancholy
verbs, ending in -ly: apply, rely, supply
There is no adverb for an andjective ending in -ly.
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MODAL VERBS
Must
Ought to
Should
Could Can (not)
May
Might
Will
Would
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THE PASSIVE VOICE
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the
action. It is not important or not known, who
or what is performing the action.
In this case, the use of BY identifies the
performer,
i.e. Tea is drunk in China(by the chinese )
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Tense Simple Present Active: Rita writes a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by Rita.
Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.Passive: A letter was written by Rita.
Present PerfectActive: Rita has written a letter.
Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.
Future Active: Rita will write a letter.
Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.
Examples of Passive
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The gerund as substantive In the English grammar, a gerund is the ing-form of a verb used as a noun.
Like every other normal noun, the gerund can function as a noun substantive or as an object.
In some cases an article might be included.
Noun substantive:
Rock climbing can be great fun
The crashing of the waves got louder. Object:
We were woken by the quaking of the frogs.
Can you hear the chirping of the birds?
After a stative verb
My brother loves cooking, but he really hates washing up afterwards.
Where is Margaret? She knows I hate waiting
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