conceptos básicos de seguridad y de control temporero de...

CentrodeTransferencia deTecnología enTransportaciónDepartamento deIngeniería CivilyAgrimensura

UPR-Recinto Universitario deMayagüezCallBox9000*Mayagüez,PR00681

Tel.787-834-6385*Fax:787-265-5695*www.uprm.edu/prt2

Septiembre 2016

Instructor

Dr.Benjamín Colucci RíosDepartamento deIngeniería CivilyAgrimensura

UPR– Recinto Universitario deMayagüez

30 Años de Excelencia en el Adiestramiento de Oficiales de Transportación a Nivel Municipal, Estatal, y Federal en Puerto Rico e Islas Vírgenes

To provide practical guidelines of

the safety procedures and standards

to be followed at temporary traffic

control in construction sites in urban

and rural areas using Part 1 and 6

of the Manual of Uniform Traffic

Control Devices (MUTCD).

2

PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER

Topics to be covered: AM

Overview of the Manual on

Uniform Traffic Control

Devices (MUTCD) and its

applicability to Puerto Rico

Description of basic

definitions applicable to

MUTCD – Part 1

(crashworthy, engineering

judgment, engineering study,

temporary traffic control

zone, temporary control

device, worker, standards,

guidance, option and

support).

Description of the fundamental components of a Traffic Control Plan (TCP):

Advance Warning Area

Transition Area

Activity Area

Termination Area

Device specifications applicable to each area of the Temporary Traffic Control Plan (signs, panels, drums, signals, barricades, Variable Message Signs-VMS, Automated Flagger Assistance Device-AFAD)

Human factors (drivers, pedestrians, workers and flaggers) and their relation to safety in temporary construction zones

3


Topics to be covered: PM

Description of Typical

Applications (TA) of the

MUTCD applicable to urban

and rural settings

Workshop: Development of

Traffic Control Plan (TCP) for

Temporary Traffic Control

Rural & Urban

Example of adequate and inadequate use of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) in highway and utility work zones

Brainstorming for increasing awareness and affirmative actions in the effective implementation of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) in rural and urban settings

The flaggers role, vest and the equipment of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) applicable to their functions (STOP/SLOW Paddle)

4

http://aconezone.com/


MUTCD Acronyms and Abbreviations

(Section 1A.14)5

2. AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

3. ADA Americans with Disabilities Act

6. AFAD Automated Flagger Assistance Device

7. ANSI American National Standards Institute

14. FHWA Federal Highway Administration

23. ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers

28. MUTCD Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices

32. PRT Perception-Response Time

38. TTC Temporary Traffic Control

41. USDOT United States Department of Transportation

Module 1.

An Overview to the Manual on Uniform

Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) and

its applicability to Puerto Rico

6


Evolution of the Manual on Uniform Traffic

Control Devices (MUTCD)

1988, 1993, 2000, 2003,

November 2004,

December 2007 and

December 2009

23 CFR, Part 655, Subpart F

…national standard for all

traffic control devices installed

on any street, highway, or

bicycle trail open to public

travel…

7


Parts of the MUTCD, December 2009 Edition

Introduction

1. General

Includes definitions

2. Signs

3. Markings

4. Highway traffic

signals

5. Low-volume roads

6. Temporary traffic

control (TTC)

7. School areas

8. Railroad and light

rail transit grade

crossings

9. Bicycle facilities

8

http://www.richmond.ca/


“... in 1966, the Secretary of Transportation has decreed that traffic control devices on all streets and highways in each State (US territories) shall be in substantial conformance with standards issued or endorsed by the Federal Highway Administration.”

Application of MUTCD9

PART 1. GENERAL

10

PLEASE REFER TO THE

MUTCD, DECEMBER 2009

EDITION, LATEST 2

REVISIONS DATED MAY

2012, PART 1: GENERAL

(PDF VERSION)

11

11


Traffic Control Device Defined (MUTCD)

“…all signs, signals, markings, and other devices used to

regulate, warn, or guide traffic, placed on, over, or

adjacent to a street, highway, pedestrian facility, or

bikeway by authority of a public agency having

jurisdiction.”

12


MUTCD Section 413

Standards for traffic control signals are important

because traffic control signals need to attract the

attention of a variety of road users, including those

who are older, those with impaired vision, as well as

those who are fatigued or distracted, or who are

not expecting to encounter a signal at a particular

location.


Basis of Installation or Removal of

Traffic Control Signals14

Guidance:

01 The selection and use of traffic control signals should be based on an engineering study of roadway, traffic, and other conditions.

Support:

02 A careful analysis of traffic operations, pedestrian and bicyclist needs, and other factors at a large number of signalized and unsignalizedlocations, coupled with engineering judgment, has provided a series of signal warrants, described in Chapter 4C, that define the minimum conditions under which installing traffic control signals might be justified.


Guidance:15

03 Engineering judgment should be applied

in the review of operating traffic control

signals to determine whether the type of

installation and the timing program meet the

current requirements of all forms of traffic.

04 If changes in traffic patterns eliminate

the need for a traffic control signal,

consideration should be given to removing it

and replacing it with appropriate

alternative traffic control devices, if any are

needed.


Guidance continued…16

05 If the engineering study indicates that the traffic control signal is no longer justified, and a decision is made to remove the signal, removal should be accomplished using the following steps:

A Determine the appropriate traffic control to be used after removal of the signal.

B. Remove any sight-distance restrictions as necessary.

C. Inform the public of the removal study.

D. Flash or cover the signal heads for a minimum of 90 days, and install the appropriate stop control or other traffic control devices.

E. Remove the signal if the engineering data collected during the removal study period confirms that the signal is no longer needed.


Option:17

06 Because Items C, D, and E in Paragraph

5 are not relevant when a temporary traffic

control signal (see Section 4D.32) is

removed, a temporary traffic control signal

may be removed immediately after Items A

and B are completed.

07 Instead of total removal of a traffic

control signal, the poles, controller cabinet,

and cables may remain in place after

removal of the signal heads for continued

analysis


Section 1A.12 Color Code18

Support:

The following color code

establishes general meanings for

11 colors of a total of 13 colors

that have been identified as

being appropriate for use in

conveying traffic control

information.

BLACK

BLUE

BROWN

CORAL

FLUORESCENT PINK

FLUORESCENT YELLOW-GREEN

GREEN

LIGHT BLUE

ORANGE

PURPLE

RED

WHITE

YELLOW


Color Code 19

Standard:

03 The general meaning of the 13 colors shall be as follows:

A. Black—regulation

PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER20

B. Blue—road user services guidance, tourist

information, and evacuation route

Color Code

http://drivinginstructorblog.com/


C. Brown—recreational and cultural interest area

guidance

Color Code

http://rvsboqueron.wordpress.com/

—unassigned


E. Fluorescent Pink—incident management

Color Code

http://www.usa-sign.com/

http://www.orafol.com/


F. Fluorescent Yellow-Green—pedestrian warning,

bicycle warning, playground warning, school bus and

school warning

Color Code

http://adotblog.blogspot.com/

http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/


G. Green—indicated movements permitted, direction

guidance

Color Code

http://korean-world.blogspot.com/

http://pr.geoview.info/

—unassigned


I. Orange—temporary traffic control

Color Code

http://www.floridafuntrafficschool.com/

http://www.safetysigns-mn.com/


J. Purple—lanes restricted to use only by vehicles with

registered electronic toll collection (ETC) accounts

Color Code

http://cnynews.com/

http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/

http://www.skyscrapercity.com/


K. Red—stop or prohibition

Color Code

http://pixgood.com/

http://www.ricesigns.com/


L. White—regulation

Color Code

http://www.cepolina.com/


M. Yellow—warning

Color Code

http://www.cepolina.com/http://domaingang.com/

Module 2.

Description of basic definitions

applicable to MUTCD – Part 1

30


DEFINITIONS ON MUTCD

DECEMBER 2009 EDITION (SECTION A.13, P.10)31

I. Headings

A. Standard

B. Guidance

C. Option

D. Support

II. Selected Words and Phrases

1. (28.) Changeable Message Sign

2. (6F.) Channelizing Device

3. (33.) Clear Zone

4. (43.) Crashworthy

5. (62.) Emergency-Vehicle Traffic Control Signal

6. (64.) Engineering Judgment

7. (65.) Engineering Study

8. (4L.) Flashing Beacon

9. (88.) Hybrid Beacon

10. (214.) Speed

11. (229.) Temporary Traffic Control Zone

12. (238.) Traffic Control Device

13. (256.) Worker


Standard32

A. A statement of required, mandatory,

or specifically prohibitive practice

regarding a traffic control device.

All Standard statements are labeled,

and the text appears in bold type.

The verb “shall” is typically used.

The verbs “should” and “may” are

not used in Standard statements.

Standard statements are sometimes

modified by Options. Standard

statements shall not be modified or

compromised based on engineering

judgment or engineering study.


Guidance33

B. A statement of recommended,

but not mandatory, practice in

typical situations, with

deviations allowed if engineering

judgment or engineering study

indicates the deviation to be

appropriate. All Guidance

statements are labeled, and the

text appears in unbold type. The

verb “should” is typically used.

The verbs “shall” and “may” are

not used in Guidance

statements. Guidance

statements are sometimes

modified by Options.

• Fulfill a need

• Command attention

• Convey a clear, simple meaning

• Command respect from road users

• Give adequate time for proper response

Guidance:

To be effective, a traffic control device should meet five basic requirements:


Option34

C. A statement of practice that is

a permissive condition and

carries no requirement or

recommendation. Option

statements sometime contain

allowable modifications to a

Standard or Guidance statement.

All Option statements are

labeled, and the text appears in

unbold type. The verb “may” is

typically used. The verbs “shall”

and “should” are not used in

Option statements.http://grace.allpurposeguru.com/


Support35

D. An informational

statement that does not

convey any degree of

mandate,

recommendation,

authorization,

prohibition, or

enforceable condition.

Support statements are

labeled, and the text

appears in unbold type.

The verbs “shall,”

“should,” and “may” are

not used in Support

statements.http://www.nestechenterprises.com/


Changeable Message Sign36

28. A sign that is capable of displaying more than one message (one

of which might be a “blank” display), changeable manually, by remote

control, or by automatic control. Electronic-display changeable

message signs are referred to as Dynamic Message Signs in the

National Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Architecture and are

referred to as Variable Message Signs in the National Electrical

Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards publication.

http://www.interwestsafety.com/ http://www.csppacific.co.nz/


Channelizing Device37

May be used for general traffic control purposes such as adding emphasis to reversible lane delineation, channelizing lines, or islands. Channelizing devices may also be used along a center line to preclude turns or along lane lines to preclude lane changing, as determined by engineering judgment.

Cones

Tubular markers

Vertical panels

Drums

Lane separators

Raised islandshttp://www.quietzonetech.com/

http://www.pdbrooks.com/

http://www.peytonsbarricade.com/

CHAPTER 3H


Clear Zone38

33. The total roadside

border area, starting at the

edge of the traveled way,

that is available for an

errant driver to stop or

regain control of a vehicle.

This area might consist of

a shoulder, a recoverable

slope, and/or a non-

recoverable, traversable

slope with a clear run-out

area at its toe.http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/


Crashworthy39

43. A characteristic of a roadside appurtenance that has been

successfully crash tested in accordance with a national standard

such as the National Cooperative Highway Research Program

Report 350, “Recommended Procedures for the Safety

Performance Evaluation of Highway Features.”

http://www.cbt.com.my/


Emergency-Vehicle Traffic Control Signal40

62. A special traffic control signal that assigns the right-of-way to an

authorized emergency vehicle.

http://www.elteccorp.com/


Engineering judgment41

64. The evaluation of available pertinent

information, and the application of

appropriate principles, provisions, and

practices as contained in this Manual and

other sources, for

the purpose of deciding upon the

applicability, design, operation, or

installation of a traffic control device.

Engineering judgment shall be exercised

by an engineer, or by an individual working

under the supervision of an engineer,

through the application of procedures and

criteria established by the engineer.

Documentation of engineering judgment is

not required.


Engineering study42

65. The comprehensive analysis and

evaluation of available pertinent

information, and the application of

appropriate principles, provisions, and

practices as contained in this Manual

and other sources, for the purpose of

deciding upon the applicability, design,

operation, or installation of a traffic

control device. An engineering study

shall be performed by an engineer, or

by an individual working under the

supervision of an engineer, through the

application of procedures and criteria

established by the engineer. An

engineering study shall be documented.

http://lx-group.com.au/


Flashing Beacon43

Provides: traffic control when used

as an intersection control beacon

warning when used in other applications

Highway traffic signal with one or more signal sections that

operates in a flashing mode.

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/

CHAPTER 4L


Hybrid Beacon44

88. A special type of beacon that is intentionally placed in a dark mode

(no indications displayed) between periods of operation and, when

operated, displays both steady and flashing traffic control signal

indications.


Speed45

214. Speed is defined based on the following classifications:

(a) Average Speed

• the summation of the instantaneous or spot-measured speeds at a specific location of vehicles divided by the number of vehicles observed.

(b) Design Speed

• a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of a roadway.

(c) 85th-Percentile Speed

• the speed at or below which 85 percent of the motor vehicles travel.

(d) Operating Speed

• a speed at which a typical vehicle or the overall traffic operates.

(e) Pace

• the 10 mph speed range representing the speeds of the largest percentage of vehicles in the traffic stream.


Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zone46

229. An area of a highway where road user conditions are

changed because of a work zone or incident by the use of

temporary traffic control devices, flaggers, uniformed law

enforcement officers, or other authorized personnel.

http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/(prudencia)


Traffic Control Device (TCD)47

238. A sign, signal, marking, or other

device used to regulate, warn, or

guide traffic, placed on, over, or

adjacent to a street, highway, private

road open to public travel, pedestrian

facility, or shared-use path by

authority of a public agency or

official having jurisdiction, or, in the

case of a private road open to public

travel, by authority of the private

owner or private official having

jurisdiction.


Worker48

256. A person on foot whose

duties place him or her within

the right-of-way of a street,

highway, or pathway, such as

street, highway, or pathway

construction and maintenance

forces, survey crews, utility

crews, responders to incidents

within the street, highway, or

pathway right-of-way, and law

enforcement personnel when

directing traffic, investigating

crashes, and handling lane

closures, obstructed roadways,

and disasters within the right-of-

way of a street, highway, or

pathway.

http://www.highwaysindustry.com/

Module 3.

Description of the Fundamental

Components of a Traffic Control Plan

(TCP) in a Temporary Work Zone

49

Merging

taper, L

C

B

A

50


Components of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zones

1. Advance Warning Area

Support

Section of highway where road users are informed about the upcoming work zone or incident area.

Option

May vary from a single sign or high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on a vehicle to a series of signs in advance of the TTC zone activity area.

51


V < 40 mph = Low Speed V > 45 mph = High Speed

Table 6C-1. Suggested Advance Warning Sign Spacing,

MUTCD 2003 Edition (metric units and formulas were

eliminated)

Distance in meters (feet)

52


Table 6C-1. Recommended Advance Warning Sign

Minimum Spacing, MUTCD, December 2009 Edition53


Guidance on Typical Distances for

Advance Warning Signs

Freeways and expressways

Typical distances for

placement of advance

warning signs on should be

longer because drivers are

conditioned to

uninterrupted flow.

Advance warning sign

placement should extend on

these facilities as far as

800 m (0.5 mi) or more.

54

http://www.mlive.com/



Advance Warning Signs55

Rural highways (normally characterized by higher speeds)

Effective placement of the first warning sign in meters (feet) should be from 1.5 to 2.25 times the speed limit in km/h (8 to 12 times the speed limit in mph).

Since two or more advance warning signs are normally used for these conditions, the advance warning area should extend 450 m (1,500 ft) or more for open highway conditions (see Table 6C-1).



Advance Warning Signs

On urban streets

Effective placement of the first warning sign in meters (feet) should range from 0.75 to 1.5 times the speed limit in km/h (4 to 8 times the speed limit in mph).

56

When a single advance warning sign is

used (such as in low-speed residential

streets), the advance warning area can

be as short as 30 m (100 ft).

When two or more advance warning

signs are used on higher-speed streets

(such as major arterials) see Table 6C-1.http://www.centralsubwaysf.com/



2. Transition Area

Support

The section of highway where

road users are redirected out of

their normal path. Usually involve

strategic use of tapers.

In mobile operations, the

transition area moves with the

work space.

Standard

When redirection of the road

users’ normal path is required,

they shall be channelized from

the normal path to a new path

57



3. Activity Area

Support

The section of the highway where the work activity takes place.

It is comprised of the work space, the traffic space, and the buffer space.

Traffic space = portion of the highway in which road users are routed through the activity area.

Buffer space = lateral and/or longitudinal area that separates road user flow from the work space or an unsafe area, and might provide some recovery space for an errant vehicle. (For recommended longitudinal lengths, see Table 6C-2)

58


Table 6C-2. Stopping Sight Distance as a

Function of Speed, MUTCD 2003 Edition59


Table 6C-2: Stopping Sight Distance as a Function of

Speed, MUTCD December 2009 Edition60



4. Termination Area

Standard

Shall be used to return road users to their normal path.

Shall extend from the downstream end of the work area to the last TTC device, such as END ROAD WORK signs, if posted.

61



6C.08 - Tapers

Option

May be used in both the transition and termination areas.

Whenever tapers are to be used in close proximity to an interchange ramp, crossroads, curves, or other influencing factors, the length of the tapers may be adjusted.

Support

Tapers are created by using a series of channelizing devices and/or pavement markings to move traffic out of or into the normal path.

62

63

5 metros entre drones

(Puerto Rico)

Taper

Types

Merging

Shifting

Shoulder

Downstream

64


Taper Length Criteria, MUTCD 2003 Edition

The maximum distance in meters (feet) between devices in

a taper should not exceed 0.2 times the speed limit in km/h

(1.0 times the speed limit in mph).

65


Taper Length Criteria, MUTCD 2009 Edition66


Formulas to Determine Taper Lengths,

MUTCD 2003 Edition67


Formulas to Determine Taper Lengths,

MUTCD 2009 Edition68

Section 6C.10

One-lane, two-way traffic taper

Standard

When traffic in both directions

must use a single lane

for a limited distance,

movements from each end

shall be coordinated.

Minimum L = 50 ft

Maximum L = 100 ft

69



Device specifications applicable to each area of

Temporary Traffic Control Plan

Signs

Panels

Drums

Signals

Barricades

Variable Message Signs (VMS)

Automated Flagger Assistance Device (AFAD)

70

CHAPTER 6F. TEMPORARY TRAFFIC

CONTROL ZONE DEVICES

71

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.vmsi.com.au/uploads/images/vms01.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.vmsi.com.au/products/vms-boards.html&h=250&w=276&sz=12&hl=en&start=59&um=1&tbnid=fmoXD5QDSDW0UM:&tbnh=103&tbnw=114&prev=/images?q=VMS&start=54&ndsp=18&um=1&hl=en&sa=N


Temporary Traffic Control Zones

Devices Definition

Standard

TCD shall be defined as all signs, signals, markings, and other devices used to regulate, warn, or guide road users, placed on, over, or adjacent to a street, highway, private roads open to public travel, pedestrian facility, or bikeway by authority of a public body or official having jurisdiction.

All traffic control devices used for construction, maintenance, utility, or incident management operations on a street, highway, or private road open to public travel shall comply with the applicable provisions of the MUTCD.

72


Human Factor and Information

Processing in Work Zones 73

People drive normally through work zones, even whenthere are traffic control devices present in the roadway, unless there is evident activity (workers, equipment, etc.)

Lack of driver familiarity

with temporary traffic

control signals

Unexpected conditions

along work zone

http://www.betterroads.com/


Function of Traffic Control Devices

(TCD)74

Promote highway safety

Provide for the orderly and predictable movement of all

traffic

Provide guidance and warning as needed

Types of TCD

Warning signs

Channelizing devices

Lighting devices

Shadow vehicles / advanced warning truck

http://www.quietzonesd.info/


General Characteristics of Signs

Standards

The colors for regulatory signs shall follow the

Standards for regulatory signs in Table 2A-5.

Warning signs in TTC zones shall have a black

legend and border on an orange background except:

Grade Crossing Advance Warning (W10-1) sign which shall

have a black legend and border on a yellow background.

Signs that are required or recommended to have fluorescent

yellow-green backgrounds.

Colors for guide signs shall follow the Standards in

Table 2A-5 and Chapter 2D except:

Guide signs as otherwise provided in Section 6F.55

75


General Characteristics of Signs

Standards

When standard orange flags or

flashing warning lights are used

in conjunction with signs, they

shall not block the sign face.

For freeways and expressways,

the size of diamond shaped TTC

warning signs shall be a minimum

of 48 x 48 in.

76


Temporary Traffic Control Zones

Devices Regulations

Standard

All signs used at night shall be either retroreflective with a material that has a smooth, sealed outer surface or illuminated to show the same shape and similar color both day and night.

The requirement for sign illumination shall not be considered to be satisfied by street, highway, or strobe lighting.

77

http://www.tapconet.com/


Temporary Traffic Control Zone Sign and Plaque Sizes

78


Figure 6F-1. Height and Lateral

Location of Signs—Typical Installations79


Sign Placement

Standards

Signs mounted on barricades and barricade/sign combinations

shall be crashworthy

Where it has been determined that the accommodation of

pedestrians with disabilities is necessary, signs shall be

mounted and placed in accordance with “Americans with

Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and

Facilities (ADAAG)”.

83


Sign supports shall be crashworthy.

Where large signs having an area exceeding 50 square feet are installed on multiple breakaway posts, the clearance from the ground to the bottom of the sign shall be at least 7 feet.

The bottom of a sign mounted on a barricade, or other portable support, shall be at least 1 foot above the traveled way.

84

Sign Placement

Standards

crashworthy signs: hole in

window

85

Why is it important that the signs be crashworthy?


Example of Windshield Penetration86


X-stands w/ vinyl roll-ups87


Sign Placement88

Neither portable nor permanent sign

supports should be located on

sidewalks, bicycle facilities, or areas

designated for pedestrian or bicycle

traffic.

Except as noted in the Option, signs

mounted on portable supports should

not be used for a duration of more

than 3 days.


Sign Placement89

For mobile operations, a sign may be mounted on a

work vehicle, a shadow vehicle, or a trailer

stationed in advance of the TTC zone or moving

along with it.


Portable Changeable Message Signs

(PCMS) 90

PCMS are TTC devices installed for

temporary use with the flexibility to

display a variety of messages.

A PCMS should be limited to three lines

of eight characters per line.


Portable Changeable Message Signs

(PCMS) 91

PCMS shall display only traffic operational,

regulatory, warning, and guidance information, and

shall not be used for advertising messages.

Techniques of message display such as animation,

rapid flashing, …, or other dynamic elements shall

not be used.


Arrow Boards

Standards92

Shall be a sign with a matrix of elements capable of either

flashing or sequential displays.

Shall provide additional warning and directional information to

assist in merging and controlling road users through or around a

TTC zone.

Arrow boards shall meet the minimum size, legibility distance,

number of elements, and other specifications shown in Figure 6F-6.


Arrow Boards

Standards93

Type A, B, and C arrow boards shall have solid rectangular appearances.

A Type D arrow board shall conform to the shape of the arrow.

All arrow boards shall be finished in non-reflective black.

The arrow board shall be mounted on a vehicle, a trailer, or other suitable support.

The arrow board shall have suitable elements capable of the various operating modes.

The color presented by the elements shall be yellow.

A vehicle displaying an arrow board shall be equipped with high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights.


Types of Arrow Boards94

Type A - use on low-speed urban streets.

Type B - for intermediate-speed facilities and for maintenance

or mobile operations on high-speed roadways.

Type C - intended to be used on high-speed, high-volume motor

vehicle traffic control projects.

Type D - intended for use on authorized vehicles.


Advance Warning Arrow Board

Display Specifications95


Channelizing Devices

Cones

Tubular Markers

Vertical Panels

Drums

Barricades

Slow

Down!

96

All channelizing devices shall be crashworthy


Category 1 Devices97

Shall be predominantly orange.

Shall be made of a material that can be struck without causing damage to the impacting vehicle.

For nighttime use - shall be retroreflectorized or equipped with lighting devices for maximum visibility.



Drums98

Drums used for road user warning or channelization shall be

constructed of lightweight, deformable materials.

Metal drums shall not be used.

Drums shall have closed tops that will not allow collection of

construction debris or other debris.


Cones - Standards99


Category 2 Devices

Vertical panels, Type I, II, or III barricades, portable

sign stands

Category 1 devices w/ attachments (< 45 kg (100

lbs) up to 100 kg)

Must be crash tested

by approved agency

100



Type 1, 2, or 3 Barricades101

A barricade is a portable or fixed device having from one to

three rails with appropriate markings and is used to control

road users by closing, restricting, or delineating all or a portion

of the right-of-way.

Barricades are classified as Type 1, Type 2, or Type 3.

Type 1 or Type 2 Barricades are intended for use in situations

where road user flow is maintained through the TTC zone.

Type 1 Barricades may be used on conventional roads or

urban streets.




Guidance:

Type 2 or Type 3 Barricades should be used on freeways

and expressways or other high-speed roadways.

Type 3 Barricades should be used to close or partially

close a road.


Type 2 Type 3




WZ Category 3 Devices

Temporary barriers

Barrier joints must provide

tensile & moment capacity

New units must meet NCHRP

350 by Oct 2002

Crash cushions & TMA’s

Can be tested to TL-2 or TL-

3

Must be crash tested by

approved agency

104


Uses for Temporary Longitudinal

Barriers

Prevent Access to Work Zone

Provide Positive Protection for Workers

Separate Two-Way Traffic

Protect Falsework

105

http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/

106

Lane Closure with a

Temporary Traffic Barrier

(TA-34)


Temporary Traffic Barriers107


Portable Concrete Barriers (PCB)

Positive protection to road workers

Avoid penetration in work area

Modular design

Impact angle: 15°- 25°

Height: 32”

Base width: 24”

Top width: 6”

Length: 84” (7’)

Maximum deflection: 0 – 5 feet

108


Portable Concrete Barriers109


Steel Portable Barriers113

Plastic Portable Barriers

114

114


Quickchange Moveable Barrier

Chain of modified F-shape barrier segments

T-shape on top to allow pick up of segments

Lateral movement from 4 to 18 ft

Maximum deflection of 28 in at TL-3 design impact

Transfer speed of 5 to 10 mph

115


Work Zone Crash Cushions117


Triton CET Concrete End Treatment118


Category 4 Devices

Portable, usually trailer-mounted devices

Lighting supports, flashing arrow panels, temporary

traffic signals, & changeable message signs

Should be delineated or shielded

Use good placement practices

119

Sample Crash Cushions for Work Zones

120


Roadside Design Guide121

Obtain more information regarding work trucks and other safety features for work zones from AASHTO’s Roadside Design Guide, 4th Edition 2011


Shadow Vehicle Priority Guidelines122

Based on:

Facility Type (freeway or non-freeway)

Activity Type (stationary or mobile)

Type of Closure (lane closure, shoulder closure)


Truck and Trailer Mounted Attenuators (TMAs)

123

Priority of use of protective vehicle:

A-very highly recommended

B-highly recommended

C-recommended

D-desirable

E-may be justified under special conditions



124

Priority of use of TMA on protective vehicle:

1-very highly recommended

2-highly recommended

3-recommended

4-desirable

5-may be justified under special conditions



125

Shadow Vehicle – Very Highly Recommended

TMA – Desirable (Use Engineering Judgment)


Guidelines for Spacing of Shadow Vehicles

126

Spacing of shadow

vehicles depending of

weight of the vehicle:

• 9,900 lb – 22,000 lb

• >22,000 lb

Operating Speed

(Traffic)

Recommended Spacing for Vehicles

Weighing <22,000 lbs and >9,900 lbs (ft)

Stationary Moving

Greater than

55mph172 222

45mph to 55mph 123 172

Less than 45mph 100 100

Source: AASHTO Roadside Design Guide

Operating Speed

(Traffic)

Recommended Spacing for Vehicles

Weighing >22,000 lbs (ft)

Stationary Moving

Greater than 55mph 150 172

45mph to 55mph 100 150

Less than 45mph 74 100

Source: AASHTO Roadside Design Guide


Recommended Spacing127

http://www.globalsources.com/

Length: 31 ft

Weight

without load:

50,000 lb

128

Work Space

= 150 ft

Longitudinal

Buffer = 155 ft

Work

Truck = 131 ft

Transition Area

(Taper Length, L) = 105 ft

Activity

Area = 436 ft

Advanced Warning Area, A = 100 ft

Truck = 31 ft

Roll ahead distance = 100 ft

Activity Area (length) without truck length=305 ft


Typical Application 18 Notes129

Use your Engineering Judgment…


Examples of TMAs130

TMA with Energy-Absorbing

Cartridge

TMA with Telescoping Steel Frame and

Cutter Assembly

Several types of TMAs have met the requirements of National

Cooperative Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350 or Manual for

Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH)


Examples of TMAs131

TMA with Steel Frame and Burster or

Kinker Assembly

TMA with Steel Frame or

Polyethylene Cylinder

Assembly and Arrowboard

Mobile Barrier Trailer

http://www.ct.gov/dot


Impacted Truck Mounted Attenuators132

https://www.traffixdevices.com


NCHRP? MASH?133

Roadside Design Guide

Table 5-3: Provides the

minimum test levels

required for barrier

systems. Similar tables

are available for other

work zone safety systems

with their corresponding

required test levels.


Approved Test Levels: Barriers134


Approved Test Levels: Barriers continued

135

What Typical Application is best suited for a lane

closure with a temporary traffic barrier?136

137

Lane Closure with

Temporary Traffic

Barrier (TA-34)

137

660 feet

181.5 feet

Activity

Area =

3,135 feet

Long.

buffer

space

Traffic

space

Work

space

495 feet

100 feet

138

Long.

buffer

space

Lat.

buffer

space

139

QUESTIONS

140

Module 4.

Human factors (drivers, pedestrians,

workers and flaggers) and their relation

to safety in a Temporary Work Zone

141


What is Human Factors?

Ergonomics (or Human Factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data, and other methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.

Source: The previous definition was adopted by the International Ergonomics Association in August 2000 (https://www.hfes.org//Web/AboutHFES/about.html)

142


Human Factors

HF Disciplines Include:

Human Information Processing

Systems Design

Human Physical Capabilities

Design of Experiments

Occupational Safety & Risk Assessment

Industrial Hygiene

Audition & Auditory Systems Design

Systems Safety

Visual Systems Design

Transportation

143


Human Factors

Human Factors Applications in Work Zones:

Design of Traffic Control Devices

Zone Layout Planification

Reaction Time to Traffic Control Devices

Drivers and Passengers Safety

Workers Occupational Safety

Risk Analysis

144



Process of identifying or recognizing sensory perceived information (e.g., visual, auditive), processing, and responding to it.

Rasmussen Task Performance Levels :

Skill-Based Behavior

Rule-Based Behavior

Knowledge-Based Behavior

145

http://www.visaliatimesdelta.com/



Information Processing Model (Rasmussen, 1983)

146



Skilled-Based Behavior

Routine tasks familiar to people

Associated Errors: slips, lapses

Example: Driving a vehicle for years

Rule-Based Behavior

People are fairly familiar with tasks based on established rules

Associated Errors : Rule incorrectly applied

Example : Use of information system following instructions

147



Knowledge-Based Behavior

Solve problem using knowledge; there are no rules

Steps: activation, observation, identification, interpretation, evaluation, goal selection, procedure selection, and activation

Errors due to: incomplete or incorrect information, or limited resources

Example: Use of system without training

148



Alternative Model 1: Detection

Identification

Evaluation

Reaction

Alternative Model 2: Search

Detection

Recognition

Decision

Action

149



Elements that affect perception and reaction time in transportation

Age

Younger – Better vision, less risk perception, faster reflexes, drive faster, more distracted, less experience

Older – Worst vision, greater risk perception, slower reflexes, drive slower, more experience

Experience

Education, practice, training

150

http://www.ultimatedefensivedriving.us/




Familiarity

Familiarity with road and vehicle

Trend to drive faster when there is familiarity

Memory

Remember transit signs

Regulatory signs are easier to remember

151

http://galleryhip.com/




Vision

Ability to judge moving objects speed

Ability to distinguish colors

Distance judgment (depth perception)

Capacity to focus and recover from glare effects

Ability to detect objects in the periphery

Climate, Weather

Rain – slippery roads

Fog

Day/Night

152

http://blog.ibs-b.hu/

153

View from the Street


Blind Area Mappingwww.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/highwayworkzones

154




Alcohol, drugs, medication

Particular effects for every person and situation

Decrease reaction time

Increase risk exposure

Interfere with judgment

Slower decision making

Peripheral vision

Fatigue, cellular phones

155

http://blog.lawmed.com/


Information Processing in Work Zones

People drive normally through work zones until they

see some kind of activity: workers, construction

equipment, etc.; even having traffic control devices

Wrong perception of traffic control devices

Ignorance of devices meaning

156

http://catcountry1073.com/


Work Zones

Work zones include:

Construction

Maintenance

Utilities

Highway work zones present high risks for workers

Vehicles traffic

Vehicles and work equipment

157

http://patch.com/

QUESTIONS

158

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