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Inuin
Steel is essential to the modern world and the use
o steel is critical in enabling man to move towardsa more sustainable uture. Steel is undamental in
a greener world, whether in lighter more efcient
vehicles, renewable energy generation, new
highly efcient power stations and construction
o smart electrical grids or transport inrastructure
development and high energy efcient residential
housing and commercial buildings.
Over 1.3 billion tons o steel are manuactured and
used every year. Currently close to 50% o steel
is produced and used in mainland China. There
will be continuing strong growth in the volume o
steel produced, particularly in developing areas
such as Latin America, Asia, Arica and the Indian
sub-continent where steel will be vital in raising the
material and social welare o developing societies.
In these regions more than 60% o steel consumption
will be used to create new inrastructure.
This continued growth prevents the demand or
steel being met by means o recycling o end-o-liesteel products alone, hence, making it necessary to
continue converting virgin iron ore into steel.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
World apparent steel use
(Mtfnishedsteelproducts)
Source: worldsteel
Continuing to ulfl a positive role in our sustainable
uture comes with some major challenges:
Energyefciency
In the last 30 years the steel industry has
reduced its energy consumption per tonne o
steel produced by 50%. However, due to this
dramatic improvement in energy efciency, it is
estimated there is now only room or marginal
urther improvement on the basis o existingtechnology. In the longer term it will be necessary
to identiy and introduce breakthrough steelmaking
technologies that are viable.
The greenhouse gas o most relevance to the
world steel industry is carbon dioxide (CO2).
On average, 1.9 tonnes o CO2
are emitted or
every tonne o steel produced. According to the
International Energy Agency, the iron and steel
industry accounts or approximately 4-5% o
total world CO2
emissions.
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Recycling
A critical element in reducing the carbon emissions
rom the steel lie cycle is to optimise the use
o recycled materials. Steel is an almost unique
material in its capacity to be infnitely recycledwithout loss o properties or perormance. This
in combination with a long history o signifcant
eorts to increase recycling rates has resulted in
steel leading the recycling statistics, or example
in cars and cans. Policies can provide urther
support or recycling by putting emphasis on
recyclability and design or dismantling.
Useoby-products
The production o steel results in the generation
o by-products that can reduce CO2
emissions by
substituting natural resources in other industries.
For example, blast urnace slag is used by the
cement industry allowing it to reduce its CO2
emissions signifcantly. Steel making slags are
used as civil works aggregates thereby saving
natural resources and environmental impact.
Industrial by-products and mined raw materials
need to be subject to the same legal ramework.
Useofnishedsteel
In many applications, steel has a very long lie
and as a result the contribution o modern steels
in improving the energy efciency o buildings,plants, machinery and transportation are much
more important in helping man reduce its carbon
ootprint than the emissions associated with the
initial steel production. For example electrical
steels produce much more efcient transormers
and motors thereby signifcantly reducing the
total energy needed throughout their lives. This
saving amounts to more than the CO2
emissions
created rom the original production phase. The
key contribution rom the steel industry is to work
closely with its customers in optimising the design
and use o steel in steel-using products.
A susainab if y appah
In order to continue these eorts and to identiy all
the opportunities to reduce the carbon emissions
rom steels lie cycle, it is essential to take a ull lie
cycle approach. This approach not only considers
the emissions associated with the manuacture osteel products, but also the reduction in energy
consumption associated with the use o new
generation-steels in lighter and stronger products.
Further, the inherent recyclability o steel must be
given prominent consideration in the search or
sustainable materials or the uture.
This diagram shows how, over the complete lie cycle
o steel, the opportunities or improvement can be
identifed.
The use o a lie cycle approach is important not just
to identiy the areas or potential improvement at each
stage, but also to understand the potential impacts
so that the correct policies are pursued.
Indexed energy consumption/t crude steel
produced in North America, Japan and Europe
(1975 = 100%)
Source: worldsteel
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For example, implementing vehicle regulations which
consider only the driving phase o a vehicles lie may
result in an increase in greenhouse gas emissions.
While substituting lower density materials or steelmay result in some small emissions savings during
driving, the much greater greenhouse gas emissions
during production o these materials compared to
steel ar outweigh any driving phase savings. Vehicle
regulations should consider emissions during the
vehicles lie cycle to ensure the lowest emitting
vehicles are designed and manuactured.
Ss nibuin
The member companies o worldsteel are the major
steel producers in all the major steel producing
countries o the world. We have agreed a ramework
or our common endeavour to reduce the carbon
ootprint associated with the manuacture and useo steel.
The ramework consists o our building blocks.
These are:
1. The development and application o new steels
to improve the energy efciency o steel-using
products in society.
2. The need or major expenditure on research and
development to identiy breakthrough steelmaking
technologies with potential to reduce steels CO2
emissions associated with steel production very
signifcantly.
3. The importance o enabling all steel plants to
move up to the level o perormance o the best,
in terms o current available technology through
benchmarking and technology transer.
4. The establishment o a common measurement
and reporting system or steel plant CO2
emissions
that can be used by all steel companies around
the world or benchmarking and to identiy the
scope and priorities or their own improvement
programmes.
ss nibuin
worldsteel has an important role in helping its
members use each o these our building blocks
and has a number o dedicated initiatives.
CO2breakthroughprogramme
worldsteel provides a orum where the various
national and regional research and development
programmes on identiying breakthrough
technologies or steel manuacture can exchange
inormation on their projects. These include theULCOS programme unded by the European
Commission and the European steel industry;
the COURSE 50 research programmes in Japan;
the US steel industry and US Department o
Energy programmes; the POSCO programme
in Korea and many others.
Raw material extraction
Steel production
Manufacturing
Use phaseEnd of life/Recycling
Pre-consumer
scrap
Post-consumer
scrap
Steel life cycle
Source: worldsteel
Steel production
Raw material extraction
End of life/RecyclingUse phase
Manufacturing
Pre-consumerscrap
Post-consumerscrap
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worldSteel clImAte cAe oSItIo Aer
Marketdevelopmentprogrammes
worldsteel has a number o market development
programmes which ocus on improving energy
efciency o important steel-using sectors.The WorldAutoSteel partnership has a major
programme on designing optimal steel-use in
uture vehicles including electric and hybrid.
The Living Steel programme is aimed at designing
steel residential housing with a high degree o
energy efciency in utilisation.
LCIdatabase
Over the last 15 years worldsteel has established,
and made available, the largest and most
authoritative database o lie cycle inventory
data or the production o a wide range o steel
products based on actual data received rom
its members worldwide. This LCI database is
increasingly being used by steel customers,
governments and others in taking a lie cycle
approach.
ClimateActionrecognitionprogramme
worldsteel encourages all its members, and
indeed non-member companies, to participatein its climate action programme which is the
collection and reporting, on a confdential basis,
o CO2
emissions plant-by-plant. The reporting
ramework uses a common agreed methodology
and we are now working to have this methodology
recognised as an ISO Standard. It is important that
every steel plant in the world actively measures
where it is today in terms o CO2
emissions, i it is
to establish the correct priorities or improvement
and to monitor progress in reducing its emissions.
vnns king in panship ihh s inusy
Partnership between governments and the steelindustry is key to the reduction o carbon emissions.
First, governments at national and regional levels
need to work actively with the industry and our
customers in maximising the collection and recycling
o end-o-lie steel products.
Second, governments need to use a lie cycle
approach i they create regulations and standards
or energy efciencies in domestic appliances,passenger cars, building codes etc.
Third, the steel industry cannot, on its own, be
expected to und the long term research and
development o new technologies to radically
reduce steels emissions. This has to be done in a
partnership with signifcant fnancial contribution
rom governments.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a global
problem that requires a global solution. The steel
industry believes it is very important that all steel
companies and all major steelmaking countries
are actively engaged in the search or a uture
low carbon society.
An active and ongoing dialogue is required between
governments and industry. Steel is one o the most
CO2
intensive, highly competitive industries, with
over 40% o steel traded internationally. Policies
must create a level playing feld to ensure that steelcompanies in one region are not put at a competitive
disadvantage.
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Acciaieria Arvedi
Aceras Nacionales del EcuadorAcroni
Altos Hornos de Mxico (AHMSA)
ArcelorMittal
BlueScope Steel
CELSA
EMTA
China Steel Corporation
Compaa Siderrgica Huachipato
Corporacin Aceros Arequipa
DEACERO
Diaco
Electrotherm (India)
Empresa Siderrgica del Per
Essar Steel
Georgsmarienhtte Holding
Gerdau Aza
Gerdau LAISA
Httenwerke Krupp Mannesmann
ISDEMIR
JFE Steel Corporation
Jindal Steel & Power
Kobe Steel
Kroman elik San
Metalloinvest
MetinvestNippon Steel Corporation
Nisshin Steel
Nucor Corporation
OneSteel
Ovako
POSCO
Qatar Steel Company
Ruukki
Saarstahl
Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (HADEED)
Salzgitter
Siderrgica del Orinoco Alredo Maneiro
Siderrgica Tutitln
SIDETUR
SSAB
Sumitomo Metal Industries
Tata Steel
Tenaris
Ternium
ThyssenKrupp
Trinecke Zelezarny
United States Steel Corporation
voestalpine
The ollowing companies are accredited members o the Climate Action programme:
worldsteel.org