d2s2 tha presentation

8/6/2019 D2S2 THA Presentation

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/d2s2-tha-presentation 1/21

The views expressed in this paper/presentation are the views of the authorand do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian DevelopmentBank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent.ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper andaccepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. Terminology usedmay not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.



Outlookon

WaterGovernance

inThailand

Panjarat Champathong PureeSirasoontoon • Supruet

Thavornyutikarn



Objectives

• InstitutionalArrangementonWater

Governance• Drawbacks

• ImminentProblems• AttemptsforReformandFuture



Area:51.31mil ha

•Rainfall:1,634mm

•25RiverBasins

•ArableLand:20.85mil ha

•40.64%oftotalarea

•IrrigatedArea:4.54mil ha

•8.85%oftotalarea•21.77%ofarableland

Source: AtlasofThailand:SpatialStructuresand

Development .EditedbyDoryaneKermelTorres.Paris:

IRDEditions.





IRDEditions.

•IrrigatedArea:4.54mil ha

•8.85%oftotalarea

•21.77%ofarableland



DominanceofAgriculturein

WaterUsage

• 94percentofwaterisusedbyagricultural

sector• 4percentbyhouseholdsector

• 2percentbyindustrialandservicesectors



MainActors

• SurfaceWater

– RoyalIrrigationDepartment

• UnderMinistryofAgricultureandCooperatives• IrrigatedAreas

– DepartmentofWaterResources

• UnderMinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment

• RemainingAreas

• UndergroundWater – DepartmentofUndergroundWaterResources

• UnderMinistryofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment

l



RoyalIrrigation

Department(RID)• OPERATOR

• 3ActsgoverningRID’sauthority

• Mainstayinwaterallocation:105years• Main/OriginalObjective:waterforagriculture

• CurrentObjective:ensuresufficientwatersupplyforusages

bystakeholders

• Legalpriorityisdestinedfor‘agricultural’purpose(under

Acts)

• Water Distribution Plan, however, prioritise household use

(verysmallproportion)

• RemainingareasareunderDWR



Departmentof

WaterResource(DWR)• POLICYMAKER(designed)

• HaslimitedauthoritygivenbytheCabinet;notAct

¾RelativelyweakerintermoflegalauthoritythanRID¾OPERATORfornonirrigatedareas

¾SECRETARIAT forNationalWaterResourcesCommittee

• Inprocessofdrafting‘WaterAct’ since1992

• WaterActsupposestobethemaingoverninglegislationof

waterinThailand+waterpricing

• DWRwouldbethemainpolicymaker ofwaterasapartof

othernaturalresourcepolicies



NationalWater

ResourcesCommittee

• FOCALPOINT:exchangeofvariousneeds/requirement

onwater

• Delegatesfromexistingorganisations =protectingown

interestsinCommittee

• Nopower/authoritytodeterminethedirectionofnationalwaterpolicy

/



Functional/Purposive

ApproachtoWater• Eachinstitutionhasitsownagendaonhowthe

watershallbeused

• Overlappingauthorities:policymakingvs operator• Mostofthemhavelegalauthoritiestododepending

ontheirpurposesbutlegislationsareoutdatedand

notsuitableforcurrentsituation

• Lackofunityandcomprehensivewatermanagement

=no‘resourcebased’centralauthoritytooverseethematterofwater

• Spaceforintegration andcoordination



WaterPricing

• FREE • RID

– RawWaterFee:discretionaryandnopropermonitoring

• ChargingWaterworksFacilitiesforuseofwatertoproducepiped/tapwater

• Charginglargescaleusers– farmsandindustries

– Freeforagriculturalpurpose• Excessiveuseofwater

• Controversyonwhethertolevyfeesforfarmerstorealisetherealcost

ofwater

• WaterworksincludingMWA/PWA/PrivateWorks

– WaterCharges:directtotheendusers(Householdand

Industry)

• Treatmentofwaterandpiping

• Channelingwaterforindustrialestates(privatewaterworks)



PronetoWaterCrisis

• Situationofwaterinadequacyandimbalance

watersupplyareloomingandescalating

• Competitionandconflictsonwater

– Agriculturevs Others

– Ruralvs Urban – Usagevs Preservation

– Savingcitiesvs savingfarmland(duringflood)

• Nopredictablesolution– largelysolvedbypoliticswhichwouldintensifyfutureconflicts



MissingPerspectives

• Sustainabilityofnaturalwatersources

– Forest,reforestation,andpreservationofwatersource

• ManagementofSewageandWastewater – Notreatmentforhouseholdsectoryet

– Nonpointsourcesofpollutants(mostlyfrom

agriculturalsectorwherebyalmost100%fertilizerand90%pesticides)

• DemandsideManagement

• Regeneratingwaterafterconsumption

• RolesofPrivates,Locals,andNGOs



RecentAttempts(i)

• Unifyandcooperate:setup‘NationalWaterResourceCommittee’ tobethecentreforwater

solutionorthefocalpoint(since1989)• Legislation

– Draftingof‘WaterAct’(since1992):

• GraduallyincludingWaterFeesforAgriculture(2000)

• AuthoriseDWRasacentralorganisationforwater

governance

– Draftingof‘WaterworksAct’

• Separatingoperational andregulatory tasks



RecentAttempts(ii)

• Encouragemoreparticipationfromusers/locals

– Selfdetermination

• Introducing‘IntegratedWaterResourcesManagement(IWRM)’targetedat25riverbasinsmostlyunderRID

– Requirealotofcooperationandcoordination:tremendous

transactioncost=goodinstitutionalframeworkisneeded – Requiremanyacademicfieldsworkingtogethertoprovide

knowledgebase

¾ Remaining ‘unsettled’



Conclusion• Legislation/CentralOrganisationwhichis‘resource

based ’and‘multidimensional+multifunctional ’is

calledforbutnotyetmaterialised

• Priorityinagriculturehasbeenshiftedtowardmore

balanceddistribution

• WaterPricingremainsdebatable – Especiallyagriculturalusers

– Pricing to incorporate environment impact from water use

• Crisisinwatermayputtheseinstitutionalsetupin

disarrayandcausehavoc

• Cooperationwithusers/stakeholdersandlocalcommunities



THANKYOUFORYOURATTENTION

CommentsandQuestionsarewelcomed

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]





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