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2010 Concrete Sustainability Conference 1 National Ready Mixed Concrete Association
AN INVESTIGATION OF NANO SILICA (SiO2) IN THE
Dr Daniel ArmentroutUniversity of Denver
Jon BelkowitzStevens Institute of Technology
,,
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7/30/2019 Belkowitz Presentation 4-13-10.pdf
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2010 Concrete Sustainability Conference 2 National Ready Mixed Concrete Association
Overview
Introduction
A Brief History of Concrete What Makes This Pro ect Uni ue? Comparing new vs old materials
What has been investigated
Materials and Experiments What worked
What didnt work
The Cement Hydration Process 5 Stages of the Heat of Hydration
Results and Analysis What Happened
Summary
Questions
References
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A Brief History of Concrete
Concrete Technology throughtime (Finding Solutions in theFace of Adversity)
Appian, Rome: Circa 125 BC
First Concrete Roadway,Ohio: 1893
Confederation Bridge,Canada: 1993
Problems in Need of Solutions Concrete/Cement Expensive
ASR , Min. Fly Ash Req. GAO 85 10R
Api an - Rome
Courtesy of Univ of Knowledge, 1938.
1stConcr ete Roadway Ohio 1893
Courtesy of Univ of Knowledge, 1938.
Engineering Responsibility
Preserving the Environment
Economic Vitality Durable/Sustainable
Roadways
Confederate Brid ge Canada 1993
Courtesy of w ww.ConfederateBridg e.com , 1995.
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What Makes this Project Unique?
Comparing old vs new materials Silica, a pozzolanic material
Introduced in the 1970s
,
Introduced in the new millennium
What has been investigated
A nano silica changing a microscopic crystal
structure which has macroscopic affects.
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Materials and Ex eriments
Constituents
Type I/II Portland Cement Polycarboxylate Comb
Polymer (HRWR)
Silica
x es gn No Aggregate w/c of 0.32
re m nary r a s
Contamination
Modifying the Standards
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Materials Silica Fume SF
This byproduct is the result of
the reduction of high-purity
arc furnace in the manufactureof silicon or ferrosilicon alloy.(PCA 60).
Surface area of SF ~ 20,000m2/kg
Cigarette smoke ~ 10,0002
Size ~ Average 1.0 m
ST DEV of 0.5 m Variability
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Materials Nano Silica
Less variability
Mix 8, Size ~ Average 35 nm
Range of sizes: 2 to 100 nm
Mix 50 Size ~ Avera e 5.5 nm
Range of sizes: 4 to 6 nm Mix 508: Combination of 8 and 50
Manufacturers Specification
Diameter > 40 nm, Filler
Diameter < 10 nm, Chemical
Micrograph of Nano Particles
From Brian H. Green at the Army Corp of Engineers
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Experimentsa r e scuss on on an ar s
Calorimetry Grace Adiacal, Semi-Adiabatic
Calorimetric Chamber
S ecimens: 76.2 mm diam. b152.4 mm (length)
Standard: ASTM C 31-09
X-Ray Diffraction Siemmins E500, X-Ray Diffractor
10 mm
Standard: N/A
Scanning Electron Microscopy Jeoul 5800 LV, Scanning
Specimens: 25 mm by 50 mm by10 mm
Standard: N/A Compressive Tests ,
Hydraulic Press
Specimen: 50 mm by 50 mm by50 mm
Standard: ASTM C 109-08
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Cement H dration Process Stage 1
Stage 2, 3, & 4
633 AHCHAC + 6
)(OH)(Ca3HSC)O(H6)S(C2 232323 ++
Stage 4, 5
Pozzolanic Reaction
232322 (OH)CaHSC)O(H4)S(C2 ++
23232 (OH)CaHSC(OH)CaS ++
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Results Calorimetry
SF MIX, POZZ REACTION AT 120 Hr
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Results XRD
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Results - SEM
Mix ST CM Mix SF
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Results SEM, Contd
Mix 8 Mix 50
Mix 508
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Results SEM, Contd
Mix 508 Mix 8
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Results Compressive
90.00
100.00
M
Pa)
60.00
70.00
80.00
veStrength
8
508
50
30.00
40.00
50.00
Compre
ssi
SFST CMT
20.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (Days)
ST DEV for all mixes conformed to the ASTM C 109-08
Did not exceed 3.5 MPa (500PSI) between samples
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Summar
Thesis Goals
Cement Hydration Process
As the Size of the Nano Particle
Increases Increase in Temperature
Possibility of a Change in CSH
Increase in Compressive Strength,
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QUESTIONS
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References ASTM C 31-09. Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens inthe Field. ASTM International. 2009. - .
Cement Mortars. ASTM International. 2008.
Balaguru, P., and Chong, K. Nanotechnology and Concrete: Research Opportunities.
ACI SP-2008.
Bentz, D.P. Influence of silica fume on diffusivity in cement-based materials. II.
Multi-scale modeling of concrete diffusivity. National Institute of Standards and
Technology. July 2000. Berger, R. and McGregor, J. Influence of Admixtures on the Morphology of Calcium
Hydroxide Formed During Tricalcium Silicate Hydration. Cement and Concrete Research. 1972.
Bogue, Robert. Chemistry of Portland Cement. Reinhold. 1955.
Christensen P. Structural and Ingredient Analysis of Concrete Methods, Results,
and Experience. Nordisk Betong. 1984.
Gartner, E., Young, J. Damidot, D. and I Jawed. Hydration of Portland Cement.
Lafarge. 2000.
Green, B. Development of a High-Density Cementitious Rock-Matching Grout using
Nano-Particles. SP-2548. Nanotechnology of Concrete: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives. ACI. K. Sobolevand S.P. Shah. 2008. pp. 121 132.
Holland, T. Silica Fume Users Manual. Silica Fume Association. April 2005. p. 4.
Larsen, G. Microscopic Point Measuring: A Quantitative Petrographic Method ofDetermining the Ca(OH)2 Content of the Cement Paste in Concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research. 1961.
Mindess, Sydney, J. Young, and, D, Darwin. Concrete. 2nd Edition. Prentice Hall.
2003.
Neville, A. M. Properties of Concrete. 14th Edition. Prentice Hall. 2002.
Reed, Matt. Nano Silica Particle Size and Distribution. Eka Chemicals. EmailInterview. 22 June 2009.
Sobolev, K., I. Flores, R. Hermosillo, and L.M. Torres-Martinez. Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology for High-Performance Cement Composites. SP-2548. Nanotechnology of
Concrete: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives. ACI. K. Sobolev and S.P. Shah. 2008. pp. 93 120
Spinks, J.W.T., H. W. Baldwin, and T. Thorvaldson. Tracer Studies of diffusion in set
Portland Cement. Can. J. Technol. Vol. 30. 1952.
St John, Donald, Poole, A., and Ian Sims. Concrete Petrography. Elsevier. 1998.
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Acknowled ements
Whitney Bitter
Harry and Pearl Belkowitz
Dr Daniel Armentrout Dr Maciej Kumosa
Dr Paul Predecki
Brian Burks
James Middleton
Daniel St-Pierre
Matt McCombs Lafarge Asphalt Crew
Peggy Martinez
Kevin Sobczak
Renee Teixeira
The Folks at Chryso, Inc
The Folks at Cemex
The Folks at W.R. Grace
The Best Family