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TRANSCRIPT
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8/2/2019 CursoDeLadino.com.ar - El Presente, vol. 2, diciembre de 2008. La cultura Judeo-Espaola del Norte de Marruecos -
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`
Fi ZrfsfktfFstvd`hs shorf im cvitvrm sflmrd
Im cvitvrm Bvdfh!Fszmhimdfi Khrtf df Amrrvfchs
Fd`thrfs2 Tmamr Mif~mkdfr Pmmgh| Ofkthi`im
Fi Zrfsfktf) |hi+ ?) d`c`faorf df ?::>
Vk`|frs`dmd Ofk!Evr`hk dfi Kfef| Sfktrh Ahsnf Dm|`d Emhkdf Gvitvrm Dbvdfh!Fszmkphim
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```
kd`cf
Zriheh =
N`sthr`m2 0
Pha Th| Mss`s
Tnf Bfus hl tnf Amenrfo mkd Sfznmrmd2 M Cmsf Stvdphl @ktfr!Chaavkmi Cvitvrmi _fimt`hks tnrhven tnf Mefs ==
Amrm Bhs Cmkh Ofmtr` Ahi`km pFifkm A`rhkfsghIm |`s`k df im mitfr`dmd fktrf bvdhs cr`st`mkhs p avsviamkfsfk ihs i`orhs df |`mbfs p ims crk`cms2 Fi cmsh df Amrrvfchs sfek
ims Crk`cms df F~zvis`k n`szmkh!nforfms 3=
Ermrd Kmnhk
Tftvk Micmr p Af}v`kfs lrfktf mi Afsms Bhs ofk Svr2im hzc`k fktrf Tvrgpm pLrmkgpm .=
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`|
I`kest`cm2 =65
Pmmgh| Ofkthi`im
Im ifkevm chak .ch`k) bvdfh!fszmhim fktrf fi Fstf
p fi Hfstf =60
Dm|`d Ovk`s
Tnf D`llfrfkt`mi @azmct hl Mrmo`c hk Nmgftm mkd Tvrg`snhk Bvdfah =55
Cpr`i Msimkh|
Im nm}vftm fktrf n`szmk`dmd p miheiht`sah2 d`|frefkc`mp chk|frefkc`m ?:0
Hrm ._hdr`evf) Scnumrumid
Oftuffk Fmst mkd Ufst2 D`llfrfkcfs oftuffk Htthamkmkd Khrtn Mlr`cmk Bvdfh!Szmk snNmeemdht ??3
@smmc Ofkmov
Bfu`sn Imkevmefs mkd I`lf mltfr Dfmtn2 Trmcfs hlNmgftmmahke tnf Bfus hl E`ormitmr ?43
I`tfrmtvrm) lhicihrf p as`cm2 ?63
Zmiham Dm!Ams
Ims avbfrfs sflmrdfs dfi Khrtf df Amrrvfchs fk fi hcmsh
df im trmd`c`k hrmi ?66
Hrh Mkmnhrp!I`orhu`c
Im `amefk dfi avsviak p dfi cr`st`mkh m trm|s df im kmrrmt`|mzhzvimr sflmrd df im hkm khrtf df Amrrvfchs ?3
Svsmkm Uf`cn!Snmnmg
Af |mpm gmzmr Im nmgftm fk fi rfzfrthr`h avs`cmi sflmrd ?0=
I`stm df chimohrmdhrfs 3:=
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==
Pha Th| Mss`s
Tnf Bfus hl tnf Amenrfo mkd Sfznmrmd2
M Cmsf Stvdp hl @ktfr!Chaavkmi Cvitvrmi _fimt`hks
Tnrhven tnf Mefs
Pha Th| Mss`s
Tnf Nforfu Vk`|frs`tp hl Bfrvsmifa
Sfznmrmd mkd Ammrm|
mgftm tnf Bvdfh!Szmk`sn hl tnf Ahrhccmk Sfznmrd`a sfr|fs ms mk fih}vfkt
`iivstrmt`hk hl tnf cihsf rfimt`hksn`z oftuffk Ahrhcch mkd Sfznmrmd+ Tnf Bfus hl
Ahrhcch mkd Szm`k nm|f miumps zhssfssfd |frp cihsf chktmcts tnrhvenhvt tnf mefs
lrha tnf \`s`ehtn`c zfr`hd vz vkt`i zhst!F~zvis`hk t`afs+ Tnf efhermzn`c zrh~`a`tp
hl tnf tuh imkds amdf m rfc`zrhc`tp ohtn kmtvrmi mkd `kf|`tmoif+ Tn`s fssmp f~ma`kfs
tnf avtvmi `kvfkcfs oftuffk tnf Bfus hk tnf tuh s`dfs hl tnf strm`ts tnmt sfzmrmtf
Fvrhzf mkd Mlr`cm tnf Cnr`st`mk mkd tnf Avsi`a uhrids+Dvr`ke tnf \`s`ehtn`c zfrsfcvt`hks amkp Bfus lrha tnf @ofr`mk zfk`ksvim fd th
Ahrhcch+= Tnf f|`dfkcf `kd`cmtfs tnmt shaf hl tnfsf rflveffs rftvrkfd th Szm`k u`tn
tnf Mrmo chk}vfrhrs shaf f|fk sfr|`ke ms md|`shrs schvts hr ev`dfs th tnf Avsi`a
lhrcfs tnmt chk}vfrfd tnf zfk`ksvim+? @t `s kh ch`kc`dfkcf tnmt tnf Mrmo chk}vfrhrs hl
\`s`ehtn`c Szm`k iflt amkp c`t`fs `k tnf nmkds hl tnf ihcmi Bfus m lmct th un`cn Mrmo
= Hk \ s`ehtn`c Szm`k mkd tnf Bfus `k efkfrmi sff B+ Bvstfr Tnf Ifemi Chkd`t`hk hl tnf
Bfus vkdfr tnf \`s`ehtn`c G`kes@srmfi Imu _f|`fu^@ .=055 30=!4=4
67 M+ A+ _mofiih Tnf Bfus `k \`s`ehtn`c Szm`k `k tnf
I`ent hl tnf Ife`simt`hk Rmiamk Snmmr Cfktrf Bfrvsmifa =0>3 .Nforfu)+
? Sff F+ Msnthr Tnf Bfus hl Ahsifa Szm`k \mrdm OhhgsZn`imdfizn`m =053 \hi+ @ zz+
3!4? mkd zmrt`cvimrip zz+ ?0!3?7 N+ R+ .B+ U+) N`rscnofreM N`sthrp hl tnf Bfus `k Khrtn
Mlr`cm Or`ii If`dfk =054 zz+ 65!6>+
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Tnf bfus hl tnf Amenrfo mkd Sfznmrmd
=?
cnrhk`cifrs tfst`lp+3 Unfk tnf =?6!pfmr zfr`hd hl zfrsfcvt`hk cmaf th mk fkd tnf kfu
Avsi`a rfe`af `k Szm`k mttrmctfd Bfu`sn `aa`ermkts+ Mahke tnfsf ufrf rst mkdlhrfahst Bfus lrha Ahrhcch+ Ahrhccmk Bfus chkt`kvfd th `aa`ermtf th tnf @ofr`mk
zfk`ksvim f|fk lhiihu`ke tnf trme`c fkd hl tnf Bfu`sn chaavk`t`fs `k Mi!Mkdmivs
vkdfr tnf rfzrfss`|f zhi`cp zvrsvfd op tnf Miahnmds unh hccvz`fd Avsi`a Szm`k
`k ==4>+ Bfus `k Ahrhcch thh svllfrfd ms tnf Miahnmds thhg chktrhi hl d`llfrfkt
c`t`fs `k tnf chvktrp+4 Mormnma `ok Frm fkvafrmtfd tnf Ahrhccmk chaavk`t`fs
tnmt ufrf n`t op tnf Miahnmds mihkes`df tnhsf hl Mi!Mkdmivs+ Lrha n`s fifep uf
vkdfrstmkd tnmt tnf Ahrhccmk chaavk`t`fs dfstrhpfd ufrf mii cfktrfs hl ifmrk`ke+
Tnf chaavk`t`fs tnmt ufrf omdip n`t ufrf S`b`iamsm Amrmgfsn Lf Tifacfk Cfvtm
Afgkfs mkd Dfrm+6 Amkp Bfus ufrf g`iifd un`if htnfrs ufrf lhrcfd th chk|frt th
@sima+ Tnfsf crpzth!Bfus ermdvmiip rftvrkfd th Bvdm`sa ms tnf Miahnmd`c rfe`af
shltfkfd `ts zhi`cp mkd ihcmi chkd`t`hks `azrh|fd+ Amkp nhuf|fr uhvid f|fktvmiip
dfzmrt lhr tnf fmst hr th tnf N`szmk`c g`kedhas+
Dvr`ke tnf _fchk}v`stm tnf ahkmrcns hl tnf Cnr`st`mk N`szmk`c g`kedhas
ufichafd Bfu`sn sfttifrs lrha Khrtn Mlr`cm k efkfrmi mkd lrha Ahrhcch k zmrt`cvimr+
@k tnf cmsf hl tnf Crhuk hl Mrmehk tnf shvrcfs cifmrip `kd`cmtf tnf nhsz`tmoif zhi`cp
lhiihufd op Bm`af @ mkd Zfdrh @@@ |`s!!|`s Bfu`sn `aa`ermkts lrha Khrtn Mlr`cm+ @k
Bvkf =?45 lhiihu`ke n`s chk}vfsts hl tnf Omifmr`c @simkds `k =??0 mkd tnf G`kedha
hl \mifkc`m `k =?30!=?46 G`ke Bm`af @ hl Cmtmihk`m!Mrmehk `ssvfd mk fd`ct hl smlf!
chkdvct th Bfus u`ii`ke th sfttif `k tnf tfrr`thr`fs hl tnf Crhuk hl Mrmehk+ Tnf fd`ct
ums zrhllfrfd `k zmrt`cvimr th tnf Ahrhccmk Bfus Smihahk Ofkmaamr mkd @smmc ofk
3 _+ Dhp_fcnfrcnfs svr in`sth`rf ft im i`ttrmtvrf df iFszmekf zfkdmkt if ahpfk ef
Emii`amrd Zmr`s =>>= \hi+ @ zz+ 40 6?+ Khramk _htns cr`t`c`sa hl n`sthr`mks unh k n`s
hz`k`hk nm|f f~meefrmtfd tnf rhif zimpfd op tnf Bfus `k tnf Mrmo chk}vfst hl Szm`k `k kh
ump rflvtfs tnf zrfsfkt mrevafkt tnmt tnf Bfus hl \`s`ehtn`c Szm`k ufichafd mkd mss`stfd
tnf chk}vfrhrs2 sff K+ _htn Tnf Bfus mkd tnf Avsi`a Chk}vfst hl Szm`kBfu`sn Shc`mi
Stvd`fs^^^\@@@ .=05+ Sff mish I+B+ S`ahk Bfus \`s`ehtns mkd tnf
Avsi`a Chk}vfst hl Szm`k VCIM N`sthr`cmi Bhvrkmi @\ .=0>3)zz+ 6!33+
4 Sff D+ Chrchs Tnf Mtt`tvdf hl tnf Miahnmds thumrds tnf BfusR`hk^^^@@ .=0
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=3
Pha Th| Mss`s
Smihahk mkd tnf`r lma`i`fs m erhvz hl h|fr tufktp zfrshks `k thtmi+< Bfus lrha tnf
Crhuk hl Mrmehk zmrt`cvimrip lrha Ambhrcm ufrf nfm|`ip k|hi|fd k chaafrc`mimct`|`t`fs mkd d`zihamt`c a`ss`hks `k Khrtn Mlr`cm kcivd`ke Ahrhcch+5
@k tn`s fssmp uf snmii d`scvss tuh mszfcts hl tnf cvitvrmi `ktfrcnmkef oftuffk tnf
Bfus hl tnf Amenrfo mkd tnf Bfus hl Sfznmrmd+ Tnfsf tuh lmcfts rfimtf th `kvfkcfs
`k chktrmrp d`rfct`hks tnf rst tnmt hl Amenrfo` Bfus hk Sfznmrmd mkd tnf sfchkd hl
Sfznmrd` Bfus hk tnf Amenrfo+ Un`if tnf imttfr `s lmr ofttfr dhcvafktfd tnf zrfsfkt
mrt`cif `k lmct hu`ke `ts hr`e`ks th m uhrgsnhz dfd`cmtfd th tn`s svobfct tnf lhrafr
`s ifss gkhuk mkd mt t`afs miahst chaziftfip `ekhrfd+ @ u`ii rflfr rst th tnf sfchkd
mszfct cnrhkhihe`cmiip imtfr ifm|`ke tnf fmri`fr mszfct th tnf kmi sfct`hk+
Tnf Sfznmrd` @azmct hk Amenrfo` Bfurp
Tnf `kvfkcf f~frtfd hk Ahrhccmk Bfurp op tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs hl =40? kffds
i`ttif fimohrmt`hk+ Tnf thz`c nms offk f~tfks`|fip rfsfmrcnfd tnf `azmct tnf Sfznmrd`
rflveffs f~frc`sfd hk Bfu`sn i`lf `k tnf Amenrfo nm|`ke offk f~ma`kfd lrha |mr`hvs
zfrszfct`|fs+ Lhiihu`ke tnf amssmcrfs hl =30= Bfu`sn rflveffs lrha tnf @ofr`mk
Zfk`ksvim fstmoi`snfd tnfasfi|fs `k unmt `s thdmp gkhuk ms Miefr`m+> Tnf fmrip
Sfznmrd`a unh sfttifd `k Khrtn Mlr`cm `kcivdfd svcn erfmt rmoo`k`c mvtnhr`t`fs ms
_+ P`tm} ofk Snfsnft Zfrlft hkf hl tnf ahst hvtstmkd`ke rmoo`k`c mvtnhr`t`fs th
ff tnf @ofr`mk Zfk`ksvim mkd kd rflvef `k Khrtn Mlr`cm+0 @k mdd`t`hk th n`s rmoo`k`ctrm`k`ke Zfrlft ums mish m znps`c`mk+ Zfrlfts chiifmevf Sn`ahk ofk Tfam Dvrmk
< Tnf lvii tf~t ums zvoi`snfd op B+\+ \`iimkvf|m \`mbf i`tfrmr`h m ims `eifs`ms df Fszmm
@azrfktm df Lhrtmkft Amdr`d =>6? \hi+ ?? z+ 3?5+ Tnf dhcvafkt ums rfzr`ktfd `k M+
ZhksIhs bvdhs dfi rf`kh df Amiihrcm A`evfi Lhkt Amdr`d =>6> \hi+ @@ z+ ?:3+ M Lrfkcn
svaamrp s lhvkd k B+ _ekN`sthrp hl tnf Bfus `k Mrmehk P+ Mss`s .fd+) Amekfs Zrfss
Bfrvsmifa =05> Kh+ 3=!35>7 P+ Mss`s Bfu`sn
D`zihamts lrha Mrmehk k Avsi`a Imkds .=?=3!=3?5) Sflvkht@@@ W=>Q .=0>6) zz+ ==!34
.Nforfu)+
> Sff N`rscnofreM N`sthrp hl tnf Bfus .moh|f khtf ?) \hi+= zz+ 3>4!3>>+0 Hk tnf Sfznmrd` Bfus unh sfttifd k Khrtn Mlr`cm mkd _+ S`ahk Dvrmk mkd tnf _`omsn sff
@+ Fzstf`k Tnf _fszhksm hl _moo` S`ahk ofk Rfamn Dvrmk ms m Shvrcf hl tnf N`sthrp hl
tnf Bfus `k Khrtn Mlr`cm G+ Zmvi Trfkcn Trvokfr Ihkdhk =03: Wrfzr+ Gtm| Kfu Phrg
=0Q zz+ =4!43+
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Tnf bfus hl tnf Amenrfo mkd Sfznmrmd
=4
ums hr`e`kmiip lrha Ambhrcm mkd unfk nf sfttifd `k Mie`frs nf bh`kfd _+ P`tm} ofk
Snfsnft Zfrlft ms m ifmdfr hl tnf c`tps chaavk`tp+=: Tnf unhif Dvrmk lma`ip amdf mdffz azmct hk Bfu`sn i`lf k Khrtn Mlr`cm+ Mkhtnfr nmimgn`c mvtnhr`tp unh sfttifd k
tnf rfe`hk ums _+ Fznrm`a Mikm}muf unh rst ufkt th Amrrmgfsn ovt kmiip sfttifd
`k Memd`r kfmr Tifacfk+ Mikm}muf ums i`gfu`sf mk f~zfrt k ohtn Thrmn mkd afd`c`kf+
@k rfumrd lhr n`s sfr|`cf ms znps`c`mk th tnf rvifr mkd n`s lma`ip nf msgfd zfra`ss`hk
lhr tnf Bfus th lhra m chaavk`tp `k Tifacfk+ N`s `kvfkcf hk tnf df|fihzafkt hl
Bfu`sn i`lf k Tifacfk s rffctfd k tnf imref spkmehevf nf ov`it un`cn rfam`kfd tnf
spaohi hl Bfu`sn trmd`t`hk lhr cfktvr`fs+ N`s `ent lrha Szm`k th Tifacfk ofcmaf m
ifefkd svosf}vfktip tvrk`ke Tifacfk kth mk azhrtmkt dfst`kmt`hk lhr z`ier`as+==
Tnf sfttifafkt hl tnf rflveffs hl =30= k Khrtn Mlr`cm ums kf`tnfr fmsp khr s`azif+
Amkp ufrf mttmcgfd op ihcmi zfmsmkts mkd shaf ufrf lhrcfd th rftvrk th tnf @ofr`mk
Zfk`ksvim+ Snihah `ok \frems Snf|ft Pfnvdmn e`|fs |`|`d tfst`ahkp th tnf svllfr`ke
tnfp fkdvrfd `k tfras tnmt ufii rffct tnf rfmi`tp `k Khrtn Mlr`cm+
@k tnf pfmr 6=6: tnfrf ufrf efkfrmi zfrsfcvt`hks k imref zmrts hl Sfznmrmd M
lfu hl tnf Bfus momkdhkfd tnf`r rfi`e`hk ofcmvsf hl tnf erfmt cmima`t`fs mkd tfrrhr
Mii hl tnfsf mkvs`a ufrf dftfra`kfd th kd m ump th sm|f tnf`r shvis mkd sh
cnhsf f~`if umkdfr`ke lrha hkf kmt`hk th mkhtnfr `k tnf imkds hl tnf`r fkfa`fs
vkt`i tnfp chvid kd m smlf nm|fk Tnhsf unh ufkt th tnf imkds hl tnf Ofrofrs
Wi`t+2 tnf MrmosQ nhuf|fr f~zfr`fkcfd nhrrhrs tnmt kh ohhg cmk dfscr`of ms tnfp
tnfasfi|fs urhtf th tnf`r rfimt`|fs unh rfam`kfd k tnf`r imkd W`+f+ Sfznmrmd tnf
Crhuks hl Cmst`if mkd MrmehkQ+=?
@t `s khtfuhrtnp tnmt un`if tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs hl =30= mii sfttifd `k tfrr`thr`fs fmst
hl Ahrhcch tnhsf hl =40? lhvkd rflvef `k Ahrhcch+ Tnf d`|frefkcf amp of trmcfd th
tnf zhi`t`cmi c`rcvastmkcfs zrf|m`i`ke k Khrtn Mlr`cm k tnfsf rfszfct`|f zfr`hds+
=: Sff M+ Nfrscnamk _moo` P`snmg omr Snfsnft .Nm_`OmSn) Ahssmd Nm_m| GhhgBfrvsmifa =06>+
=? Snihah `ok \frem Sflfr Snf|ft Pfnvdmn M+ Snhmt .fd+) Ahssmd O`mi`g Bfrvsmifa =045
zz+ 5=!5? WTnf Tufktp Sf|fktn Zfrsfcvt`hkQ .Nforfu)+
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=6
Pha Th| Mss`s
@ uhvid i`gf th khtf tuh zh`kts nfrf oflhrf tvrk`ke th tnf Sfznmrd` `kvfkcf `k
Ahrhcch+ L`rstip `k chazmr`shk th Zhrtvemi mkd tnf Htthamk Faz`rf tnf kvaofr hlSfznmrd` rflveffs `k Ahrhcch ums rfimt`|fip samii tnf zhi`t`cmi c`rcvastmkcfs of`ke
lmr lrha `dfmi lhr tnf`r sfttifafkt `k tnf chvktrp+ Sfchkdip amkp Sfznmrd` rflveffs
mrr`|fd `k Ahrhcch mkd dvf th tnf sfr`hvs d`lcvit`fs tnfp fkchvktfrfd tnfrf
svosf}vfktip iflt th kd m smlf nm|fk fisfunfrf+ F|fk tnhsf unh d`d kht rfam`k
`k Ahrhcch mkd chkt`kvfd tnf`r umkdfr`ke fmstumrds iflt mk `azmct ofn`kd tnfa
nhuf|fr+ Mahke tnf scnhimrs unh dfzmrtfd ufrf Mormnma Rm}vth Pmm}h| Ofrm|
Dm|`d `ok Mo` R`arm mkd Pfnvdmn mppmt+ _+ Pmm}h| Ofrm| ums hkip f`entffk
pfmrs hid unfk nf ofcmaf tnf ifmdfr hl m chaavk`tp hl 6::: lma`i`fs `k Lf
unfrf nf i`|fd `k a`sfrp mkd zh|frtp oflhrf nf iflt tnf thuk lhr ehhd+=3 Tnf chvktrp
ums `k zhi`t`cmi cnmhs thrk op tuh chazft`ke rfe`afs tnf Umttms`d svitmks mkd tnf
Snmr`tfs un`if ahst hl tnf zhrts ufrf `k Zhrtvevfsf nmkds+
Dfsz`tf tnf`r i`a`tfd kvaofr mkd tnf nmrdsn`zs tnfp fkchvktfrfd tnf Sfznmrd`
Bfus unh sfttifd `k Ahrhcch snhvid of chks`dfrfd ms chkst`tvt`ke m erfmt oifss`ke
th Amenrfo` Bfurp+ S`kcf tnf Miahnmd`c zfrsfcvt`hks tnf Bfus hl tnf Amenrfo nmd
svllfrfd lrha mk vkstmoif eh|frkafkt mkd `kchks`stfkt mtt`tvdfs+ Chaavk`t`fs tnmt
ufrf ambhr cfktrfs hl Bfu`sn i`lf ihst tnf`r zrffa`kfkcf+ Tn`s ums zmrt`cvimrip tnf
cmsf u`tn rfemrd th Lf un`cn nmd offk tnf ahst `azhrtmkt Bfu`sn chaavk`tp mkd m
zimcf hl scnhimrsn`z+ Tnf mrr`|mi hl tnf Sfznmrd`a kbfctfd kfu lrfsn oihhd or ke`ke
mohvt m rf|`|mi hl Bfu`sn cvitvrf+=4
Tnrff zhi`t`cmi lhrcfs `k Ahrhcch zimpfd m cfktrmi rhif `k mllfct`ke tnf dfst`kp hl
tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs+ Tnf sfttifrs fkchvktfrfd erfmt nmrdsn`zs rfchrds hl shaf hl
tnf sf|frf trmefd`fs tnfp f~zfr`fkcfd nm|`ke svr|`|fd+ Avcn hl tnf svllfr`ke nms
ehkf vkrfchek`fd nhuf|fr lhr lfu hl tnf rflveffs ufrf scnhimrs mkd iflt kh rfchrds
hl tnf`r trme`c f~zfr`fkcfs+ Un`if tnf G`ke hl Lf ums zmrt`cvimrip zrm`sfd lhr n`s
ofkf|hifkt mtt`tvdf thumrds tnf rflveffs nf ums tnf f~cfzt`hk rmtnfr tnmk tnf rvif+
@k amkp zimcfs tnf rvifrs mkd ihcmi zhzvimt`hk mi`gf ufrf nhst`if th tnf kfuchafrs+
Tnf z`tfhvs chkd`t`hks `k un`cn tnf Sfznmrd` sfttifrs i`|fd unfk tnfp rst mrr`|fd
drh|f amkp th dfszm`r+ Tnf mcchvkts hl svcn ur`tfrs ms _+ Mormnma Thrrvt`fi mkd
_+ Pfnvdmn ofk Pmm}h| mppmt ifmd vs th uhkdfr nhu tnf rflveffs svr|`|fd mkdsvosf}vfktip hvr`snfd+
=3 ThifdmkhKfr Nm!Ammrm| .moh|f khtf 6)z+ 5>+=4 Sff `o`d zz+ 5:!5=+
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8/2/2019 CursoDeLadino.com.ar - El Presente, vol. 2, diciembre de 2008. La cultura Judeo-Espaola del Norte de Marruecos -
9/23
Tnf bfus hl tnf Amenrfo mkd Sfznmrmd
= \hi+ \@ Mzzfkd`~
zz+ ?=!?? .Nforfu)+
=!50+
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8/2/2019 CursoDeLadino.com.ar - El Presente, vol. 2, diciembre de 2008. La cultura Judeo-Espaola del Norte de Marruecos -
10/23
=5
Pha Th| Mss`s
Mitnhven Lf mttrmctfd amkp Sfznmrd` rflveffs amkp ufrf vkmoif th chzf u`tn
tnf d`lcvit chkd`t`hks zrf|m`i`ke tnfrf+ Mkhtnfr azhrtmkt zfrshkmi`tp unh stmpfd lhrm un`if mkd ums tnfk lhrcfd th ifm|f ums _moo` Dm|`d ofk Snihah `ok Mo` R`arm
unhsf lma`ip ums hr`e`kmiip lrha Rmahrm+ Dm|`d ums m phvke ohp hl tfk unfk n`s
r`cn mkd ufii!fstmoi`snfd lma`ip iflt lhr Ahrhcch+ Un`if _moo` Dm|`d ok Mo` R`arm
iflt lhr Frft @srmfi amkp afaofrs hl n`s lma`ip rfam`kfd `k Ahrhcch+=5
Un`if ahst hl tnf rflveffs lrha Cmst`if mkd Zhrtvemi sfttifd `k c`t`fs hk tnf chmst
mkd `k tnf imref c`t`fs `kimkd shaf lhvkd m nhaf `k |`iimefs+ @k amkp hl tnf zimcfs
unfrf tnfp sfttifd tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs lhvkd Amenrfo` Bfus unh nmd offk i`|`ke
tnfrf lhr cfktvr`fs+ Tnfsf Bfus nmd tnf`r huk cvsthas mkd trmd`t`hks i`tvrep mkd
nmimgn`c hr`fktmt`hk+ Tnf afft`ke oftuffk tnf Sfznmrd`a mkd tnf Amenrfo` Bfus .tnf
sh!cmiifd thsnm|`a) ums kht s`azif hr strm`entlhrumrd ms `s tpz`cmiip trvf unfkf|fr
`aa`ermkt Bfus sfttif `k mirfmdp!f~`st`ke chaavk`t`fs+ @k tnf cmsf hl tnf Sfznmrd`
rflveffs tnf d`lcvit`fs ufrf f|fk erfmtfr s`kcf tnfp mrr`|fd `k tnf ofi`fl tnmt tnfp
ufrf tnf ofmrfrs hl m Bfu`sn cvitvrf svzfr`hr th tnf ihcmi hkf+ Lvrtnfrahrf `k shaf
zimcfs tnf kvaofr hl tnf rflveffs ums svlc`fktip imref th cmvsf chkcfrk mkd f|fk
lfmr mahkest tnf ihcmi chaavk`tp+
Tnf rfimt`hks oftuffk tnf Amenrfo` mkd Sfznmrd` Bfus `k Ahrhcch ufrf strm`kfd
mkd mt t`afs mktmehk`st`c+ @k Lf unfrf amkp hl tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs `kcivd`ke
rmoo`s mkd scnhimrs lhvkd `t `azhss`oif th rfam`k ofcmvsf hl tnf tfrr`oif chkd`t`hks
tnf Amenrfo` ifmdfrs ufrf ahrf svccfsslvi `k rfs`st`ke tnf Sfznmrd` `kvfkcf+
Tnf dfzmrtvrf hl sh amkp Sfznmrd` scnhimrs th tnf fmst amdf tnf`r strveeif mem`kst
Sfznmrd` nfefahkp fms`fr+ Tnf ifmdfrs hl tnf thsnm|`a }vfst`hkfd tnf rflveffs
ife`t`amcp mkd dfkt`tp ms Bfus+ @k m }vfst`hk sfkt th _+ Sn`ahk Dvrmk k Mie`frs _+
Ovst` tnf sz`r`tvmi ifmdfr hl tnf Amenrfo` Bfus `k Lf mkd n`s chiifmevfs `k}v`rfd
mohvt zfhzif cha`ke lrha Cmtmihk`m Cmst`if mkd Zhrtvemi unh umkt th chk|frt
mkd bh`k Ehds zfhzif fmcn cim`a`ke tnmt nf `s m Chnfk un`if tnf`r lmtnfr ums
vkc`rcvac`sfd mkd Cnr`st`mk mkd tnf`r ahtnfr ums u`tnhvt m gftvoomn mkd m zrhzfr
ufdd`ke cmrfifss `k tnf imus hl zvr`tp Wi`t+2 sf|fk cifmk .dmps)Q mkd unh ufrf
chkcf`|fd unfk tnf`r ahtnfr ums k`ddmn Wafkstrvmt`keQ mkd ufrf ohrk lrha tnf
vkc`rcvac`sfd _+ Sn`ahk Dvrmk ums |frp cr`t`cmi hl tnf Amenrfo` Bfu`sn mtt`tvdf thumrds svcn
crpzth!Bfus unh rftvrkfd th Bvdm`sa chks`dfr`ke tnf`r chkcfzt hl tnf chk|frshs
=5 ThifdmkhKfr Nm!Ammrm| .moh|f khtf 6)z+ 50+
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8/2/2019 CursoDeLadino.com.ar - El Presente, vol. 2, diciembre de 2008. La cultura Judeo-Espaola del Norte de Marruecos -
11/23
Tnf bfus hl tnf Amenrfo mkd Sfznmrmd
=>
rftvrk th Bvdm`sa th of `k|mi`d+ Tnf thsnm|`a rmoo`s ufrf mish sf|frfip rfovgfd op
m rmoo` hr`e`kmt`ke lrha tnf @ofr`mk zfk`ksvim unhsf vkdfrstmkd`ke hl tnf zrhoifasffafd th of lmr ahrf spazmtnft`c mkd rfmi`st`c+ Tnfsf rfszhksfs `kd`cmtf tnmt tnf
Amenrfo` Bfus hl Lf ufrf kht nmzzp u`tn zrfsfkcf hl Sfznmrd` Bfus `k tnf`r a`dst
mkd tnmt tnf r`|mirp oftuffk tnf tuh chaavk`t`fs ums |frp o`ttfr+=>
Vit`amtfip imref zmrts hl Ahrhccmk Bfurp ofcmaf zrfdha`kmktip Sfznmrd`
Sfznmrd` i`tvrep trmd`t`hks cvsthas nmimgnmn mkd imkevmef cha`ke th zrf|m`i h|fr
tnf ihcmi chaavk`tps zrmct`cfs+ Fkt`rf chaavk`t`fs tvrkfd Sfznmrd`+ Tnf zrhcfss
ums kf`tnfr snhrt khr s`azif+ @k shaf cmsfs tnf cimsn ums |frp sfr`hvs mkd ifd th
f~tfrkmi Efkt`if `ktfrlfrfkcf+ Tnf ofst!gkhuk cr`s`s oftuffk tnf Sfznmrd` mkd
Amenrfo` Bfus hccvrrfd h|fr tnf zrhcfss hlsnfn`tmn+ Tn`s chk`ctimstfd lhr amkp
pfmrs mkd ifd th tnf `ktfr|fkt`hk hl tnf Avsi`a mvtnhr`t`fs `k m nmimgn`c chk`ct+
Tnf d`szvtf rfimt`ke th tnf mk`amis ivkes orhgf hvt `k sf|frmi chvktr`fs unfrf tnf
Sfznmrd` rflveffs sfttifd+ O`ttfr mkd mktmehk`st`c `t fkdfd u`tn tnf Sfznmrd` sfttifrs
em`k`ke tnf vzzfr nmkd `k tnf |mr`hvs chaavk`t`fs+
_+ m`a Emev`kf tnf ifmdfr hl tnf Amenrfo` cmaz `k tn`s chk`ct ums hr`e`kmiip
lrha Lf+ Unfk nf ums m cn`id nf ah|fd th Cmst`if th stvdp vkdfr _+ Phsfzn V`fi
hkf hl tnf erfmt Cmst`i`mk scnhimrs+ Dvr`ke tnf f~zvis`hk _+ Emev`kf rftvrkfd th Lf
th ofchaf tnf sz`r`tvmi ifmdfr hl tnf Amenrfo` Bfus+ N`s stvd`fs mkd f~zfr`fkcf `k
Cmst`if nmd zrfzmrfd n`a th lffi tnf f}vmi hl mkp Sfznmrd` scnhimr mkd `t ums nf unh
dmrfd th cnmiifkef tnf Sfznmrd` cim`a th svzfr`hr`tp k amttfrs hl nmimgnmn mkd Thrmn+
@k tnf chk`ct h|fr gmsnrvtun`cn thhg zimcf dvr`ke =6?
ms tnf am`k szhgfsamk lhr tnf thsnm|`a+ Lhiihu`ke tnf chk`ct nf urhtf m ohhg
zrfsfkt`ke n`s mrevafkts+=0 Nf sfkt tn`s trfmt`sf th amkp chaavk`t`fs th strfketnfk
tnfa k tnf`r hzzhs`t`hk th tnf mttfazts hl Sfznmrd` Bfus th `azhsf tnf`r nmimgnmn mkd
cvsthas hk tnf ihcmi Bfu`sn chaavk`t`fs+
Tnf `kvfkcf hl tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs ums mish chks`dfrmoif `k tnf fid hl
Gmoomimn+ Gmoomi`st`c stvdp `k Ahrhcch zrfdmtfd tnf mrr`|mi hl tnf Sfznmrd`
apst`cs+?: Mk azhrtmkt cfktrf hl Gmoomimn f~`stfd k Dmrm ohtn zr`hr mkd svosf}vfkt
=>
Sn`ahk Dvrmk Pmgn`k v!Ohm Amgnha NmGtm| Bfrvsmifa =00? @@ Kh+ 3+=0 m`a Emev`kf Ft m`a A+ Mamr .fd+) Omr @imk Vk`|frs`tp Zrfss _mamt Emk =0>5
.Nforfu)+ Hk _+ m`a Emev`kf mkd tnf chk`ct sff tnf @ktrhdvct`hk zz+ ==!3:7 Emev`kfs
huk mcchvkt `s lhvkd `k Cnmztfr @ zz+ : zz+ ==3!=?:+
?: Sff A+miima`sn Tnf Gmoomimn k Ahrhcch2 Mk Mttfazt mt ts Cimss`cmt`hk @+ Ofmifi.fd+) Zmmaf` Ammrm|2 Ftvdfs bvdh!amenro`kfs Ofk!R|` @kst`tvtf Bfrvsmifa =0>3
zz+ ?:0!?=: .Nforfu)+
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8/2/2019 CursoDeLadino.com.ar - El Presente, vol. 2, diciembre de 2008. La cultura Judeo-Espaola del Norte de Marruecos -
12/23
=0
Pha Th| Mss`s
th tnf F~zvis`hk+ Mcchrd`ke th Ahsnf Chrdh|frh `t ums lrha Dmrm tnmt m chaziftf
|frs`hk hl tnf Rhnmr szrfmd mkd rfmcnfd _+ Ahsnf df Ifhk mkd _+ P`tm} hl Mcrf+?=Tnf imttfr i`|fd `k Ahrhcch unfrf nf chvid nm|f rfcf`|fd `klhramt`hk mohvt tnf
rfd`sch|frp hl tnf Rhnmr `k tnf tn`rtffktn cfktvrp `k Dmrm+ \mr`hvs shvrcfs `kd`cmtf
tnmt Dmrm ums mk `azhrtmkt cfktrf hl Gmoomimn lrha tnf tn`rtffktn tnrhven th tnf
s`~tffktn cfktvrp+ Mitnhven tnf mrfm kf|fr mttrmctfd Sfznmrd` sfttifrs mkd tnf Bfus
tnfrf chkt`kvfd th vznhid tnf`r mkc`fkt ihcmi trmd`t`hks tnf Sfznmrd` Gmoomi`sts
f~frc`sfd mk `aafksf `kvfkcf hk tnf stvdp hl tn`s fid fisfunfrf `k Ahrhcch+??
Mahke tnhsf unh chktr`ovtfd th tnf szrfmd hl tnf Gmoomimn `k Ahrhcch uf cmk
kmaf _+ Mormnma Smom unhsf chaafktmrp hk tnf Thrmn Trhr nm!Ahr un`cn nf
rfurhtf lrha afahrp dvr`ke n`s tfk!pfmr stmp `k Lf s`kcf n`s ohhgs nmd offk ihst
`k Zhrtvemi chktm`ks m apst`cmi `ktfrzrftmt`hk mcchrd`ke th tnf aftnhd hl tnf Rhnmr
zmrmiifi th tnf hrd`kmrp sfksf+ @k n`s chaafktmrp hk tnf uffgip zhrt`hk \m!ftmkmk
nf afkt`hks tnf sfrahks nf zrfmcnfd `k mii tnf spkmehevfs hl Lf sfrahks un`cn
ufrf vkdhvotfdip `kstrvafktmi `k szrfmd`ke n`s gmoomi`st`c |`fus+?3 N`s chaafktmrp
hk tnf Tfk Sfrht ums mish ur`ttfk `k Ahrhcch mkd sfkt th _+ Mimi ofk Mim`gn m
scnhimr rfs`dfkt k Tifacfk+?4 @k Tifacfk uf kd mkhtnfr Sfznmrd` apst`c _+ Phsfzn
ofk Ahsnf Mimsngmr+ Mkhtnfr ifmd`ke Sfznmrd` scnhimr unh nmd m zrhlhvkd azmct hk
tnf szrfmd mkd df|fihzafkt hl tnf Gmoomimn k Ahrhcch ums _+ Sn`ahk ok Im|` tnf
mvtnhr hlMi Mdkf Zm m chaafktmrp hk tnf Rhnmr+?6 Nf ums f`tnfr m omop unfk nf
cmaf lrha Cmst`if hr ums ohrk `k Ahrhcch th m lma`ip hl rflveffs+
Tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs ufrf str`g`keip svccfsslvi `k h|frcha`ke tnf fmrip zrhoifas
hl tnf`r `ktfermt`hk rmz`dip rfchkst`tvt`ke tnf`r chaavk`t`fs rffstmoi`sn`ke tnf`r
`kst`tvt`hks rf|`|`ke tnf`r Sfznmrd` Nforfu mkd Bfu`sn cvitvrf mkd rfmssfrt`ke tnf`r
zr`df `k tnf`r `dfkt`tp+ Tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs mkd tnf`r dfscfkdmkts crfmtfd tnf`r huk
?= Sff Chrdh|frhs chaafktmrp hk tnf Rhnmr Hr Pm}mr `k T`}vkf Rhnmr Mvmt @srmfi
Bfrvsmifa =0>3 @@2=:4 .Nforfu)+
?? ThifdmkhKfr Nm!Ammrm| .moh|f khtf 6)z+ =:0+ Tnf cfktrf mt Dmrm s lviip trfmtfd `k _+
Fi`hr Tnf Gmoomi`sts hl DrmmZfma`a^^@\ .=0>6) zz+ 3
?3 Sff R+ Ovmrhk Tnf F~zvis`hks lrha Szm`k mkd Zhrtvemi ms _ffctfd `k _moo` SmomsChaafktmr`fs .=454!=6=
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8/2/2019 CursoDeLadino.com.ar - El Presente, vol. 2, diciembre de 2008. La cultura Judeo-Espaola del Norte de Marruecos -
13/23
Tnf bfus hl tnf Amenrfo mkd Sfznmrmd
?:
sfzmrmtf chaavk`t`fs mkd kst`tvt`hks mkd ufrf gkhuk ms Tnf Nhip Chaavk`t`fs hl
tnf _flveffs lrha Cmst`if k chktrmst th Tnf Nhip Chaavk`t`fs hl tnf Thsnm|`a+? Tnf shvkd hl _hamkcf ums nfmrd k tnf
strffts k tnf spkmehevfs mkd k nhafs+ _hamkcf imkevmefs lrha @ofr`m zmrt`cvimrip
tnf Cmst`i`mk un`cn ums th df|fihz `kth mgftm ufrf zrfdha`kmkt unfrf|fr
Sfznmrd` Bfus sfttifd `k svostmkt`mi kvaofrs+ Tnf lma`ip kmafs hl amkp Sfznmrd`
Bfus `k Ahrhcch ohrf mkd st`ii ofmr u`tkfss th tnf`r @ofr`mk hr`e`ks+?0 Dfsz`tf tnf
svr|`|mi hl ihcmi Amenrfo` Bfu`sn chaavk`t`fs mkd cvsthas vkt`i ahdfrk t`afs `t
cmk of smlfip mssvafd tnmt tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs mkd tnf`r dfscfkdmkts `k Ahrhcch
tvrkfd tnf chvktrp `kth m ambhr cfktrf hl Sfznmrd` Bvdm`sa+
?< Hk tnf thsnm|`a mkd afehrmsn`a `k Lf sff Efrofr Bfu`sn Shc`ftp `k Lf .moh|f khtf
=0)zz+ 43!6=+
?5 M+@+ Imrfdh Ims tm}mkht df ihs f~zvismdhs df Cmst`iim fk Amrrvfchs p sv re`afk
amtr`ahk`mi p svcfshrmi Sfznmrmd\@@@ .=04>) zz+ ?46!?5 Hk Bvdfh!Cmst`i`mk hr mgftm `k Ahrhcch sff M+ Cmstrh Im ifkevm fszmhim df
Amrrvfchs_f|`stm N`szmkh!Mlr`cmkm@ Kh+ 6 .=0??) Wrfzvo+ `k_mcfsI@^ .?::4) zz+
=>>!??37 ^^^@@ .=06?) zz+ ?66!?>0+
?0 Sff D+ Chrchs _ff~`hks svr ihkhamst`}vf bvdh!khrd!mlr`cm`kf Lhigihrf _fsfmrcn
Cfktrf Stvd`fs @ .=05:) zz+ =!?5 W1 D+ Chrchs Stvd`fs `k tnf N`sthrp hl tnf Bfus hl
Ahrhcch _vo`k Amss Bfrvsmifa =05
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8/2/2019 CursoDeLadino.com.ar - El Presente, vol. 2, diciembre de 2008. La cultura Judeo-Espaola del Norte de Marruecos -
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?=
Pha Th| Mss`s
Amkp Kfu Cnr`st`mks lrha Zhrtvemi fscmzfd th Ahrhcch unfrf tnfp ufrf
`ktfermtfd kth tnf Sfznmrd` chaavk`tp mkd lrha t`af th t`af mddfd kfu oihhd th tnfSfznmrd` chaavk`t`fs+ M kvaofr hl Sfznmrd` Bfus sfr|fd ms d`zihamts `ktfrzrftfrs
mkd mefkts `k tnf sfr|`cf hl Szm`k Zhrtvemi hr Ahrhcch+ @t `s khtfuhrtnp tnmt tnf
Zhrtvemi tnmt dfmit sh nmrsnip u`tn tnf Bfus unh ufrf lhrc`oip chk|frtfd `k =405
mkd ums imtfr th zfrsfcvtf mkd zrhsfcvtf tnhsf unh rftvrkfd th Bvdm`sa hr unh
chkt`kvfd th zrmct`cf Bfu`sn trmd`t`hks k sfcrft lhvkd kh zrhoifa k fazihp`ke tnhsf
unh fscmzfd lrha Zhrtvemi mkd hzfkip zrhlfssfd Bvdm`sa+ Tnf `kvfkcf hl tnfsf
d`zihamts ums `aafksf lrf}vfktip of`ke `kstrvafktmi `k `azrh|`ke tnf stmtvs hl
tnf`r Bfu`sn orftnrfk+ @azhrtmkt ufmitnp Sfznmrd` lma`i`fs zimpfd m ambhr rhif `k tnf
chvktrp shaf of`ke sfkt ms Ahrhccmk maomssmdhrs th Zhrtvemi+3:
Amenrfo` _hhts `k Sfznmrd` Cvitvrf
Ift vs eh khu eh omcg ahrf tnmk |f cfktvr`fs zr`hr th tnf mrr`|mi hl tnf Sfznmrd`
rflveffs th tnf Ahrhcch hl tnf k`ktn mkd tfktn cfktvr`fs+ Tnf Mrmo chk}vfsts hl tnf
sf|fktn mkd f`entn cfktvr`fs rmd`cmiip cnmkefd tnf Bfu`sn uhrid mkd tnf chvrsf hl
Bfu`sn n`sthrp+ Op tnf ofe`kk`ke hl tnf f`entn cfktvrp tnf |mst ambhr`tp hl tnf Bfu`sn
zfhzif ufrf i`|`ke vkdfr @sima mkd |frp shhk mltfr tnf chk}vfsts ahst Bfus nmd
mdhztfd tnf Mrmo`c imkevmef+ F|fktvmiip tn`s afft`ke hl tnf Bfu`sn zfhzif u`tn tnf
uhrid hl @sima orhvent mohvt m spktnfs`s hl Bvdm`sa u`tn Erfch!Mrmo`c cvitvrf+3=Tn`s ums `k`t`mtfd op Smmd`mn Emhk3? mkd chkt`kvfd `k Sfznmrmd lhr m zfr`hd hl tuh
cfktvr`fs k m hvr`sn`ke Nforfu cvitvrf gkhuk ms Tnf Ehidfk Mef+
@ uhvid i`gf th zrhzhsf tnmt un`if Bfu`sn n`sthr`hermznp nms r`entip faznms`sfd tnf
erfmt cvitvrmi rfi`e`hvs i`kev`st`c mkd i`tfrmrp mcn`f|fafkts hl tnf Sfznmrd` Ehidfk
shc`t bv`|f dmks if |`fv~ Amrhc ifs zrkhas dfs Bv`ls amrhcm`ks Lhigihrf _fsfmrcn
Cfktrf Stvd`fs@@@ .=05?) zz+ =43!??0+
3: N`rscnofreM N`sthrp hl tnf Bfus .moh|f khtf ?)\hi+ @ zz+ 4=:!3
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Tnf bfus hl tnf Amenrfo mkd Sfznmrmd
??
Mef `t nms miahst thtmiip `ekhrfd tnf rhif zimpfd op scnhimrs hl tnf Amenrfo `k
imp`ke tnf lhvkdmt`hks hl Sfznmrd` cvitvrf+ @t `s str`g`ke tnmt shaf rfimt`|fip s`aziflmcts nm|f kht offk mddvcfd `k hrdfr th drmu unmt snhvid mzzfmr th of ho|`hvs
chkcivs`hks chkcfrk`ke tnf chktr`ovt`hk hl Ahrhccmk Bfu`sn scnhimrsn`z th tnf
Ehidfk Mef hl Sfznmrmd+33
Mitnhven Szm`k zhssfssfs m zimcf hl d`st`kct`hk `k zrhaht`ke tnf stvdp hl tnf
Nforfu imkevmef m s`azif f~ma`kmt`hk hl tnf lmcts dfahkstrmtfs tnmt tnf stvdp
hl tnf Nforfu imkevmef `k Szm`k ums `k`t`mtfd op Nforfu scnhimrs unh hr`e`kmtfd
lrha Ahrhcch hr nmd stvd`fd tnfrf+ Dvkmsn ofk Imormt Nmif|` sh `kt`amtfip rfimtfd
th Sfznmrmd ms m ermaamr`mk mkd zhft `k tnf tfktn cfktvrp ums fdvcmtfd `k Lf+ 34
Dvkmsn cmaf th Szm`k mt tnf `k|`tmt`hk hlmsdm` `ok Snmzrvt unh ums dftfra`kfd
th crfmtf m cfktrf hl Bfu`sn ifmrk`ke tnfrf+ _+ Pfnvdmn mppvb mish gkhuk ms Mov
Rfgnmrpm Pmpm ofk Dm|`d mi!Lms` unh ums tnf rst zfrshk th sveefst tnf tr`imtfrmi
rhht hl Nforfu uhrds mkd th chaz`if m Nforfu ermaamr ums mish lrha Lf+ Pfnvdmn
mppvb ums tnf tfmcnfr hl Phkmn `ok Bmkm m zrffa`kfkt Nforfu ermaamr`mk+36
Dm|`d ofk Mormnma mi!Lms` urhtf m Nforfu d`ct`hkmrp cmiifdG`tmo Bma` mi!Milm+34) zz+ =Dvkmsn `k Sfmrcn hl tnf Lhvkdmt`hks hl Nforfu Imkevmef Stvd`m Hr`fktmi`m ^C\
.?::3) zz+ =55!=0:+
36 M+ Dhtmk I`kev`st`cs mkd Chazmrmt |f I`kev`st`cs `k tnf A`ddif Mefs2 Mk Mkmips`s
hl Hkf \fromi Zmttfrk `k Bvdmn mppvbs Ermaamr Tfvdmn @^ .=006) zz+ ==5!=3:
.Nforfu)7 K+ Omssmi Spktm~ `k Pfnvdmn mppvbsG`tmo mk!Kvtmlms mk Mrmo`c!Nforfu
Cvitvrmi FkchvktfrOfk F|fr if!Mrm|Mg`a Tfi M|`| =00> zz+ 06!=== .Nforfu)7 M+
Amamk Tnf Lihvr`sn`ke Frm hl Bfu`sn F~fefs`s `k Szm`k2 Tnf I`kev`st`c Scnhhi Bvdmn
Nmppvb Bhkmn `ok Bmkmn Ahsfs `ok Cn`}v`t`iim mkd Bvdmn `ok Omima Soh Nforfu
O`oif(Hid Tfstmafkt.moh|f khtf 34) \hi+ @ ? .?:::) zz+ ?
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8/2/2019 CursoDeLadino.com.ar - El Presente, vol. 2, diciembre de 2008. La cultura Judeo-Espaola del Norte de Marruecos -
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?3
Pha Th| Mss`s
Tnf tnrff ermaamr`mks unh iflt Lf mii rfcf`|fd tnf`r Nforfu fdvcmt`hk tnfrf+ Hkf
hl tnf ahst `azhrtmkt Nforfu i`kev`sts unhsf chazmrmt`|f stvd`fs chkst`tvtf tnf rsthl tnf`r g`kd ums Pfnvdmn ofk ]vrmpsn mi!Tmnfrt`+ Mi!Tmnfrt` ums tnf rst i`kev`st th
zmp nffd th tnf rfimt`hks mkd s`a`imr`t`fs oftuffk tnf Sfa`t`c imkevmefs Nforfu
Mrmo`c mkd Mrmam`c+ Mitnhven nf ums ohrk `k Tmnmrmt nf szfkt m ehhd zmrt hl n`s
i`lf `k Lf+ N`s ufii!gkhuk uhrg hk tnf `azhrtmkcf hl tnf rfmd`ke hl tnf Mrmam`c
trmksimt`hk hl tnf Thrmn ms zrfscr`ofd op tnf rmoo`s ums mctvmiip sfkt ms mk fz`stif
cmiifd tnf _msmimn th tnf Bfus hl Lf unh nmd sthzzfd rfmd`ke tnf Mrmam`c `k
hrdfr th zfrsvmdf tnfa th rf|frt th tnf mkc`fkt cvstha+ @t `s `ktfrfst`ke tnmt Pfnvdmn
fkdfm|hvrfd th dfahkstrmtf nhu vsflvi Mrmam`c ms ufii ms Mrmo`c chvid of lhr m
ofttfr vkdfrstmkd`ke hl tnf Nforfu tf~t+ F}vmiip `ktr`ev`ke `s tnf mksufr hl tnf Bfus
hl Lf unh cim`afd tnmt tnfp nmd cfmsfd rfmd`ke tnf Mrmam c tf~t ofcmvsf tnfp lviip
vkdfrsthhd tnf Nforfu+35 @t mzzfmrs ho|`hvs tnmt Nforfu ermaamr `k Szm`k hufd
avcn th Ahrhccmk Nforfu ermaamr`mks mkd zhfts+
_fsfmrcn `k Tmiavd`c stvd`fs mcgkhuifdefs tnmt tnf erfmtfst scnhimr `k fmrip
Sfznmrmd ums _+ P`tm} ofk Pmm}h| nm!Ghnfk Milms` unh trmkslhrafd tnf pfsn`|mn
hl Ivcfkm `kth m n`enip!d`st`kev`snfd cfktrf hl tmiavd`c scnhimrsn`z+ Mihkes`df _+
Ahsnf ofk mkhgn Milms` snhvid of chks`dfrfd tnf lhvkdfr hl tmiavd`c ifmrk`ke `k
Sfznmrmd+ N`s uhrgNmimgnhthr Tmiavd ]mtmk `s vkdhvotfdip hkf hl tnf amstfrz`fcfs
hl Bfu`sn cvitvrf mkd bvr`szrvdfkcf hkf hl tnf ahst `kvfkt`mi uhrgs zrhdvcfd `k
tnf A`ddif Mefs `k lmct+ _+ P`tm} Milms` ums ohrk ]mimt Omk` maamd `k =:=3
mkd d`fd `k Ivcfkm `k ==:3+ Nf szfkt mii n`s i`lf `k Lf nhuf|fr unfrf nf stvd`fd
mkd tmvent+ Unfk nf fd th Szm`k k =:>> nf ums sf|fktp!|f pfmrs hid+ Nf orhvent
th Ivcfkm tnf tmiavd`c frvd`t`hk un`cn nf nmd mc}v`rfd mkd df|fihzfd `k Lf+ Amkp
Zrfss Kfu Nm|fk =>3) zz+
>0!0= .Nforfu)7 M+ Umtmd Tnf Tmlg`a mkd tnf Mgntmsmr `k Dm|`d ofk Mormnmas
I`kev`st`c Tfmcn`ke Ofkthi`im Pmmgh| .fd+) Nmdmssmn Snp Bvo`iff Ohhg2 _fsfmrcn
Zmzfrs hk Nforfu I`kev`st`cs mkd Bfu`sn Imkevmefs Ofk Evr`hk Vk`|frs`tp hl tnf
Kfef| Offrsnf|m =00> zz+ : .Nforfu)+
35 U+B+ |mk Ofggva Tnf _`smim hl Pfnvdm `ok ]vrmpsn mkd `ts Zimcf `k Nforfu
I`kev`st`csN`sthr`hermzn m I`kev`st`cm\@@@ ?(3 .=0>=) zz+ 3:5!3?57 B+ Lfiiamk Tnf
L`rst Chazmrmt`|f Nma`th!Sfa`t`st W@ok ]vrmpsnQI`kev`st`csCC\ .=05>) zz+
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Tnf bfus hl tnf Amenrfo mkd Sfznmrmd
?4
hl n`s rfszhksm ahst hl un`cn ufrf ur`ttfk `k Mrmo`c ufrf chazhsfd `k Lf+3> N`s
hzvs amekva Sflfr nm!Nmimgnhtums ur`ttfk `k Lf mkd n`s `kvfkcf rfmcnfd dffz`kth chaavk`t`fs ofphkd tnf Zprfkffs+30 Hkcf mem`k uf sff nhu m erfmt scnhimr hltfk
`dfkt`fd u`tn Sfznmrmd ums k rfmi`tp tnf zrhdvct hl Ahrhcch cha`ke th Szm`k unfk
nf ums mirfmdp mk hvtstmkd`ke scnhimr+ Milms` mish erfmtip chktr`ovtfd th tnf zrfst`ef
mkd stmkd`ke hl tnf pfsn`|m unfrf svcn scnhimrs ms _+ Phsfzn `ok Afemsn mkd _+
Am`ahk Am`ahk`dfs lmtnfr stvd`fd+
Bhsfzn ok Zimt ahst cfrtm`kip lrha Lf ums mkhtnfr tmiavd`c scnhimr unh ah|fd
th Szm`k mkd tnfk th Zrh|fkcf `k tnf tufiltn cfktvrp+ Nf ums ahst zrhomoip hkf
hl tnf |`ct`as hl tnf Miahnmd`c zfrsfcvt`hks `k Mi!Mkdmivs unh lhvkd rflvef `k
Zrh|fkcf+ @ok Zimt f~frtfd m erfmt `kvfkcf `k Szm`k mkd ahst hl mii `k Zrh|fkcf+
Mahke tnf scnhimrs unha nf `kvfkcfd snhvid of afkt`hkfd _+ Mormnma ofk
P`tm} hl Kmrohkkf mkd _+ Rfrmpmn NmIf|`+ Bhsfzn `ok Zimt ums mish `k chktmct
u`tn _+ Mormnma ofk Dm|`d hl Zhs}v`rfs un`if _+ Msnfr hl Ivkfi mvtnhr hlSflfr
Nm!A`knmeht ums zfrshkmiip `k thvcn u`tn n`a mkd d`rfctip }vhtfs n`s uhrgs+4:
Tnf ahst `ktfrfst`ke sthrp rfemrds tnf sfttifafkt hl tnf Am`ahk`dfs lma`ip `k
Lf+ Tnf Miahnmds unh cmaf th tnf m`d hl tnf`r Avsi`a orftnrfk `k Mi!Mkdmivs
mem`kst tnf md|mkc`ke Cnr`st`mk lhrcfs `k tnf @ofr`mk Zfk`ksvim rfam`kfd tnfrf mkd
ofemk `azhs`ke tnf`r str`ct zvr`tmk Avsi`a rfe`af hk tnf ihcmi zhzvimcf zfrsfcvt`ke
Avsi`as Cnr`st`mks mkd Bfus mi`gf+ Tnf Miahnmds dfstrhpfd Bfu`sn i`lf `k Mi!
Mkdmivs+ Amkp Bfus ufrf g`iifd htnfrs ufrf lhrc`oip chk|frtfd th @sima shaf ufrf
shid ms sim|fs mkd amkp fd th tnf khrtn th tnf N`szmk`c g`kedhas th Zrh|fkcf mkd
3> D+R+ _htst`fk Tnf _fszhksm hl tnf _`l Zvoi`snfd lhr tnf L`rst T`af lrha As+ H~lhrdAs+ Nfo+ D \hi+ 3? Tnf Shvrcf mkd `ts Trmksimt`hk Hr NmA`rmn^^ .=05=) zz+ =56!
=0>7 @+ Lrmkths Stvd`fs k tnf _fszhksm hl _+ @smmc Milms` S`km`^C\ .=0>4) zz+ ?4:!
?4>7 C .=0>5) zz+
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?6
Pha Th| Mss`s
th tnf fmst+ Svrzr`s`keip _+ Am`ahk mkd n`s lma`ip mltfr umkdfr`ke lhr ahrf tnmk m
dfcmdf rfmcnfd Lf mrhvkd ==
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Tnf bfus hl tnf Amenrfo mkd Sfznmrmd
? .Mrmo`c hr`e`kmi)7 z+ 00 .Nforfu trmksimt`hks) Wmoorf|`mtfd
|frs`hkQ7 z+ =:: .Mrmo`c hr`e`kmi)7 z+ =:= .Nforfu trmksimt`hk) Wihke |frs`hkQ7 z+ ^@^
.Fkei`sn trmksimt`hk)+
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?5
Pha Th| Mss`s
scnhimrs m c`tp hl chaafktmthrs unh vkdfrstmkd tnf sfcrfts hlS`lrf mkd S`lrm m
c`tp hln
mmk`a unh zrmp u`tn m sufft |h`cf+46Am`ahk`dfs uhrds `k n`s G`ddvsn Nmsnfa hr @eefrft Nmsnamd ifm|f kh dhvot
tnmt tnf lma`ip sfttifd k Lf ms Bfus2 Tnf md|`cf @ e`|f th apsfil mkd tnf |`fu tnmt @
mdhzt lhr apsfil lhr ap dfmr hkfs mkd e`|f th mii unh sffg ap md|`cf tnmt hkf snhvid
ifm|f svcn zimcfs Wunfrf lhrc`oif chk|frs`hk `s dfcrffdQ mkd eh th m zimcf unfrf nf
cmk gffz n`s lm`tn mkd lvii tnf Thrmn u`tn kh chfrc`hk mkd kh lfmr snhvid ifm|f nhaf
mkd n`s cn`idrfk mkd f|frptn`ke nf nms 4< Svcn md|`cf chvid kht nm|f offk e`|fk op
shafhkf unh nmd szfkt m chks`dfrmoif kvaofr hl pfmrs ms m crpzth!Bfu+ Tnfrf snhvid
of kh dhvot tnmt _+ Am`ahks dfc`s`hk th sfttif `k Lf ums dvf th `ts zhs`t`hk ms mk
`azhrtmkt Thrmn cfktrf nhaf th m zrfst`e`hvs pfsn`|m+45
Tnf nfmd hl tnf mcmdfap unfrf _+ Ahsnf ofk Am`ahk mkd n`s orhtnfr stvd`fd ums
_+ Pfnvdmn nm!Ghnfk `ok Svsmk+ Am`ahk`dfs mish amdf tnf mc}vm`ktmkcf tnfrf hl
mkhtnfr scnhimr lrha Szm`k unh lhvkd rflvef `k Lf2 Phsfl ofk Pfnvdmn `ok Mgk`k+
Tnfrf thh Am`ahk`dfs aft n`s d`sc`zif _+ Phsfzn ofk Pfnvdmn `ok Sn`ahk m
kmt`|f hl Lf th unha nf sfkt n`s Ev`df lhr tnf Zfrzif~fdmltfr nf sfttifd k Mifzzh+
Minmr`` unh trmksimtfd tnf Ev`df lhr tnf Zfrzif~fd dfd`cmtfd n`s trmksimt`hk th
n`a+ @ktrhdvc`ke n`a ms m zr`kcf hl Szm`k m ih|fr hl ifmrk`ke Bhsfzn op kmaf nf
zrfsfktfd n`a u`tn m imvdmthrp zhfa2
Zfmcf U`sdhas gk`ent- @k phvr zmss`hkfd ent
Lhr gkhuifdef kf|fr phvr sz`r`t t`rfTnhven em`kst phvr nmkd mkd or`ent chaamkd
Ehdifss mkd `ekhrmkt afk chksz`rf +++4>
46 N+ Scn`ramk Fife`fs hk tnf Zfrsfcvt`hks k @srmfi Mlr`cm Szm`k Eframkp mkd Lrmkcf
Ghof mi Bmd A`khrm Amkvscr`ztm Nform`cm Afg`tf K`rdma`a Bfrvsmifa k+s+ @@@
W^@@@Q =030 zz+ 3=!36 .Nforfu)7 tnf rflfrfkcf th Lf `s lhvkd hk z+ 36+
45 z+ 66 .Nforfu)+45 Sff _+ Smmd`mn ok Dmkhk Ammamr mi Sfdfr Nm!Dhrht zvoi`snfd kN
fadmn Efkvmn
R+N+ Fdfiamk .fd+) Ervofr , Fvznrmt Gk`esovre =>6: W1 znhthchzp fd+ R`hk Tfi M| |
=0+
4> Bvdmn Minmr`` Tnf Ohhg hl Tmngfahk` Bfu`sn Tmifs lrha Afd`f|mi Szm`k D+S+ Sfemi .fd+
mkd trmks+) I`ttamk I`ormrp Ihkdhk mkd Zhrtimkd ?::= z+ 3>0+
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Tnf bfus hl tnf Amenrfo mkd Sfznmrmd
?>
@k rfszfct th n`s chktfazhrmr`fs Minmr`` lhvkd kh Ahrhccmk Nforfu zhfts hl rfmi
cmi`orf f~cfzt lhr Phsfzn ofk Pfnvdmn `ok Sn`ahk+ Un`if tnf uhrids erfmtfstsmefs tnf crhuks hl tnf mefs nmd i`|fd `k Ahrhcch oflhrf tnf zfrsfcvt`hks hl tnf
Miahrm|`ds mkd lhrc`oif chk|frs`hks hkip hkf zhft khu rfam`ks _+ Phsfzn ofk
Pfnvdmn+ Mzmrt lrha ofk Pfnvdmns zhfas nf chvid kd `k tnf mrfms hl Ahrhcch
WAmmrm|Q kh htnfr sufft mkd ofmvt`lvi shke+40 @k hkf hl tnf zhfas nf dfd`cmtfd
th n`a Minmr`` cmiis n`a Kfr Ammrm|` Tnf I`ent hl tnf Amenrfo+6: I`gf n`s
tfmcnfr Pfnvdmn ums mish m znps`c`mk+6=
Lf ums vkdhvotfdip mk mttrmct`|f Thrmn cfktrf2 tnf kvaofr hl scnhimrs lrha mii
d`sc`zi`kfs unh i`|fd mkd(hr uhrgfd tnfrf `s `azrfss`|f mkd `kcrfmsfs ms rfsfmrcn
`k tnf fid chkt`kvfs+ _+ Pfnvdmn ofk Mooms mvtnhr hl tnf drmamt`c z`ppvt Ft
Snmmrf _mthk un`cn `s svke `k mii Sfznmrd` spkmehevfs hk _hsn Nmsnmkmn oflhrf
tnf oihu`ke hl tnf snhlmr ums mish lrha Lf+ Mitnhven nf mish f|fktvmiip ah|fd th
Mifzzh Pfnvdmn ofk Mooms ums tnf zrhdvct hl tufiltn!cfktvrp Nforfu scnhimrsn`z
`k Lf+6? Minmr`` rfzhrts tnf erfmt mda`rmt`hk tnf Bfus hl Mifzzh d`szimpfd lhr n`a
ms tnf erfmtfst zhft hl mii+63 @k n`s Tmngfahk` Minmr`` rflfrs th n`a u`tn mzzrfc`mt`hk
a`~fd u`tn cr`t`c`sa2 _moo` Bvdmn ofk Mooms thh tvrkfd n`s stfzs thumrds tnf Fmst
mkd orhvent th Shkes lfmst i`kfs svccvifkt mkd lmt `l htnfrs ifss tnmk tnmt7 mkd st`ii
htnfrs drp mkd mt+64
Sf|frmi hl tnf scnhimrs rfs`dfkt k Lf mish rfcf`|fd m sfcvimr fdvcmt`hk shaf f|fk
stvdp`ke vkdfr Avsi`a tfmcnfrs+ Svcn m evrf ums Phsfzn ofk Pfnvdmn `ok Sn`ahk
unh szfc`mi`fd k zn`ihshznp amtnfamt`cs mkd afd`c`kf+ S`kcf Am`ahk`dfs chvid
kht nm|f stvd`fd afd`c`kf dvr`ke tnf zfr`hd n`s lma`ip umkdfr`ke oftuffk Chrdh|m
40 _moo` Pfnvdmn Minmr`` Tmngfahk` M+ Gma`kgm .fd+) Scnvidofre , ch+ Umrsmu =>00
z+=>67 sff mish z+ 3
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?0
Pha Th| Mss`s
mkd Lf nf avst nm|f rfcf`|fd n`s afd`cmi trm`k`ke `k Lf+ @k n`s uhrgs tnfrf
mrf rflfrfkcfs th f~zfrts hl afd`c`kf lrha Ahrhcch mi!Amenr`o+ Hk kvafrhvshccms`hks nf ur`tfs `k rflfrfkcf th afd`c`kf2 @k hvr imkd mi!Amenr`o Tn`s erfmt
Sfznmrd` znps`c`mk cifmrip rfcf`|fd n`s afd`cmi trm`k`ke k Ahrhcch+66
Unfk _+ Am`ahk dfc`dfd th ifm|f Lf lhiihu`ke tnf dfmtn hl _+ Pfnvdmn `ok
Svsmk lhr tnf smkct`cmt`hk hl E!ds kmaf `k ==
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Tnf bfus hl tnf Amenrfo mkd Sfznmrmd
3:
Fz`ihevf
@k chkcivs`hk @ u`sn th sveefst tnmt mihkes`df tnf zrhlhvkd `kvfkcf f~frc`sfd op
Sfznmrd` Bfurp hk tnf Bfus hl Ahrhcch lhiihu`ke tnf f~zvis`hk hl =40? mkd tnf
lhrc`oif chk|frs`hk hl Zhrtvemi k =405 mk kvfkcf un`cn s efkfrmiip rfchek`fd
uf snhvid mish mcgkhuifdef tnf rhif zimpfd op Bfus hl tnf Amenrfo `k snmz`ke mkd
zrhaht`ke tnf cvitvrf hl Sfznmrmd lrha `ts `kcfzt`hk mkd vz vkt i tnf fkd hl tnf sh!
cmiifd Ehidfk Mef hl Szmk`sn Bfurp `k tnf tufiltn cfktvrp+ Tn`s mrt`cif `s m ahdfst
mttfazt th rfafdp m n`sthr`hermzn`cmi `kbvst`cf op th e`|`ke crfd`t th Ahrhccmk
scnhimrsn`z lhr `ts ambhr chktr`ovt`hk th tnf r`sf hl tnf Bfu`sn Sfznmrd`c cvitvrf tnmt
rfcf`|fd tnf t`tif tnf Ehidfk Mef+