Cómo citar el artículo
Número completo
Más información del artículo
Página de la revista en redalyc.org
Sistema de Información Científica Redalyc
Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal
Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de accesoabierto
Scientia Et TechnicaISSN: [email protected] Tecnológica de PereiraColombia
Acero-Caballero, M. J.; Pacheco-Sandoval, L. E.; Díaz-González, C.A.Efecto de la adición de hidrógeno en la velocidad de
deflagración del biogás. Estudio numérico y experimental.Scientia Et Technica, vol. 24, núm. 3, 2019, Junio-Septiembre, pp. 472-478
Universidad Tecnológica de PereiraColombia
Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=84961239015
Scientia et Technica Año XXIV, Vol. 24, No. 03, septiembre de 2019. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. ISSN 0122-1701 y ISSN-e: 2344-7214
472
Abstract— In this study, the laminar flame speed of biogas/H2 fuel
mixtures is measured from pure biogas to biogas with an addition
of 15% H2 in volume by using the method of the inner cone of
combustion zone. The laminar flame speed is measured by mean
of the geometric parameters of combustion cone capturing images
of the flames. The aeration factors covers from stoichiometric
conditions to lean conditions. Experimental results have been
compared with numerical results obtained with CHEMKIN
software, using GRIMECH kinetical mechanism, with good
agreement between them and with previous works, showing the
reliability of the method used. The trends on laminar flame speed
experimental results obtained are explained by mean of numerical
results on temperature profile and heat release rate. Hydrogen
addition in biogas flames show an important effect, especially in
zones near stoichiometric flames, decreasing its effects in lean
mixtures combustion.
Index Terms— Biogas-hydrogen; laminar flame speed;
experimental and numerical study.
Resumen— En este trabajo, se ha medido la velocidad de llama
laminar de las mezclas de combustible biogás/H2, desde biogás
puro hasta mezclas de este con una adición de 15% de H2 en
volumen, utilizando el método del cono interno de la zona de
combustión o método bunsen. La velocidad de la llama laminar se
determina por medio de los parámetros geométricos del cono de
combustión capturando imágenes de las llamas. Los factores de
aireación abarcan desde condiciones estequiométricas hasta
condiciones de mezcla pobre. Los resultados experimentales se han
comparado con los resultados numéricos obtenidos con el software
CHEMKIN, utilizando el mecanismo cinético de GRIMECH, con
una buena concordancia entre ellos y con trabajos previos,
mostrando la confiabilidad del método utilizado. Las tendencias
en los resultados experimentales de la velocidad de la llama
laminar se explican por medio de resultados numéricos sobre el
perfil de temperatura y la tasa de liberación de calor. La adición
de hidrógeno en las llamas de biogás muestra un efecto
Este manuscrito fue enviado el 12 de abril de 2018 y aceptado el 25 de
septiembre de 2019.
M. J. Acero-Caballero, is with Research Group on Energy, Resources and
Sustainability, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia (e-mail: [email protected])
L. E. Pacheco-Sandoval, is with Research Group on Energy, Resources and
Sustainability, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia (e-mail: [email protected])
importante, especialmente en zonas cercanas a las llamas
estequiométricas, disminuyendo sus efectos en la combustión de
mezclas pobres.
Palabras claves— Biogás-Hidrógeno; velocidad de llama laminar;
estudio numérico y experimental.
I. INTRODUCTION
HE necessary use of combustion technologies to reduce
the dependence on fossil fuels and additionally, the
emission of greenhouse gases to meet the goals of climate
change mitigation [1], [2], have generated a continuous growth
in the study of the possible applications of alternative fuels such
as biogas generated by anaerobic decomposition of organic
substances, synthesis gas produced in the gasification of coal or
biomass, liquid biofuels as fuel alcohol obtained different crops
such as corn or sugar cane and biodiesel obtained from
vegetable oils.
Biogas generated by the anaerobic decomposition of organic
substances is a great source of energy, especially in regions or
countries where economic growth causes an increasing in the
generation of municipal solid waste or organic waste product of
industrial or agricultural activities where its decomposition
could generate this alternative fuel [3]-[6]. This biogas
composed mainly of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and
other small amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, volatile compounds
and even hydrogen sulphide, is generally cleaned of some of
these minor compounds [7] to reduce their harmful effect on
combustion systems.
The clean biogas (CH4 and CO2) is a fuel whose combustion
properties such as calorific value, flame temperature and
deflagration velocity are poor compared to conventional
gaseous fuels such as natural gas or LPG [8]-[11], producing
that the use of the biogas in combustion systems requires
modifications in the design of the burners that avoid the
C.A. Diaz-González, is with Research Group on Energy, Resources and Sustainability, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
(email: [email protected])
* Corresponding Author
Effect of hydrogen addition on the laminar
flame speed of biogas. Experimental and
numerical study
Efecto de la adición de hidrógeno en la velocidad de llama laminar del biogás.
Estudio numérico y experimental.
M. J. Acero-Caballero ; L. E. Pacheco-Sandoval ; C.A. Díaz-González .
T
Scientia et Technica Año XXIV, Vol. 24, No. 03, septiembre de 2019. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira 473
problems of flame instability associated to the lower flame
speed and the change in the limits of flammability [12]-[14].
One of the ways to improve these combustion properties in to
convert biogas to biomethane using different treatments that
reduce the CO2 content and its effects [15], [16] as well as other
minor compounds such as H2S [7], [17], [18]. However, this
treatment process is expensive in terms of equipment and
absorbing substances such as amines. The improvement of the
combustion properties of the biogas can be achieved by mixing
it with another combustible gas whose combustion properties
(mainly the flame speed) is greater, so that the resulting mixture
has combustion properties that can be compared with those of
the gas Natural or LPG, reducing the problems of biogas
interchangeability with these fuels [8], [19]. Hydrogen is the
combustible gas that has the greatest value of flame speed at
standard conditions, in addition to a higher calorific value, a
higher flammability range and a higher flame temperature, and
therefore, its addition to the biogas will result in an
improvement of the combustion properties of this last one.
Different studies have concluded that mixing the biogas with
other fuels such as H2, LPG or natural gas increases the flame
speed of the resulting mixture and therefore the range of flame
stability [20]-[24]. Hydrogen has been selected as the biogas
additive to improve its combustion properties since it is a
renewable fuel, with a zero greenhouse potential and which
could additionally be obtained from fossil fuels through
reforming processes [25] or even from the same biogas [26]. By
means of the realization of experimental measurements
compared with computational calculations it is tried to
determine the effect of the addition of different proportions of
H2 to a biogas simulated in the flame speed. The results are
intended to guide the H2 produced from reforming other fossil
fuels as an alternative to improve the combustion properties of
biogas in atmospheric premix burners.
I. METHODOLOGY
Four experimental assemblies were performed and contrasted
with simulations of reactions in the CHEMKIN Software. The
mixtures with percentages used in the experimental setup were:
a) Pure biogas, b) Biogas with addition of 5% Hydrogen, and c)
Biogas with addition of Hydrogen of 15% by volume. The
combustion reactions of these same blends have been simulated
using the CHEMKIN software mentioned.
A. Simulation of the reactions of the defined mixtures
Simulations of the combustion reactions of the studied mixtures
have been performed for different aeration factors, starting with
a stoichiometric mixture and increasing these aeration factors
as shown in Table I.
Mixture
Composition
Aeration factor n
Pure biogas
0.6CH4 + 0.4CO2 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Biogas +
5% H2
0.57CH4 + 0.38CO2 + 0.05H2
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Biogas +
15% H2
0.51CH4 + 0.34CO2
+ 0.15H2 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Table I. Composition of biogas and biogas/H2 mixtures simulated
The aeration factor n for combustion is introduced into the
stoichiometric equation of each reaction as given below:
𝐴 𝐶𝐻4 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐷 𝐻2 + 𝑛(𝑎𝑡) (𝑂2 + 3.76 𝑁2) → 𝑋 𝐶𝑂2 +𝑌 𝐻2𝑂 + 𝑍𝑁2 + 𝑊𝑂2 ……………………. (1)
Where n is the aeration factor and at is the theoretical air
coefficient of the combustion reaction determined by the
elementary reaction balances.
The CHEMKIN tool has been used to determine the laminar
flame speed of the specified combustible gas mixtures. The
chemical kinetics and transport equations for gas phase are
solved following the free-propagation flame model to obtain the
chemical species concentration profiles, the heat release rate
and the temperature profile developed for adiabatic flame
starting from the compositions Molars of each of the selected
mixtures described above and with initial values of the pressure
at which the flame is developed and an approximate
temperature profile. For these simulations, the chemical
kinetics mechanisms Grimech 2.11 and Grimech 3.0 were used,
mechanisms that have been validated for the simulation of
biogas flames [27]-[29].
B. Experimental setup
The experimental determination of the deflagration rate of the
mixtures studied was performed using the method of the inner
cone of the flame, using a premixed atmospheric burner
designed for burning natural gas with a nominal power of 1 kW.
As it is an induced air burner, it does not require a ventilation
system for the supply of combustion air. The gas flow is
regulated through a pressure regulating valve and measured
with Elster-Handel wet seal meter [0.002 - 0.2 m3/h, accuracy
+0.01 dm3]. The pressures and temperatures were measured
with manometers and column thermometers. The experimental
setup is shown in Fig. 1 and the geometry and dimensions of
the burner are shown in Fig. 2 and Table II respectively.
Fig. 1. Experimental setup diagram.
Scientia et Technica Año XXIV, Vol. 24, No. 03, septiembre de 2019. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira 474
Fig. 2. Geometry of the premix burner
Dimension
Value [mm]
Venturi inlet diameter – De 33 Venturi throat diameter – Dc 16
Venturi oultet diameter – Ds 34
Port diameter – Dp 17 Length of the converging zone – Lcv 38
Length of the diverging zone – Ldv 132
Length of the final convergent zone – Lcf 44 Port length – Lp 15
Table II. Dimensions of the premix burner
For the combustion analysis, the GAS analyzer MADUR-
Photon, owned by the GIRES Research group of the UNAB was
used. The CO2 and O2 concentration was measured to determine
the aeration factor in each experimental test using the following
equation:
𝑛 =(𝐴
𝐶⁄ )𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑
(𝐴𝐶⁄ )
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜
….…………………………………………….
(2)
Where:
𝑛 Is the aeration factor used in the combustion.
(𝐴𝐶⁄ )
𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 Is the air-fuel ratio used in the combustion.
(𝐴𝐶⁄ )
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜 Is the theorical air-fuel ratio for each fuel mixture
studied.
The aeration factors obtained in the experimental tests are
shown in Table 3.
Fuel mixtures
Aeration factors experimentally obtained n
Pure biogas 0.992 1.09 1.21 1.28 1.374 Biogas + 5% H2 1.01 1.10 1.22 1.31 1.40
Biogas + 15% H2 - 1.11 1.23 1.33 1.42
Table 3. Aeration factors experimentally obtained for fuel mixtures
For pure biogas and its mixture with 5% hydrogen, aeration
factors were obtained from the stoichiometric mixture but for
the biogas mixture with 15% hydrogen, a stable flame could not
be obtained for an aeration factor near the stoichiometric
mixture. In general, poor flames were obtained because the
design of the burner used is for this type of flames. For each
aeration factor obtained, image captures of the stabilized flame
were taken. A professional Canon EOS t3i camera with 18-55
mm lens has been used to obtain the desired quality in the flame
image. This image has been observed in treatment imaging
software to determine the geometric parameters of the flame
cone as the internal angle and height of the flame. Fig. 3 shows
the geometric parameters determined for each image taken to
determine the laminar deflagration rate of the combustible
mixtures.
Fig. 3. Geometrical parameters of the premix flame
Finally, the flame speed has been determined by mean of
following equation:
𝑆𝐿 = 𝑉𝑢 cos 𝛼…….………….…………………………….. (3)
Where:
𝑆𝐿 It is the laminar flame speed of the fuel mixture.
𝑉𝑢 It is the average exit velocity of the air-fuel mixture at the
burner port.
𝛼 Is the inner angle of the combustion cone.
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Now, the experimental results and the results of the simulations
obtained in the estimation of the laminar deflagration velocity
of the studied mixtures are presented and discussed.
A. Experimental laminar flame speed.
According to the experimental methodology presented, the
images of the flame for the different combustible mixtures for
each established aeration factor have been captured. The flame
images of pure biogas, biogas with 5% addition of hydrogen
and biogas with 15% hydrogen addition blends are shown in
Fig. 4-6.
Scientia et Technica Año XXIV, Vol. 24, No. 03, septiembre de 2019. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira 475
a) n=0.992 b) n=1.09 c) n=1.21 d) n=1.28 e) n=1.394
Fig. 3. Flame for pure Biogas with different aeration factors
a) n=1.01 b) n=1.10 c) n=1.22 d) n=1.31 e) n=1.394
Fig. 4. Flame for pure Biogas + 5% H2 with different aeration factors
a) n=1.11 b) n=1.23 c) n=1.33 d) n=1.43
Fig. 5. Flame for pure Biogas + 15% H2 with different aeration
factors
In the captured images, there is a slight decrease in the height
of the combustion cone delimiting the reaction zone as the
flame aeration increases. It is observed that biogas flames with
addition of hydrogen, present a geometry with the typical
triangular profile of flames of fuels containing hydrogen [30].
The results of the laminar flame speed experimentally obtained
are shown in Fig. 7. It is observed how the addition of hydrogen
to the biogas produces an increase in its laminar deflagration
rate. This increase is more notable, according to the trend
observed, in aeration factors close to the stoichiometric flame.
In poor flames obtained in the experiment, the effect of
hydrogen is lower.
Fig. 6. Experimental laminar flame speed at different biogas/H2
mixtures varying the aeration factor.
i. Comparison with computational models
Experimental results have been compared with computational
results obtained with CHEMKIN, as was mentioned in the
methodology. Comparison between experimental values of
pure biogas laminar flame speed with values obtained
numerically for different aeration factors is shown in Fig. 8. In
Figs. 9 and 10 are shown the results of comparison between
experimental and numerical values obtained for mixtures of
biogas with 5% and 15% hydrogen addition respectively.
Fig. 7. Laminar flame speed of experimental and simulated pure
Biogas with variation of aeration factor.
Fig. 9. Laminar flame speed of experimental and simulated of
biogas/H2 mixture with 5% H2 with variation of aeration factor.
Fig. 10. Laminar flame speed of experimental and simulated of
biogas/H2 mixture with 15% H2 with variation of aeration factor.
Values experimentally obtained shown a correspondence with
numerical values and equally with reported values for biogas
flames [15], [19], [21], [22]. It is also observed a slight
difference between the values obtained for the kinetic
mechanisms used, this may be due to the difference between the
number of reactions included in each mechanism (277 in
GRIMECH 2.11 and 325 in GRIMECH 3.0) and the number of
species included in these mechanisms ( 49 in GRIMECH 2.11
and 53 in GRIMECH 3.0). The good agreement between the
experimental results and the numerical results shows that the
error in the laminar flame speed measurements (associated with
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Lam
inar
fla
me
sp
ee
d [
cm/s
]
Aeration factor n
Biogasexperimental
Biogas + 5% H2experimental
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Lam
inar
fla
me
sp
ee
d [
cm/s
]
Aeration Factor n
BiogasGRIMECH 2.11BiogasGRIMECH 3.0Biogasexperimental
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Lam
inar
fla
me
sp
ee
d [
cm/s
]
Aeration factor n
Biogas + 5% H2GRIMECH 2.11
Biogas + 5% H2GRIMECH 3.0
Biogas + 5% H2experimental
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Lam
inar
fla
me
sp
ee
d [
cm/s
]
Aeration factor n
Biogas + 15%H2 GRIMECH2.11Biogas + 15%H2GRIMECH 3.0
Scientia et Technica Año XXIV, Vol. 24, No. 03, septiembre de 2019. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira 476
image analysis and gas flow measurement) is acceptable and
that this method is therefore appropriate for this purpose.
In stoichiometric flames the maximum value of the laminar
flame speed for the biogas/H2 mixtures is reached, with values
ranging from 27.7 m/s for pure biogas and 29.9 m/s for biogas
with 5% H2. For biogas mixture with 15% H2, it was not
possible to obtain the deflagration rate in stoichiometric flame
due to flame instability. For aeration factors of n = 1.1, the
values obtained were 26.07 m/s, 26.65 m/s and 30.28 m/s for
pure biogas, a mixture with 5% H2 and a mixture with 15% H2
respectively , where the effect of hydrogen in the increase of the
biogas flame speed is appreciated.
Observing the flame structure obtained in the different
simulations, we can relate the observed increase in the rate of
deflagration with the effect of hydrogen on the kinetics of the
reaction. Fig.s 11-13 show the temperature profiles for
stoichiometric flames (n = 1) and poor flames (n = 1.2 and n =
1.4).
Fig. 11. Temperature profile of the reaction zone for biogas/H2
mixtures with n = 1.
Fig. 12. Temperature profile of the reaction zone for biogas/H2
mixtures with n = 1.2
Fig. 13. Temperature profile of the reaction zone for biogas/H2
mixtures with n = 1.4
As can be seen, the addition of hydrogen to the biogas generates
an acceleration of the combustion reaction. This being reflected
in higher temperature gradients in the reaction zone and
resulting in higher rates of heat release, which ultimately cause
less thickness of the reaction zone, which is indicative of the
increase in the rate of deflagration [31], [32]. In Figs. 14-16, it
can be observed the effect of hydrogen addition in heat release
rate of combustion reactions.
Fig. 14. Heat release rate for biogas/H2 mixtures with n = 1
For stoichiometric mixtures, pure biogas presents a value of this
maximum heat release rate of 508 cal/s-cm3. Addition of 5%
of hydrogen causes a maximum rate of heat release of 634 cal/s-
cm3 and an addition of 15% of hydrogen generates a maximum
rate of heat release of 738 cal/s-cm3. This increase in this
parameter is reflected in the flame speed.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
-0.1 0 0.1
Tem
pe
ratu
re [
K]
Distance [cm]
Biogas n=1
Biogas + 5% H2 n=1
Biogas + 15% H2 n=1
0.0
500.0
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
2500.0
-0.1 0 0.1
Tem
pe
ratu
re [
K]
Distance [cm]
Biogas n=1.2
Biogas + 5% H2 n=1.2
Biogas + 15% H2 n=1.2
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Tem
pe
ratu
re [
K]
Distance [cm]
Biogas n=1.4
Biogas + 5% H2 n=1.4
Biogas + 15% H2 n=1.4
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
-0.1 0 0.1 0.2
He
at r
ele
ase
rat
e [
cal/
s-cm
3]
Distance [cm]
Biogas n=1
Biogas+5% H2 n=1
Biogas+15% H2 n=1
Scientia et Technica Año XXIV, Vol. 24, No. 03, septiembre de 2019. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira 477
Fig. 15. Heat release rate for biogas/H2 mixtures with n = 1.2
Fig. 16. Heat release rate for biogas/H2 mixtures with n = 1.4
For the biogas/H2 mixtures with aeration factor n = 1.2, it can
be seen that the maximum value of the heat release rate for pure
biogas is 366 cal/s-cm3, increasing to 446 cal/s-cm3 for mixing
with 5% H2 and 516 cal/s-cm3 for mixing with 15% H2. In this
case, the increase in the rate of heat release presents a less
noticeable increase than in the stoichiometric flame, as it is also
observed in the rate of deflagration. Finally, for lean flames (n
= 1.4), the values of the heat release rate have values from 199
cal/s-cm3 for pure biogas and 243 cal/s-cm3 and 283 cal/s-cm3
for Mixtures with 5% H2 and 15% H2 respectively. As noted,
the increase in the rate of heat release in these lean mixtures is
less noticeable in absolute terms but similar in percentages
(45% for stoichiometric mixture, 40% and 42% for poor
mixtures).
III. CONCLUSIONS
In this work, the velocity of laminar flame speed of biogas and
biogas/H2 mixtures have been studied under normal conditions.
The experimental determination was based on the method of the
height of the internal cone of the flame by the determination of
geometric parameters of the flame with its image. The
experimental results have been compared with numerical
simulations with good correspondence between them and with
previous works. The influence of the addition of hydrogen and
the aeration rate on the laminar deflagration velocity of the
mixtures have been studied.
The main results allow us to conclude that the laminar flame
speed of the biogas under normal conditions and aeration
conditions of n = 1.1 reaches a value of 26.07 m/s. The addition
of hydrogen allows increasing this velocity to values of 30.28
m/s with a 15% addition of H2, implying an increase of up to
16% of this parameter. However, under lean conditions, the
increase in laminar flame speed between pure biogas and the
addition of 15% H2 only reaches approximately 5% according
to results presented. The increase in the laminar flame speed
can be divided into two zones, one close to stoichiometric
mixtures where a significant increase is observed and another
one of lean mixtures where this increase is less noticeable.
The addition of H2 to the biogas generates an increase in the
kinetics of the reaction. This is reflected in the higher
temperature gradients in the reaction zone of mixtures with
higher H2 content and also higher rates of release of heat in the
reaction zone. This show a different behavior to the laminar
flame speed (where there is a relative increase), since in
mixtures close to the stoichiometric one has an increase in this
rate of up to 45% according to the results obtained and of 40%
and 42% in poor mixtures.
IV. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the Research Department of the
Autonomous University of Bucaramanga UNAB.
REFERENCES
[1] G. Mundaca, "How much can CO2 emissions be reduced if fossil fuel
subsidies are removed?" Energy Economics, vol. 64, pp. 91-104, 2017.
DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2017.03.014. [2] International Energy Agency, CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion
Highlights 2016. IEA Publications, 2016.
[3] (). Biogas Power (Off-grid) Programme. Available: http://mnre.gov.in/schemes/offgrid/biogas-2/.
[4] W. Ortiz, J. Terrapon-Pfaff and C. Dienst, "Understanding the
diffusion of domestic biogas technologies. Systematic conceptualization of existing evidence from developing and emerging
countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 74, pp. 1287-1299, 2017.
[5] I. Perez et al, "Technical, economic and environmental assessment of
household biogas digesters for rural communities," Renewable Energy, vol. 62, pp. 313-318, 2014.
[6] K. C. Surendra et al, "Biogas as a sustainable energy source for
developing countries: Opportunities and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 31, pp. 846-859, 2014.
[7] R. Kadam and N. L. Panwar, "Recent advancement in biogas
enrichment and its applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 73, pp. 892-903, 2017.
[8] C. Diaz-Gonzalez, A. Arrieta and J. Suarez, "Comparison of
combustion properties of simulated biogas and methane," Ct&f-Ciencia, Tecnología Y Futuro, vol. 3, (5), pp. 225-236, 2009.
[9] Z. L. Wei et al, "Effects of equivalence ratio, H 2 and CO 2 addition
on the heat release characteristics of premixed laminar biogas-hydrogen flame," Int J Hydrogen Energy, vol. 41, (15), pp. 6567-6580,
2016.
[10] C. Lee et al, "A study on the determination of burning velocities of LFG and LFG-mixed fuels," Fuel, vol. 81, (13), pp. 1679-1686, 2002.
[11] L. Pizzuti, C. A. Martins and P. T. Lacava, "Laminar burning velocity
and flammability limits in biogas: A literature review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 62, pp. 856-865, 2016.
[12] C. Lee and C. Hwang, "An experimental study on the flame stability
of LFG and LFG-mixed fuels," Fuel, vol. 86, (5), pp. 649-655, 2007.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
-0.1 0 0.1 0.2
He
at r
ele
ase
rat
e [
cal/
s-cm
3]
Distance [cm]
Biogas n=1.2
Biogas+5% H2n=1.2
Biogas+15% H2n=1.2
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
-0.1 0 0.1 0.2
He
at r
ele
ase
rat
e [
cal/
s-cm
3]
Distance [cm]
Biogas n=1.4
Biogas+5% H2 n=1.4
Biogas+15% H2 n=1.4
Scientia et Technica Año XXIV, Vol. 24, No. 03, septiembre de 2019. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira 478
[13] C. A. Diaz Gonzalez, A. Amell Arrieta and L. F. Cardona, "Estudio
experimental de la estabilidad de llama de biogás en un sistema de premezcla," Energética, (39), 2008.
[14] L. Pizzuti et al, "Laminar burning velocity and flammability limits in
biogas: A state of the art," in 2014, pp. 98-107. [15] H. Nonaka and F. M. Pereira, "Experimental and numerical study of
CO 2 content effects on the laminar burning velocity of biogas," Fuel,
vol. 182, pp. 382-390, 2016. [16] N. Hamidi, "Carbon dioxide effects on the flammability characteristics
of biogas," in Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2014, pp. 129-133.
[17] K. Biernat, W. Gis and I. Samson-Bręk, "Review of technology for cleaning biogas to natural gas quality," Combustion Engines, vol. 148,
pp. 33-39, 2012.
[18] M. J. Khalil, K. Sharma and R. Gupta, "Strategic technologies for biogas purification," in International Journal of Engineering and
Technical Research ISSN: 2321-0869, Special Issue. National
Conference on Synergetic Trends in Engineering and Technology (STET-2014), 2014.
[19] W. Qin, F. N. Egolfopoulos and T. T. Tsotsis, "Fundamental and
environmental aspects of landfill gas utilization for power generation," Chem. Eng. J., vol. 82, (1), pp. 157-172, 2001.
[20] S. E. Hosseini and M. A. Wahid, "Development of biogas combustion
in combined heat and power generation," Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 40, pp. 868-875, 2014. DOI:
10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.204.
[21] C. A. Cardona and A. A. Amell, "Laminar burning velocity and interchangeability analysis of biogas/C 3 H 8/H 2 with normal and
oxygen-enriched air," Int J Hydrogen Energy, vol. 38, (19), pp. 7994-8001, 2013.
[22] H. S. Zhen et al, "Characterization of biogas-hydrogen premixed
flames using Bunsen burner," Int J Hydrogen Energy, vol. 39, (25), pp. 13292-13299, 2014.
[23] F. Coppens, J. De Ruyck and A. A. Konnov, "Effects of hydrogen
enrichment on adiabatic burning velocity and NO formation in methane air flames," Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., vol. 31, (5), pp. 437-444,
2007.
[24] V. Di Sarli and A. Di Benedetto, "Laminar burning velocity of hydrogen–methane/air premixed flames," Int J Hydrogen Energy, vol.
32, (5), pp. 637-646, 2007.
[25] L. Pacheco et al, "Modeling Open-Flow Steam Reforming of Methanol
over Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 Catalyst in an Axisymmetric Reactor." Journal
of Applied Fluid Mechanics, vol. 8, (1), pp. 33-42, 2015.
[26] G. Nahar, D. Mote and V. Dupont, "Hydrogen production from reforming of biogas: Review of technological advances and an Indian
perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 76, pp.
1032-1052, 2017. [27] R. Bardolf and F. Winter, "Comparison of chemical kinetic
mechanisms for combustion simulation of treated biogas," The Holistic
Approach to Environment, vol. 4, (2), pp. 65-69, 2014. [28] S. Jahangirian and A. Engeda, "Biogas combustion and chemical
kinetics for gas turbine applications," in Proceedings of the ASME
International Mechanical Engineering Conference and Exposition, 2008.
[29] M. Kuznia et al, "Analysis of the combustion products of biogas
produced from organic municipal waste," Journal of Power Technologies, vol. 95, (2), pp. 158, 2015.
[30] C. Dong et al, "Experimental study on the laminar flame speed of
hydrogen/carbon monoxide/air mixtures," Fuel, vol. 88, (10), pp.
1858-1863, 2009.
[31] R. J. Blint, "The relationship of the laminar flame width to flame
speed," Combustion Sci. Technol., vol. 49, (1-2), pp. 79-92, 1986. [32] B. Lewis and G. Von Elbe, Combustion, Flames and Explosions of
Gases. Elsevier, 2012.
Mario Jonatan Acero Caballero
received the B.S. degree in mechanical
engineering from Industry University of
Santander, Colombia, in 2012 and the
M.S. degree in mechanical engineering
from Andes University, Colombia, in
2017.
From 2016 to today, he has been a full
Professor with the Energy Engineering
Program at Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga. After July
2019, he is director of Resources-Energy-Sustainability
Research Group. He is co-author of one patent “sistema portátil
integrado para la terapia respiratoria para el entrenamiento de
músculos inspiratorios y espiratorios”. and 2 scientific papers.
His research interests include Vehicle Energy Recovery
Systems
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1709-6574
Leonardo Esteban Pacheco Sandoval
received the B.S. degree in mechanical
engineering from Industry University of
Santander, Colombia, in 2006 and the
M.S. degree in applied mechanical from
Ecole Centrale de Nantes, France, in
2007. He is currently pursuing the Dr.Sc.
degree in Thermal Science and Energetic,
from Nantes University, France, 2012.
From 2012 to 2019, he was director of Resources-Energy-
Sustainability Research Group. From 2012 to today, he has
been a full Professor with the Energy Engineering Program at
Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga. He is co-author of
one book and 8 scientific papers. His research interests include
energy prospective, thermal energy recovery, ejector cooling
system, biogas enrichment to biomethane and biogas
combustion enhancement with hydrogen addition and,
modeling cofiring of biomass-coal fuel mixtures.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7262-382X
Carlos Alirio Díaz González received the
B.S. degree in mechanical engineering
from Industry University of Santander,
Colombia, in 2005 and the M.S. degree in
engineering energetic specialty from
Antioquia University, Colombia, in 2009.
He is grad school student in engineering
Ph.D program
From 2012 to today, he has been a associate Professor with
the Energy Engineering Program at Universidad Autónoma de
Bucaramanga. He is co-author of one book and 6 scientific
papers. His research interests include activities related to the
use of biomass as renewable fuel, exergetic analysis, biogas
enrichment to biomethane and biogas combustion enhancement
with hydrogen addition, where he has strengthened his skills in
combustion modeling and biofuels technologies.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7869-4610