char & haz of lng

8/8/2019 char & haz of lng

1/37

Characteristics & Hazards

of

LNG(Liquefied Natural Gas)


2/37

PROPERTIES OF LIQUEFIED

NATURALGAS

COMPOSITION:

90% Methane

8% Ethane 2% Propane, Butane,

& Nitrogen

BOILING POINT: -260o F

APPEARANCE:

Clear liquid, Vapors

form a white cloud inmoist air.

TOXICITY:

Non-Toxic, non-poisonous


3/37

PROPERTIES OF LIQUEFIED

NATUR

ALGA

S (Cont...)

LIQUID SPECIFIC

DENSITY (H20 = 1.0)

0.47

VAPOR SPECIFIC

DENSITY (air = 1.0)

1.5 @ -2600F1.0 @ -1700F

.55@ +700F

FLAMMABLE LIMITS (in

air):

5 - 15%

REACTIVITY:

Stable, does not self react

EXPLOSION HAZARDS:

Unconfined vapor clouds will

not detonate


4/37

LNG is usually shipped and stored at a

temperature slightly above its boiling point

at atmospheric pressure. Vapors formflammable mixtures with air. Unlike

natural gas at normal temperatures, the cold

gas as it comes from the liquid is about 11/2 times heavier than air and will not rise

immediately but spread at the ground level.


5/37

Fog is formed (visible cloud) when the cold gas comes in

contact with the moisture in the air and will spread with the

wind currents. If the flammable vapor-air mixture reaches

an ignition source, flame is likely to travel back to the

liquid. Once the vapors warm to above -1700F, it becomes

lighter than air and begin to rise.


6/37

LIFE HAZARD:

LNG vapors are nontoxic but the gas can cause

asphyxiation by displacement of the air in aclosed space.

The liquid can cause severe frostbite or burn

to the skin or other body tissues.

Prolonged contact can cause embrittlement of

clothing.


7/37

Flameless explosion:

LNG changing from a liquid to vapor suddenly

with a rapid expansion producing a low energy,explosion type phenomenon.

RPT - Rapid Phase Transition is another name for

this event.


8/37

The relatively slow ignition process of LNG

vapors - occurs when the flame front is

behind the shock wave and traveling at aslower speed.

Detonation takes place when the flame frontand shock wave coincide.


9/37

Flame height of pooled LNG will be 6 to 8

times the diameter of the liquid pool.


10/37

Rollover:

two or more layers of LNG with different

densities exists. The bottom layer is not able toboil off, so the heat increases thus creating a

very rapid heat transfer causing a large surge of

boil off vapor.


11/37

Metals used in cryogenic service:

stainless steel, aluminum & 9% nickel steel.

Personal Protective Equipment:

Wear special clothing designed to prevent LNG

or the cold vapors from coming in contact with

the body. Rubber gloves, rubber boots, slicker suits, safety

glasses, goggles, face shield, hard hat, etc.


12/37

Emergency Response

In the event of a LNG release:

Control and eliminate ignition sources

Evacuate non essential personnel

Stop source of leak

Initiate the Terminals Emergency Action Plan

Ventilate enclosed areas.


13/37

Emergency Response

If a spill has not ignited, use water spray to

direct flammable gas-air mixtures away fromignition sources. If it is desirable to evaporate a

spill quickly, water spray may be used to

increase the rate of evaporation, if the increased

vapor evolution can be controlled. Do notdischarge solid water streams into an LNG

spill.


14/37

Emergency Response

If LNG has ignited, use water to keep fire-exposed

containers and equipment cool and to protect personnel if

an effort is to be made to stop the source of the leak. High

expansion foam may be used to reduce the rate of burning

of relatively small spills.


15/37

Emergency Response

Because of danger of reignition, liquefied natural gas fires

normally should not be extinguished until the supply of gas

has been shut off. If it is necessary to extinguish the fire,

dry chemical is the preferred extinguishing agent.


16/37

MATERIALSAFETY DATA SHEET

Trunkline LNG Company

8100 Big Lake Road, Lake Charles, LA 70605-0300

EMERGENCY TELEPHONENUMBER (318) 475-4255

DATE ISSUE: 11/10/93

DATE REVISED: 09/11/98

SECTION I - PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION

Trade Name: LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS

Synonyms: LNG, methane-refrigerated liquid, natural gas-refrigerated liquid

Formula: CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, and N2 Mixture

CAS Number: 74-82-8

DOT ID Number: UN 1972

NFPA Hazard Ratings: Health: 1 Fire: 4 Reactivity: 0 (0 = Least, 4 = Extreme)


17/37

SECTION II - HAZARDOUS COMPONENTS *

Components Percent TLV PEL

Methane 87.5 N/A N/A

Ethane 9.0 N/A N/A

Propane 2.4 N/A N/A

Butane 0.8 N/A N/A

Nitrogen 0.3 N/A N/A

*LNG is a mixture of these components: This represents a typical composition.


18/37

SECTION III - PHYSICAL/CHEMICALCHARACTERISTICS

Boiling Point 760 mm Hg: -260oF

Specific Gravity (water =1): 0.470

Vapor Pressure mm Hg 20oC: 5,600

Melting Point: -305oF

Vapor Specific Density (air=1) 1.5 @ -260oF; 1.0 @ -170oF; 0.55 @ = 70oF

Solubility in Water: insoluble

Molecular weight: 18.3

PH: N/A

Appearance and Odor: Colorless and odorless liquid


19/37

SECTION IV - FIREAND EXPLOSIONDATA

Flash Point: -369oF

Autoignition Temperature: 999o

FFlammable Limits: LFL 5%: UFL 15% in air

Extinguishing Media: Dry Chemical, Carbon Dioxide, Halon

Special Fire Fighting Procedures: Evacuate area. Stay upwind of vapors. Stop flow

of material. Use water for cooling buildings and other structures and to protect

personnel effecting shutoff. If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to

disperse the vapors and to protect personnel attempting to stop the leak. Applying

water directly on the spill will increase the vaporization rate of LNG. Direct

application of water streams should be avoided unless suitable precautions are taken to

safely manage vapors. For fires in enclosed areas, firefighters must use self-contained

breathing apparatus. Approach containers from sides, not ends. Prevent runoff from

fire control or dilution from entering streams or drinking water supply.


20/37

SECTIONV - REACTIVITY DATA

Stability: Stable

Conditions to Avoid: Heat, sparks, flames, and build up of static electricity

Incompatibility: Strong acids, alkalis, and oxidizers such as chlorine and oxygen

Hazardous Decomposition Products:

Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide

Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur


21/37

SECTIONVI - HEALTH HAZARD DATA

Routes of Entry: Inhalation, Skin/Eye contact

Health Hazards:

Inhalation:Vapors are virtually non-toxic below lower flammability limits. Above the LFL, lowto moderate incidental effects such as depression and irritation occur but are completely

reversible upon cessation of exposure. At high concentrations, acts as a simple asphyxiate.

Skin: Contact with liquid may cause burns and frostbite. Skin may be flushed: as frostbite

develops, skin may change to white or yellow; blisters may appear.

Eyes: Direct contact with liquid or frost particles may produce severe and possible permanent

eye damage.

Ingestion: Not expected to occur in normal industrial use.Medical ConditionsGenerallyAggravated by Exposure: Personnel with pre-existing

respiratory disease should avoid exposure to this material.

Carcinogenicity: NTP: No IARC Monographs: No OSHA Regulated: No


22/37

SECTIONVII - PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLINGAND USE

Steps to be taken in case material is released or spilled: Eliminate all potential sources of ignition.

Evacuate all non-essential personnel to an area upwind. Stop source of release, being careful not to

generate a spark. Ventilate enclosed areas to prevent formation of flammable or oxygen-deficient

atmospheres. Water spray may be used to reduce vapors. Closed systems form white frost at the point

of leak. Liquid spills will vaporize forming cold dense vapor clouds that do not readily disperse.

Avoid vapor cloud even with proper respiratory equipment.

Waste Disposal Method: Releases are expected to cause only localized non-persistent

environmental damage.

Handling and Storage Precautions: Ground and electrically interconnect containers for transfer. Usespark proof tools. No smoking in areas or use or storage. Avoid prolonged or repeated breathing of

vapors or contact with skin. Avoid contact with eyes. Eye wash stations and safety showers should be

available in areas of use. Store in well ventilated, fireproof area, away from sources of heat, open

flame, ignition and oxidizing agents. Protect against damaging valves on containers.


23/37

SECTIONVIII - CONTROLMEASURES

Respiratory Protection: For gas concentrations at or above the LFL, use only NIOSH/MSHA

approved, self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)

Ventilation: Use in well ventilated area. Equipment must be explosion proof. Use away from all

ignition sources.

Skin Protection: Thermally protective gloves must be worn when handling liquid.

Eye Protection: Chemical type goggles or full face shield should be worn if contact with

liquid is possible.

Other Protective Equipment Splash resistant protective clothing should be worn when

handling liquid.


24/37

SECTION IX - EMERGENCYAND FIRSTAID PROCEDURES

Inhalation: Remove victim to fresh air at once. Restore and/or support breathing as required. Keep

victim warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Skin Contact: Promptly flush affected area with tepid water. If freeze burns have occurred,

apply bulky, dry, sterile bandage to protect area. Get medical attention.Eye Contact: Vapors are not expected to present an eye irritant hazard. If contacted by

liquid, immediately flush the eye(s) gently with warm water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical

attention if pain or redness persists.

Ingestion: None considered necessary.

Information given herein is offered in good faith as accurate, but without guarantee. Conditions of use and

suitability of the particular uses are beyond our control; all risks of use of the product are therefore assumed

by the user and we expressly disclaim all warranties of every kind and nature, including warranties ofmerchantability and fitness for a particular purpose in respect to the use of suitability of the product. Nothing

is intended as a recommendation for uses which infringe valid patents or as extending license under valid

patents. Appropriate warnings and safe handling procedures should be provided to handlers and users.


25/37

FIRST AID FOR

CRYOGENIC/FREEZE BURNS Personnel involved in the handling and transportation of

LNG should be particularly aware of the hazard of

cryogenic burns. A cryogenic burn, although easily

produced by direct contact with the liquid, can also occurdue to contact with cold vapor or an un-insulated piece of

equipment carrying LNG. The rate at which heat is

transferred from exposed skin to a cold vapor is

substantially less than the rate at which heat is transferred

to a cold object or liquid. The severity of a cryogenic orfreeze burn depends upon the duration of contact, the

amount of skin exposed and the rate of heat transfer.


26/37

FIRST AID FOR

CRYOGENIC/FREEZE BURNS The term cryogenic burn, while a misnomer, is derived from the

sensation experienced when materials at cryogenic temperatures

contact the skin. Since the nerve endings in the skin cannot

differentiate between temperature extremes, the sensations are similar.Although the tissue responds differently, the treatment is basically the

same: restoration of normal 370C (98.60F) temperature and protection

of injured tissue from infection and further damage. Unlike the effects

from exposure to heat, freezing of the flesh causes embrittlement of the

affected area due to its water content. If the skin has surface moisture

on it, contact with a cold object may result in the skin adhering to thecold object. Flesh may be torn when the victim tries to remove the

affected area from the cold surface.


27/37

FIRST AID FOR

CRYOGENIC/FREEZE BURNS Permanent tissue damage due to frostbite can result if the

skin temperature is reduced to below 00C (320F) for a

prolonged period. As the body temperatures fall, the

ability to perform both physical and mental tasks

decreases. Cardiac disturbances occur when the body

temperature drops to 270C (810F). Death will result if the

body is further cooled.


28/37

TREATMENT OF CRYOGENIC

BURNS

Remove any clothing that is wet or may constrict the

circulation to the frozen area.

If the entire body is exposed to the cryogenic material,

place the body in a water bath with arms and legs extendedout of the water. If a body part (hand, arm, foot, or leg) is

exposed to the cryogenic material, place the entire body in

a water bath with the affected body part extended out of

the water to prevent contamination by infection of the

affected area(s). Submerging the patient is done to help

keep the body core temperature as close to normal as

possible due to the extreme cold temperature of LNG.


29/37


BURNS The water bath temperature must be between 37.80C

(1000F) and 43.30 C (1100F). When no tub-type facility is

available, a hot (43.30C) shower while wrapped in towels

or blankets is preferable. If at all possible, the affectedbody part should not be exposed to the water, and the

patient should sit on a chair in the shower and be

constantly observed for a possible circulatory problem

leading to fainting.


30/37


BURNS Simultaneous to the bath immersion, arrange for

transportation to a hospital for further therapy and

observation. If at sea, prior to contact with a physician

ashore, have the following information available fortransmission: the patient's age, sex, percent of burn, vital

sign (blood pressure, pulse, respiration rate, and body

temperature)and the care given up to the present time.


31/37


BURNS If the burn is 15% or less, oral fluids should be given to

replace any loss of body fluids. Do not administer oral

liquids if the patient is unconscious or has difficulty in

taking oral substances.

Morphine sulphate may be given intravenously as advised

by a physician.

Topical burn ointment (Ex. Sulfamylon) should be applied

over the burn surface while wearing sterile gloves.


32/37


33/37


BURNS Topical burn ointment (Ex. Sulfamylon) should be applied

over the burn surface while wearing sterile gloves.

The pulse in any burned extremity should be monitored,

and a lack of pulse in that extremity should be

REPORTED IMMEDIATELY to medical authorities.


34/37


BURNS With any patient subjected to a cryogenic burn the vital

signs (blood pressure, pulse, respiration rate, and body

temperature) must be closely monitored. Any adverse

change in vital signs should be immediately reported to theadvising physician.


35/37


BURNS For a person that has been exposed to a cryogenic liquid,

the body core temperature, as determined by rectal

thermometer, is of prime importance. When the body core

temperature drops near 26.70C (800F) cardiac disturbancecan occur. There is also a danger of re-warming shock; a

condition which results when the heart cannot sufficiently

supply the demand for increased blood flow. This may

result from re-warming the extremities prior to or fasterthan the body trunk.


36/37


37/37


BURNS If the frozen part of the body has thawed by the time

medical attention has been obtained, do not re-warm.

Under these circumstances, cover the area with dry sterile

dressings with a large bulky protective coverage.

Alcoholic beverages and smoking decrease blood flow to

the frozen tissue and therefore should not be used.

char & haz of lng

Documents