caso anàlisis para aplicar estrategia de mantenimiento industrial en planta yacimiento

8/15/2019 Caso Anàlisis para Aplicar Estrategia de Mantenimiento Industrial en Planta Yacimiento

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XVJFJKA RVÊ@XI@A OVSRJG



àe cg xvjfjka ce czsira%Navdjxap hc VcoipxvaHijovjdj hc RjvcxxaMipxaovjdjHijovjdj @jspj Cnc`xaHijovjdj hc HiprcvpiðeCpxvjxini`jìðeOvêni`jp hc @aexvag

3¸P! MASPCLCCRIEO

3’p pc vcnicvc j `vcjv sej `sgxsvj hc avhce' gidricj' pcosvihjh y hipìrgiej ce gj cdrvcpj zsc rcvhsvc j xvj~ép hcg xicdra' ie~ags`vjeha j xahjgj avojeijìðe rjvj `sdrgiv gap vczscvidicexap hcg `gicexc ce `jgihjh' àpxa y cexvcoj%:%$ Pcrjvc y hcpc`mc

6%$ Avhce0%$ Gidrijv8%$ Cpxjehjvijv3%$ Pipxcdjxijv y DjexcecvCp sxigijha rjvj mj`cv cg gsojv hc xvjfjka dceap àeocpxiaejha' rjvj jpcosvjv zsc xaha xicec se gsojv cprc`änià y rjvj jyshjveap j ~cvhaehc mjy rvafgcdjp%

3P

@ieà rjgjfvjp kjraecpjp -vcìcexcdcexc xvjhsìhjp ce ìeà rjgjfvjp jdcvi`jejp) zsé pc vcnicvce j pipxcdjxijeha gj gidricj y cgdjexceidicexa cni`j% Sej `jdrjúj 3P cp nvc`scexcdcexc spjhj rjvj iexvahsìv se Djexceidicexa Rvahs`xi~a Xaxjg ce sej nêfvi`j%PCRJVJV!P@VJR $ gifévcpc hc xaha cg czsira pie spjv' djzsiejvij y rjvxcp% AVHCEJV $ àgazsc xaha gap czsirap' mcvvjdicexjp ec`cpjviap'rjvj zsc mjyj se gsojv rjvj xaha y xaha cpxé ce ps gsojv' nêìg hc ga`jgijv y `cv`j hc haehc pc spj% CPXVCOJV $ gidrijv' riexjv y vcrjvjv xahjgj djzsiejvij' rjpiggap' cx`%' HINSEHIV $ mj`cv gidricj y osjvhjv gjp àpjp àda vsxiej% PIPXCDJXI[JV $ cpxjehjvijv cg rva`cpa%

= HIP@IRGIEJP RJVJ CG JEÊGIPIP Y PAGS@IÐE HC RVAFGCDJP

Gap rjvxiìrjexcp jrvcehcvêe y rvj`xi`jvêe cg déxaha hc = Hipìrgiejp rjvj gj pagsìðe hc rvafgcdjp' jpä àda gjp mcvvjdicexjp cdrgcjhjp cecg dipda' jrgi`jeha ga jrvcehiha ce se `jpa vcjg hc ps cdrvcpj%Hipìrgiej :% @aexj`xaHipìrgiej 6% Hcp`virìðe hcg RvafgcdjHipìrgiej 0% Ihcexini`jv gj @jspj hc VjäHipìrgiej 8% J`ìaecp @avvc`xi~jp IexcvejpHipìrgiej >% ^cvini`jìðe

Hipìrgiej ?% Rvc~ceìðeHipìrgiej =% Ncgiìxjeha jg Czsira

Jhdieipxvjìðe hc Avioce



JRZR -RGJECJ@IAE J^JE[JHJ HC GJ @JGIHJH HCG RVAHS@XA)

Xéèi`j avicexjhj j gj rgjecjìðe hc rvahs`xa a pcv~iìa hcphc ps njpc hc hcnieiìðe' fjpjha ce cg dahcga hc Hcdieo -Rgjecjv' Mj`cv' Vc~ipjv'J`xsjv)' rjvj ggc~jv se àexvag cpxvi`xa j xvj~ép hc xaha cg rvayc`xa jpcosvjeha cg `sdrgidicexa ce `jgihjh' xicdra y àpxa hcg rvahs`xa apcv~iìa j gjejv jg dcv`jha% JRZR cp se déxaha cpxvs`xsvjha rjvj hcnieiv gap rjpap ec`cpjviap rjvj jpcosvjv zsc cg rvahs`xa pjxipnj`c jg`gicexc%Gj dcxj hcg JRZR cp njìgixjv gj àdsei`jìðe cexvc xahap gap ie~ags`vjhap rjvj jpcosvjv zsc xahap gap rjpap pc vcjgije j xicdra%Gj cnc`xi~ihjh hc JRZR hcrcehc hcg àdrvadipa hc gj jgxj ocvceìj rjvj vcjgijv cg cpnscva vczscviha ce jg`jejv gj pjxipnj`ìðe hcg `gicexc%

Jsxaeadjxiae -Kihalj)

Sej àdfiejìðe hc &jsxaeadäj& y &jsxadjxijìðe&' hcp`vifc se pipxcdj cg `sjg sej dêzsiej pc hcxicec jsxadêxi`jdcexc a hcprsép hc mjfcvàdrgcxjha se ì`ga a `sjeha sej rjvxc hcnc`xsapj pc rvahs`c%

Fce`mdjvlieo

Se rva`cpa hc dckavj ce cg zsc sej àdrjúäj dihc ps j`xsjìðe àexvj gjp àdrjúäjp dêp fscejp ce ps `jdra' hcxcvdiej `ðda cpjpàdrjúäjp gaovjvae ps ei~cg hc j`xsjìðe' y spj gj ienavdjìðe rjvj dckavjv ps rvarij j`xsjìðe%

FGJ@L FCGX

Fgj`l Fcgx cp cg gähcv hcg czsira rjvj pagsìaejv gap rvafgcdjp fjka gj hivc`ìðe hcg @mjdriae a Djpxcv Fgj`l Fcgx% Cg Fgj`l Fcgx cp vcpraepjfgc

rjvj rvaravìaejv gj pagsìðe jg rvayc`xa%

@jgihjh

Jsezsc mjy ds`mjp hcnieiìaecp rjvj cpxc xcdj' mjy hap `gj~cp hc idravxjeìj% Gj rvidcvj xicec zsc ~cv àe gj pjxipnj`ìðe hcg `gicexc yrschc cpxjv pcújgjhj' ‗@sjgzsicv rvahs`xa a pcv~iìa zsc àexiesjdcexc hcgcixj jg `gicexc—% Gj pcosehj hcnieiìðe vcncvcexc jg rva`cpa iexcveace sej avojeijìðe zsc piv~c j gap `gicexcp% @jgihjh cp ‗gj àexiesj cgidiejìðe hc hcprcvhiìap y dckavj hc `jhj sea hc gap rva`cpap—% Cpxa cppagjdcexc `sjeha cg cexcehidicexa hc @jgihjh ce se ûgxida pcexiha ce zsc gj àdrjúäj rschc cexvcojv jgxj `jgihjh' fjkap àpxap y cexvcojp

pidsgxjecjp ce xicdra%

@jgihjh cp R vidcva

Sea hc gap picxc àe`crxap LJI[CE% Gap cpxjhap hcg àe`crxa zsc ie`gsyc gjp cexvcojp àe `jgihjh a hivioc gap cpnscvap hc àpxap rjvjdckavjv' pie dckavjp zsc xadce ds`ma xicdra%

@jspjp @adsecp

Ce djeha hc `jgihjh cpxjhäpxià' gjp `jspjp hc ~jvijìðe iemcvcexc ce se rva`cpa pafvc cg xicdra%

@CGHJP HC XVJFJKA -FJGJE@CA ARCVJXIÂ )



Cp se ovsra seiha hc cpxjìaecp hc xvjfjka -djesjgcp a jsxadêxi`jp) hincvcexcp' hchi`jhjp jgj ckc`sìðe hc sej pc`sceìj hc arcvjìaecp cesej njdigij hc rjvxcp a rvahs`xap pidigjvcp%Ngska hc sej ricj%$ rvahs`ìðe hc sej ricj' rvahs`ìðe avicexjhj jg dcv`jha%Pc fsp`j `vcjv se dahcga hc sej gäecj hc rvahs`ìðe arxidijhj y fice avojeijhj rjvj rahcv pcv gj rigaxa ce ps da~idicexa j gj axvj ej~c%Pc Ie~ags`vje gap hincvcexcp ei~cgcp hc ps cdrvcpj rjvj iexvahsìvgap ce gj dckavj àexiesj y j ps ~c cdrcjv j navdjv iehi~ihsap zsc jyshcece cg `jdfia `sgxsvjg hc gj avojeijìðe%

@i`ga hc Hcdieo -@i`ga hc gj Dckavj @aexiesj)

J`vchixjha rav Chwjvh Hcdieo% Cg ì`ga cp cg àe`crxa hc `ðda rcepjeha hcfce rva`chcv j `vcjv gj dckavj àexiesj% Gj navdj dêp àdûe hcgì`ga àepipxc ce `sjxva cgcdcexap‘Rgjecjv' Mj`cv' ^cvini`jv' y J`xsjv% Cg Hv% Hcdieo gap xicec vcìcexcdcexc vc$`jgini`jhap $Rgjecjv' Mj`cv'Ie~cpxiojv y jkspxjv

@i`ga PH@J Pxjehjvh ic' Ha' @mc`l' J`x -Cpxjehjvijv% Mj`cv' @mc`jv y J`sjv)

Se ì`ga vcniejha hcg RH@J hivioiha j sej cpxjfigijìðe hc sej rviavihjh hcg rva`cpa hc rvahs`ìðe rjvj mj`cv xcexjxi~jp hc dckavj%

@äv`sgap hc @jgihjh

Se rczscúa ovsra zsc ~agsexjvijdcexc ggc~j j `jfa j`xi~ihjhcp hc rva`cpap hc dckavj ce xahjp gjp êvcjp hc xvjfjka%

@gicexc Cxcvea

Se spsjvia$niejg zsice rjoj rav cg rvayc`xa a cg pcv~iìa cexvcojha rav sej àdrjúäj' rav àepiosicexc ocecvjeha ieovcpap rjvj gj àdrjúäj%Gj dcxj hc gjp àdrjúäjp hc `gjpc dsehijg pae rjvj &cg hcgcixc àexiesa& hcg `gicexc' `vcjeha jpä &se jnc`xa `vcìcexc& rjvj psp rvahs`xap ypcv~iìap% Rschc mjfcv ~jviap `gicexcp cxcveap' gap `sjgcp hcfce pcv àepihcvjhap rav cg rva~cchav%

@gicexc I excvea

Cg hcpxiejxjvia -rcvpaej' rva`cpa' a hcrjvxjdcexa) hcg vcehidicexa hc axvj rcvpaej a pc`ìðe -rvahs`xa' pcv~iìa a ienavdjìðe) hcexva hc sej

avojeijìðe%

@gicexc$Rva~cchav$Paìa

Sej vcgjìðe j gjvoa rgja cexvc se àdrvjhav y cg rva~cchav `jvj`xcvijha rav cg xvjfjka ce czsira' àenijej dsxsj' y gjp dcxjp àdsecpàe vcprc`xa j gj pjxipnj`ìðe hcg `gicexc% Cg rva~cchav cp àepihcvjha sej cxcepiðe hc gj avojeijìðe hcg àdrvjhav' fjpjhj ce ~jviapàdrvadipap% Cg àdrvjhav rvaravìaej àexvjxap j gjvoa rgja y spj j dceap rva~cchavcp% Cg rva~cchav idrgcdcexj gap rva`cpap hcjpcosvjdicexa hc gj `jgihjh rjvj gidixjv a cgidiejv gj ieprc`ìðe cexvjexc rav cg àdrvjhav% Cg rva~cchav xjdfiée jyshj jg àdrvjhav j vchsìv

àpxap y dckavj cg rvahs`xa y cg rva`cpa hc hipcúa%

@aexvag hc @jgihjh



Se pipxcdj hc iexcvj`ìðe àexiesj cexvc xahap gap cgcdcexap' ie`gsyceha rva~cchavcp' vcpraepjfgcp hc jg`jejv gj àexiesj dckavj hc `jgihjhhc gap rvahs`xap y pcv~iìap zsc pjxipnj`ce gjp hcdjehjp hc gap `gicexcp

@aexvag hc @jgihjh ea Rjvjdéxviàp

Ds`map hc gap àexvagcp hc `jgihjh ea pae cpxjhäpxiàp' rjvxi`sgjvdcexc jzscggj rjvxc zsc xicec zsc ~cv àe vc`svpap msdjeap% Gap cgcdcexappae Jsxa$hipìrgiej' davjg' àdsei`jìaecp' : Vcgjìaecp Msdjejp y eavdjxi~ihjh% Gjp cpxjhäpxi`jp pae pagjdcexc sej mcvvjdicexj hcg àexvaghc @jgihjh y pae hc spa igidixjha àe vcprc`xa j gap pcvcp msdjeap y déxahap%

@aexvag Cpxjhäpxià hc @jgihjh -PZ@)

Cg spa hc mcvvjdicexjp cpxjhäpxi`jp -Ovêni`jp hc Rjvcxa' Mipxaovjdjp' Hijovjdjp hc vc~ipiðe' `jspj y cnc`xap' cx`)% Rjvj jpcosvjv zsc xahjp gjpdêzsiejp cpxée ce xagcvjeìjp j`crxjfgcp' a zsc pc pagsìaece gap rvafgcdjp hc `jgihjh dchijexc cg spa hc gjp mcvvjdicexjp%

@AEXVAG CPXJHIPXI@A HCG RVA@CPA -@CR) y psp piogjp ce ieogép -PR@)

Xéèi`jp y Mcvvjdicexjp cpxjhäpxi`jp' haehc pc cpxjfgc`c dchijexc hjxap' `jrjìhjhcp hc rva`cpa' àdravxjdicexa y xcehceìj hc gap dipdap'jpä àda gj ocecvjìðe hc ovêniàp rjvj cg àexvag hc hidcepiaecp a rjvêdcxvap `växiàp rjvj cg rva`cpa a rvahs`xa%

@aexvag Xaxjg hc gj @jgihjh

Se j`cv`jdicexa magäpxià rjvj gj `jgihjh ce sej àdrjúäj a jûe ce se ovsra jdrgia% XZ@ cp cg ‗zsc— hc LJI[CE' cp cg ‗@ADA— a cg rva`cpa hc

se esc~a rjvjhiodj hc ecoaìap% Cdricj y xcvdiej àe gj ocexc% XZ@ cp sea hc gap ? pipxcdjp hc LJI[CE%

@sgxsvj hc gj Avojeijìðe

Gj ~ihj hc gj djecvj ienavdjg pc ~i~c y cg xvjfjka pc mj`c' cpxê fjpjha ce gap ~jgavcp' gjp `vcceìjp' dixap c mipxavijp zsc pc ksojvae nscvj hcgj avojeijìðe% @ae cg xicdra' gap gähcvcp navdje gj `sgxsvj%

@sgxsvj LJI[CE

Sej `sgxsvj avojeijìaejg fjpjhj ce gap xvcp c`cgcexcp rvieìriap hcg avhce $ cg Rva`cpa y Vcpsgxjhap' Rcepjdicexa Pipxcdêxià y Ea$pcepjxa'Ea$`sgrjha%

Hjxap

Rchjap hc ienavdjìðe zsc' `sjeha pae jovcojhap y jejgijhap' rvahs`ce ienavdjìðe zsc ggc~j j vcjgijv `jdfiap y dckavjp% Gap hjxaprschce pcv `sjexixjxi~ap a `sjgixjxi~ap% Gap hjxap pae hipxieosihap hc gjp arieiaecp iehi~ihsjgcp' crcviceìjp rjpjhjp' rvcksiìap' y &rcv`crìðe

hcg pcexiha%&

HCPJVVAGGA @SGXSVJG

Rjvxc iexcovjg hc gj cpxvjxcoij hc gap ecoaìap cp cg ie~ags`vjdicexa hcg rcvpaejg ce gj `sgxsvj hc dckavjdicexa% Cp rav cpa zsc j xvj~ép hcg



0%$ Rvaravìaejv vcpsgxjhap zsc jrgizsce ce se jdrgia vjeoa hc àehiìaecp rjvj ocecvjv se rva`cpa dêp vafspxa%8%$ Hcdapxvjv zsc gjp raxceìjgcp Ra`jp ‗]— ~ixjgcp iengsyce a ea ce gj vcprscpxj ‗Y—%Cg HAC pc vcnicvc j gj djeirsgjìðe j`xi~j hc gjp ~jvijfgcp iehcrcehicexcp y gj afpcv~jìðe hc gap cnc`xap pafvc ~jvijfgcp hcrcehicexcp-Vcprscpxjp)%

Cpxêehjv

Se kscoa hc ragäxi`jp' vcogjp' rva`chidicexap y hivc`xvi`cp cpxjfgcìhjp rav gj ocvceìj y xvjfjkjhavcp hc xahjp gjp êvcjp psrcv~ipavjp hcarcvjìðe gjp `sjgcp piv~ce àda osäjp mjfigixjfgcp j xahap gap xvjfjkjhavcp rjvj ggc~jv j `jfa ps xvjfjka àda gj dckav' nêìg ' pjgshjfgc ypcosvj djecvj vcìcexcdcexc àeaìhj%

Cpxjehjvijìðe

Sea hc gap ? pipxcdjp LJI[CE% Cpxê vcgjìaejha j vcjgjv y cpnavjv gap cpxêehjvcp rav xahj gj avojeijìðe%

Cpxvjxcoij LJI[CE

Sej cpxvjxcoij àdcvìjg zsc àdicej àe gjp ec`cpihjhcp hcg `gicexc j`cv`j hc @jgihjh' @apxa y Cexvcoj' cp cena`jha ce sej `sgxsvjavicexjhj j gjp rcvpaejp' cp jrayjha rav sej hivc`ìðe ie~ags`vjhj' y àepipxc ce xvcp eû`gcap hc cgcdcexap iexcovjhap‘gap Rvieìriap y@ae`crxap< Pipxcdjp y Mcvvjdicexjp%

Nj`sgxjdicexa

Sej àehiìðe ce gj zsc gap cdrgcjhap xicece gj jsxavihjh rjvj mj`cv hcìpiaecp y gj xadj hc j`ìaecp ce psp êvcjp hc xvjfjka pie gjjrvafjìðe jexcviav% Rav ckcdrga' se arcvjhav rschc hcxcecv se rva`cpa hc rvahs`ìðe pi ég a cggj hcp`sfvce se rvafgcdj' a se vcrvcpcexjexchc pcv~iìa hc `gicexc rschc djehjv se vccdrgja pi se `gicexc ggjdj àe sej zsckj%

Ngska hc sej ricj

Gj rvahs`ìðe hcg ngska hc sej ricj cp `sjeha gjp rjvxcp cpxêe `jhj sej hc cggjp mc`mjp jg dipda xicdra y jrvafjhjp ce cg piosicexc rva`cpa%

Cexvc gap fcecniìap hcg ngska hc sej ricj mjy; :) gj vêrihj hcxc`ìðe hc hcnc`xap rjvj rvc~ceiv se gaxc hc hcnc`xap' 6) àvxap xicdrap hcrvahs`ìðe' 0) vchsìv cg djxcvijg y àpxap hc ie~cexjvia y 8) hipcúa hcg czsira y cpxjìaecp hc xvjfjka hc däeida xjdjúa%

Nsehjdcexap Ljice

Gap Xvcp Rvieìriap y Picxc @ae`crxap hc LJI[CE zsc piv~c àda sej nsehjìðe rjvj gap pipxcdjp y mcvvjdicexjp vczscvihap rjvj gj jrgi`jìðehc gj dckavj àexiesj y Jhdieipxvjìðe hc @jgihjh Xaxjg' gj `sjg navdj gj `sgxsvj y rcepjdicexa ce gj hivc`ìðe hc sej avojeijìðe%

Ojoc V.V -JEJGIPIP HCG PIPXCDJ HC DCHI@IAE)

Xéèi`j cena`jhj j cexcehcv gj `jspj hc gj ~jvijìðe ce gap pipxcdjp hc dchiìðe y `vcjìðe hc se pipxcdj hc dchiìðe àenijfgc rjvj pcvsxigijha ce cg àexvag hc rva`cpap y rjvj gj j`crxjìðe a vc`mja hc rjvxcp%



OCDFJ -a OCEFJ)

Sej rjgjfvj kjraecpj zsc gixcvjgdcexc pioeini`j cg ‗gsojv Vcjg%& Spjha ce cg àexcxa hc LJI[CE' Ocdfj eavdjgdcexc pc vcnicvc jg pscga hc gjxicehj a jg gsojv haehc cg Rva`cpa hcg @cexva cpxê piceha pcosiha% Ce jdrgia pcexiha' Ocdfj pc vcnicvc j `sjgzsicv gsojv ce gj àdrjúäj haehccg xvjfjka cpxê vcjgiêehapc< jpä sea rschc xcecv se Ocdfj hc gj ieoceicväj' jg Ocdfj hc ~cexjp' se Ocdfj hc àexjfigihjh' cx`%'

OCDFJ GI HCV

Ocdfj Gähcv cp se àe`crxa hc Pxvcjd Xc`meagaoicp ce haehc pc ie~ags`vj jg àgjfavjhav hc gj avojeijìðe àe cg êvcj hc xvjfjka épxj ûgxidjhcpjvvaggj gjp mcvvjdicexjp hc dckavj àexiesj -Ljice) hcphc gj jhdieipxvjìðe ~ipsjg -3¸p) ce xahj gj kcvjvzsäj hc gj cdrvcpj mjpxj gjdcxahagaoäj j~jejhj hc `jgihjh -> piodj)%Cg rjrcg hcg àgjfavjhav ce cg Ocdfj cp dsy idravxjexc yj zsc pae cggap gap zsc jovcoje ~jgav y gc hje pcexiha hc rcvxceceìj jghcrjvxjdcexa' àda ckcdrga hc cgga cp gj xadj hc hcìpiaecp' gap czsirap hc xvjfjka' cg gihcvjoa zsc ckcv`c `jhj rcvpaej ce cg ovsra jpä àda gj àdsei`jìðe zsc hcfc cipxiv cexvc gap hcrjvxjdcexap%

Ovjnià hc @aexvag

Se djrj àe gädixcp hcg djeha psrcviavcp y dêp fjkap hcexva hc zsc sej dêzsiej a se rva`cpa zsc cpxê &ce djeha%& Nvc`scexcdcexc sejgäecj `cexvjg' j dixjh hcg `jdiea cexvc gap hap gädixcp' jyshj j hcxc`xjv xcehceìjp mjìj sea a cg axva% Xvjjeha dchihjp `växi`jp ce gjpdscpxvjp hcg djrj hcdscpxvje `sjeha sej dêzsiej a cg rva`cpa mj cpxjha &nscvj hc djeha& y hcfc jkspxjvpc% Sej hc gjp Picxc McvvjdicexjpFêpi`jp hc @jgihjh%

Ovjnià hc OJEEX

Se xira hc djrj spjha ce gj rgjecjìðe y àexvag rjvj hcprgcojv cg xvjfjka rgjecjha y xcvdiejha vcprc`xa jg xicdra y pc`sceìj%

Ovjnià hc Vjhjv x

Sej ovêni`j ìv`sgjv àe hic vjyjp y vjhiap' sea rav `jhj sea hc gap xvcp rvieìriap y picxc àe`crxap hc LJI[CE% Cp spjha àda sejmcvvjdicexj hc hijoeðpxià rjvj dchiv ce sej cp`jgj hc `cva - ce se `cexva) hc hic - hc se favhc) cg ovjha hc àepipxceìj àe gap rvieìriap

LJI[CE y gap àe`crxap cmifihap rav sej avojeijìðe%

OVCCE FCGX

Cg Ovcce Fcgx jrvcehc àda gj dcxahagaoäj Pcip Piodj pc jrgi`j ce ps êvcj ga`jg y xicec gj mjfigihjh hc mj`cv rvayc`xap djp rczscúap yjrayjv j gap Fgj`l Fcgx ce psp rvayc`xap%

Ovsrap Iexcvhipìrgiejviap hc @jgihjh -O_Z@)

Se pipxcdj hc iexcvj`ìðe àexiesj cexvc xahap gap cgcdcexap' ie`gspa gap rva~cchavcp' vcpraepjfgcp rav gaovjv gj `jgihjh àexiesj dckavjehagap rvahs`xap y pcv~iìap zsc pjxipnj`ce gjp hcdjehjp hcg `gicexc%

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Mjfgc àe hjxap

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MJ@@R -JEÊGIPIP HC VICPOA)

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Mjechjpmi¢¢

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Mipxaovjdj

Se vcpsdce ovênià hc ~jvijìðe ce se kscoa hc hjxap% Gj ejxsvjgcj hcg gj igspxvjìðe hcg mipxaovjdj vc~cgj dahcgap zsc pae hinäìgcp hc ~cv cesej xjfgj hc eûdcvap% Cg mipxaovjdj cp sea hc gjp Picxc Mcvvjdicexjp Fêpi`jp hc @jgihjh%

Makj hc vcàgc`ìðe hc hjxap

Se hiprapixi~a hc vcàgc`ìðe hc hjxap pidrgc' hipcújhj rav cg spsjvia' cg `sjg rcvdixc iexcvrvcxjv gap vcpsgxjhap vêrihjdcexc% Ea cpxjvàensehiha àe sej gipxj hc àexvag -~ipxa jfjka)%

MAPMIE LJEVI

Cpxap rva`cpap àepipxce ce jgiecjv gap afkcxi~ap cpxvjxéoiàp hcg ecoaìa hc sej avojeijìðe j psp vc`svpap cpxvjxéoiàp' àdsei`jv j xahj gjavojeijìðe gap afkcxi~ap cpxvjxéoiàp y àec`xjv j xahjp gjp êvcjp hc gj avojeijìðe j cpxap dipdap afkcxi~ap fjpêehapc ce gj nigapanäj Ljicerjvj cg dckavjdicexa àexiesa%

Ie~ags`vjdicexa hc gap Cdrgcjhap

Sej rvê`xi`j hcexva hc sej avojeijìðe àe cg zsc gap cdrgcjhap rjvxiìrje vcosgjvdcexc xadjeha hcìpiaecp' `ðda gjp arcvjìaecp hc pspêvcjp hc xvjfjka c ie`gsyce mjìceha psocvceìjp rjvj dckavjp' rgjecjeha' raeiceha dcxjp y psrcv~ipjeha hcpcdrcúap%

IPA 9222



IPA 9222

Se kscoa hc ìeà iehi~ihsjgcp' rcva vcgjìaejhjp' eavdjp iexcvejìaejgcp ce Jhdieipxvjìðe hc @jgihjh y jpcosvjdicexa hc `jgihjhhcpjvvaggjhjp rjvj jyshjv j ha`sdcexjv j gjp àdrjúäjp cni`jdcexc vczscvihjp àe gap cgcdcexap hcg pipxcdj hc `jgihjh% Gjp eavdjp ea paecprc`äni`jp rjvj `sjgzsicv iehspxvij ce rjvxi`sgjv' rvahs`xa' a pcv~iìa% Nscvae hcpjvvaggjhap rav gj Avojeijìðe hc Vcosgjvijìðe Iexcvejìaejg-IPA)' sej joceìj vchj`xð gap `scvrap hc gjp eavdjp ejìaejgcp hc ea~cexj y se rjäpcp%

Kihalj

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KSPX IE XIDC -KIX)

Kspxa j Xicdra cp rvahsìv ga zsc cg `gicexc zsicvc' cj`xjdcexc `sjeha cg `gicexc ga zsicvc y ce gj `jexihjh cj`xj zsc cg `gicexc zsicvc%Jgosejp mcvvjdicexjp zsc jrayje j gaovjv cg Kspxa j Xicdra pae;Djrca hc Rva`cpapLjefje@jdfiap Vêrihap hc Rvahs`xa@cghjp hc Djesnj`xsvj

Kspxa j Xicdra -KIX)

Se pipxcdj hc jhdieipxvjìðe hc rva`cpap hc gj rvahs`ìðe zsc hj vcpsgxjhap ce se gäecj $ czsigifvia' ngska hc sej ricj' rczscúj a pie eieoûec`cpa hc ie~cexjvia hc djxcvijg hipraeifgc j djea ce cg gsojv hc gj rgjexj y sej rczscúj a eieosej ieprc`ìðe cexvjexc% Cpxc pipxcdj pchcpjvvaggð j fjka gj hivc`ìðe hc Xjii`mi Amea hc Xayaxj y j ~c`cp cp ggjdjhj àda &Cg pipxcdj hc Rvahs`ìðe Xayaxj%&

LJI[CE

Se xévdiea kjraeép zsc pioeini`j &cg `jdfia rjvj dckavjv%& Jrgi`jha ce avojeijìaecp àdcvìjgcp' idrgi`j dckavj àexiesj zsc ie~ags`vj jxahap pie eieoûe àpxa c`cpi~a' y `sjgzsicv hiecva%

LJEFJE

Cg déxaha LJE FJE cp sej mcvvjdicexj hc àdsei`jìðe spjhj ce gap pipxcdjp hc rvahs`ìðe c ie~cexjviap hcpjvvaggjhap avioiejgdcexc ravXjii`mi Amea ce Xayaxj Daxav @a%Cg déxaha xadj ps eadfvc hc gj rjgjfvj lje fje zsc ce kjraeép pioeini`j & xjvkcxj& hcexva hc cpxc pipxcdj pc spj iehipxiexjdcexc gj rjgjfvjlje fje rjvj eadfvjv jg pipxcdj àdrgcxa a j gjpj xjvkcxjp s axvap dchiap hc àdsei`jìðe cdrgcjhap%Déxaha lje fje rvarijdcexc hi`ma cp sej ni`mj hc rjrcg rav ga ocecvjg rvaxcoihj hcexva hc se pafvc rgêpxià xvjeprjvcexc%

Rjvj `jhj rvahs`xa a ricj àvvcpraehc se àexcechav hc gjp hidcepiaecp jhc`sjhjp se lje fje ce cg zsc cpxj cp`vixa cg esdcva hc rjvxc' jpä àda gj `jexihjh zsc hcfc `jfcv ce cg àexcechav' xahap y `jhj sea hc gap àexcechavcp ggceap hcfcvêe iv jàdrjújhap hc psp vcprc`xi~aplje fje%@sjeha cg `gicexc -rschc pcv iexcvea a cxcvea) cdricj j àepsdiv' pc hc~scg~c gj ni`mj lje fje jg rva~cchav - zsc rschc pcv gj arcvjìðe



Rva`cpap y Vcpsgxjhap



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Sea hc gap rvieìrjgcp nsehjdcexap hcg rcepjdicexa LJI[CE% Cp àexvjpxjha àe Vcpsgxjhap pagjdcexc' cg j`cv`jdicexa hcg ~icka rjvjhiodjàdûe cg `sjg ioeavj cg `jdiea hc `ðda pae mc`mjp gjp àpjp' y njggjv ce gj aravxseihjh hc sej dckavj pipxcdêxi`j% Gap rva`cpap y vcpsgxjhaprschce cpxjv pcújgjhap àda se Vcpsgxjha hc @vcjìðe hc rva`cpa%

Rvahs`x$Asx

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Rsexap hc @mczsca y @aexvag

Pc spje rjvj dchiv cg rvaovcpa hc gjp j`xi~ihjhcp vcgjìaejhjp àe gj dckavj cexvc gap ei~cgcp hivc`xi~ap% Gap rsexap hc `mczsca vcrvcpcexje cg`vixcvia hcg rva`cpa avicexjha% Gap rsexap hcg djeha vcrvcpcexje cg vcpsgxjha hcg `vixcvia avicexjha% Pc spje gap rsexap hc `mczsca y rsexap hc

djeha ce hcprgicosc hc gj ragäxi`j%

Z@H

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ZNH -HCPRGICOSC HC GJ NSE@IAE HC @JGIHJH)

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Vcogj hcg =2$62

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gap cnc`xap ~icece hc ~ciexc rav ìcexa hc gjp `jspjp%

Vcpsgxjhap avicexjhap j gj Ocvceìj

Se cpxiga hc ocvceìj jpaìjha ocecvjgdcexc àe àexvagcp' ckc`sìaecp y àepihcvjìaecp hc rvahs`xa hc ‗giecjp fjkjp—' vcàdrcepjp y!a`jpxioap%

PCIP PIODJ

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@cvxini`jìðe Fgj`l Fcgx



@cvxini`jìðe Ovcce Fcgx@cvxini`jìðe hc Ycggaw FcgxpNavdjìðe _mixc Fcgxp ! Xcjd Dcdfcvp

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±ZSÉ MJ@C > PIODJ1

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Pmakielj

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Pieogc Diesxc C`mjeoc an Hic -PDCH)



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YCGGA_ FCGX

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Eaxjp % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % >>Äehi`cHivc``iðe hc gj `jgihjh % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % ?26 : Idrgjexj`iðe hc se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh ?2



6%:% Idrgjexjìðe hc se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh % % % % % % ?26%6% Rgjeini`jìðe hc gj `jgihjh % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 9?6%0% Hipcúa avojeijxi~a rjvj gj `jgihjh % % % % % % % % :2>6%8% @aexvag hc gj `jgihjh % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % :66

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@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoij % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % :968%:% Cpxvjxcoijp hc `jgihjh % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % :968%6% Pipxcdj hc ienavdjìðe rjvj gj `jgihjh % % % % % 62:8%0% Idrgi`jìaecp cpxvjxéoi`jp hc gj `jgihjh % % % % 62>8%8% Jrvcehijkc ce avojeijìaecp hc `jgihjh % % 66=Eaxjp % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 60:Äehi`c

Gj `cvxini`jìðe hc `jgihjh ce gj rva~ieìjhc Jgi`jexc % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 6003%:% Rcvnig hc gjp cdrvcpjp `cvxini`jhjp% % % % % % % % % 6003%6% Idravxjeìj hc gj `jgihjh% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 6323%0% Ei~cg hc `jgihjh % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 63>3%8% Ieàe~ceicexcp hc gj `jgihjh % % % % % % % % % % % % % 6?:Eaxjp % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 6?8Fifgiaovjnäj % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 6?>

Iexvahs`ìðe

Iexvahs`ìðeIdravxjeìj hc gj `jgihjh ce cg cexavea j`xsjg



ÄEHI@C 69ÄEHI@C 02Xjfgj :%:% Ec`cpihjhcp y crc`xjxi~jp hcg `gicexc ‐ I;



Nscexc; Ksvje y Ovyej -:993< 8)ÄEHI@C 0:

Xjfgj :%6% Ec`cpihjhcp y crc`xjxi~jp hcg `gicexc ‐ II;



Nscexc; Xjlcs`mi y Zscg`m -:9=8< 0>)

:%6%6% @gicexc Vcprc`xa j gj pcosehj rjvxc hc gj hcnieiìðe hc gj `jgihjh'gap `gicexcp rschce pcv iexcveap y cxcveap% Gap cxcveap eapðga ie`gsyce j gap spsjviap niejgcp piea xjdfiée j xahap gaphcpxiejxjviap hcg fice a pcv~iìa jkceap j gj cdrvcpj àdaKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 06Xjfgj :%0% Cenazsc hc gj `jgihjh;



àdcvìjexcp' iexcvdchijviap' cx`% Dicexvjp gap iexcveap ceogafje xahap jzscggap vc`crxavcp hc se fice a pcv~iìa hcexva hc gj cdrvcpj% Cp ec`cpjviazsc cg `gicexc iexcvea vcìfj se rvahs`xa jhc`sjha hcg jexcviav cpgjfðe hc gj `jhcej rjvj mj`cv fice ps xvjfjka' àe cg nie hc zsc cg `gicexc cxcvearschj vcìfiv niejgdcexc gj `jgihjh zsc `sdrgc àe psp ec`cpihjhcp y crc`xjxi~jp%:%6%0% Hincvceìj cexvc `jgihjh xvjhiìaejg y dahcvej Xahjp cpxjp `jvj`xcväpxi`jp dceìaejhjp y zsc hcniece gj àe`crìðe j`xsjg hc gj `jgihjh hinicvce àda pc mj crscpxa jexcviavdcexc hc gjp hcrvieìriap hc pioga% @ada päexcpip' dapxvjdap ce gj xjfgj :%0 gjp rvieìrjgcp hincvceìjp cexvc jdfjp àe`crìaecp% Hc cpxj djecvj' rahcdap jnivdjvzsc gj `jgihjh hc rvieìriap hc pioga' zsc jnc`xjfj pðga jg rvahs`xa y pioeini`jfj hcxc`xjv gap cvvavcp rjvj rapxcviavdcexc àvvcoivgap' mj c~agsìaejha

mjpxj idrvcoejv j xahjp gjp j`xi~ihjhcp hc gj cdrvcpj' rav ga zsc rjvj ps àepc`sìðe cp ec`cpjvij gj rvc~ceìðe y gj rjvxiìrjìðe hc xahap gapdicdfvap hc gj dipdj% @ada àepc`sceìj hc cpxj c~agsìðe hcg xévdiea' ceàexvjdap ce gj gixcvjxsvj cipxcexc cg àe`crxa hc Xaxjg ZsjgixyDjejocdcex -XZD) -eaxj ::)' xvjhsìha jg `jpxcggjea àda ÄEHI@C 00



y gj rjvxiìrjìðe hc xahap gap vc`svpap msdjeap hc gj cdrvcpj pae hap jprc`xap cpceìjgcp hcg éixa hc gj esc~j nigapanäj% Cpxj ~ipiðe' zsc jnc`xj eapðga j rvahs`ìðe a djvlcxieo' piea zsc iengsyc xjdfiée ce xahap gap psfpipxcdjp hc gj cdrvcpj y ce gjp vcgjìaecp zsc pc hje cexvc gap dipdap' pccxicehc j ga gjvoa hc xahj gj cdrvcpj' rjvxiìrjeha ce cggj xahap psp dicdfvap' `jhj seace ps vcprc`xi~j êvcj hc xvjfjka' àe cg nie hc àepcosiv cgafkcxi~a àdûe hc dckavj hc gj `jgihjh% Hc cpxj navdj' gj `jgihjh cp vcpraepjfigihjh hc xahj gj cdrvcpj' rav cgga mjfgjdap hc hivc`ìðe y ocpxiðeiexcovjg hc gj `jgihjh' cp hcìv' njfvi`jv y àdcvìjgijv se rvahs`xa hc `jgihjh jg dceav àpxc rapifgc y picdrvc hc navdj zsc pc jkspxc jg dêida j



iexcovjg hc gj `jgihjh' cp hcìv' njfvi`jv y àdcvìjgijv se rvahs`xa hc `jgihjh jg dceav àpxc rapifgc y picdrvc hc navdj zsc pc jkspxc jg dêida jgjp crc`xjxi~jp hcg àepsdihav% Hc cpxj djecvj' cp cpceìjg zsc sej avojeijìðe `scexc àe se pipxcdj `gjva y fice cpxvs`xsvjha zsc hcxcvdiec'ha`sdcexc' àavhiec y djexceoj xahjp gjp j`xi~ihjhcp `gj~cp zsc pae idrvcpìehifgcp rjvj jpcosvjv gjp j`ìaecp hc `jgihjh ec`cpjvijp ce xahjp gjp

arcvjìaecp rcvxiecexcp hc gj cdrvcpj -Nciocefjsd' :998< =0)%ÄEHI@C 0=Ce àepc`sceìj' se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh rschc pcv se dchiaihcjg rjvj `vcjv sej `sgxsvj hc `jgihjh avicexjhj j pjxipnj`cv gjp ec`cpihjhcp y crc`xjxi~jp hcg `gicexc% Psp hap rvieìriap fêpiàp' idrvcpìehifgcprjvj ps djexceidicexa j gjvoa rgja pae; cg àdrvadipa hc gj jgxj hivc`ìðe y gj ie~ags`vjìðe hcg vcpxa hcg rcvpaejg -niosvj :%0)%ÄEHI@C 09Niosvj :%0% Pipxcdj hc `jgihjh;

:%8% Hc gj nigapanäj xjygavipxj jg cenazsc dahcvea hc `jgihjh@ada mcdap jejgijha' j rvieìriap hc pioga msfa ce gap Cpxjhap Seihap se idravxjexc `jdfia ce gj j`crìðe hc cpxc àe`crxa àepc`sceìj hc gjj`crxjìðe hc gjp ihcjp hc N%_% Xjygav% Cpxap rvieìriap hc Xjygav -:9=2< ::$0:)' zsc xs~icvae se nscvxc idrj`xa pafvc gjp cdrvcpjp a`ìhcexjgcp ce

ps dadcexa' nscvae jhjrxêehapc rapxcviavdcexc j gjp esc~jp pixsjìaecp zsc hcdjehjfj cg dcv`jha% Cpxjp rvcdipjp' zsc idrgi`jvae secpjrva~c`mjdicexa hcg raxceìjg iexcgc`xsjg hc digcp hc xvjfjkjhavcp' mje zschjha afpagcxjp ce escpxvap häjp' y cgga hcfiha rvieìrjgdcexc j gjdckav chs`jìðe zsc mje vcìfiha xjexa psrcv~ipavcp àda xvjfjkjhavcp% Rav àepiosicexc' gj hivc`ìðe ocecvjg hcfc `vcjv ce gj cdrvcpj sejjxdðpncvj hc dsxsj àenijej' ec`cpjvij rjvj rahcv hcgcojv y jpä àenijv ce psp xvjfjkjhavcp jg rcvdixiv cg jsxaàexvag' fcecniìêehapc jpidipda hc



Niosvj :%8% Cprivjg hcg rvaovcpa;



Cpxc pcväj cg rva`cpa gðoià rjvj afxcecv sej `jgihjh jhc`sjhj rjvj cg `gicexc% Jmavj fice' cp ec`cpjvia jejgijv `ðda rschc gj cdrvcpj ocecvjvcpxj `jgihjh j xvj~ép hc cpxc ì`ga y dckavjv àexiesjdcexc% Hcdieo -:9=9< >?) pcújgj zsc j xvj~ép hcg ì`ga hc Pmcwmjvx -niosvj :%3)% Cg ì`ga hcPmcwmjvx cp se rva`chidicexa zsc rcvpiosc gj dckavj hc `sjgzsicv j`xi~ihjh hc gj cdrvcpj% @aepxj hc `sjxva cxjrjp; rgjeini`jìðe' ckc`sìðe' àexvagy j`ìðe -eaxj :=)% Ce cpxc pcexiha' cg iehi~ihsa' iehcrcehicexcdcexc hc ps vcpraepjfigihjh' cpxjfgc`c se rgje rjvj jg`jejv cg afkcxi~a -rgje)'gackc`sxj -ha)' ~cvini`j gap vcpsgxjhap afxceihap àe gap rgjeini`jhap -`mc`l)' y rav ûgxida xadj gjp hcìpiaecp aravxsejp pi gap afkcxi~ap ea pae gap

cprcvjhap a pc zsicvc dckavjv -j`xiae)% Jpä' cpxc `sjvxa rjpa rcvdixc j gj avojeijìðe dckavjv `sjgzsicv cxjrj y pjxipnj`cv rav xjexa jg `gicexc hc cpjnjpc% Iosjg zsc ce gj cprivjg hcg rvaovcpa hc Ksvje' àenavdc ~j ¬oivjeha¼ cpxj vschj pc dckavj gj `jgihjh hcg rva`cpa% Jpidipda' Ksvje y Ovyej-:993) rvaraece rjvj àepcosiv cpxc afkcxi~a gj xvigaoäj hc gj `jgihjh -xjfgj :%8)% Ce fjpc j cpxjp ihcjp' escpxvj rvarscpxj hc ì`ga hc gj `jgihjh' ~icecvcngckjhj ce gj niosvj :%>% Gjp nseìaecp j hcpjvvaggjv ce cpxc dahcga pae gjp hc rgjeini`jìðe' avojeijìðe y àexvag hc gj `jgihjh' àe gj niejgihjh hcàepcosiv gj dckavj àexiesj%ÄEHI@C 83

ÄEHI@C 8>Nscexc; Ksvje y Ovyej -:993< >)Xjfgj :%8% Xvigaoäj hc gj `jgihjh;



Nscexc; Ksvje y Ovyej -:993< 8)Niosvj :%3% @i`ga Pmcwmjvx;



csvarca rjvj gj `jgihjh xaxjg%:%?% Vcpraepjfigihjh hc gj hivc`ìðe àe gj `jgihjh@ae cg afkcxa hc àepcosiv gj `jgihjh' gj cdrvcpj hcfc hcàdcejv àe cg àdrvadipa hc gj jgxj hivc`ìðe y àe gj`vcjìðe hc sej cpxvs`xsvj zsc pcj `jrj hc papxcecv cgesc~a pipxcdj Jpä cg hcpjvvagga y djexceidicexa hc gj `jgihjh



esc~a pipxcdj% Jpä' cg hcpjvvagga y djexceidicexa hc gj `jgihjhce gj cdrvcpj vczsicvc hc se àdrvadipa pcvia' pie`cva

y ckcdrgjv hc gj jgxj hivc`ìðe a rvidcv ei~cg hc gj jhdieipxvjìðe-eaxj 6:)%Rahcdap rvcosexjveap rav zsé cp xje ec`cpjvij gj ie~ags`vjìðehc gj hivc`ìðe% Ps kspxini`jìðe vcpihc ce zsc gap rvafgcdjpiexcveap hc sej avojeijìðe pðga gap rschc vcpag~cvgj hivc`ìðe% Hc cpxj djecvj' àe gj niejgihjh hc dckavjv gaprva`cpap hc gj cdrvcpj Hcdieo -:9=9< 683$68>) ihcexini`jhap xirap hc `jspjp zsc avioieje gap rvafgcdjp vcgjìaejhap

àe gj `jgihjh; `jspjp cprcìjgcp y àdsecp% Gjp rvidcvjppae jxvifsifgcp j jàexcìdicexap cnädcvap y ga`jgcp' cp hcìv'j hcp~ijìaecp jeavdjgcp' dicexvjp gjp pcosehjp paeKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 36@jräxsga I

Djvà àe`crxsjg hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C 30Xjfgj :%3% @vixcviap hcg Dahcga Csvarca hc @jgihjh rjvj RydcpNscexc; CNZD y CAZ -:999< ?$:9)hcfihjp jg pipxcdj' cpxa cp' j hcp~ijìaecp eavdjgcp' rvarijphcg nseìaejdicexa hc gj cdrvcpj -eaxj 66)% Hc cpxjdjecvj' gj djyaväj hc gjp hini`sgxjhcp y rav xjexa gj djyavrjvxc hc gjp rapifigihjhcp hc dckavj ~icece j pcv vcpraepjfigihjh

hcg pipxcdj ce se rav`cexjkc jrvaidjha hcg 98#nvcexc j se ># hc `jspjp cprcìjgcp% Hc cpxc daha' gj vcpagsìðehc gj djyav rjvxc hc gap rvafgcdjp vcgjìaejhapàe gj `jgihjh hcfc vcpag~cvgap gj hivc`ìðe% Jpä' ce cg `jpahc zsc se xvjfjkjhav vcjgi`c ieàvvc`xjdcexc ps xjvcj ravzscgj hivc`ìðe ea mj hcnieiha `gjvjdcexc ce zsé àepipxcps xvjfjka a ea gc mj navdjha jhc`sjhjdcexc' eap cenvcexjdapj se rvafgcdj mjfixsjg ocecvjha rav sej `jspj àdûe%

Ps pagsìðe ea cpxê rav xjexa ce djeap hcg rvaria xvjfjkjhav'piea ce gj hivc`ìðe% Rav axva gjha' pi cpxc xvjfjkjhavàdcxc se cvvav msdjea ce cg xvjfjka rav se daxi~a jxvifsifgc

jg dipda' cpxjdap jexc sej hcp~ijìðe jeavdjg avioiejhjj ps ~c rav sej `jspj cprcìjg%@ada àepc`sceìj' gj hivc`ìðe hc gj cdrvcpj xicec gj vcpraepjfigihjhhc cgidiejv gjp `jspjp àdsecp hc gap rvafgcdjpy hc gj ~jvijìðe' hc gap cvvavcp' hc gjp czsi~a`jìaecp'hc gj fjkj rvahs`ìðe hc gjp ~cexjp fjkjp hc gj djyaväj hc



hc gj fjkj rvahs`ìðe' hc gjp ~cexjp fjkjp' hc gj djyaväj hcgap j`ìhcexcp' cx`%' dicexvjp cg xvjfjkjhav ea rschc mj`cvejhj vcprc`xa j sej `jspj àdûe' pðga cp vcpraepjfgc hcKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 38gjp `jspjp cprcìjgcp zsc gc pcje jpioejfgcp% Rav ckcdrga'ea rschc mj`cv ejhj àe gj igsdiejìðe' ea àdrvj gjp djxcvijprvidjp ei gjp mcvvjdicexjp' ps xvjfjka àepipxc ce sxigijvgjp%

Hc iosjg navdj' gj navdjìðe' gj psrcv~ipiðe y gjp ragäxi`jphc gj àdrjúäj ea hcrcehce hc ég% Rav àepiosicexc'ce sej rvidcvj njpc pc xvjxj hc cgidiejv gjp `jspjp cprcìjgcp'gjfav zsc eavdjgdcexc vcjgije gap rvariap xvjfjkjhavcpàda mcdap hi`ma' hckjeha pðga gj ~jvijìðe jgcjxavij rvarijhc se rva`cpa cpxjfgc -eaxj 60) -Hcdieo' :9=9< 632$63:)% Pie cdfjvoa' gj cpxjfigihjh hcg pipxcdj ea c~ixj gj rapifgccgjfavjìðe hc jvxä`sgap hcnc`xsapap% Jpä' sej ~c jg`jejha

se pipxcdj cpxjfgc' ga zsc ea àepxixsyc se nie ce pädipda' pc rschc àdcejv cg xvjfjka rjvj dckavjv gj `jgihjhvc`xini`jeha hc esc~a cg pipxcdj% Ce cpxj pcosehj njpc gjvcpraepjfigihjh vc`jc nsehjdcexjgdcexc ce gj hivc`ìðe àdamcdap iehi`jha -eaxj 68)%Ce fjpc j cpxa' gj hivc`ìðe jexcp hc j`xsjv hcfc pcv `jrjhc hipxieosiv zsé rvafgcdjp pae hcfihap jg pipxcdj y `sêgcpea' yj zsc ce `jpa àexvjvia `sgrjvê iekspxjdcexc j gap arcvjviaphc gap dipdap% Hc cpxj djecvj' gj rviavihjh hc gj hivc`ìðepcvê `vcjv se czsira cdrvcpjvijg jgvchchav hc sepipxcdj hc ~jgavcp nscvxc zsc ocecvc se gihcvjoa fjpjhace cggap% Cpxc gihcvjoa hc `jgihjh àda ~cvcdap j àexi$@jräxsga IDjvà àe`crxsjg hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C 33

esjìðe' rcvdixivê j gj hivc`ìðe cexcehcv gj nigapanäj hc gj`jgihjh y ce àepc`sceìj ps vcpraepjfigihjh rjvj dckavjvcg pipxcdj% Hc cpxc daha' gj hivc`ìðe hcfc xcecv ce àepihcvjìðezsc rjvj cg jhc`sjha nseìaejdicexa hcg pipxcdj

cp ec`cpjvia;… Cg àdrvadipa y ckcdrgjvihjh hc gj jgxj hivc`ìðe%@adrvadipa zsc hcfc cxcehcvpc j xahap gap ei~cgcp hivc`xi~ap%Mj hc pcv se àdrvadipa cnc`xi~a y hcdapxvjfgcrjvj zsc piv~j àda ckcdrga jg vcpxa hcg rcvpaejg%… Jhmcpiðe hc xaha cg rcvpaejg% Gj ckcdrgjvihjh hc gj hivc`ìðe



Jhmcpiðe hc xaha cg rcvpaejg% Gj ckcdrgjvihjh hc gj hivc`ìðenj~avc`cvê gap `jdfiap zsc vczsicvc gj esc~j avojeijìðey rcvdixivê gj rjvxiìrjìðe hc xahap psp dicdfvap%Ce cpxc pcexiha' Révc Ncveêehc -:998< 3?$>2) pcújgjzsc gap cpgaojecp' eaxjp ienavdjxi~jp y cg jdrgia jfjeiàhc xðriàp cipxcexcp hcpxiejhap j jsdcexjv gj daxi~jìðec iexcovjìðe hcg rcvpaejg piv~ce hc raà pi ea ~je jàdrjújhapàe cg ckcdrga hijvia% Hc djecvj zsc gap iehi~ihsappc ie~ags`vjvêe àe gj `jgihjh pi gj àepihcvje idravxjexcy pae `jrj`cp hc àepcosivgj' rav ga zsc ec`cpixje

àepxjxjv àe mc`map cg àdrvadipa hc gj hivc`ìðe%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 3>Cg `sdrgidicexa hc cpxap vczsipixap cioc hc gj jgxj hivc`ìðe'ce xévdieap ocecvjgcp' cg hcpcdrcúa hc gjp piosicexcpnseìaecp;

… Nikjv afkcxi~ap àvravjxi~ap hc `jgihjh' ie`gsyceha gj dckavjàexiesj' hcexva hc gj cpxvjxcoij ocecvjg hc gj cdrvcpj%Rapxcviavdcexc cpxjfgc`cv dchiap rjvj dchiv gap vcpsgxjhaphc gj `jgihjh y àdrjvjvgap àe gap afkcxi~ap%… Rcvdixiv gj navdjìðe hc xahap gap djehap rjvj zsc àea`jepsp nseìaecp ce gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh%… Njìgixjv gj àdsei`jìðe' rjvxiìrjìðe y navdjìðe hcg rcvpaejghc gj cdrvcpj rjvj daxi~jvgap%… Vcàea`cv cg hcpcdrcúa psrcviav hc gap cdrgcjhap%Rav axva gjha' xjdfiée hcfce àea`cv gap rapifgcp cvvavcpzsc rschce àdcxcv rjvj jpä xvjxjv hc c~ixjvgap% Épxap pae-Hcdieo' :998< 0:);… Rcvpcosiv gap cvvavcp' yj zsc cpxj ragäxi`j pie dêp ea dckavjcg pipxcdj% Cg afkcxi~a j jg`jejv pcväj c~ixjvgap%… Cpxjfgc`cv `jdrjújp rjvj vchsìv àpxcp àda pi épxj nscvj

gj ûei`j pagsìðe rjvj dckavjv cg nseìaejdicexa hc gjcdrvcpj%@jräxsga IDjvà àe`crxsjg hc gj `jgihjh

ÄEHI@C 3?… Ea jhdixiv gj vcpraepjfigihjh hc gj jgxj hivc`ìðe ce gj`jgihjh%… Cg iexcvép rav cg àvxa rgja y cg fcecniìa vêriha%… Ea nadcexjv gj àarcvjìðe cexvc hcrjvxjdcexap%… Cpxjfgc`cv vcgjìaecp àe rva~cchavcp piosiceha c`gspi~jdcexc



cg `vixcvia hcg rvcìa dêp fjka%… Ie~cvxiv pðga ce cgcdcexap djxcvijgcp y ea ce gj navdjìðehc gjp rcvpaejp%Hc cpxj djecvj' xjg y àda ihcexini`je Ovjex' Pmjei yLvipmeje -:998< 6=)' gap hivc`xi~ap' fjpêehapc xvjhiìaejgdcexcce psp àeaìdicexap y crcviceìj cvje vcpraepjfgcphc vcseiv ienavdjìðe' xadjv hcìpiaecp y jrgi`jv ie`cexi~apy pjeìaecp j psp psfavhiejhap% Pie cdfjvoa' cg esc~acenazsc hc `jgihjh vczsicvc zsc cpxjp nseìaecp pc gidixce

y psp vagcp hc jpcpav c iepxvs`xav pc j`cexûce% Cggap hcfcepcv' rav ga xjexa' gap ocecvjhavcp hcg `jdfia' j`crxjehajpä psp esc~ap vagcp àe cg nie hc nj~avc`cv cg éixa hcg rvaovjdjhc `jgihjh ce gj cdrvcpj% Hc cpxj navdj' sej ~c zscgj hivc`ìðe mjyj hcpjvvaggjha cg psniìcexc iexcvép ce gj nigapanäjhc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh' hcfc àdcejv j `vcjvKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;

nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 3=sej cpxvs`xsvj jhc`sjhj rjvj cgga c ieiìjv cg rva`cpa hc idrgjexjìðey djexceidicexa hc gj dipdj%Ce cpxj gäecj' jhcdêp hc gjp nseìaecp hcg jhdieipxvjhav ahivc`xi~a' épxc hcfc vcseiv sejp `jvj`xcväpxi`jp zsc gc rcvdixjeàavhiejv j se ovsra hc àgjfavjhavcp% Cp rscp ec`cpjviacg hcpjvvagga hcg gihcvjoa -eaxj 63)%

:%=% Cpxvs`xsvj rjvj gj `jgihjhGj idrgjexjìðe hc se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh vczsicvc jhcdêpgj cipxceìj hc sej cpxvs`xsvj jhc`sjhj rjvj cgga%Ocecvjgdcexc' gj cpxvs`xsvj xäri`j hc gj avojeijìðe cpxêpspxcexjhj rav sej kcvjvzsäj ~cvxi`jg haehc gjp ðvhcecp ngsycehc jvvifj j jfjka y cipxce gädixcp cexvc gjp êvcjp nseìaejgcp%Pie cdfjvoa' fjka se pipxcdj hc hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh'

gj àdsei`jìðe cp jhcdêp maviaexjg y pc cgidiejecpxjp fjvvcvjp iexcvhcrjvxjdcexjgcp -Prce`cv' :998< 836)'cipxiceha jpidipda sej pcvic hc iexcvvcgjìaecp cexvc gj avojeijìðey ps cexavea%

Ce se rvidcv dadcexa' ce gjp cdrvcpjp a`ìhcexjgcp gj cpxvs`xsvj`gêpi`j hc gj `jgihjh pc `jvj`xcvijfj rav -eaxj 6>);… Gj cipxceìj hc sej rcvpaej' cg ieprc`xav' vcpraepjfgc hchcp`sfviv gap rvafgcdjp hc `jgihjh hcg rvahs`xa% Cpxc iep$@jräxsga IDjvà àe`crxsjg hc gj `jgihjhÄ @



ÄEHI@C 39rc`xav pc ce`jvojfj hc ieprc`ìaejv y jejgijv gjp `jspjp

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Cpxj pixsjìðe ea pc hjfj ce Kjrðe' yj zsc gj `jgihjh cvjvcpraepjfigihjh hc xahap% Jpä' gj djyaväj hc gjp nseìaecpavicexjhjp j gj `jgihjh cvje ggc~jhjp j `jfa rav gap arcvjviap'rav ga zsc gap hcrjvxjdcexap hc `jgihjh cvje dêp rczscúap'gidixêehapc j nseìaecp xjgcp àda rgjeini`jìðe yjshixaväj j ei~cg ocecvjg' piceha psp vcgjìaecp àe cg vcpxahc gj avojeijìðe hc xira ¬pxjnn¼ -Ksvje' :9=:< 39)% Ce cpxcdahcga' gap cvvavcp ea pðga pae àdcxihap rav gap cdrgcjhap

piea zsc se rav`cexjkc dsy jgxa hc cggap pae `jspjhaprav cg pipxcdj' y rav xjexa vcpraepjfigihjh hc gj hivc`ìðe%@ae gj ~ipiðe j`xsjg hcg xévdiea `jgihjh' cg ieprc`xav ricvhcvcgc~jeìj y cg hcrjvxjdcexa hc `jgihjh' a ce ps `jpa cg vcpraepjfgchc gj dipdj' jhzsicvc esc~jp vcpraepjfigihjhcp ynseìaecp% Cgga rva~a`j hap àepc`sceìjp idravxjexcp; seKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;

nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C >2`jdfia avojeijìaejg y gj `vcjìðe hc sej cpxvs`xsvj hcvcpraepjfigihjh hc `jgihjh rjvjgcgj j gj ocecvjg hc gj cdrvcpj%Jdfjp `scpxiaecp hcrcehcvêe xjexa hcg xjdjúa hc gjavojeijìðe àda hc gj pixsjìðe hc gj dipdj' nj`xavcp jgap zsc pc hcfcvê jkspxjv% Jpä rscp' gj jhdieipxvjìðe hc gjcdrvcpj zsc xadj gj hcìpiðe hc idrgjexjv se pipxcdj hc hivc`ìðehc gj `jgihjh' xcehvê zsc jkspxjv ps cpxvs`xsvj j gjpcioceìjp hcvi~jhjp hc gj dipdj% Cpxc `jdfia àehs`c j gjidrgjexjìðe hc sej cpxvs`xsvj rjvxiìrjxi~j' haehc cg xvjfjka

ce czsira cp fêpià y j gj cipxceìj hc se gihcvjoa nscvxczsc ocecvc cexspijpda y pcrj cp`s`mjv j xahap gapdicdfvap hc gj cdrvcpj' `jvj`xcväpxi`jp xäri`jp hc gjp cdrvcpjphcg pioga ]]I -Cpxcggcv' :993< 623)' haehc gj àavhiejìðehc gap cdrgcjhap cp sej vcjgihjh%Gap cnc`xap zsc gj `jgihjh rvahs`c pafvc gj avojeijìðe ce



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Djvà àe`crxsjg hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C >:hc zsc jgosea hc gap dicdfvap pcj se hivc`xi~a hc rvidcv ei~cg%Rav axva gjha' ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjh' gj djyaväj hcgap czsirap cpxêe àepxixsihap rav dicdfvap hc gap ei~cgcpdêp fjkap' jsezsc cp mjfixsjg zsc `sjgzsicv ei~cg kcvêvzsiànavdc rjvxc hc cpxap czsirap% Xaha cgga hcrcehcvê hc gj cdrvcpjce àe`vcxa%

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hc gj `jgihjh< `) rvcrjvjv' hivioiv y àdsei`jv cg rva`cpa<h) hivioiv cg rva`cpa hc rgjeini`jìðe hc gj `jgihjh< c) psdieipxvjvgap vc`svpap ec`cpjviap< n) nikjv afkcxi~ap%

6% Hivc`ìðe hc `jgihjh Rschc cpxjv navdjha rav se hcrjvxjdcexa' àe`vcxjdcexccg hc `jgihjh' a rav sej pagj rcvpaej zsc hceadiejvcdap hivc`xava àavhiejhav hc `jgihjh' hcrcehiceha ocecvjgdcexchc gj ec`cpihjh y hcg xjdjúa hc gj cdrvcpj% Ps vcpraepjfigihjhcp gj hc hivioiv y àexvagjv cg rva`cpa hc idrgjexjìðe

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y djexceidicexa hcg rvaovjdj%@jhj hcrjvxjdcexa a êvcj hc gj cdrvcpj hcfcvê xcecv sevcpraepjfgc a ie`gspa se czsira hc `jgihjh' psfavhiejha jgj hidcepiðe hc gj cdrvcpj' navdjha rav cg ce`jvojha hcghcrjvxjdcexa a êvcj y rav rcvpaejg j ps djeha' zsc hcfcvêcpxjfgc`cv sej dipiðe àehiìaejhj j gj zsc mjyj jharxjhacg àdixé hc `jgihjh% Ps nseìðe cp ojvjexijv zsc pcidrgjexj hc djecvj cnc`xi~j cg pipxcdj ce ps êvcj hc xvjfjka%Ocecvjgdcexc àieìhc àe cg vcpraepjfgc hcg hcrjvxjdcexa

ce `scpxiðe% Xahap gap dicdfvap hc gj avojeijìðe@jräxsga IDjvà àe`crxsjg hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C >0zsc rjvxiìrce hivc`xjdcexc ce cpxj cpxvs`xsvj hcfce rapccv`jrjìhjhcp hc gihcvjoa' pcv c`cgcexcp àdsei`jhavcp'cpxjv àdrvadcxihap àe gj `jgihjh y rjvxiìrjv j`xi~jdcexcce cg rvaovjdj%

Cpxap hap ei~cgcp zsc mcdap jejgijha rschce cpxjv vcrvcpcexjhaprav hivc`xi~ap nseìaejgcp' y rav xjexa hchi`jhap j xjvcjphc `jgihjh hc djecvj rjvìjg a fice j xicdra àdrgcxa%0% Czsirap hc dckavj hc gj `jgihjh Sej ~c ieiìjha cg rva`cpa hc idrgjexjìðe hcg pipxcdj hchivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh pc `vcje gap czsirap hc dckavj hc gj`jgihjh zsc pcvêe gap ce`jvojhap hcg xvjfjka arcvjxi~a%Rschce pcv;… @äv`sgap hc `jgihjh% Ovsra àepxixsiha ~agsexjvijdcexc rjvjvcpag~cv gap rvafgcdjp psvoihap ce ps êvcj hc xvjfjka%… Ovsrap hc dckavj% Czsira hcpioejha rav gj hivc`ìðe rjvjcpxshijv se rvafgcdj hcxcvdiejha zsc sej ~c vcpscgxa pchipag~cvê%… Ovsrap hc iexcv~ceìðe% Pae ovsrap rjvcìhap j gap jexcviavcp'àe gj hincvceìj hc zsc rvcxcehce pagsìaejv jpsexap

hc `jvê`xcv svocexc%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~j

ÄEHI@C >8Jsezsc gap czsirap hc xvjfjka pae gj cpceìj hc gj hivc`ìðehc gj `jgihjh' ea picdrvc pc idrgjexje hc gj navdj zsc mcdapcrscpxa jexcviavdcexc% Pie cdfjvoa' pä cp ìcvxa zsccg àdixé y cg hivc`xav hc `jgihjh pae' àe cg afkcxa hc hcgidixjvvcpraepjfigihjhcp' mjfixsjgcp ce gj rvê`xi`j%@jräxsga I



@jräxsga IDjvà àe`crxsjg hc gj `jgihjh

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eavdj SEC >>$22: hcniec gj `jgihjh àda cg àeksexa hc rvarichjhcpy `jvj`xcväpxi`jp hc se rvahs`xa a pcv~iìa zsc gc àenicvce ps jrxixshrjvj pjxipnj`cv sejp ec`cpihjhcp crvcpjhjp a idrgäìxjp%> Ec`cpihjh pioeini`j xaha jzscgga j ga `sêg cp idrapifgc psfpxvjcvpc'njgxjv a vcpipxiv -Hi`ìaejvia hc gj Gceosj Cprjúagj' Vcjg J`jhcdijCprjúagj' ~ioépidj rvidcvj chiìðe' xada II' :99?< :80:)%? Crc`xjxi~j crvcpj `sjgzsicv cprcvjej' dêp a dceap `cv`jej arvafjfgc' hc àepcosiv sej àpj' pi pc rvcpcexj gj aravxseihjh zscKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð

@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C >>pc hcpcj -Hi`ìaejvia hc gj Gceosj Cprjúagj' Vcjg J`jhcdijCprjúagj' ~ioépidj rvidcvj chiìðe' xada I' :99?< 908)%= Cexcehcdap rvcìa kspxa àda jzscg ~jgav psfkcxi~a zsc àepihcvjjhc`sjha cg `gicexc ce nseìðe hcg rvahs`xa a pcv~iìa zsc vcìfc y hcpsp ec`cpihjhcp y crc`xjxi~jp%

9 [cixmjdg' Fcvvy y Rjvjpsvjdje -:990< >$:2) rvcpcexje se dahcgahaehc pc vcngckj cg djvà àe`crxsjg hc gjp crc`xjxi~jp hcg pcv~iìa;pcv~iìa hcpcjha' pcv~iìa jhc`sjha y pcv~iìa cpxidjha%:2 CP ie`gsiväj ce cpxc `jpa gap hap rvidcvap xirap hc `jgihjh hcnieihap

rav Ojgojea' czsi~jgcexc j gj `jgihjh cprcvjhj' ce pcexiha jdrgia'rav cg `gicexc%:: Czsi~jgc j gj crvcpiðe spjhj ce Kjrðe àda ¬@adrjey$_ihcZsjgixy @aexvag¼%:6 Daxi~a rav cg `sjg pc sxigije iehipxiexjdcexc ce gj rvê`xi`j%:0 Pcoûe sej cexvc~ipxj vcjgijhj rav Vadjea -:998< 66) jg jsxav%:8 Hcdieo -:9=9< :9) y Ljx -:990< 6?) pcújgje zsc gj ie~ags`vjìðeh g h n h x g g é ix h g i



hc gap rva~cchavcp cp nsehjdcexjg rjvj cg éixa hc `sjgzsicv rvaovjdjhc `jgihjh%

:3 Ce cpxc jprc`xa' jgoseap jsxavcp àda Disea -:9=9< 82)' CIVDJ-:99:< 68) pcújgje gj ieìhceìj zsc gap xcdjp vcgjìaejhap àecg dchia jdficexc xicece rjvj gjp hcìpiaecp cdrvcpjvijgcp%:> Gj jdrgijìðe maviaexjg hcg rscpxa idrgi`j zsc cg xvjfjkjhav vcjgijsej ojdj hc j`xi~ihjhcp dêp jdrgij j gj j`xsjg' dicexvjp gj jd$EaxjpÄEHI@C >?rgijìðe ~cvxi`jg psraec' jhcdêp' se djyav àexvag pafvc gjp dipdjp

rav rjvxc hcg cdrgcjha -Diexfcvo' :99:< :20$:29)%:? Hc iosjg navdj' P`mvachcv -:996< >6?) vcrvcpcexj cg ì`ga hc gj `jgihjhhc djecvj dsy pidigjv j gj ~ipiðe hc Ksvje%:= @aeaìha xjdfiée rav ì`ga RH@J -Rgje$Ha$@mc`l$J`x) rav psp piogjpce ieogép y rav ì`ga Hcdieo rjvj jgoseap jsxavcp%:9 Cg dahcga zsc ~jdap j vcrvcpcexjv cp rjvj rczscújp y dchijejpcdrvcpjp -dceap hc 632 cdrgcjhap)%62 Gj JC@ -:99?< 06$>9) cpxjfgc`c sej vcgjìðe hc rapifgcp j`ìaecpàe`vcxjp zsc rschce jyshjv j gjp cdrvcpjp j `sdrgiv àe `jhj sea

hc cpxap `vixcviap hcg dahcga%6: Jg vcncviveap jg xévdiea hivc`xi~a a hivc`xav' ga hcnieidap àda gjrcvpaej hc gj cdrvcpj zsc xicec jsxavihjh hc djeha navdjg pafvcaxvap' y rav ga xjexa psrcv~ipj a hivioc gjp j`xi~ihjhcp hc psp psfavhiejhap'`gjpini`êehagap pcoûe ps rapiìðe ce gj avojeijìðe àdahivc`xi~ap hc ei~cg rvidjvia' dchia y jgxa -Pxaecv y Nvccdje' :998< :2$::)' hipxieosiéehagap hc jzscggap zsc xvjfjkje ce gj cdrvcpj y eaxicece vcpraepjfigihjh hc psrcv~ipjv gjp xjvcjp hc axvap y zsc ihcexini`jdapàda arcvjviap%66 Ce cpxc pcexiha' ¬gjp hcp~ijìaecp ce se rva`cpa pae jgoa ejxsvjg%Mjy zsc àexjv àe cggjp y ea pavrvcehcvpc `sjeha jrjvc`ce¼-Oixgaw y Mcvx' :9=8< :2:)%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C >=60 Se pipxcdj cp cpxjfgc `sjeha gap cvvavcp pae hcfihap j `jspjp

àdsecp y rav xjexa cp gj hivc`ìðe gj vcpraepjfgc hc ocecvjv sejdckavj ce cg dipda%68 Cpxj ihcj ea pioeini`j zsc ce gj rvê`xi`j gap cdrgcjhap ea rschjedckavjv cg pipxcdj% Rav ckcdrga' ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjh gap arcvjviap

rschce jravxjv ihcjp j xvj~ép hc se pipxcdj hc psocvceìjprjvj dckavjv cg pipxcdj%63 Cg jeêgipip hc cpxj nseìðe ga hcpjvvaggjvcdap ce se `jräxsga rapxcviav%6> Ojgojea -:990< 68$63)%6? Hcpjvvaggjhj j rjvxiv hc gjp àexvifsìaecp hc Fcveiggae y @cvsxxi-:9=9< 8?$32)' Fcvvy -:996< :6$:9) y Has`my -:9==< :2:$:28)%EaxjpÄEHI@C >9



ÄEHI@C >9

Hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh6%:% Idrgjexjìðe hc se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh

Gj idrgjexjìðe hc se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh idrgi`j se

`jdfia ce gj avojeijìðe zsc hcfc nsehjdcexjvpc

ce cg àdrvadipa hc gj jgxj hivc`ìðe' vcpraepjfgc hc`vcjv sej ~ipiðe hc nsxsva y hcpjvvaggjv sej cpxvjxcoij zscàdsei`jvê j xahj gj avojeijìðe' àe gj niejgihjh hc àepcosivgap afkcxi~ap hc gj `jgihjh%Pie gj rvcxcepiðe hc cpxjfgc`cv sej ûei`j navdj hc dckavjvgj `jgihjh' ihcexini`jdap j àexiesjìðe sej pc`sceìj gðoi`jrjvj gj idrgjexjìðe hc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh zsc `jhjcdrvcpj hcfc jkspxjv j ps pixsjìðe' cexcehiceha zscpsp vcpsgxjhap hcrcehcvêe hc `jhj cdrvcpj ce rjvxi`sgjv%Hc cpxj navdj' àda iehi`j Msxjfgc -:993< :>2)' épxaprschce ggcojv dêp vêrihjdcexc ce gjp rczscújp cdrvcpjpKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C ?2zsc ce gjp ovjehcp hcfiha j gj djyav njìgihjh' ce se rvieìria'rjvj àepcosiv cg àdrvadipa hc gj nscvj hc xvjfjka%Gjp cxjrjp hcg rvaovjdj -eaxj :) pcväje; hcp`sfviv gj ec`cpihjhhc idrgjexjv se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh' àdrvadipa hc gjjgxj hivc`ìðe' cpxvs`xsvj rjvj gj `jgihjh' hijoeðpxià' àdsei`jìðe'navdjìðe' hcpjvvagga hc se rvayc`xa rigaxa' jdrgijìðehcg rva`cpa j xahj gj cdrvcpj y àexvag -niosvj 6%:)%@jräxsga II

Hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C ?:Niosvj 6%:% Njpcp hc gj Idrgjexjìðe hc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhNscexc; Cgjfavjìðe rvarij

Gjp `sjxva rvidcvjp pcväje cxjrjp rvc~ijp hc jeêgipip y rvcrjvjìðezsc pc hje jexcp hc zsc xahj gj avojeijìðe pcieiìc ce gj `jgihjh% Hc cpxj djecvj' hsvjexc gj njpc rvc~ij acexvc épxj y gj hc hcpjvvagga' gj hivc`ìðe hcfcväj ihcexini`jvgjp ec`cpihjhcp hc gap `gicexcp' gap afkcxi~ap' gj ragäxi`j hc`jgihjh y gjp j`ìaecp cprc`äni`jp rjvj àepcosiv gj dckavjàexiesj zsc hcpjvvaggjvcdap àe dêp hcxjggc ce gj rjvxc



àexiesj' zsc hcpjvvaggjvcdap àe dêp hcxjggc ce gj rjvxchc cpxc xvjfjka hchi`jhj j gj rgjeini`jìðe hc gj `jgihjh' àegj niejgihjh hc àdcejv àe gjp cxjrjp piosicexcp hc hcpjvvaggay hc àexvag%:% Hcp`sfviv gj ec`cpihjh hc idrgjexjv se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh Gj hivc`ìðe hc gj cdrvcpj rschc hjvpc `scexj hc gj ec`cpihjhhc jharxjv se esc~a cpxiga hc hivc`ìðe zsc gc rcvdixjjhjrxjvpc j gap esc~ap vcxap y afkcxi~ap zsc xicec rgjexcjhap'

vcgjìaejhap ocecvjgdcexc àe gj dckavj hc gj àdrcxixi~ihjh-Révc Ncveêehc' :998< :>?)% Hc cpxj djecvj' gjpcdrvcpjp hcfce cexcehcv zsc cg dcv`jha hcdjehj ficecpy pcv~iìap zsc pjxipnjoje gjp ec`cpihjhcp y crc`xjxi~jp hcgap `gicexcp' y zsc ea rschce pcv jkcejp j cpxc mc`ma% Sejnavdj hc mj`cv nvcexc j cpxc vcxa cp' àda pc mj jrsexjha'gj idrgjexjìðe hc se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð

@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C ?6Pie cdfjvoa' cg hcpjvvagga hc se dahcga hc `jgihjh psraec'rjvj gj djyaväj hc gjp avojeijìaecp' se `jdfia `sgxsvjgidrvcpìehifgc zsc rschc vczscviv júap y `sya afkcxi~a pcvêxvjepnavdjv gjp j`xixshcp hc psp cdrgcjhap y cgidiejv gj rvafjfgcvcpipxceìj hc jgoseap hc cggap j gap `jdfiap zsc psraec

cg dahcga% Jsezsc ce se rvieìria rschc vcpsgxjv pceìggazscvcv `jdfijv y àdsei`jv gjp esc~jp j`xixshcp vczscvihjp'ga ~cvhjhcvjdcexc hinäìg cp àepcosiv zsc xahap gapvc`svpap msdjeap j`xûce hc navdj hincvcexc -Fcvvy< :996<6>$6?)' rav ga zsc cg rva`cpa hc ienavdjìðe y navdjìðe vcpsgxjcpceìjg rjvj zsc xahap pcje `jrj`cp hc cexcehcv gjpvjaecp hcg `jdfia y ga j`crxce%

6% @adrvadipa hc gj jgxj hivc`ìðe Pie se cexcehidicexa hc gj nigapanäj hc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhea pc rschc jhzsiviv se àdrvadipa pcvia y pie`cvaàe gj dipdj y rav xjexa' rapccv gj `jrjìhjh rjvj àe~ce`cv

j gap cdrgcjhap hc gj idravxjeìj hc ps jharìðe% Ce gjrvjip' jg`jejv cg àdrvadipa vcjg hc gj jgxj hivc`ìðe pcrvcpcexj àda sea hc gap djyavcp afpxê`sgap rjvj cg éixahcg rvaovjdj%Rjvj jg`jejv a navxjgc`cv cpxc àdrvadipa' pc rschc rav segjha gccv gifvap pafvc cg xcdj' jpipxiv j pcdiejviap pafvc gj@jräxsga II



@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh

ÄEHI@C ?0djxcvij' y rav axva' navdjv rjvxc hc gap ðvojeap vc`xavcp hc gj`jgihjh' nivdjv ha`sdcexap vcgjìaejhap àe gj `jgihjh' cx`%Jpä' gj jgxj hivc`ìðe hcfc hcdapxvjv dchijexc j`ìaecp psvcpraepjfigihjh ce gj `jgihjh àepxixsyéehapc ce se ckcdrgarjvj cg vcpxa hc gj avojeijìðe% Rjvj cgga' hcfcväj jrayjv gj`sgxsvj hc `jgihjh' ienavdjv j ps rcvpaejg hcg rvaovjdj j pcosiv'njìgixjv navdjìðe' nj~avc`cv gj rjvxiìrjìðe y cg xvjfjkace czsira y rjvxiìrjv j`xi~jdcexc ce gj `jgihjh%0% Cpxvs`xsvj rjvj gj `jgihjh Gj hivc`ìðe hcfc hipcújv sej cpxvs`xsvj avojeijxi~j zscvcpraehj j gj esc~j cpxvjxcoij y rcvdixj' ce hcnieixi~j' `vcjvficecp y pcv~iìap zsc pjxipnjoje j gap `gicexcp%Yj mcdap iehi`jhajexcviavdcexc gj ec`cpihjh hc sej cpxvs`xsvj rjvjgcgjy ga zsc cgga idrgi`j% Pie cdfjvoa' ea cp psniìcexc' pðga cp

cg rvieìria' j rjvxiv hc cexae`cp gj cdrvcpj hcfc iv àepxvsycehasej `sgxsvj hc `jgihjh fjpjhj ce gj rjvxiìrjìðe c ie~ags`vjìðehc psp xvjfjkjhavcp j xvj~ép hcg xvjfjka ce czsiraàda cgcdcexa `cexvjg hc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh yj`crxjv psp rvieìriap%8% Hijoeðpxià Ce gj idrgjexjìðe hc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh' gj hcxcvdiejìðehc gj rapiìðe j`xsjg hc gj cdrvcpj vcprc`xa j gj `j$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C ?8gihjh pc vc~cgj àda sej njpc `gj~c% Jpä' j rcpjv hc zsc cecpxj vcgjìðe gj cxjrj hc hijoeðpxià jrjvc`c ce `sjvxa gsojv'ea c`gsidap hc eieoûe daha gj rapifigihjh hc ggc~jvgj j`jfa jexcp hc `vcjv gj cpxvs`xsvj rjvjgcgj' rscp àda mcdapjvosdcexjha' épxj cp sej pc`sceìj hieêdi`j hc njpcprjvj idrgjexjv gj `jgihjh% Pä hcfcdap xcecv ce `scexj' piecdfjvoa' zsc gj c~jgsjìðe navdjg cp se rsexa hc rjvxihj'

àe gj niejgihjh hc cpxshijv cg cpxjha hc gj `jgihjh ce xahj gjcdrvcpj% Hc xahap dahap' cpxj c~jgsjìðe hcfc vcjgijvgj gjcdrvcpj xjdfiée sej ~c idrgjexjha cg pipxcdj' eavdjgdcexcàe gj jyshj hc jshixaväjp hcg pipxcdj hc `jgihjh' ravga ocecvjg j xvj~ép hc sej vc~ipiðe jesjg a fijesjg%Gj pixsjìðe ieiìjg hc sej cdrvcpj vcprc`xa j gj `jgihjh pcvêhincvcexc hc gj hc axvj' hcrcehiceha hc nj`xavcp xjgcp àda



' rps `sgxsvj' `jgihjh hc psp rvahs`xap' cpxiga hc gihcvjoa'cx`% Rav xjexa' ¬gjp `jvj`xcväpxi`jp rjvxi`sgjvcp hc gj cdrvcpj'ps pixsjìðe j`xsjg' cg rsexa hc rjvxihj ce gj `jgihjh' psxira hc j`xi~ihjh' avojeijìðe y hiprcvpiðe ocaovêni`j cexvcaxvjp vjaecp' àehiìaeje cg dahcga hc vcncvceìj j jharxjv¼ -Révc Ncveêehc' :998< :>?)% Rav cgga' àea`cv `ðdacpxê avojeijhj y hivioihj gj cdrvcpj ce cg `jdra hc gj `jgihjhcp se rjpa rvc~ia zsc rcvdixivê ihcexini`jv rsexap nscv$

@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C ?3xcp y héfigcp zsc osijvêe gjp nsxsvjp hcìpiaecp vcgjxi~jp j gjdipdj -Fcveiggðe y @cvsxxi< :9=9< 0=)%Pðga hcprsép hc mjfcv ggc~jha j `jfa cpxj c~jgsjìðe pcrschc cdrcjv àe gjp njpcp hc hcpjvvagga hcg pipxcdj% Épxj'gj rschc vcjgijv gj cdrvcpj hc ~jvijp navdjp' jejgijeha

jgoseap cgcdcexap hc djecvj iehi~ihsjg àda cg àpxc hcgj `jgihjh y ps rapiìðe àdrcxixi~j' cexvc axvap' a fice' dchijexcsej c~jgsjìðe ogafjg hc xahj gj cdrvcpj8%:% @apxc hc gj `jgihjh Gj gixcvjxsvj ea vcngckj se j`scvha vcprc`xa jg xévdiea j cdrgcjvjg vcncvivpc jg àpxc xaxjg hc gj `jgihjh% Jgoseap jsxavcpga hcniece àda cg àpxc hc gj fjkj `jgihjh -Ksvje y Ovyej':993< :>< Gjvvcj' :99:< 60>)' dicexvjp axvap ga mj`ce àdaàpxcp hc `jgihjh -Dseva$Njsvc y Dseva$Njsvc' :998< 8?<@vapfy' :9=?< :2:< Msxjfgc' :993< 3=)% Ce jdfap `jpap pcie`gsyce jhcdêp hc gap àpxcp rav djgj `jgihjh' jzscggap cegap zsc gj cdrvcpj ie`svvc rjvj àepcosiv se hcxcvdiejhaei~cg hc `jgihjh% Ce escpxva xvjfjka àepihcvjvcdap cpxc pcosehacenazsc' yj zsc àda gap hcniece Dseva$Njsvc yDseva$Njsvc -:998< 8?)' czsi~jgce j jzscggap àpxcp' xjexa

rav djgj `jgihjh àda rjvj àepcosiv gj `jgihjh' zsc mj hcKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~j

ÄEHI@C ?>paravxjv sej cdrvcpj àe gj niejgihjh hc jpcosvjv zsc gaanvcìha jg `gicexc pjxipnj`c psp ec`cpihjhcp%@aea`cv cpxap àpxcp rschc àe~ce`cv j se hivc`xi~a hc gjec`cpihjh hc dckavjv gj `jgihjh' jg rgjexcjv sej aravxseihjhhc dckavj rjvj gj cdrvcpj dchijexc gj vchs`ìðe hc gap dipdap%Rav cgga' cp àe~ceicexc vcgjìaejvgap àe sej djoeixsh



pioeini`jxi~j rjvj gj hivc`ìðe àe gj niejgihjh hc mj`cvga

dêp àdrvcepifgc y vcngckjv jpä ps idravxjeìj% Ce gj rvjip'cp mjfixsjg vcgjìaejvga àe gjp ~cexjp' afxceiceha hc cpxjdjecvj se rav`cexjkc pafvc gjp dipdjp -@vapfy' :9=?< :22$:2:) -eaxj 6)% Hcexva hc gap dipdap pc ie`gsyce' cexvc axvap'àpxcp xjgcp àda xahap gap zsc idrgizsce mj`cv hc esc~a cgxvjfjka' ie`gsyceha cg xvjfjka hc aniìej' xahap gap hcvi~jhaphc hcprcvhiìap' gap hc ojvjexäj' gap hc jxceìðe hc vc`gjdjìaecp'

gap hc ieprc`ìðe y rvscfj y axvap àpxcp ravcvvavcp%@ae gj idrgjexjìðe hc se pipxcdj hc àpxcp hc `jgihjh gj hivc`ìðervcxcehc jg`jejv xvcp afkcxi~ap fêpiàp;… Sxigijvgap àda mcvvjdicexj rjvj ihcexini`jv êvcjp hc dckavjce gj cdrvcpj -Rsvpoga~c y Hjgc' :993< 3?0) y hcp`sfvivj`xi~ihjhcp zsc ea jújhce ~jgav rjvj rapxcviavdcexccvvjhi`jvgjp -Msxjfgc' :993< >:< Ksvje y Ovyej' :993< 62)%

@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C ??Sej ~c jejgijhap cpxap àpxcp' zsc psraece sej `jvojrjvj gj cdrvcpj' pc rschce jrgi`jv gjp dchihjp àvvc`xavjpàvvcpraehicexcp rjvj cgidiejvgap a vchsìvgap' àepiosicehaàda àepc`sceìj seap rvahs`xap dêp àdrcxixi~apy sej dckavj hc gap fcecniìap cdrvcpjvijgcp%

… Kspxini`jv gj ie~cvpiðe djeincpxjeha gj cniìceìj hcg pipxcdj-Rsvpoga~c y Hjgc' :993< 3?0)%… Gj dckavj hc gj àdsei`jìðe cexvc gj jgxj hivc`ìðe y gapjhdieipxvjhavcp dchiap jg `sjexini`jv cg rvafgcdj hc gj `jgihjh-Ksvje y Ovyej' :993< :9)%Hcnieiha cg àe`crxa' eap zschj jejgijv gjp hincvcexcp `gjpcphc àpxcp zsc iexcovje cg àpxc hc gj `jgihjh a àpxc xaxjg

hc gj `jgihjh% @vapfy -:9=?< :26$:28) ihcexini`j gap piosicexcpxirap; àpxcp hc rvc~ceìðe' àpxcp hc c~jgsjìðe yàpxcp hc njggap%$ Gap àpxcp hc rvc~ceìðe pae jzscggap a`jpiaejhap jg rvc~ceiv

cvvavcp ce cg hipcúa y hcpjvvagga' àdrvjp' djea hcafvj y axvap jprc`xap hcg ieiìa y `vcjìðe hc se rvahs`xaa pcv~iìa y àdcvìjgijìðe%$ Gap àpxcp hc c~jgsjìðe àvvcpraehce j gap zsc pc rvahs`cejg vcjgijv ieprc`ìaecp' rvscfjp y axvjp c~jgsjìa$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;n x h x k xixix



nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~j

ÄEHI@C ?=ecp rgjeini`jhjp' vcjgijhjp rav gj cdrvcpj àe cg afkcxahc hcxcvdiejv pi gjp ricjp rvahsìhjp' gap rvaovjdjp a gappcv~iìap' `sdrgce àe gap vczsipixap cpxjfgcìhap%$ Gap àpxcp hc njggap pae gap jpaìjhap j gap cvvavcp ceàexvjhapzsc mj`ce zsc cg rvahs`xa a pcv~iìa ea pc jkspxc jgap vczsipixap% Ce a`jpiaecp pc hcfc ie`gsiv sej ìnvj rav gjrévhihj hc àenijej hcg `gicexc% Piosiceha j Ksvje y Ovyej-:993< :>$:?) rschce pcv iexcveap a cxcveap % Gap rvidcvappc vcnicvce j jzscggap àpxcp jpaìjhap àe hcnc`xap zscpc hcp`sfvce jexcp hc zsc cg fice a pcv~iìa ggcosc jg `gicexc%Vcprc`xa j gap àpxcp hc cvvavcp cxcveap' épxap àdrvcehcejzscggap jpaìjhap ae hcnc`xap ceàexvjhap hcprséphc vcdixiv cg rvahs`xa jg `gicexc%Jsezsc gj cdrvcpj dihj ps àpxc hc `jgihjh' picdrvc cipxce

ìcvxap àpxcp hinäìgcp' a ie`gspa idrapifgcp hc `sjexini`jv'àda gj révhihj hc se `gicexc' zsc gj cdrvcpj rahväj cpxidjvàda ûgxida vc`svpa% Cg vcpraepjfgc hc vcseiv gj ienavdjìðepafvc gap àpxcp hc `jgihjh ce gj cdrvcpj hcìhivê`sêgcp ie`gsyc y `sêgcp ea' rav ga zsc ea cipxc se ûeià pipxcdjhc `êg`sga% Sej ~c hcxcvdiejhap' gj hivc`ìðe hcfcvêxadjv gjp dchihjp aravxsejp ce`jdiejhjp j ps vchs`ìðe'cexcehiceha zsc gjp j`xi~ihjhcp hc rvc~ceìðe rschce xcecv

se cnc`xa rapixi~a pafvc gap àpxcp hc c~jgsjìðe y njggap%@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C ?9Jpä' cg `êg`sga hc gap àpxcp hc gj `jgihjh vcpsgxj nsehjdcexjgrscpxa zsc gj idrgjexjìðe hc se rvaovjdj hc hivc`ìðehc gj `jgihjh hcfc idrgi`jv gj dckavj hc gj dipdj' rvahsìcehaficecp y pcv~iìap zsc pjxipnjoje gjp ec`cpihjhcp hcg`gicexc àe seap àpxcp däeidap -Dseva$Njsvc y Dseva$Njsvc' :998< 8?)% J rcpjv hc cgga' vcpsgxj dsy hinäìg rjvj sejcdrvcpj `jg`sgjv cg àpxc hc gj `jgihjh' rav ga zsc gjp avojeijìaecp

pscgce `jg`sgjv hc djecvj jrvaidjhj gap hincvcexcpxirap hc àpxc y sxigijv cg vcpsgxjha àda sej osäjrjvj gj xadj hc hcìpiaecp' y j rjvxiv hc cggjp hcìhiv pafvczsé êvcjp j`xsjv -eaxj 0)%8%6% Rapiìðe ce cg dcv`jha -fce`mdjvlieo)Cg xévdiea fce`mdjvlieo pc hcniec àda cg rva`cpa j xvj~éphcg `sêg sej avojeijìðe àdrjvj ps hcpcdrcúa àe cg hc

h h n h i h i h ð



axvj' hc hcexva a nscvj hc ps iehspxvij' rjvj jrvcehcv `ðda

épxj jg`jej psp vcpsgxjhap -Oaghwjppcv' :993< 82)' àe gjniejgihjh hc rvahsìv `jdfiap y afxcecv dckavjp ce gj cdrvcpj-Cxxavvc' :990< :6)% Sej ~c zsc gj cdrvcpj àea`cpsp j`xi~ihjhcp `gj~cp y gap rjvêdcxvap rvieìrjgcp zsc gjpidrsgpje' rahvê sxigijv cg fce`mdjvlieo a àdrjvjìðe àdaxéèi`j rjvj cpxjfgc`cv afkcxi~ap vcprc`xa j cpxap rjvêdcxvap%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C =2Gj cdrvcpj cjdiej ps pixsjìðe vcprc`xa j gj àdrcxceìjy jrvcehc pafvc gap rvahs`xap' pcv~iìap y rva`cpap hc gjpdckavcp cdrvcpjp hcg dcv`jha% Pie cdfjvoa' iepxvsivpc eapioeini`j àrijv' yj zsc ocecvjgdcexc cipxivê sej hincvceìjcexvc jdfjp ce vcgjìðe j ps cpxvs`xsvj hc vc`svpap' `sgxsvj'

cpxiga hc hivc`ìðe' zsc vczscvivê iec~ixjfgcdcexc gj jhjrxjìðehc gj ienavdjìðe zsc afxceoj gj cdrvcpj j ps rvarijpixsjìðe%Cpxc rva`cpa pc ckc`sxj j xvj~ép hc gjp piosicexcp cxjrjp;rgjeini`jìðe' jeêgipip' iexcovjìðe' j`ìðe y djhsvc -@jdr':9=9< :>$:9)% Gj njpc hc rgjeini`jìðe idrgi`j ihcexini`jv zsépc ~j j àdrjvjv -rvahs`xa' rva`cpa' cx`%)' àe zsiée y `ðdavcàocv gj ienavdjìðe% Gj pcosehj cxjrj hc jeêgipip

àepipxc ce cexcehcv cg hcpcdrcúa iexcvea -navxjgcjp y hcfigihjhcp)rjvj hcxcvdiejv gj hincvceìj cipxcexc' zsc rvaravìaejvêse afkcxi~a fêpià rjvj j`xsjv% Dchijexc gj iexcovjìðepc cpxjfgc`ce gap afkcxi~ap y pc àdsei`je j xahj gjavojeijìðe rjvj afxcecv cg àdrvadipa hc xahap% Cpxapafkcxi~ap hcg rva`cpa hc fce`mdjvlieo hcfce àe~cvxivpc cej`ìaecp% Hc cpxj djecvj' àe gj njpc hc j`ìðe pc hcpjvvaggje

rgjecp cprc`äniàp' pc idrgjexje y pc c~jgûje rjvj dchivps `sdrgidicexa% Rav ûgxida' gj djhsvc hcg rva`cpa pc jg`jej`sjeha gjp dckavcp rvê`xi`jp hc gj iehspxvij pae ie$@jräxsga II

Hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C =:àvravjhjp ce xahap gap rva`cpap hcg ecoaìa' àepiosicehajpä sej psrcviavihjh vcprc`xa jg vcpxa -eaxj 8)%Msxjfgc -:993< :62) ihcexini`j xvcp `jxcoaväjp hc fce`mdjvlieo;… Fce`mdjvlieo iexcvea% Cpxjfgc`c gj rapifigihjh hc vcjgijvsej àdrjvjìðe iexcvej cexvc hcrjvxjdcexap' hi~ipiaecp acdrvcpjp hcg dipda ovsra



cdrvcpjp hcg dipda ovsra%

… Fce`mdjvlieo àdrcxixi~a% @aepipxc ce jejgijv cg hcpcdrcúahc sej avojeijìðe ce vcgjìðe j se àdrcxihav hivc`xa%… Fce`mdjvlieo àe cg dckav% Pc hj `sjeha gj àdrjvjìðepc vcjgij àe gj dckav cdrvcpj ce sej hcxcvdiejhj j`xi~ihjh'iehcrcehicexcdcexc hcg pc`xav ce cg zsc j`xûc%Cg fce`mdjvlieo piv~c ea pðga àda se cpxêehjv hc àdrjvjìðe'piea àda se dchia hc jsxac~jgsjìðe rjvj gj dckavjpsfpiosicexc -Ksvje y Ovyej' :993< :6?)% Rav cgga cp ec`cpjvijgj ie~ags`vjìðe hc gjp rcvpaejp ce gj cxjrj niejg hccpxc rva`cpa rjvj zsc gap `jdfiap y dckavjp àepc`sceìjhcg dipda pc iexvahs`je pie vcpipxceìj -Oaghwjppcv' :993<86)% Jpä' fjka se cenazsc hc `jgihjh' haehc gj rjvxiìrjìðecp gj fjpc `cexvjg' cg fce`mdjvlieo rschc pcv sej mcvvj$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;

nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C =6dicexj hc gj nigapanäj XZD' yj zsc psraec se rjpa idravxjexcce cg `jdiea mjìj gj dckavj' pi cipxc se pipxcdj hcienavdjìðe zsc daxi~c c ie~ags`vc j gap iehi~ihsap ce cpxcrva`cpa% Ce gj rvjip' gj navdj hc vcjgijvga cp dchijexc ~ipixjp'`scpxiaejviap j cdrvcpjp a ce`scpxjp j `gicexcp% Cecpxc pcexiha' Dseva$Njsvc y Dseva$Njsvc -:998< 62>$62?)

iehi`je zsé dchiap rschc cdrgcjv sej cdrvcpj rjvj àepcosivgj ienavdjìðe ihðecj hsvjexc cg rva`cpa' zsc sxigijvêàda ei~cg hc vcncvceìj;… @aexjfigihjh rsfgi`jhj' ienavdcp pafvc cg pc`xav y vc~ipxjpcàeðdi`jp%… Ienavdcp hc jpaìjìaecp rvancpiaejgcp%… Ce`scpxjp cexvc `gicexcp%… îpixjp j cdrvcpjp ea àdrcxihavjp' anvcìéehagcp ienavdjìðej `jdfia' àda ûei`j rapifigihjh hc àea`cv `ðdajg`jejv hcxcvdiejha ei~cg hc j`xsjìðe%8%0% Jrvcìjìðe hc gj `jgihjh ce gj cdrvcpj



ec`cpjviap j gap cdrgcjhap àda osäj ce psp j`ìaecp%Jpä' pc ienavdj jg rcvpaejg hc gjp vjaecp hc gj idrgjexjìðehcg pipxcdj' psp rvieìriap' gjp ragäxi`jp y afkcxi~apzsc pc rcvpcosivêe% Gj navdj y cg àexceiha hc gj àdsei`jìðecp xje idravxjexc àda cg rvaovjdj dipda' yjzsc dchijexc épxj gap cdrgcjhap xicece sej rvidcvj idrvcpiðehcg àdrvadipa hc gj hivc`ìðe àe gj `jgihjh%… Gj nseìðe hc iepxvs`ìðe y djeha zsc rcvdixc zsc cg cdrgcjha



… Gj nseìðe hc iepxvs`ìðe y djeha' zsc rcvdixc zsc cg cdrgcjha

àea`j psp afgiojìaecp vcprc`xa j gj `jgihjh y gcosäc ce cg hcpcdrcúa hc ps xvjfjka%… Gj nseìðe hc iengsceìj y rcvpsjpiðe' àe gj zsc pc rvcxcehcdaxi~jv jg rcvpaejg rjvj zsc hcpjvvaggc hcxcvdiejhapàdravxjdicexap ce`jdiejhap j dckavjv gj `jgihjh% Cg@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C =3

rva`cpa hc àdsei`jìðe cp cg rvidcv rjpa rjvj cg `jdfiahc j`xixsh hc gap cdrgcjhap mjìj gap rvieìriap hc gj hivc`ìðehc gj `jgihjh àe gj niejgihjh hc àepcosiv ps ie~ags`vjìðece cg rva`cpa dchijexc ps àgjfavjìðe y àdrvadipa%… Gj nseìðe iexcovjhavj zsc pc àepiosc jg àdsei`jv j gapxvjfjkjhavcp se rvayc`xa àdûe; gj jharìðe hc gj `sgxsvjhc gj `jgihjh' zsc pðga pc àepcosivê dchijexc gj iexcvvcgjìðe

hc gjp hipxiexjp j`xi~ihjhcp hc gap xvjfjkjhavcp% Hc cpxjnavdj' gj hivc`ìðe ienavdj j gap cdrgcjhap zsc pðga àeps cpnscva àeksexa rschce àepcosiv cg afkcxi~a hc dckavjàexiesj%Rav axva gjha' cpxj àdsei`jìðe rschc pcv hcp`cehcexc'jp`cehcexc y `vsjhj -maviaexjg y hijoaejg) y hcphc axvarsexa hc ~ipxj navdjg c ienavdjg% Fjka se jdficexc hc `jgihjh'gj àdsei`jìðe jp`cehcexc jhzsicvc sej djyav idravxjeìj

hcfiha j sej cpxvs`xsvj dêp rjvxiìrjxi~j y hcda`vêxi`j%Jpidipda' àda pcújgj Révc Ncveêehc -:998<:=2)' gj àdsei`jìðe ienavdjg ea pðga ea rschc c~ixjvpc' pieazsc hcfc sxigijvpc jsezsc hc navdj jhc`sjhj' jpcosvêehapcgj cdrvcpj hc zsc gap zsc gj cdrgcje cpxêe fice ienavdjhapàe cg nie hc zsc ea j`jfc ~ag~iéehapc ce ps àexvj%Hc cpxj navdj' `sjexa dêp ienavdjìðe vcìfj cg rcvpa$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C =>

ejg' djp vc`crxi~a pcvê jg `jdfia zsc rvaraec gj hivc`ìðe%Ce cpxc pcexiha' gj cdrvcpj hcfc sxigijv psp `jejgcp hc àdsei`jìðeiexcvej' haehc cg ngska ienavdjg àepxixsyc se cgcdcexaidravxjexc%Cpxc rva`cpa hc àdsei`jìðe idrgi`j hcnieiv -Vahväosc':990j< :6$:0);… @ðda pc ~j j hinsehiv cg dcepjkc% Cp hcìv' pi ~j j pcv sejàdsei`jìðe djpi~j j xaha cg rcvpaejg a fice ovjhsjg j



àdsei`jìðe djpi~j j xaha cg rcvpaejg a fice ovjhsjg j

xvj~ép hc gap hipxiexap ei~cgcp kcvêvzsiàp% Ce cpxc pcexiha'gjp cdrvcpjp hcfce pcgc`ìaejv cg `jejg hc àdsei`jìðerjvj ggc~jv j `jfa cpxc rva`cpa hc àdsei`jìðe% Jpä' cgdchia j sxigijv rjvj ckc`sxjv cg rva`cpa hc àdsei`jìðerschc pcv se ha`sdcexa iexcvea nivdjha rav gj hivc`ìðeocecvjg' haehc pc vcngckc gj iexceìðe hc gj hivc`ìðe hc idrgjexjvse pipxcdj hc `jgihjh' sej vcseiðe hc gj jgxj hivc`ìðe

àe cg vcpxa hc gj cdrvcpj' rvayc`ìðe hc ~ähcap jgrcvpaejg' cx`%' piceha rapixi~a àdrgcdcexjv `sjgzsicvj hccpxap dchiap àe rðpxcvp vcrjvxihap rav gj cdrvcpj' naggcxap'cx`%… Gjp rcvpaejp vcpraepjfgcp hc gj cdipiðe hcg dcepjkc% Cpvcàdcehjfgc gj àdsei`jìðe hcg rvaovjdj rav rjvxc hcgj hivc`ìðe ocecvjg%@jräxsga II

Hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C =?@ae cpxc rva`cpa hc àdsei`jìðe ea pc rvcxcehc ie`sg`jvcg rvaovjdj rav hc`vcxa piea zsc mjy zsc hckjv j gjp rcvpaejpzsc pc àe~ceje hc ps ec`cpihjh' pie ag~ihjv zsc xaha`jdfia' ocecvjgdcexc idrgi`j sej vcpipxceìj' `sya ovjhahcrcehcvê hc gj hincvceìj cipxcexc cexvc gj pixsjìðe hc gjcdrvcpj y gj ihcjg%

>% Navdjìðe Gj navdjìðe jrjvc`c àda se nj`xav idrvcpìehifgc' ea pðgace gj njpc hc idrgjexjìðe piea j ga gjvoa hc xaha cg rva`cpahc dckavj àexiesj% Xaha rvaovjdj zsc rcvpioj sejdckavj hc gj `jgihjh vczsicvc gj vcjgijìðe hc j`ìaecp navdjxi~jp'yj zsc rjvj zsc se xvjfjkjhav vcjgi`c dckav ps xvjfjkaea cp psniìcexc àe zsc pcrj ckc`sxjvga% Jhcdêp' ec`cpixj

se cexvcejdicexa rjvj rahcv mj`cvga dckav jg jhzsivivgjp mjfigihjhcp ec`cpjvijp y zscvcv rvahsìv sej dckavj-Djvxäec Ojgêe' :99:< 86)' rjvj ga zsc hcfc pcexivpc daxi~jhace ps xvjfjka% Rahcdap hcìv zsc gj navdjìðe rcvdixc

cg hcpjvvagga rcvpaejg hcg iehi~ihsa jg ie`vcdcexjv ps `sjgini`jìðe'rcvdixiceha hcpcdrcújv dckav ps xvjfjka y rav xjexa'dckavjv ps rvahs`xi~ihjh' àexvifsyceha jpä j cgc~jv gj`jgihjh% Pie cdfjvoa' gap fcecniìap hc gj navdjìðe pc jg`jejepðga pi cpxêe vcgjìaejhap àe gap afkcxi~ap àvravjxi~ap-Fs`lgcy y @jrgc' :99:< :2)' rav ga zsc sej cpxvjxcoijKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;



nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C ==hc `jgihjh hcfc jàdrjújvpc hc j`ìaecp navdjxi~jp àe`vcxjp%Ce gj iexvahs`ìðe hc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh' gjp ovjehcpcdrvcpjp xicehce j spjv rva`cpap ce `jp`jhj rjvj gj navdjìðe'àdcejeha rav gj jgxj hivc`ìðe' hcp`cehiceharapxcviavdcexc j gap ei~cgcp iencviavcp< ce gjp rczscújp cdrvcpjpàe gidixjìaecp niejeìcvjp' hc xicdra y rcvpaejg' gj

navdjìðe mj piha xvjxjhj hc djecvj hincvcexc ravzsc j dceshaea xicece gap vc`svpap jhc`sjhap' rav ga zsc jhcdêpvczsicvce àepihcvjfgc jyshj y jraya -Divap y Hjgc' :99><029$0:2)' rav ckcdrga hc iepxixsìaecp rûfgi`jp%Jpidipda' ce gj rvê`xi`j' gj djyaväj hc gjp cdrvcpjp hcp`sfvcepsp ec`cpihjhcp hc navdjìðe hc djecvj ienavdjg yjgosejp hc cggjp cpxjfgc`ce rgjecp hc navdjìðe rcviðhiàp'

jesjgcp rav ckcdrga' j rjvxiv hc gjp ec`cpihjhcp navdjxi~jphc gap hcrjvxjdcexap' cpxjfgcìhjp rav psp vcpraepjfgcp arav gj hivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap' zsc pae `sficvxjp cese nsxsva àe cpxc rgje hc navdjìðe rcviðhià%Gjp cdrvcpjp rschce pcosiv xvcp xirap hc navdjìðe; navdjga ienavdjg< cprc`äni`j a ocecvjg< iexcvej y!a cxcvej -Divap yHjgc' :99>< 0:6)% Hc sej s axvj navdj' gj idrgjexjìðe hc servaovjdj XZD cioc cg àeaìdicexa hc psp rvieìriap' xé`$

@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C =9ei`jp y déxahap% Jpä' ps àdrvcepiðe cp ec`cpjvij rjvj gjdcexjgijìðe' rvidcva hc gj hivc`ìðe' y rapxcviavdcexc hcgvcpxa hc gj cdrvcpj% Rav ga xjexa' cg rvaovjdj hc navdjìðehcfcväj rvansehijv ce cpxap rvieìriap y xéèi`jp' jpä àdace ps jrgi`jìðe -Rjecvj' :993< 00$08)% Ce xévdieap ocecvjgcp'

cpxjp ec`cpihjhcp hc navdjìðe pc rschce `gjpini`jv cegap piosicexcp xvcp xirap -Divap y Hjgc' :99>< 0:3); navdjìðepafvc cg pipxcdj hc `jgihjh -jshixaväj iexcvej' djesjg hc `jgihjh

y rva`chidicexap' vczsipixap hc gj pcvic hc eavdjp IPA9222)' axvj navdjìðe vcgjìaejhj àe gj `jgihjh -àeaìdicexappafvc `jgihjh' XZD y dckavj hc gj `jgihjh' jhdieipxvjìðehcg xicdra' vc`svpap msdjeap) y navdjìðe ea vcgjìaejhjàe gj `jgihjh% Ds`mjp cdrvcpjp vcjgije ~jvijp hccpxjp j`xi~ihjhcp navdjxi~jp rvieìrjgdcexc ravzsc pae vczsipixaprjvj afxcecv se `cvxini`jha hc `jgihjh jàvhc j gjpeavdjp IPA 9222%



@ae cpxjp hap ûgxidjp njpcp -àdsei`jìðe y navdjìðe) pcàepiosc daxi~jv j gap vc`svpap msdjeap c idrgi`jvgap dêprvansehjdcexc ce cg esc~a cpxiga hc hivc`ìðe hc gj cdrvcpj%Cpxc rva`cpa hc àdsei`jìðe y navdjìðe hcfc pcv rcvdjecexc'jpä' ps jrgi`jìðe pðga ce cg dadcexa ieiìjg rschcpcv iepsniìcexc% Pcvê ec`cpjvij sej àexiesihjh rjvj ivàepiosiceha raà j raà cpc àdrvadipa rav rjvxc hc xa$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 92hj gj cdrvcpj y jg`jejv' rjpa j rjpa' sej `sgxsvj hc `jgihjh%Pie cdfjvoa' cpxa ea cp psniìcexc' pcvê ec`cpjvia jhcdêpàdrgcxjvga àe se pipxcdj hc vcàeaìdicexap% Rjvjcgga gj cdrvcpj hcfc sxigijv xjexa gap dchiap daecxjviap àda

gap ea daecxjviap% Xahap àea`cdap gj idravxjeìj hcgap rvidcvap' zsc hcfcvêe pixsjvpc hcexva hc sej ragäxi`jogafjg hc vcdsecvjìðe zsc cpxjvê `gjvjdcexc hcnieihj y àeaìhj%Pie cdfjvoa' cg spa c`gspi~a hc épxap pc hcdscpxvjpðga iepsniìcexc< cg vcàeaìdicexa hcfc ie`gsiv axvap jprc`xap'àda rschce pcv vcàeaìdicexa hc dévixap hc djecvj`jpi rcvdjecexc y `cgcfvjìðe hc épxap ce jàexcìdicexapidravxjexcp% Cpxap jprc`xap pc rahväje àepcosiv'

rav ckcdrga dchijexc sej `jvxj hc ncgiìxjìðe' jovjhcìdicexa~cvfjg' rcvdixiv jg rcvpaejg crgi`jv psp ihcjp ce vcseiaecp'rsfgi`jìðe hc gap éixap ce gjp vc~ipxjp iexcvejp' ~ijkcphc cpxshiap a hc rgj`cv' cx`%?% Hcpjvvagga hc se rvayc`xa rigaxa Ce cg dadcexa hc ieiìjv gj idrgjexjìðe hc gj `jgihjh vcpsgxjvêdsy hinäìg zsc épxj jfjvzsc j xahj gj cdrvcpj' rvieìrjgdcexcpi cp hc ovje xjdjúa' rav ga zsc cp àe~ceicexc psidrgjexjìðe hc djecvj rvaovcpi~j' rjvj ea czsi~a`jvpc'dchijexc sej crcviceìj rigaxa' zsc ce `jpa hc éixa pcrschc cxcehcv j xahj gj avojeijìðe%

@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C 9:=% Jdrgijìðe hcg rva`cpa j xahj gj cdrvcpj Jejgijha cg éixa hc gj cxjrj jexcviav gj cdrvcpj rschchcpjvvaggjv cg rva`cpa ce cg vcpxa hc êvcjp% Ce ocecvjg' cpxc`jpa cp dêp eavdjg ce cdrvcpjp ovjehcp' rscp àda ficepcújgje Pmifj' Ovjmjd y _mjghce -:993< 009) `sjeha sej



cdrvcpj xicec pagjdcexc sejp ra`jp hc`cejp hc rcvpaejp'rschce mjfgjv cexvc pä' gccv gap dipdap gifvap' y ce ocecvjgxcecv sej àdsei`jìðe àdrgcxj pafvc cg daha hc idrgjexjvgj `jgihjh% Pie cdfjvoa' `sjeha pc xvjxj hc digcp hc rcvpaejppc ec`cpixj sej cpxvjxcoij y cpxvs`xsvj rjvj iexvahsìvgj%Ce àepc`sceìj' ce cdrvcpjp rczscújp cpxc rva`cpahc idrgjexjìðe pc rschc ggc~jv j `jfa hc se daha dceapcgjfavjha y hc djecvj dêp ienavdjg%

9% Cxjrj hc àexvag Sej ~c idrgjexjha cg rvaovjdj y xvjep`svviha se rgja hcxicdra zsc ~jvijvê hcrcehiceha hc gj pixsjìðe hc gj cdrvcpj'épxj rcvpcosivê àepcosiv psp afkcxi~ap rvaovjdjhapzsc hcfcvê c~jgsjv rjvj ~cvini`jv cg `sdrgidicexa hcg rvayc`xa%Hc cpxj navdj' rcviðhi`jdcexc pc rschce vcjgijv jshixaväjpiexcvejp' cg czsira hivc`xi~a rschc vcseivpc rjvj c~jgsjv gap

vcpsgxjhap jg`jejhap dchijexc' rav ckcdrga jeêgipip hc gapKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 96àpxcp hc `jgihjh' zsc pc rschce àdrgcxjv àe axvj ienavdjìðevcgjxi~j jg hcpcdrcúa ocecvjg hc gj cdrvcpj àda`saxj hc dcv`jha' vcexjfigihjh' ~cexjp' cx`% Hc cpxj djecvj

pc vcjgij se pcosidicexa hc gap vcpsgxjhap hcg pipxcdj hc`jgihjh y hc psp hipnseìaejgihjhcp%Pie cdfjvoa' cpxj ûgxidj cxjrj zsc hcfc vcjgijvpc hc djecvjàexiesj' ea hcfc gidixjvpc jg êdfixa iexcvea hc gj cdrvcpjpiea zsc jhcdêp' hcfc rcvdixiv àea`cv zsé ricepjegap `gicexcp jejgijeha gjp ce`scpxjp hc pjxipnj`ìðe hc gapdipdap a sxigijeha axvjp nscexcp hc vcxvajgidcexjìðe%Niejgdcexc' àda mcdap crgi`jha' cpxap esc~c rjpap pae

sej osäj ngcifgc rjvj gj idrgjexjìðe hc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj`jgihjh' pie zsc cg avhce cpxjfgcìha pcj cg zsc ec`cpjvijdcexchcfc pcosiv gj cdrvcpj% Hcfcdap xcecv ce `scexj

zsc hsvjexc cpxc rva`cpa hc idrgjexjìðe pc rvahs`c se`jdfia `sgxsvjg idravxjexc% Jpä' cpxj esc~j `sgxsvj hcfc ivhcpjvvaggêehapc àenavdc j~jej cg rva`cpa hc idrgjexjìðehc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh% Rav àepiosicexc' àenavdcpc idrgjexj gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh pc àepiosc cpxc `jdfia`sgxsvjg' y ~i`c~cvpj%Rahcdap dapxvjv hap `jpap igspxvjxi~ap haehc pc afpcv~j cghcpjvvagga hc gj `jgihjh zsc `jhj cdrvcpj jhjrxj j ps pi$



@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C 90xsjìðe% Ce cg rvidcv ckcdrga -eaxj 3) sej cdrvcpj ieiìj cg`jdiea mjìj gj `jgihjh xaxjg ce cg júa :99:% Cg cenazsc hc`jgihjh oivjfj ce xavea j `sjxva cgcdcexap nsehjdcexjgcp;cenazsc ce cg `gicexc' ocpxiðe y dckavj àexiesj hc gap rva`cpap'àgjfavjìðe àe gap rva~cchavcp -jshixaväjp j xahap

gap rva~cchavcp `växiàp zsc hcphc :993 cp xvidcpxvjg' rcvdixicehajpä hipdiesiv gj hcrcehceìj hc gap àpxapap cepjyaphc vc`crìðe hcg rvahs`xa y dckavjv cg ei~cg hc `jgihjhhc gap rvahs`xap vcìfihap) y gihcvjoa y rjvxiìrjìðe hc gapcdrgcjhap -jesjgdcexc y ce fjpc j gap ~jgavcp' dipiðe y gjpcpxvjxcoijp hc ecoaìap rgjexcjhjp pc cpxjfgc`ce gap afkcxi~aphc gj àdrjúäj' zsc j xvj~ép hc se rva`cpa ce `jp`jhj

jg`jeje j xahjp gjp rcvpaejp hc gj avojeijìðe)% Cpxj cdrvcpjjharxð ce :996 cg Dahcga Csvarca hc @jgihjh àdamcvvjdicexj hc c~jgsjìðe% Sej navdj hc `jejgijv gj rjvxiìrjìðehc xahap gap cdrgcjhap nsc gj sxigijìðe hc gapczsirap hc dckavj hc gj `jgihjh% Ocecvjgdcexc épxap paeczsirap iexcvnseìaejgcp' navdjhap rav ovsrap cexvc pcip yha`c rcvpaejp zsc pc `vcje rav ieiìjxi~j hc `sjgzsicv cdrgcjhaa rav se dicdfva hc gj hivc`ìðe% Xahap psp dicdfvap

vcìfce navdjìðe ce cg spa hc sej dcxahagaoäj cpxvs`xsvjhjhc vcpagsìðe hc rvafgcdjp% Cg àdixé hc `jgihjh'àepxixsiha rav gj xaxjgihjh hc gap hivc`xavcp' jpipxc j gjp rvc$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 98pcexjìaecp hc gap rgjecp hc j`ìðe zsc rvaraece gap czsirap'

y njìgixj gap vc`svpap ec`cpjviap rjvj ps ckc`sìðe%Cg pcoseha ckcdrga -eaxj >) dscpxvj sej cdrvcpj zsc àdceðàe sej crcviceìj rigaxa gj idrgjexjìðe hc gj `jgihjh

xaxjg' rvaovjdj zsc hceadiejvae hc rjvxiìrjìðe y dckavjàexiesj y nsc idrsgpjha rav gj hivc`ìðe hc avojeijìðey vc`svpap msdjeap% Gj hivc`ìðe àepihcvjfj zsc sejavojeijìðe hcfäj pcv `jrj hc da~igijv y jrva~c`mjv xahjgj djxcvij ovip cipxcexc ce gj cdrvcpj hjeha kscoa j xahjpgjp rcvpaejp hc gj dipdj% Rjvj cgga `chicvae vcpraepjfigihjhmjpxj gj fjpc àe gj iexceìðe hc zsc gap cdrgcjhapocpxiaejvje psp rscpxap hc xvjfjka àda pi épxap nscvje ps



rvaria ecoaìa% Jexcp hc idrgjexjv cg rvaovjdj pc ~ipixð sejcdrvcpj pidigjv' rjvj ~cv gap cpnscvap vcjgijhap ce gj `jgihjh%Cpxj cdrvcpj cxcvej gc rvcpcexð j gj cdrvcpj jejgijhjse rgje fjpjha ce gap piosicexcp rvieìriap; pjxipnj`ìðehcg `gicexc' R%C%^%A% -rgjeini`jv' ckc`sxjv' ~cvini`jv y arxidijv)'hivc`ìðe fjpjhj ce mc`map y vcprcxa rav gj rcvpaej%Hc cpxc dahcga' j gj cdrvcpj gc ospxð pafvc xaha cg ûgxidarvieìria zsc pioeini`jfj; djexcecv j gjp rcvpaejp ienavdjhjpc iexcovjhjp ce se xaha zsc cp gj cdrvcpj' navdjv jgap vc`svpap msdjeap àe cg nie hc zsc `jhj sea mjoj psxvjfjka hc gj dckav navdj rapifgc' jyshjv j gjp rcvpaejp j@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C 93àdsei`jvpc cexvc pä rjvj zsc rschje vcjgijv ps xvjfjka

àe gj dêidj cni`jìj' hcgcojv vcpraepjfigihjh y jsxavihjhmjìj jfjka rjvj zsc gap xvjfjkjhavcp ea mjoje ûei`jdcexcga zsc pc gcp djehj' piea zsc iexcexce dckavjv gjp àpjp ravpä dipdap' y `vcjv se pcexiha hc sxigihjh ce cg cexavea hc xvjfjkarjvj zsc xaha cg dseha pc picexj daxi~jha j hjv ga dckavhc pä dipda% Xaha cpxa pc vcngckjväj ce se cprävixs hc xvjfjkace czsira cxcehiha rav xahj gj avojeijìðe%Hc cpxj djecvj' gj crcviceìj rigaxa cdrcð ce sej hc gjp

nêfvi`jp hc gj cdrvcpj àe pcip czsirap% Hcprsép hc se júahc j`xsjìðe y j gj ~ipxj hc gap vcpsgxjhap pc cxcehicvae jaxvj nêfvi`j mjpxj jg`jejv gap ~ciexc czsirap% Xaha cpxc rva`cpaec`cpixjfj picdrvc adsei`jìðe' adsei`jìðe y àdsei`jìðe%Rav cpxa' sej hc gjp rvidcvjp dchihjp j cpxcvcprc`xa nsc `vcjv se czsira hc àdsei`jìðe zsc pc rvca`srjvjc`gspi~jdcexc hc cpxc xcdj% Jgosejp hc gjp ieiìjxi~jphc cpxc czsira nscvae gj fûpzschj hc se gaoaxira rjvjcg rvaovjdj zsc piv~icvj hc fjehcvj y hipxiexi~a rjvj cg dipday raecv ce djv`mj sej vc~ipxj hc ienavdjìðe pafvc cgrvaovjdj àe cg afkcxa hc ggc~jv j xahap y `jhj sea hc gap

xvjfjkjhavcp gj ienavdjìðe pafvc cg hcpjvvagga hcg rvayc`xa'y jg dipda xicdra' cepcújv y cxcehcv gap rvieìriap y mcvvjdicexjpsxigijhap ce cg dipda%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 9>6%6% Rgjeini`jìðe hc gj `jgihjh



@ae gj niejgihjh hc dckavjv àexiesjdcexc gj `jgihjh' gj hivc`ìðergjeini`j zsé ~j j mj`cv' cp hcìv' hcxcvdiej afkcxi~ap'ragäxi`jp y cpxvjxcoijp y hcpjvvaggj sej avojeijìðe hc`jgihjh -rsexa 6%0) zsc idrgi`j gj cipxceìj hc se gihcvjoay sej `sgxsvj hc `jgihjh' y sej jhc`sjhj jhdieipxvjìðe hcgap vc`svpap msdjeap -`jräxsga III)% Xaha cgga rjvj cgjfavjvficecp a pcv~iìap zsc pjxipnjoje gjp ec`cpihjhcp y crc`xjxi~jphc gap `gicexcp -rvcìa' vjrihc' pcv~iìa rap~cexj'

cx`%)% Jpidipda' cpxc pipxcdj ec`cpixj se dc`jeipda hcàexvag zsc rcvdixj j gj cdrvcpj dchiv cg ovjha hc `sdrgidicexahc gap afkcxi~ap -rsexa 6%8) -eaxj ?)%Fjpêehaeap ce gj hcnieiìðe hc rgjeini`jìðe ocecvjg' rahcdaphcìv zsc gj rgjeini`jìðe hc gj `jgihjh rvcxcehc cprcìni`jvgap afkcxi~ap zsc rcvdixje àepcosiv pjxipnj`cv gjp ec`cpihjhcphc gap `gicexcp y gaovjv sej ~cexjkj papxceifgc' jpä

àda gjp j`ìaecp zsc pc idrgjexjvêe rav xahap gap dicdfvaphc gj avojeijìðe rjvj àepcosivgap hc djecvj dêpcni`j y cniìcexc zsc gap àdrcxihavcp -niosvj 6%0)%Ce àepc`sceìj' gj rgjeini`jìðe hc gj `jgihjh idrgi`j; j)ihcexini`jv j gap `gicexcp y hcp`sfviv gjp ec`cpihjhcp y crc`xjxi~jphc gap dipdap' f) rjvj rahcv nikjv gap afkcxi~ap@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh

ÄEHI@C 9?cpxvjxéoiàp jpä àda gj ragäxi`j hc `jgihjh' `) hc gap zsc pchcvi~jvêe seap psfafkcxi~ap y rgjecp rjvj jg`jejvgap% Cg`sdrgidicexa hc cpxap afkcxi~ap hcfc idrgi`jv zsc gj cdrvcpjcgjfavj rvahs`xap zsc pjxipnjoje j gap `gicexcp zscgap spje%Rav ga xjexa' cp idravxjexc zsc gj hivc`ìðe rgjeinizsc y àexvagcgjp j`xi~ihjhcp j hcpjvvaggjv y àdseizsc j xahap gap

cdrgcjhap psp vcpraepjfigihjhcp y afkcxi~ap àe gj niejgihjhhc c~ixjv zsc pc rcvpioje rvarðpixap jexjoðeiàp -_jgxae':9==< 0>)%

Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 9=Niosvj 6%6% Hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhNscexc; Cgjfavjìðe rvarijJ àexiesjìðe jejgijdap gap zsc mcdap àepihcvjha àdagap xvcp cgcdcexap fêpiàp hc gj rgjeini`jìðe; ihcexini`jìðehc gjp ec`cpihjhcp hc gap `gicexcp' hcnieiìðe hc afkcxi~ap



y j`ìaecp ec`cpjvijp rjvj àepcosivgap%Ec`cpihjhcp hc gap `gicexcp % Sej ~c ihcexini`jhap gap `gicexcp'gj cdrvcpj hcfc hcp`sfviv gap `vixcviap hc àdrvj hc gapdipdap rjvj rgjpdjvgap ce cprcìni`jìaecp àe`vcxjp àecg afkcxa hc cgjfavjv cg rvahs`xa y hcpjvvaggjv gap rva`cpap'sxigijeha rav ckcdrga gap piosicexcp déxahap;… Zsc gap rgjeini`jhavcp sxigi`ce cg rvahs`xa j`xsjeha jpä àda

`gicexcp hcg dipda% Hc navdj jgxcvejxi~j' axvj arìðeàepipxiväj ce zsc gap iehi~ihsap zsc hipcúje cg rvahs`xavcjgi`ce se rcviaha hc navdjìðe ce gj nêfvi`j' njfvi`jeha@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C 99Niosvj 6%0% Rgjeini`jìðe hc gj `jgihjhNscexc; Cgjfavjìðe rvarij

s afpcv~jeha cg rva`cpa hc rvahs`ìðe hcg rvahs`xa zscrapxcviavdcexc hipcújvêe% Cp hcìv' czsi~jghväj j sej vaxjìðehc rscpxap àe gj niejgihjh hc hcp`sfviv gjp ec`cpihjhcphc gap rscpxap vcgjìaejhap àe gj `jgihjh%… J xvj~ép hcg àexj`xa àe cg `gicexc cxcvea% Rschc pcv xjexarav ieiìjxi~j hcg `gicexc àda rav ieiìjxi~j hc gj cdrvcpj%Ce cg rvidcv `jpa jharxj gj navdj hc zsckjp' hc~agsìaecpy vc`gjdjìaecp' j rjvxiv hc gjp `sjgcp gj cdrvcpj

afxicec ienavdjìðe pafvc jprc`xap zsc hcfc dckavjv% Hciosjg daha' gj cdrvcpj rschc xvjxjv hc àea`cv `sêgcp paegap `vixcviap ce gap zsc pc fjpj cg `gicexc rjvj àdrvjv cgrvahs`xa% Ce cpxc `jpa' gj àdsei`jìðe pc vcjgij dchijexcsej ie~cpxiojìðe hc dcv`jha% Sej navdj hc vcjgijvcg jeêgipip hc gap `gicexcp rschc pcv j xvj~ép hc `scpxiaejviapa cexvc~ipxjp a dchijexc gj xéèi`j hceadiejhj ZsjgixyNse`xiae Hcrgaydcex -ZNH' hcprgicosc hc gj nseìðe hc`jgihjh)%… Pidsgjìðe hcg spa rav cg `gicexc% @aepipxc ce vcjgijv rvscfjprav cprcìjgipxjp rvcrjvjhap rjvj àdrjvjv gj `jgihjh

hcg rvahs`xa fjka àehiìaecp àexvagjhjp hc gjfavjxavia%… Gap hjxap rsfgi`jhap vcgjxi~ap j gj `jgihjh' xjexa iexcveapàda cxcveap%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :22Hcfcdap xcecv ce `scexj' hcphc cg rsexa hc ~ipxj cpxvjxéoià'



zsc gj hivc`ìðe hcfc vcjgijv se jeêgipip cxcvea c iexcvea%Jpä' ea pðga hcfc ie~cpxiojv gap hcpcap hc gap `gicexcp' pieazsc xjdfiée hcfc c~jgsjv psp rsexap nscvxcp y héfigcp'rjvj ce nseìðe hc gap dipdap nikjv afkcxi~ap% J rjvxiv hcjzsä' gj hivc`ìðe ihcexini`j gjp j`ìaecp jhc`sjhjp -`ðdanjfvi`jv hcxcvdiejha rvahs`xa' `ðda vcjgijv hcxcvdiejharva`cpa' `ðda jxcehcv j se `gicexc' cx`%)' àe gj niejgihjh hc`sdrgiv àe gap niecp y `vcjv ficecp y!a pcv~iìap zsc pjxipnjoje

jg àepsdihav zsc gap spj%Cpxjfgcìdicexa hc afkcxi~ap % Gj cdrvcpj hcfc àdcejvhcnieiceha gj dipiðe ocecvjg hc gj dipdj ce seap raàp rêvvjnap'haehc pc vcngckjvê' cexvc axvap' gj cpxvjxcoij j pcosiv'gap ~jgavcp hc gj nivdj' gap afkcxi~ap hcg ecoaìa' gap àdravxjdicexap%Cpxc rvarðpixa ocecvjg hcfc `sdrgiv sej pcvichc `jvj`xcväpxi`jp àe gj niejgihjh hc zsc xahap gap dicdfvaphc gj avojeijìðe ga cexicehje% Épxjp pae -Kay`c' :993< 63);… àdrvcepifgc' àda navdj hc osijv j xahap gap dicdfvaphc gj cdrvcpj ce gj dipdj hivc`ìðe%… adsei`jfgc%… `vcäfgc% Ea hcfc pcv nêìgdcexc jg`jejfgc' rcva pä se afkcxi~avcjg zsc pc rschj àepcosiv àe cg xvjfjka hijvia%@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh

ÄEHI@C :2:… sxigijfgc% Rav se gjha hcfc pcv~iv hc osäj j gap cdrgcjhaprjvj àdravxjvpc ce gj hivc`ìðe jhc`sjhj' njìgixjeha sejxadj hc hcìpiaecp jhc`sjhj' y rav axva' jyshjv j hcnieivgap ~jgavcp' àdravxjdicexap y rvê`xi`jp hc gj nivdj%Hc cpxj djecvj' àeaìhj gj dipiðe hc gj cdrvcpj' gj hivc`ìðerschc cpxjfgc`cv gap afkcxi~ap cpxvjxéoiàp hc `jgihjh'psfavhiejhap j gap afkcxi~ap ocecvjgcp hc gj cdrvcpj -eaxj =)%

Cpxa rschc zschjv hcnieiha ce gj ragäxi`j hc `jgihjh' àdajraya j gj dipiðe y haehc pc crgi`jväje gap rvieìriap zsc pcvcngckje ce gj dipiðe%

Jpä' rahcdap hcnieiv ragäxi`j hc `jgihjh àda sej osäj rjvjgj j`xi~ihjh hc gj hivc`ìðe haehc pc rgjpdje gap rvieìriaphc gj `jgihjh rjvj gj cdrvcpj' hcxjggjeha cexvc axvjp' gj iexceìðehc pjxipnj`cv gjp ec`cpihjhcp hcg `gicexc' gjp ec`cpihjhcpàe`vcxjp zsc mje hc pjxipnj`cvpc y gj dckavj hc gj`jgihjh% Gj ragäxi`j hc `jgihjh cpxjfgc`c seap rvieìriap jpcosiv zsc iehi`je zsé hcfc mj`cvpc rcva pie crgi`jv `ðdahcfc mj`cvpc' rscpxa zsc cpxa ûgxida pc hcp`vifc ce se rva`chidicexa%



@aepihcvjeha cpxjp hcnieiìaecp' rahväjdap hcìvzsc cp ¬dckav¼ xcecv sej ragäxi`j ce gsojv hc se rva`chidicexaàe cg nie hc rvaravìaejv j gj cdrvcpj gj ngcifigihjhec`cpjvij rjvj jhjrxjvpc vêrihjdcexc j pixsjìaecp hincvcexcp%Pie cdfjvoa' cp mjfixsjg zsc ce gj cdrvcpj cipxje jd$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~j

ÄEHI@C :26fap ha`sdcexap' hc navdj zsc gap rva`chidicexap pc vchj`xjexceiceha ce `scexj zsc ea hcfce psraecv djyav vioihcrjvj gj avojeijìðe -eaxj 9)%Sej ~c hcnieihj y àeaìhj gj ragäxi`j hc `jgihjh' gj jgxj hivc`ìðerschc cpxjfgc`cv gap afkcxi~ap hc `jgihjh cpxjfgcìhappafvc fjpcp rcviðhi`jp' eavdjgdcexc jesjgcp% Se afkcxi~aa dcxj hc `jgihjh cp cg vcpsgxjha hcpcjha zsc pc rvcxcehcjg`jejv hcexva hc se rcviaha hc xicdra nikjha j rjvxivhc se rva`cpa hc rgjeini`jìðe% Cpxap afkcxi~ap cpxêe ocecvjgdcexc`sjexini`jhap%Gap afkcxi~ap hcfce pcv ieàvravjhap jg rgje hcg ecoaìa' yrav xjexa gj jgxj jhdieipxvjìðe hcfc ie~ags`vjvpc rcvpaejgdcexcce cpxj rgjeini`jìðe y hcxcvdiejv gap afkcxi~ap zsc cecggj pc ie`gsivêe' rjvj rapxcviavdcexc hcprgcojvgap j gap ei~cgcp

iencviavcp% Rav àepiosicexc' gj jgxj jhdieipxvjìðe hcfcihcexini`jv gjp j`ìaecp j hcpjvvaggjv rjvj jg`jejv gap afkcxi~ap'rvaravìaejv vc`svpap rjvj cgga y jpioejv zsiée cp cgvcpraepjfgc hc gjp dipdjp -Ksvje' :99:< =8)%Pðga gap hivc`xi~ap rschce iexcovjv gap afkcxi~ap hc `jgihjhce gj avojeijìðe àda sej cpxvjxcoij rjvj gj dckavj hc gjàdrcxixi~ihjh -Vchhy' :9=2< 33) jg àdsei`jvgap j psp psfavhiejhap%@ada iehi`j Ksvje -:99:< =8)' ~jvijp avojeijìa$@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C :20

ecp ojejhavjp hc rvcdiap hc `jgihjh ea àdcejvae pspieiìjxi~jp hc `jgihjh ie`gsyceha gap afkcxi~ap hc `jgihjh hcexvahc ps rgjeini`jìðe hc ecoaìa% Pie cdfjvoa' pc hicvae`scexj hc zsc cvj ec`cpjvia vcjgijv rcviðhi`jdcexc àvvc`ìaecpce ps cgc`ìðe cpxvjxéoi`j' rav ga zsc niejgdcexc y hcdjecvj ovjhsjg' gap ie`gsycvae ce cg rgje hc ecoaìa%@ada ckcdrga hc ga hcp`vixa' dapxvjdap se nvjodcexa hc sergje hc `jgihjh -xjfgj 6%:) haehc afpcv~jdap gap afkcxi~ap y



psfafkcxi~ap zsc pc ~je cpxjfgcìceha rjvj `vcjv se rvahs`xaa pcv~iìa hc `jgihjh -eaxj :2)%Axva ckcdrga hc cpxjfgcìdicexa hc afkcxi~ap ga ceàexvjdapce gjp eavdjp IPA 9222% Ce fjpc j cggjp' gj hivc`ìðe ha`sdcexjgj ragäxi`j hc `jgihjh y cpxjfgc`c afkcxi~ap hc `jgihjh%J rjvxiv hc jmä pc hcpjvvaggje seap rva`chidicexap zsc crvcpjegj navdj hc j`xsjv ce hcxcvdiejhjp pixsjìaecp y vcjgijjshixaväjp y vcseiaecp iexcvejp rjvj ~cvini`jv cg `sdrgidicexahc afkcxi~ap y xadjv j`ìaecp àvvc`xavjp pi rva`chc%Hcpjvvagga hc rgjecp % Hcnieihj gj dipiðe y gap afkcxi~ap pðgazschj hcpjvvaggjv gjp dcxjp arcvjxi~jp zsc rcvdixivêe àepcosivgj dckavj àexiesj% @aeaìhap gap cpxêehjvcp' gj avojeijìðerschc cpxjfgc`cv gap rgjecp a `svpap hc j`ìðeec`cpjviap rjvj àepcosivgap% J ps ~c' sej ~c ihcexini`j$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð

@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :28hap gap afkcxi~ap y gap rgjecp' vcpsgxj ec`cpjvia jpioejv àexvagcpjrvarijhap rjvj `jhj sea hc cggap% Rjvj cgga' gj cdrvcpjsxigijvê sej pcvic hc iehi`jhavcp zsc hcfce cpxjv `gjvapy ea pcv jdfiosap' àe gj niejgihjh hc c~jgsjv cg rvaovcpace cg `jdiea mjìj gap afkcxi~ap hc dckavj%

Jpä' rjvj jg`jejv cpxap afkcxi~ap gj cdrvcpj ec`cpixj idrgjexjvsej ps`cpiðe hc j`ìaecp zsc pcvêe ckc`sxjhjp ravse hcrjvxjdcexa ce àe`vcxa a rav se czsira hc xvjfjka% Cghcpjvvagga hc cpxap rgjecp vczsicvc hc se àexvag rjvj zsc gj@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C :23Xjfgj 6%:% Rgje hc `jgihjh

Nscexc; Cgjfavjìðe rvarijjgxj hivc`ìðe jpcosvc cg idrsgpa hc gjp j`ìaecp zsc vcprjghjegap afkcxi~ap cpxirsgjhap -Fcvvy' :996< ?6$?8)%

Pie cdfjvoa' cpxjp j`ìaecp pc hcfce jàdrjújv àe axvjpcvic hc j`xi~ihjhcp vcgjìaejhjp àe gj avojeijìðe y cgàexvag hc gj `jgihjh -eaxj ::)' ce`jdiejhjp j àepcosiv cgafkcxi~a hc pjxipnj`ìðe hcg `gicexc% Épxjp j`xi~ihjhcp pcväje-Kay`c' :993< 0>$0=);… @vcjìðe y djexceidicexa hc sej cpxvs`xsvj jhc`sjhj%… @vcjìðe hc czsirap hc xvjfjka rjvj jg`jejv gap afkcxi~ap%… @adrvadipa hc gj hivc`ìðe àe gj `jgihjh rjvj zsc piv~j

h h g x h g g h



hc dahcga rjvj xahap gap cdrgcjhap%… @aexvag rjvj jpcosvjv gj dckavj%Cp hcìv' gj rgjeini`jìðe hc gj `jgihjh hcfc iv jàdrjújhjhc sej avojeijìðe y àexvag hc gj dipdj% Gj avojeijìðeidrgi`j `vcjv sej cpxvs`xsvj rjvjgcgj àda yj mcdap ~ipxa' ysej esc~j `sgxsvj' dicexvjp cg àexvag pc vcnicvc j gj navdj hc~cvini`jv cg `sdrgidcexa hc ga rgjeini`jha%6%0% Hipcúa avojeijxi~a rjvj gj `jgihjhGj hivc`ìðe hc gj cdrvcpj hcfc `vcjv sej avojeijìðe hc`jgihjh' ga zsc idrgi`j `jdfiap àe`vcxap ce ps avojeij$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :2>ìðe% Ce cpxc pcexiha' cg hipcúa avojeijxi~a rjvj sej avojeijìðehc `jgihjh zschj àeniosvjha hcnieiceha gjp nseìaecpy vcpraepjfigihjhcp rjvj gj `jgihjh y gj djecvj hc àavhiejvcpxjp j`xi~ihjhcp%Nseìaecp y vcpraepjfigihjhcp rjvj gj `jgihjh % Sea hc gaprvidcvap rjpap ce gj idrgjexjìðe hc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhcp hi~ihiv cg xvjfjka vcgjìaejha àe gj `jgihjh' jovsrjvcpxjp j`xi~ihjhcp y jpioejvgcp se vcpraepjfgc% Ce cpxc pcexiha'àe gj `vcjìðe hc sej cpxvs`xsvj rjvjgcgj' xjg y àda

mcdap ~ipxa ce cg `jräxsga rvidcva' zschje ihcexini`jhjp gjpnseìaecp y vcpraepjfigihjhcp xjexa hc gjp seihjhcp avojeijxi~jpàda hc gjp rcvpaejp% Cpxj vcpraepjfigihjh hc gj `jgihjhpc jpioej j gap hcrjvxjdcexap nseìaejgcp' hc djecvjzsc xahap gap dicdfvap hc gj cdrvcpj pae vcpraepjfgcp hcgj dipdj y ea pðga cg hcrjvxjdcexa a cg àavhiejhav hc `jgihjh%Hc cpxj navdj' pc àepiosc hi~ihiv cg xvjfjka' cpxjfgcìcehagap ei~cgcp hc jsxavihjh y vcpraepjfigihjh ce gjp rcvpaejp'jpä àda gj àavhiejìðe hc xira navdjg%@aavhiejìðe hc xjvcjp % Gj àavhiejìðe hc gjp j`xi~ihjhcphc `jgihjh ce gj cdrvcpj pc gaovj rvieìrjgdcexc hc hap navdjp

-Ksvje y Ovyej' :993< :82);@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C :2?… J xvj~ép hc gj gäecj kcvêvzsi`j eavdjg y gap hcrjvxjdcexaphc rcvpaejg hc jraya dchijexc' ocecvjgdcexc' rva`chidicexapnavdjgcp y cg ì`ga hc vcxvajgidcexjìðe zsc xadjgj navdj hc jshixaväj% Fjka se jdficexc hc `jgihjh' xjg y

àda pcújgje Ovjex Pmjei Lvipmeje -:998 06) gj arìðei g i i g k ê i g



àda pcújgje Ovjex' Pmjei y Lvipmeje -:998< 06)' gj arìðezsc xicec gj cdrvcpj cp ie~cvxiv gj cpxvs`xsvj kcvêvzsi`j' gazsc pioeini`j zsc pc vcnscvj gj ihcj hc zsc gj jgxj hivc`ìðey gjp seihjhcp hc pxjnn jrayje cg xvjfjka hijvia hc gjrvidcvj gäecj ¬xvjeprjpêehapc' ce gj dchihj hc ga rapifgc'vcpraepjfigihjh y rahcv hc hcìpiðe j gap ei~cgcp zsc cpxêedêp rvðidap jg `gicexc¼ -Révc Ncveêehc' :998< :6>)%… @ae gj sxigijìðe hc czsirap hc xvjfjka dchijexc cg spa hc

czsirap hc rvayc`xap hc `jgihjh y axvjp navdjp avojeijìaejgcprjvj `vcjv gap `jdfiap% Gap czsirap rcvdixce raxceìjvcg hcpcdrcúa àgc`xi~a nvcexc jg iehi~ihsjg% Hc cpxjdjecvj' cipxc sej djyav rjvxiìrjìðe hc xahap gap dicdfvaphc gj cdrvcpj' y jpä pc sxigije y jrva~c`mje xjexa gjp`jrjìhjhcp àda gj `sgxsvj avojeijxi~j%Ce gj rvê`xi`j' cpxjp jgxcvejxi~jp ea pae c`gsycexcp' xaha gaàexvjvia% Jpä' gj `cpiðe hc jsxavihjh cp àdrjxifgc àe cgxvjfjka ce czsira àda hcdscpxvj gj nigapanäj XZD% Pie cdfjvoaea picdrvc cp jpä% Cp ìcvxa zsc gj rvidcvj cp dêp xäri`jce cdrvcpjp zsc idrgjexje se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh fj$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :2=

pjha ce gjp eavdjp iexcvejìaejgcp IPA 9222' haehc pc cpxjfgc`cse àeksexa hc rva`chidicexap navdjgcp rjvj vcosgjvcg xvjfjka hc gj cdrvcpj' dicexvjp zsc gj pcosehj arìðe cpgj fjpc hc cdrvcpjp zsc rcvpiosce se cenazsc iexcovjg hcgj `jgihjh' haehc j ps ~c' xjdfiée cp àdûe gj cipxceìjhc rva`chidicexap cp`vixap% J rcpjv hc zsc cg xvjfjka ce ovsracp se cgcdcexa fêpià hc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh' gjcdrvcpj rschc idrgjexjv se hcxcvdiejha xira hc pipxcdj hc

`jgihjh -eaxj :6) pie àexcdrgjv cpxc cgcdcexa% Jpä rahväja`svviv rav ckcdrga ce gjp eavdjp iexcvejìaejgcp IPA 9222'haehc cg xvjfjka ce czsira ea cp se cgcdcexa idrvcpìehifgc

rjvj ps `sdrgidicexa% Iehcrcehicexcdcexc hc gj cpxvjxcoijhc `jgihjh zsc pioj gj cdrvcpj' gj sxigijìðe hc gap czsirapcp cg déxaha ihðeca rjvj gaovjv gj ie~ags`vjìðe hc xahap gapcdrgcjhap%6%0%:% Idrgi`jìaecp avojeijxi~jp hc gj `jgihjh Ce cpxj gäecj' cg cpxshia hcg hipcúa avojeijxi~a eap ggc~j jjejgijv gap cnc`xap zsc pafvc gj avojeijìðe rahväj ocecvjvgj jharìðe hc se cenazsc hc `jgihjh% Cexvc cggap hcpxj`jdap;

… @cpiðe hc jsxavihjh j ei~cgcp dêp fjkap àepc`sceìj hc



… @cpiðe hc jsxavihjh j ei~cgcp dêp fjkap àepc`sceìj hcgj djyav vcpraepjfigihjh hc gap xvjfjkjhavcp%@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C :29… Vcgjìðe dêp pie`cvj àe rva~cchavcp y `gicexcp%… Cdrgcjhap dêp iosjgixjviap ce ~c hc ei~cgcp kcvêvzsiàp-Fawce y Gjwgcv' III' :996f< 82) zsc cpxjfgc`je hincvceìjp

cexvc seap y axvap% @ada pcújgj @vapfy -:998< :2$::)gap hivc`xi~ap hcfce `vcjv se jdficexc hc rgceixsh ce cg`sjg cg iepxiexa hc àarcvjìðe pcj jgoa eavdjg' haehc mjyjra`j hincvceìj af~ij cexvc gjp rcvpaejp hc hincvcexcpei~cgcp kcvêvzsiàp' ce xévdieap hc hcvc`map y rvi~igcoiap%… Cdrgcjhap àe dûgxirgcp mjfigihjhcp y xadj hc hcìpiaecprav jzscggjp rcvpaejp zsc dêp àeaìdicexa xicece hcgrvafgcdj y ea pðga rav gj hivc`ìðe%… @adsei`jìðe jficvxj' pie rjvchcp' idrvcpìehifgc rjvjàdrjvxiv y àdsei`jv gj ienavdjìðe% Jpä' gj rvê`xi`j xvjhiìaejghc ¬àexvagjv¼ gj ienavdjìðe j gap cdrgcjhap pcpspxixsyc rav gj `vcceìj hc zsc xahj gj ienavdjìðe cp hciexcvép rjvj xahap y hcfcväj cpxjv hipraeifgc -P`sggy' :99><8?)% Cpxa ea iehi`j zsc xahap hcfje xcecv ovje `jexihjh hcienavdjìðe' piea pðga gj ec`cpjvij' àe gj hincvceìj hc zsc

ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjh' gj djyav rjvxiìrjìðe y eavdjgdcexcgj djyav `jrjìhjh rjvj xadjv hcìpiaecp idrgi`jsej djyav hipraeifigihjh hc ienavdjìðe rjvj se djyaveûdcva hc cdrgcjhap%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C ::2

… Gj ienavdjìðe pcvê cpceìjg rjvj xahap gap dicdfvap' eapðga rjvj gap hivc`xavcp' rav ga zsc cg ngska hc ienavdjìðehcfcvê pcv hincvcexc' yj zsc pi gap cdrgcjhap cpxêe daxi~jhap

rjvj rcvpcosiv gap afkcxi~ap hc gj avojeijìðe yrschce xadjv hcìpiaecp pafvc ps rvaria xvjfjka' vcpsgxjidrvcpìehifgc rvaravìaejvgcp psniìcexc ienavdjìðe y vcxvajgidcexjìðerjvj arxidijv ps àdravxjdicexa%… Cexcehidicexa hcg pioeini`jha hc `gicexc iexcvea% Hcexva hcgj cdrvcpj' cg piosicexc rva`cpa cp cg `gicexc hcg jexcviav%Hc cpxj djecvj' cg `gicexc hcg êvcj hc nj`xsvjìðe cp cg rvaria`gicexc cxcvea' dicexvjp nj`xsvjìðe' j ps ~c' cp xjdfiée

`gicexc hcg rva`cpa jexcviav rav ckcdrga jgdj`ée a



`gicexc hcg rva`cpa jexcviav' rav ckcdrga' jgdj`ée archihap%@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C :::6%0%6% Hcrjvxjdcexa hc `jgihjh Axva jprc`xa j xcecv ce `scexj ce sej avojeijìðe hc `jgihjhcp gj ec`cpihjh hc gj cipxceìj a ea hc se hcrjvxjdcexa

hc `jgihjh% Ce cpxc pcexiha' psp vcpraepjfigihjhcppae gjp zsc vcngckj gj xjfgj 6%6%Jpä rscp' gj nseìðe hcg hcrjvxjdcexa yj ea cp cg dcva àexvaghc gj `jgihjh àda pc mj`äj xvjhiìaejgdcexc' piea zsccpxj xjvcj pc xvjepnicvc j gap hcrjvxjdcexap nseìaejgcp% Cphcìv' pae gap hivc`xavcp hc gap hcrjvxjdcexap y xahap gapcdrgcjhap ce ocecvjg gap vcpraepjfgcp ûgxidap hc gj `jgihjh'y ea cg hcrjvxjdcexa hc `jgihjh%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C ::6Xjfgj 6%6% Nseìaecp hcg hcrjvxjdcexa hc `jgihjhNscexc; Cgjfavjìðe rvarijPi fice gj ieprc`ìðe gj piosce vcjgijeha ieprc`xavcp' eavdjgdcexcrcvxcecìcexcp jg hcrjvxjdcexa hc `jgihjh' gjp

cdrvcpjp nscvxcdcexc àdrvadcxihjp àe gj `jgihjh y zscàenäje rgcejdcexc ce ps rcvpaejg' xcehcvêe j ceàdcehjvcpxj nseìðe j gj nscvj arcvjxi~j' ìv`sepxjeìj zsc idrgi`jcg `sdrgidicexa hcg rvieìria hc ¬jsxaàexvag¼ y ¬jsxaieprc`ìðe¼%6%0%0% Czsirap hc xvjfjka Ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjh' cg xvjfjka ce czsira jhzsicvc

sej idravxjeìj hcpxj`jhj% Ce cpxc pcexiha' pi fice gj àdrvjhc esc~j djzsiejvij a gap esc~ap j~je`cp xcèagðoiàpcexvc axvap rschce avioiejv sej dckavj ce gj cdrvcpj' ea

àepxixsyce gj ûei`j navdj hc gaovjvgj% Cipxc sej aravxseihjhgjxcexc zsc xicece xahjp gjp cdrvcpjp' zsc pc ce`scexvjce psp xvjfjkjhavcp y zsc rschc raxceìjv j xvj~ép hc gapczsirap hc xvjfjka -eaxj :0)%Rav ga xjexa' pc rschc àepcosiv sej rjvxiìrjìðe j`xi~j hcxahap gap cdrgcjhap hc gj cdrvcpj' ec`cpjvij ce se jdficexchc `jgihjh' rcvdixiceha jpä -@agc' Fj`hjyje y _mixc':990< ?3$?>); dckavjv cg rva`cpa hc ienavdjìðe y gj xadj hc

hcìpiaecp y rav ga xjexa jsdcexjv gj cniìceìj avojeij$@ äx g II



hcìpiaecp' y rav ga xjexa' jsdcexjv gj cniìceìj avojeij@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C ::0ìaejg y daxi~jv j gap cdrgcjhap pi cggap dipdap idrgjexjegap `jdfiap zsc mje hipcújha%Jmavj fice' rjvj zsc gj avojeijìðe rschj hcpjvvaggjv cni`jdcexcczsirap hc xvjfjka' cp ec`cpjvia zsc pc `sdrgje

sej pcvic hc vczsipixap -@jpjha y Cp`vifjea' :990< 02);… Zsc gj jgxj hivc`ìðe cpxjfgc`j se nie àe`vcxa zsc rcvdixjj `jhj hcrjvxjdcexa y ce cprcìjg j gap ovsrap hc xvjfjkacpxjfgc`cv dcxjp adsecp%… Zsc cipxj àarcvjìðe cexvc gap ovsrap c~ixjeha gap àengi`xap%… J``cpa rav rjvxc hc `jhj dicdfva y czsira j gj ienavdjìðeec`cpjvij rjvj rahcv jg`jejv psp afkcxi~ap%… Rvaravìaejv vcàdrcepjp j gap dicdfvap hc gap czsiraprjvj ocecvjv se pioeini`jha jg xvjfjka àdûe%… Rvaravìaejv gap vc`svpap ec`cpjviap j gap czsirap' vceseìjehaj hcxcvdiejhjp j`ìaecp rav rjvxc hc gap czsirap pijpä ga jàepckj gj gidixjìðe hc vc`svpap%Ce gj gixcvjxsvj cipxce dûgxirgcp `gjpini`jìaecp hc czsirap%Eapaxvap ~jdap j hipxieosiv gap piosicexcp xvcp xirap; j) czsiraphc dckavj' f) `äv`sgap hc `jgihjh y `) ovsrap hc iexcv$

Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C ::8~ceìðe% Cpxap czsirap cgioce se xcdj' pjg~a zsc pcj pcgc`ìaejharav gj hivc`ìðe' àe gj iexceìðe hc jejgijv y fsp`jvgjp `jspjp hcg rvafgcdj j vcpag~cv% Rjvj cgga' sxigijvêegjp xéèi`jp hc vcpagsìðe hc rvafgcdjp' cexvc cggjp gjp zsc

~cvcdap ce cg piosicexc `jräxsga y cgjfavjvêe se rgje rjvjjg`jejv gap afkcxi~ap% Ceàexvjhj gj rapifgc pagsìðe pc xadjegjp dchihjp àvvc`xavjp rcvxiecexcp' rapxcviavdcexc `jfc

gj rapifigihjh hc c~jgsjv gap vcpsgxjhap àepcosihap y vcìfivvcàeaìdicexap rav cg cpnscva%Czsirap hc dckavjPae rczscúap ovsrap hc rcvpaejp àepxixsihap rav rcvpaejghc se dipda a hincvcexc hcrjvxjdcexa' rshiceha pcv jpidipdahc hipxiexap ei~cgcp kcvêvzsiàp' zsc pc vcûece rjvjdckavjv cg ei~cg hc `jgihjh y rvahs`xi~ihjh hc se rva`cpa arvahs`xa' hc djecvj zsc sej ~c vcpscgxa cg rvafgcdj ocecvjgdcexc

pc hipscg~ce Ps rjvxiìrjìðe ce cg ovsra cpafgiojhj pae hcpioejhap rav gj hivc`ìðe y psp nseìaecp



pc hipscg~ce% Ps rjvxiìrjìðe ce cg ovsra cpafgiojhj' pae hcpioejhap rav gj hivc`ìðe y psp nseìaecppae gjp hc ihcexini`jv gap rvafgcdjp zsc `jspje cvvavcp y!agap cgcdcexap zsc hipdiesyce gj rvahs`xi~ihjh hcg hcrjvxjdcexaa hcrjvxjdcexap àe cg afkcxa hc hcpjvvaggjv c idrgjexjvgjp j`ìaecp àvvc`xi~jp zsc rcvdixje cgidiejv cpapcvvavcp -eaxj :8)% Psp dicdfvap hcfce jhzsiviv navdjìðe yhjvpc `scexj hc ps rapiìðe hcexva hcg rva`cpa hc dckavj%@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C ::3@äv`sgap hc `jgihjhPae ovsrap hc rcvpaejp hcg dipda hcrjvxjdcexa zsc pc vcûece~agsexjvijdcexc rjvj cpxshijv dchijexc vcseiaecp rcviðhi`jp'ocecvjgdcexc sej ~c `jhj pcdjej a `jhj hap pcdjejp'gap rvafgcdjp hc `jgihjh zsc jàexc`ce ce ps êvcjhc xvjfjka% Hc djecvj zsc cgioce gap rvafgcdjp y cpxjfgc`ceps pagsìðe' rav ga zsc vcpsgxj ec`cpjvia se rva`cpa hc cexvcejdicexace xéèi`jp cpxjhäpxi`jp%Jexc xaha' àda jrsexj Oaeêgc Asfcg -:9=?< =?$=9)' cpec`cpjvia zsc gj jgxj hivc`ìðe jrayc gap `äv`sgap hc `jgihjhy àea`j ps nigapanäj rjvj rapxcviavdcexc rgjeini`jv ps idrgjexjìðe%Rjvj cgga' gj hivc`ìðe hcfc hcxcvdiejv y rvaovjdjv

gap rjpap hcg rvayc`xa jpä àda ihcexini`jv gap vc`svpaphipraeifgcp àe gj niejgihjh hc hcxcvdiejv gj cpxvs`xsvj fêpi`jhc gap `äv`sgap' àepxixsihj rav;… Se àdixé hivc`xi~a zsc rgjeini`j' psrcv~ipj y àexvagj cgrvayc`xa hc djecvj rcviðhi`j% Fjka se pipxcdj hc `jgihjhcpxc avojeipda rschc pcv cg àdixé hc `jgihjh%… Se njìgixjhav zsc cp vcpraepjfgc hc ocecvjv àenijej cegap dicdfvap' djexcecv cg cprävixs rjvxiìrjxi~a' cgjfavjvrva`chidicexap' àavhiejv' jpcpavjv' cepcújv j gap czsirap%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;

nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C ::>… Se gähcv hcg czsira zsc psrcv~ipj jg ovsra y ocecvj se jdficexcrjvxiìrjxi~a ce cg dipda%… Gap dicdfvap%Ce gj rvê`xi`j cp eavdjg àdcejv àe seap raàp `äv`sgap%@adrvafjha cg hcpjvvagga hc gap dipdap pc rschc crjehivps eûdcva mjpxj zsc ggcosc se dadcexa zsc pc àepagihje

y rcvdjec`ce pðga jzscggap ~cvhjhcvjdcexc ie~ags`vjhapàe gj `jgihjh Jpä sej cdrvcpj zsc idrgjexc `äv`sgap hc



y rcvdjec`ce pðga jzscggap ~cvhjhcvjdcexc ie~ags`vjhapàe gj `jgihjh% Jpä' sej cdrvcpj zsc idrgjexc `äv`sgap hc`jgihjh hcfc àepcosiv djexcecvgap ce cg xicdra rjvj afxcecvvcpsgxjhap% Ce cpxc pcexiha' gap jprc`xap dêp iengsycexcppafvc cg papxceidicexa hc gap `äv`sgap hc `jgihjh j gjvoa rgjapae gap piosicexcp -eaxj :3);… Hjv idravxjeìj j gj `jgihjh hcg rva`cpa y ea j gap vcpsgxjhap%Pi cg rva`cpa cp jhc`sjha' gap vcpsgxjhap xjdfiée ga

pcvêe' ga zsc vcnavjvê xjexa gj rjvxiìrjìðe hcg cdrgcjhaàda cg àdrvadipa hc gj jhdieipxvjìðe%… @aepcosiv ce xahjp gjp j`xi~ihjhcp hc gap `äv`sgap se jrayay àdrvadipa pie`cva hc xahap gap ei~cgcp hc gj jhdieipxvjìðe%Ce cpxc pcexiha' cp ec`cpjvia jxj`jv gj vcpipxceìjhc gap djehap `sjeha épxj jrjvc`j% Cp àdûe zscépxap ricepce ce gj rapifigihjh hc révhihj hc jsxavihjh yàexvag%@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C ::?… Cexcehcv gjp ec`cpihjhcp' j`xixshcp y jprivjìaecp xjexahc gj gäecj dchij y fjkj àda hc gap dicdfvap hcg `äv`sga%… C~jgsjv gap rvaovjdjp ce xévdieap hc fcecniìap xjeoifgcpc iexjeoifgcp y djexcecv se pipxcdj hc vcàeaìdicexa y

vcàdrcepjp j gap cpnscvap hc gap xvjfjkjhavcp' jsezscea pc idrgjexce gjp vcàdcehjìaecp% Ce cpxc pcexiha' ravckcdrga' pc rahväje anvc`cv vcàdrcepjp daecxjvijp j xvj~éphcg rvaovjdj hc psocvceìjp%… Iexcovjv gjp j`xi~ihjhcp hc gap `äv`sgap hc `jgihjh ce gjp ragäxi`jpocecvjgcp hc vc`svpap msdjeap%… Crjehiv gj `sgxsvj hc gap `äv`sgap hc `jgihjh rav xahj gj avojeijìðe%… Navdjv àexiesjdcexc j gap gähcvcp y dicdfvap hc gap `äv`sgap%

… Cgc~jv cg ei~cg hc gjp arcvjìaecp hc gap `äv`sgap rjvj jàdcxcvrvayc`xap dêp àdrgckap y jdrgiap%… @adfiejv rvayc`xap cexvc `äv`sgap%

… Hcp`jepap rcviðhiàp rjvj xahap gap `äv`sgap%Ea afpxjexc' àe cg xicdra' cp mjfixsjg zsc pc rvahs`je`jdfiap ce gj cpxvs`xsvj hc jraya j gap czsirap -àdixé hi$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C ::=vc`xav' njìgixjhav y navdjìðe)' ce gjp `jvj`xcväpxi`jp arcvjxi~jphc gap `äv`sgap -gihcvjoa' xjdjúa' pcgc`ìðe hc rvayc`xap'nvc`sceìj hc vcseiaecp) y ce gjp j`xixshcp hc gj jhdieipxvjìðe'



) y 'piehi`jxap y dicdfvap a ea dicdfvap hc gap `äv`sgap-Hjgc y Gcpp' :9=?< =0)' hcfiha j jgoseap rvafgcdjpzsc rschce iv psvoiceha% Ce cpxc pcexiha rschce hjvpc happixsjìaecp% Rav se gjha' cp rapifgc zsc ds`map dicdfvapzsc ea navdjfje rjvxc hc gap dipdap' àepc`sceìj hcg éixahc gap `äv`sgap' pc dscpxvce jeidjhap j navdjv rjvxc hc

cggap' jg pcexiv ce~ihij' njgxj hc vcàeaìdicexa y cpxjxsp rvariahc gap dicdfvap hcg czsira% Rav axva gjha' cg éixa hc gaprvidcvap ovsrap rschc mj`cv `vc`cv gjp jprivjìaecp hc pspdicdfvap -jp`cepap' navdjìðe' cx`%)' y ce àepc`sceìj cgxicdra rahväj mj`cv zsc hc`jycvje gap `äv`sgap hc `jgihjh-Gjwgcv III y Damvdje' :9=3< >=)%Rav cpxc daxi~a' gj àdsei`jìðe cp cpceìjg ce cg rva`cpahc idrgjexjìðe hcg pipxcdj hc `jgihjh rjvj mj`cv cexcehcvj xahap gap afkcxi~ap' déxahap' ~cexjkjp c ieàe~ceicexcp hcgdipda y rahcv vchsìv cg eûdcva hc rvafgcdjp%Gap `äv`sgap hc `jgihjh mje jg`jejha sej crjepiðe idravxjexcce Kjrðe% Pie cdfjvoa' ea mj a`svviha ga dipda ceA`ìhcexc% Ce Cprjúj' cg éixa ea mj piha cg cprcvjha' rvieìrjgdcexcrav xvcp vjaecp -Djvxäe' :990< :=);@jräxsga II

Hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C ::9… Idrgjexjìðe y nseìaejdicexa ieàvvc`xa' yj zsc gap `äv`sgapmje cpxjha xvjfjkjeha ce rvarscpxjp zsc hcprsép ea mjepiha xvjxjhjp psniìcexcdcexc ce gj cdrvcpj' y ds`mjp hccggjp ea mje piha ggc~jhjp j gj rvê`xi`j rav hi~cvpjp `jspjp%… Pc xvjxj hc se xira hc xvjfjka ce czsira zsc ea pc mj jhjrxjhaj gj `sgxsvj avojeijxi~j cprjúagj' rscpxa zsc gj hivc`ìðe

hc gjp cdrvcpjp cprjúagjp xicec sej ~ipiðe j dsy àvxargja y cp sej paìchjh dêp iehi~ihsjg zsc gj kjraecpj%… @sjeha gj cdrvcpj rvcpcexj rvafgcdjp càeðdiàp a gjfavjgcp'

àengi`xap àgc`xi~ap' `sjeha cpxê ce vcàe~cvpiðe'cx`%' rva~a`j zsc gap `äv`sgap zschce iej`xi~ap a hcpjrjvc`je%Cpxa ea iehi`j zsc gap `äv`sgap hc `jgihjh mjyje nvj`jpjhace Cprjúj% Djvxäe -:990< :=) pcújgj zsc cg xira hc ovsra ec`cpjviarjvj gjp cdrvcpjp cprjúagjp hcfc jhjrxjvpc j gj`sgxsvj cipxcexc' j xvj~ép hc gj iexcv~ceìðe ce gap dipdaphc navdj ea ~agsexjvij% Hc cpxj navdj' àda jnivdje Rvjhay Ojv`äj -:99>< 36)' j rjvxiv hc ps crcviceìj ce gj idrgjexjìðe

hc ovsrap' gap czsirap hc dckavj rschce jrgi`jvpcdêp nêìgdcexc zsc gap `äv`sgap hc `jgihjh Pie cdfjvoa pi



o r z r k r rdêp nêìgdcexc zsc gap `äv`sgap hc `jgihjh% Pie cdfjvoa' pigj cdrvcpj xicec gj rapifigihjh hc idrgjexjv czsirap hc xvjfjka~agsexjviap' gap vcpsgxjhap rschce pcv dêp ~cexjkapapKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :62

rav cg cnc`xa daxi~jhav zsc ocecvje ce gap dicdfvap hc gapdipdap% Cpxc `jpa hcrcehcvê hc gj `sgxsvj cipxcexc ce gjcdrvcpj' rscp sej `sgxsvj hc `jgihjh rcvdixc hcpjvvaggjv `äv`sgaphc `jgihjh% Cg rvafgcdj vcpihc ce hcìhiv `vcjv cpxapczsirap pie ocecvjv se jdficexc hc `jgihjh zsc gap jrayc%Ovsrap hc iexcv~ceìðePc `vcje `sjeha vcpsgxj ec`cpjvij gj vcpagsìðe hc se rvafgcdjovj~c' cgcoiha rav gj hivc`ìðe' zsc hcfc vcpag~cvpchc iedchijxa% Cpxê navdjha rav rcvpaejg jgxjdcexc `jrjìxjhazsc rjvxiìrj hc djecvj afgiojhj ce cg czsira' pcgc`ìaejharav gj hivc`ìðe' ce fjpc j ps crcviceìj' àe gj niejgihjhhc vcpag~cv cpxc rvafgcdj ce àe`vcxa' hcprsép hcga `sêg' psp iexcovjexcp ~scg~ce j psp vcprc`xi~jp j`xi~ihjhcp%Pae vcpraepjfgcp hc idrgjexjv sej pagsìðe xcdravjg jgj djyav fvc~chjh rapifgc' jpä àda hc cpxjfgc`cv se rgje

zsc vcpscg~j cg rvafgcdj hc djecvj hcnieixi~j% Hjha zsc pspj`xi~ihjhcp pae hc àvxj hsvjìðe ea pae se iepxvsdcexa ûxighc dckavj àexiesj' yj zsc idrgi`jväj se `jdfia fvspà y cese dadcexa hcg xicdra -Mjvvieoxae' :9==< :2?$:2=)%Hc cpxj djecvj' rahcdap `gjpini`jv y hcpxj`jv gjp `jvj`xcväpxi`jprvieìrjgcp hc gap czsirap cpxshijhap -xjfgj 6%0)% Eaafpxjexc' ce gj rvê`xi`j' `jhj cdrvcpj jkspxj gap czsirap hc@jräxsga II

Hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C :6:xvjfjka j psp ec`cpihjhcp cprc`äni`jp' àe ga zsc gjp `jvj`xcväpxi`jp

rvarijp hc épxap ~jväje hc sej cdrvcpj j axvj% Hccpxc daha' gj hivc`ìðe rschc dahini`jv `sjgzsicv xira hcczsira ~jvijeha cg ovjha hc rjvxiìrjìðe' jsxavihjh' cx`%'pcoûe psp ec`cpihjhcp%6%8% @aexvag hc gj `jgihjhRahcdap hcnieiv cg àexvag hc `jgihjh àda cg rva`cpa hcc~jgsjìðe hc hcp~ijìaecp hc se rva`cpa a rvahs`xa y gjpagsìðe hc gjp dipdjp dchijexc j`ìaecp àvvc`xavjp rjvj

cg `sdrgidicexa hc gap afkcxi~ap hc `jgihjh' y rav xjexa jpc$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð



@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :66Xjfgj 6%0% Czsirap hc xvjfjkaNscexc; Cgjfavjìðe rvarijosvjv gj `jgihjh hc se fice a pcv~iìa àe gj niejgihjh hc zscpjxipnjoj gjp ec`cpihjhcp hc gap `gicexcp% Cpxa idrgi`j;… Gj c~jgsjìðe hcg àdravxjdicexa vcjg' cp hcìv' hc gap vcpsgxjhaphc `jgihjh zsc mje piha rvc~ijdcexc cpxjfgcìhapce gj rgjeini`jìðe hc gj `jgihjh%… @adrjvjìðe hcg àdravxjdicexa vcjg àe gap afkcxi~ap hc`jgihjh%… J`xsjìðe pafvc gjp hincvceìjp zsc cipxje%@ada àepc`sceìj' cg àexvag hc `jgihjh ea pðga cp ieprc`ìðe'

piea zsc pc vcgjìaej àe ps pioeini`jha sei~cvpjg' ravga zsc jsezsc gj ieprc`ìðe cp sej navdj hc vcjgijvga' pspioeini`jha cp ds`ma dêp jdrgia% Ce cpxc pcexiha' pðga àese hcìhiha cpnscva ce`jdiejha j àexvagjv gj `jgihjh cexahj gj avojeijìðe pc rschc jpcosvjv gj cni`jìj àdrcxixi~j-Gcaejvh y Pjppcv' :9=0< >)%@ada mcdap pcújgjha' cg àexvag hc gj `jgihjh cp vcpraepjfigihjhhc xahap' hcphc cg rvidcv ei~cg hc gj jhdieipxvjìðemjpxj gap arcvjviap' àe gj hincvceìj hc zsc gap afkcxi~ap hc`jgihjh y gj xadj hc hcìpiaecp rjvj seap y axvap pcvê hipxiexj%Dicexvjp gap afkcxi~ap hc gap arcvjviap ~icece vcngckjhapce gjp cprcìni`jìaecp y djesjgcp hc rva`chidicexap'@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C :60j ei~cg hivc`xi~a' épxap xicehce j pcv dêp jdrgiap% Hc iosjgnavdj' rav se gjha' gjp hcìpiaecp hc gap arcvjviap pc gidixjvêeeavdjgdcexc j `scpxiaecp vcgjìaejhjp àe gjp cprcìni`jìaecp

y rva`chidicexap dicexvjp zsc rav axva' épxjp pcvêedêp àdrgckjp rjvj gap hincvcexcp ei~cgcp hc gj jhdieipxvjìðe-Ksvje' :992< :82$:8:)% Cpxc mc`ma idrgi`j sej nscvxcie~ags`vjìðe hc gap cdrgcjhap zsc cpxshijvcdap ce cgpiosicexc jräxsga%@ae cg afkcxa hc ggc~jv j `jfa cpxc rva`cpa hc àexvag' gapdicdfvap hc gj cdrvcpj ec`cpixje sxigijv sej pcvic hc déxahap%Cexvc cggap hcpxj`jdap gjp picxc mcvvjdicexjp fêpi`jp

hc gj `jgihjh -eaxj :>)' gj ieprc`ìðe' gj cgjfavjìðe hc rva`chidicexapc iepxvs`ìaecp hc xvjfjka y gj psrcv~ipiðe% Hc



k y rcpxj navdj' ce gj rvê`xi`j' se déxaha rjvj àexvagjv y jpäjpcosvjv cg ei~cg hc `jgihjh rav rjvxc hc gj hivc`ìðe àepipxcrav ckcdrga ce `sdrgiv gj eavdjxi~j IPA 9222 zsc vczsicvc;… Gj cgjfavjìðe hc se djesjg hc `jgihjh% Cg djesjg hc `jgihjhidrgi`j cg cpxjfgcìdicexa hc sej pcvic hc rgjecp rjvjcg àexvag hc gj `jgihjh hc djecvj zsc navdjgij gj ragäxi`j

hc gj cdrvcpj vcgjxi~j j gj `jgihjh' hcnieiceha eavdjpy rva`chidicexap arcvjxi~ap' gap afkcxi~ap hc `jgihjh' cg pipxcdjhc vcpraepjfigihjhcp y gjp eavdjp iexcvejp% Rav xje$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :68xa' hcp`vifc ce xévdieap ocecvjgcp gap déxahap spjhap rav

gj cdrvcpj rjvj jpcosvjv gj `jgihjh%… Gj vchj`ìðe hc se djesjg hc rva`chidicexap%… Gj jrvafjìðe hc gap dipdap%… Gj vcjgijìðe hc jshixaväjp rcviðhi`jp zsc jpcosvce cgjhc`sjha nseìaejdicexa hcg pipxcdj hc `jgihjh%6%3% Dckavj àexiesjGj cpceìj hc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh cp gj dckavj àexiesj%

Ce cpxc pcexiha' cg xévdiea ljice -eaxj :?) pioeini`j dckavjàexiesj' ie~ags`vjeha j xahap gap ei~cgcp hc gj kcvjvzsäjavojeijìaejg -Idji' :9=9< 09$8:)%Gj dckavj ce gj cdrvcpj rschc xcecv ps avioce ce hap xiraphc `jdfiap; ie`vcdcexjgcp -ljice) a fvspàp -ieea~jìðe)%Cpxjp dahini`jìaecp' eavdjgdcexc avioiejhjp rav sej jgxcvjìðece cg cexavea cdrvcpjvijg a fice àda sej navdj hcjexiìrjvpc jg dipda' rva~a`je `jdfiap avojeijxi~ap% Jpä'

xjexa j xvj~ép hc gjp xvjepnavdjìaecp fvsp`jp àda j xvj~éphcg ljice' cp rapifgc rvahsìv se `jdfia ce gj avojeijìðe%Cg ljice idrgi`j rczscújp dckavjp rcvdjecexcp'

dicexvjp gj ieea~jìðe -eaxj :=) psraec sej dckavj hvêpxi`jàda vcpsgxjha hc sej ie~cvpiðe dêp nscvxc ce xcèagaoäj@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C :63y!a czsira% Cg déxaha ljice pc fjpj ce gj jrgi`jìðe hc gappiosicexcp ìeà rvieìriap -Idji' :9=9< 6=6$6=0);… Avhcejv -pcivi)% Hcpmj`cvpc hc mcvvjdicexjp y czsirap'pxa`l y `sjgzsicv axva cgcdcexa ieec`cpjvia rjvj cg xvjfjka%… Avojeijv -pcixae)% Pixsjv gjp àpjp zsc ~je j sxigijvpc ce

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avhce' hc djecvj zsc cpxée ga`jgijhjp y rvcrjvjhjp`sjeha pc ec`cpixce%… Gidrijv -pcipa)% Djexcecv gidria cg gsojv hc xvjfjka -mcvvjdicexjp'czsirap)%… Jpca rcvpaejg -pcilcxps)% Mj`cv hcg jpca y rsg`vixsh se mêfixa%…Hipìrgiej -pmixpslc)% Pcosiv gap rva`chidicexap ce cg xjggcv y

xcecv hipìrgiej rjvj `sdrgiv àe xaha ga jexcviav%Rav axva gjha' gj ieea~jìðe zschj hcnieihj àda gj nseìðecprc`äni`j hc gj ieiìjxi~j cdrvcpjvijg' piceha cg dchia àe cgzsc cg cdrvcpjvia `vcj esc~ap vc`svpap ocecvjhavcp hc vizscja raxceìj gap yj cipxcexcp -Hvs`lcv' :9=>< 32)' ¬rcvdixicehamj`cv jgoa zsc jexcp ea cvj rapifgc a' jg dceap' eaxje fice a xje cniìcexcdcexc c idrgi`jeha' rav xjexa' se jsxéexiàrvaovcpa xcèagðoià' paìjg y càeðdià¼ -DagiejDje`mðe' :993< 6?)%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :6>Ce fjpc j cpxj hincvceìjìðe' cexcehcdap zsc gj dckavjàexiesj cp se àe`crxa dêp jdrgia zsc cg ljice' yj zschcrcehc xjexa hc gj ieea~jìðe àda hc gap `jdfiap ie`vcdcexjgcp%Gj dckavj àexiesj hcfc navdjv rjvxc hc gj djecvjhc rcepjv y j`xsjv hc gj cdrvcpj' hc djecvj zsc ce cgdadcexa ce zsc épxj hckj hc dckavjv' cdricj j hcpgijvpcmjìj jxvêp -Oaeêgc y Ej~jvva' :990< 3?)%@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhÄEHI@C :6?Xjfgj 6%8% Ljice $ Ieea~jìðeNscexc; Idji -:9=9< >2)J rjvxiv hc cpxjp hcnieiìaecp rahcdap àepihcvjv cg ljiceàda sej ieea~jìðe rczscúj' rav ga zsc xaha `jdfia avojeijxi~a

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y ec`cpjvijp' yj zsc ocecvjgdcexc cg dcv`jhahcdscpxvj zsc sej cdrvcpj zsc hcpcj djexcecv ps ei~cg



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zsc àda pcújgj @mai -:993< >6:)' hsvjexc xicdrap hc`jdfiap vc~agsìaejviap gjp avojeijìaecp vcj`ìaece vêrihjdcexc'rcva hsvjexc rcviahap hc vcgjxi~j `jgdj pc àe`cexvce

ce gj dckavj ie`vcdcexjg%6%3%6% Pipxcdj hc psocvceìjp Hcexva hc cpxc rva`cpa hc dckavj' sej rapifigihjh hc ggc~jvgaj gj rvê`xi`j cp dchijexc se pipxcdj hc psocvceìjp' àdanavdj hc rjvxiìrjìðe hc gap xvjfjkjhavcp j xvj~ép hc psocvceìjp'xjexa iehi~ihsjgcp àda àgc`xi~jp -avioiejhjp ravckcdrga j xvj~ép hc se czsira hc xvjfjka)%Cipxce hincvceìjp cexvc cg pipxcdj hc psocvceìjp rscpxa

ce rvê`xi`j ce A`ìhcexc y cg kjraeép% Dicexvjp ceA`ìhcexc gjp psocvceìjp rav júa pae ds`ma dceavcp zscK ð g i ni i g i m



ce Kjrðe' cg rvcdia niejeìcva j gjp dipdjp cp ds`ma djyav%Ce A`ìhcexc pc vcàdrcepje gjp psocvceìjp hc ei~cgdchia$jgxa' dicexvjp ce Kjrðe cp xaha ga àexvjvia% Cpxc mc`marschc crgi`jv gj hincvceìj hc rjvxiìrjìðe cexvcA`ìhcexc y Kjrðe' yj zsc ce Kjrðe' gj djyav rjvxc hc gjpKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð

@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :02rvarscpxjp vcìfce jgoûe ei~cg hc c~jgsjìðe' y pc vcàdrcepjece djyav a dceav ovjha -Jpaìjìðe hc VcgjìaecpMsdjejp hcg Kjrðe' :996< :9$6:)%Pcoûe cpxj ûgxidj' gj idrgjexjìðe hc se pipxcdj ljice pchcpjvvaggj ce fjpc j gjp piosicexcp xvcp cxjrjp;

Njpc :; Ce cpxj njpc' j gap cdrgcjhap pc gcp cpxidsgj j rjvxiìrjvce gj j`xi~ihjh' xadjeha rjvxc ce cg pipxcdjjravxjeha rvarscpxjp%Njpc 6; Njpc ce gj zsc gap cdrgcjhap rschce hcpjvvaggjv ps`jrjìhjh rjvj mj`cv rvarscpxjp hc dckavj `vcjxi~jp'jg ckc`sxjvpc jzscggjp zsc mje piha j`crxjhjprav gj hivc`ìðe%

Njpc 0; Njpc ce gj zsc pc àe`chc éenjpip jg cnc`xa hc gjprvarscpxjp%@ae cpxc pipxcdj' cg cdrgcjha xvjfjkj àe dêp cniìceìj jgcgidiejv cg hcprignjvva y rvaraec ihcjp rjvj àepcosiv dckavjpce cg rvahs`xa a rva`cpa% Pc rschc ggc~jv j `jfa ravckcdrga j xvj~ép hc se fsðe hc psocvceìjp haehc gap cdrgcjhaprschce hcrapixjv psp ihcjp a fice j xvj~ép hcg pidrgcàexj`xa cexvc `jhj cdrgcjha y psp djehap iexcvdchiap'

cg pxjnn hc rvadaìðe hcg pipxcdj hc rvarscpxjp s axvap@jräxsga IIHivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh

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… Xvjfjkjv àe hjxap rvcìpap y sxigijvgap àvvc`xjdcexc àdarjvxc ~ixjg hc se rvaovjdj hc dckavj àexiesj% Jpä' rjvjhcpjvvaggjv se rvahs`xa zsc pjxipnjoj gjp ec`cpihjhcp



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rschce sxigijvpc gjp picxc mcvvjdicexjp fêpi`jp zsc cpxshijvcdapce cg `jräxsga piosicexc%… Pcosiv cg ì`ga hc Pmcwmjvx -P`mcvlcefj`m' :996< 0:)% Cgì`ga cp se rva`chidicexa zsc rcvpiosc gj dckavj àexiesjj xvj~ép hc gj vcpagsìðe hc rvafgcdjp s aravxseihjhcp% Cgì`ga àdicej àe se cpxshia hc gj pixsjìðe j`xsjg' hsvjexccg `sjg pc vcûec ienavdjìðe zsc pc sxigij ce gj nav$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :06dsgjìðe hcg rgje rjvj gj dckavj% Sej ~c hcnieiha cg rgje'cg piosicexc rjpa cp ps ckc`sìðe y rapxcviav vc~ipiðe rjvjàdrvafjv pi pc mje rvahsìha gjp dckavjp rvc~ipxjp% Pi cpjpä' pc cdrvcehc sej j`ìðe niejg zsc àepipxc ce gj cpxjehjvijìðedcxahagðoi`j rjvj jpcosvjv zsc gj iexvahs`ìðehc gap esc~ap déxahap pcvê jrgi`jhj hcphc cexae`cp%Cp hcìv' sej ~c rvahsìhj sej dckavj' épxj hcfc pcvàepihcvj àda se cpxêehjv zsc pcvê vcnsxjha àe esc~aprgjecp rjvj dêp dckavjp% Jpä' `sjeha cg ì`ga cpxê ce nseìaejdicexarahcdap dckavjv gap cpxêehjvcp%… Gj cipxceìj hc afkcxi~ap% Ea rschc mjfcv sej dckavj piea cipxc sej dcxj zsc pc hcpcj psrcvjv% @ada pcújgj

Idji -:9=9< :::)' hcfc cipxiv se afkcxi~a rvcìpa rjvj xahaxvjfjkjhav' dêzsiej y rva`cpa% Rav cgga vcpsgxj cpceìjg àea`cvcg rsexa hc rjvxihj y gap cpxêehjvcp hc xvjfjka%

Cexvc gjp xéèi`jp jrgi`jfgcp ce cpxc rva`cpa hc dckavj ceàexvjdap

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Ce àepc`sceìj' j xvj~ép hc gj dckavj pc àepiosc pjxipnj`cvjg `gicexc' ce êvcjp àda `jgihjh' àpxc' vcexjfigihjh ypcv~iìa -`sdrgiceha àe ~agsdce' cexvcoj y pcv~iìa vczscviha)'jpä àda ce ga vcgjxi~a j gj rjvxiìrjìðe hc gjp rcvpaejpy cexihjhcp hc ps cexavea -îggjv< :990< 8?) y rcvdixc jgj cdrvcpj pcosiv sej cpxvjxcoij zsc gc ggc~c jg rvaovcpa

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? @ada pc afpcv~j' gap rsexap zsc ~jdap j jejgijv zschjevcngckjhap àda ¬jocexcp¼ ce cg Dahcga Csvarca hc @jgihjh' àda~idap ce cg `jräxsga jexcviav% @ae cgga pc rvcxcehc àepcosiv gapvcpsgxjhap zsc jpä cpxjfgc`c cg dipda%= Rjvj ds`mjp cdrvcpjp' gap afkcxi~ap ocecvjgcp pae afkcxi~apcpxvjxéoiàp hc gj jgihjh%9 Ce gj rvê`xi`j' gj ragäxi`j hc `jgihjh zschj vcngckjhj ce seha`sdcexa iexcvea' eavdjgdcexc nivdjha rav gj jgxj hivc`ìðe' zscrschc pcv hcphc se pidrgc nagia mjpxj se rczscúa djesjg%

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Hivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce sejdficexc hc `jgihjh0%:% Gihcvjoa ce sej avojeijìðe hc `jgihjh

Ce cpxc jrjvxjha rvcxcehcdap cjdiejv gjp `jvj`xcväpxi`jp

hc gap gähcvcp hc `jgihjh' àdrgcxjeha cg jeêgipipvcjgijha ce cg rvidcv `jräxsga' haehc cpxshiêfjdapgjp nseìaecp zsc hcpcdrcúje gap hivc`xi~ap' hipxieosicehagj nseìðe hc gihcvjoa hc gj hc jhdieipxvjìðe adjejocdcex y àepihcvjeha zsc jdfjp pae ec`cpjvijp rjvjcg éixa hc se rvaovjdj hc `jgihjh%



cg éixa hc se rvaovjdj hc `jgihjh%Cg xévdiea gihcvjoa ea xicec rav zsé jpaìjvpc jg hc hivc`xi~a%Ce cpxc pcexiha' ¬se iehi~ihsa rschc pcv se fsce hivc`xi~ace gj dchihj zsc rgjeinizsc' avojei`c y àexvagc jhc`sjhjdcexc<rcva' pie cdfjvoa' pcv se djg gähcv ravzsc ea àepiosczsc psp psfavhiejhap hcpcdrcúce ps gjfav ce cg `jdiea

àvvc`xa% @aexvjvijdcexc' se fsce gähcv rschc pcv seKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :0=djg hivc`xi~a' rscpxa zsc hivioc j psp psfavhiejhap jhc`sjhjdcexc'rcva ce se pcexiha czsi~a`jha' zsc ea hcpcdfa`jce gj àepc`sìðe hc gap afkcxi~ap hc gj avojeijìðe¼

-@gj~cv' Ojp`ð y Ggarip' :99>< 060)%Rav axva gjha' j rcpjv hc zsc hincvcexcp jsxavcp papxicecezsc gj nseìðe hcg gihcvjoa cp xäri`j hc gj jgxj hivc`ìðe' xjgy àda pcújgj Oaeêgc$^jhigga -:9==< 8)' ¬ea `jfc gj niosvjhcg gähcv rcvpaejg y rcvdjecexc' piea gj hc sej nseìðe' cggihcvjoa' hcprva~ipxj hc `sjgzsicv vjpoa kcvêvzsià y zsc cpjpsdihj pcoûe gj pixsjìðe rcvpaejg' àysexsvjg y hc hcpjvvaggahcg ovsra¼% Cpxj pixsjìðe' zsc cp jpä ce gj rvê`xi`j'pc mj`c dêp rjxcexc ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjh' haehc' pifice cp ìcvxa zsc gj nseìðe hc gihcvjoa hc gj jgxj hivc`ìðecp cpceìjg' xjdfiée vcpsgxj idravxjexc ce cg vcpxa hc ei~cgcp kcvêvzsiàp haehc gap hivc`xi~ap hcfce j`xsjv àda gähcvcprjvj àepcosiv zsc xahap psp psfavhiejhap pc ie~ags`vceàe gj `jgihjh% Jpidipda' ce cg xvjfjka ce czsira' `syapdicdfvap rschce pcv hc gap ei~cgcp fjkap' vcpsgxj ec`cpjvij

gj niosvj hcg gähcv àda dicdfva hcg dipda%Hc cpxj djecvj' cg gihcvjoa cp nsehjdcexjg rjvj gj jhdieipxvjìðey cg àdravxjdicexa avojeijxi~a% Rvscfj hc cgga

cp zsc gap dahcgap hc `jgihjh hcpxj`je se rjrcg cpceìjg j

@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :09cpxj nseìðe àda hcdscpxvj cg Dahcga Csvarca hc @jgihjhy gj eavdj iexcvejìaejg IPA 9222%0%:%:% @sjgihjhcp hc gap gähcvcp rjvj gj `jgihjh @ada mcdap pcújgjha' ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjh gap hivc`xi~aphcfce pcv fsceap gähcvcp% Jpä' cg cpxiga hc gihcvjoarcvdixivê' hc sej navdj s axvj' hcpjvvaggjv czsirap hc xvjfjka'hcgcojv jsxavihjh' nj~avc`cv sej àdsei`jìðe jficvxj'



cx`% Jsezsc ea mjy se àdravxjdicexa hcxcvdiejha àdagähcv' rscp cp ec`cpjvia hijoeapxi`jv gj vcjgihjh ce gj `sjg pcpixûj y j`xsjv ce àepc`sceìj' rahcdap jravxjv sej osäjpafvc gjp `jvj`xcväpxi`jp zsc rschce iengsiv rapixi~jdcexc cecg àdravxjdicexa hcg gähcv hc `jgihjh' àda dapxvjdap j

àexiesjìðe%J% @adrvadcxcvpcGap gähcvcp hcfce dapxvjv se jraya pcvia y pie`cva àe gj`jgihjh% Fcvvy -:996< :82$:80) y Ojgojea -:990< 828$823)pcújgje gjp j`ìaecp zsc ce gj rvê`xi`j hcfc vcjgijv gj jgxjhivc`ìðe rjvj cgga;… Navdjv rjvxc hcg àdixé hc `jgihjh%… J`xsjv rcvpaejgdcexc ce gap czsirap hc dckavj hc gj `jgihjh%

Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :82… Vc~ipjv gjp rvcpcexjìaecp hcg czsira hc dckavj rjvj c~jgsjvgap rvayc`xap xcvdiejhap y hcìhiv pi pc idrgjexje a ea'rjvxiìrjv ce gjp rvcpcexjìaecp rcviðhi`jp hc gap rvayc`xaphc gap czsirap' mjìceha àdcexjviap%

… Jpipxiv j gap pcdiejviap hc gap czsirap y ~ipixjv gap hcrjvxjdcexap%Vcàvvcv gj avojeijìðe y xcecv se iexcv`jdfiaienavdjg àe gap cdrgcjhap%… Hjv gjp hivc`xvi`cp pafvc `jgihjh y jrvafjv gap ienavdcp rcviðhiàpzsc hcfce àdsei`jvpc j xaha cg rcvpaejg%… Cexvcojv `cvxini`jhap y àehcàvjìaecp hc dckavj hc gj`jgihjh%

… Mjfgjv àe gap `gicexcp% Cpxê fice jejgijv gap vcpsgxjhap hcgjp ce`scpxjp hc gap `gicexcp' rcva xjdfiée cp ec`cpjviaceàexvjv gj navdj hc iexcv`jdfijv idrvcpiaecp%

… Rjvxiìrjv ce ieiìjxi~jp cprc`äni`jp rjvj gj rvadaìðe hc gj

`jgihjh ce gj cdrvcpj%… Hivioiv gj rgjeini`jìðe hc gj `jgihjh%… Rjvxiìrjv ce gj navdjìðe hc gj `jgihjh% Sej navdj hc mj`cvgapcväj idrjvxiceha y vcìficeha jgoûe `svpa hc navdjìðe%Gap hivc`xi~ap ocecvjgcp hcfce pcv gap rvidcvap ce@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :8:

jrvcehcv gap àe`crxap' mcvvjdicexjp y xéèi`jp hc gj hivc`ìðehc gj `jgihjh%

H gg iðhi hi ä i



… Hcpjvvaggjv rcviðhi`jdcexc jshixaväjp iexcvejp%… Jrgi`jv cg ì`ga RH@J j `jpap zsc jnc`xce jg rvaria xvjfjkaàe gj niejgihjh hc dckavjv cg rvaria vcpsgxjha%F% Cpxjv ce cp`s`mj rcvdjecexcCg dckav `sdrgiha zsc pc gc rschc mj`cv j sej rcvpaej cp

jpidigjv cg àexceiha c iexceìðe hc ga zsc xicec zsc hcìv-@vapfy' :9=?< ::9)% Hc cpxj djecvj' ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjh'cp ec`cpjvia cp`s`mjv àepxjexcdcexc j gap xvjfjkjhavcprjvj àdrvcehcv dckav gap rvafgcdjp zsc ce`scexvjece gj rscpxj ce rvê`xi`j hc gjp j`ìaecp hc dckavj -Has`my':9==< 9?)% Cpxj pixsjìðe rschc rcvdixiv j gj cdrvcpj jg`jejvse cpxjha haehc cipxj ~cvhjhcvj àdsei`jìðe%@% Pcv àdrcxcexc

Gj navdjìðe jhc`sjhj jg êvcj hc xvjfjka cp ec`cpjvij rjvjzsc cg gähcv hcpjvvaggc fice psp j`xi~ihjhcp% Fjka gj nigapanäjhc gj `jgihjh ga rvidcva zsc xicece zsc jhzsiviv gap dicdfvaphc sej seihjh cp gj navdjìðe vcgjxi~j j gap àe`crxap `gj~cphc gj `jgihjh% Rapxcviavdcexc pc hcxcvdiejvêe gjp hipì$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :86rgiejp ce gjp zsc mjy zsc jhzsiviv àdrcxceìj rjvj cg xvjxjdicexahc gap rvafgcdjp%H% @adsei`jhav@adsei`jv cg pioeini`jha hcg rva`cpa hc dckavj hc gj `jgihjh'ga zsc vcrvcpcexj y cg afkcxi~a rcvpcosiha' cp nsehjdcexjgrjvj jpcosvjv cg éixa hc gj cdrvcpj -Has`my' :9==<

9=)% Ea afpxjexc' àda mcdap jejgijha ce cg rva`cpa hcidrgjexjìðe' gj àdsei`jìðe àepxixsyc sej hc gjp xjvcjpdêp nvc`scexcp hc gap djehap' rjvj xvjepdixiv gj ienavdjìðe

àe gj `sjg rahcv xadjv hcìpiaecp -Pceggc' :996< =0)%

C% @avvcoiv j psp psfavhiejhapCe se jdficexc hc `jgihjh' gap cvvavcp ea hcfce pcv ~ipxapàda xjgcp' pjg~a zsc pc a`sgxce% Hc cpxj djecvj' gj àdsei`jìðejficvxj hcfc rcvdixiv j gap cdrgcjhap crvcpjv psparieiaecp y gap rvafgcdjp hijviap rjvj zsc cg hivc`xi~a rschjàvvcoivgap a xvjxjvgap àe cggap%N% Vcàea`cv mjfigihjhcp

Fjka se jdficexc hc `jgihjh' cg gähcv ea mj`c hipxieìaecpcexvc psp cdrgcjhap ce `sjexa j vcehidicexa a dévixap' rcvapä vcàea`c gjp mjfigihjhcp y cg xjgcexa hcg rcvpaejg zsc



xvjfjkj fjka ps hcrcehceìj' hcxcvdiejeha `sjeha jgosice@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :80cpxê arcvjeha nscvj hcg pipxcdj' y xadjeha gjp dchihjp

jhc`sjhjp -Josjya' :990< 66:)% Cg hivc`xi~a vcàea`c cg xvjfjkafice mc`ma' àepiosiceha jpä sej djyav gcjgxjh hc `jhjcdrgcjha' gaovjeha j ps ~c daxi~jvga -Msxjfgc' :993<93)% Hc cpxj djecvj' gap gähcvcp `vcce ce gj `jrjìhjh nsehjdcexjghc gap cdrgcjhap rjvj jg`jejv cg éixa' y àepihcvjezsc ps rvarij nseìðe cp gj hc cpxjfgc`cv se dahcgahc c`cgceìj' rvaravìaejv gjp mcvvjdicexjp ec`cpjvijp rjvjcg éixa' y cpxidsgjv sej àehs`xj hc gihcvjoa ce xahj gj

cdrvcpj% @vcce ce gjp rcvpaejp zsc xvjfjkje àe cggap' ravga zsc àepihcvje rviavixjvij gj àdsei`jìðe àe cggjp-Fcvvy' :993< 69)%O% Ojvjexijv zsc xahjp gjp êvcjp y xaha cg rcvpaejg xvjfjkjece czsiraGj nigapanäj hc gj `jgihjh cpxjfgc`c zsc xahap xicece zsc xvjfjkjvàavhiejhj y jvdaeiapjdcexc% Ce cpxc pcexiha' cp rapifgc

àdrvjv gap dckavcp àdraecexcp hcg dseha y' piecdfjvoa' cgjfavjv se rvahs`xa zsc ea nseìaec fice% Hciosjg navdj' pc rschc àexjv àe gap dckavcp hivc`xi~ap y xcecvsej j`xsjìðe dchia`vc% Rav xjexa' ce cpxj pixsjìðe eapc rvahs`ce piecvoijp' zsc pðga nseìaeje pi pc àarcvj cexvcxahap gap cdrgcjhap% Jpä' gj nseìðe hcg gähcv cp ~cgjv ravzscxahap ce ps ovsra xvjfjkce ksexap y jvdaeiapjdcexcKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð

@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :88

àe cg vcpxa hc gj avojeijìðe rjvj gaovjv gap afkcxi~ap hc gj

dipdj -Josjya' :990< 663)%M% Hivioiv cg `jdfiaGap gähcvcp hcfce hivioiv cg `jdfia mjìj gj `sgxsvj hc `jgihjh%Ce cpxc pcexiha' ds`mjp ~c`cp gap cdrgcjhap ea ~ce gjec`cpihjh hc `jdfijv pi ea cipxc sej pixsjìðe hc `vipip% Épxjea idrgi`j ec`cpjvijdcexc sej pixsjìðe ecojxi~j' pieazsc rschc pcv sej aravxseihjh rjvj dckavjv% Rav cgga' gap gähcvcp

xicece zsc `vcjv cpxj ec`cpihjh' ga `sjg idrgi`j-Xjygav' :993< ?8$?3);… Hcdapxvjv zsc gap vcpsgxjhap hc gj avojeijìðe ea pae pjxipnj`xaviap'



spjeha fce`mdjvlp rav ckcdrga%… Ie`vcdcexjv gap afkcxi~ap hc hcpcdrcúa hc psp dicdfvap%… Avojeijv cg `jdfia%Hc cpxj djecvj' ¬gap gähcvcp hcfce cpxidsgjv gj j`xixsh hcraecv ce hshj gjp àpjp ce gjp rcvpaejp zsc gcp vahcje y

rcvdixivgcp pcv ieea~jhavjp pie xcdav jg nvj`jpa¼ -@jrawpli':998< 63)%I% Ihcexini`jv sej ~ipiðe hc gj cdrvcpj@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :83Cg gähcv hcfc xcecv `gjvj gj ~ipiðe -eaxj :) hc gj cdrvcpj% Cggapioeini`j zsc gap gähcvcp hcfce pjfcv hðehc zsicvce zsc cpxé

gj cdrvcpj ce cg nsxsva' rav ga zsc hcfce àepcosiv zscxahap gap cdrgcjhap gj àdrjvxje -@jrawpli' :998< 66)% Cecpxc pcexiha' j dceap zsc cpj ~ipiðe pcj àdûe j xahj gjcdrvcpj' pcj àdrjvxihj y cpxée àdrvadcxihap àe cggj gjdjyaväj hc gap cdrgcjhap' cg gähcv ea rahvê hivioiv cg `jdfiaavojeijìaejg -@ijdrj' :996< :68)%Jpä sea hc gap nj`xavcp dêp eaxjfgcp hc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh

cp cg rvarðpixa àdûe rjvj zsc xahap gap cdrgcjhapjg`je`ce gap afkcxi~ap% Cpxa pc àepiosc j xvj~ép hc gj rvayc`ìðehc sej idjoce àvravjxi~j nscvxc' `gjvj y jxvj`xi~j'zsc cp vcnavjhj àe ragäxi`jp y cpgðojecp' zsc j ps ~c cpxêpapxceihj rav se cpxiga hc jhdieipxvjìðe jdjfgc' jficvxay ~ipifgc -_cfgcy y @jvxwviomx' :99>< 8=3$8=>)%K% Ocecvjv àenijej y vcprcxa ce gap pcosihavcp@ae cg afkcxa hc pcexjv gjp fjpcp rjvj gj j`crxjìðe hc `jdfiap

vjhi`jgcp y cpceìjgcp ce gj navdj hc hivioiv gj cdrvcpj'`vcjeha jpä àeìceìj pafvc gj ec`cpihjh hcg `jdfia-J~agiea y Fjpp' :990< 68) j sej cdrvcpj hc `jgihjh% Cpxj

àenijej y vcprcxa hcfc cipxiv ce jdfjp hivc`ìaec

Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :8>L% MaevjhcCg gähcv ea rschc `jvc`cv hc iexcovihjh y mj`cv zsc gj ocexcgc pioj rav dicha -@jrawpli' :998< 66)%G% Pcv `jrj hc daxi~jv j psp pcosihavcp

Gjp rcvpaejp pae gjp zsc vcjgdcexc ckc`sxje cg xvjfjka ce gjavojeijìðe rav ga zsc mjy zsc daxi~jvgjp% Xahap gap cdrgcjhapec`cpixje pcexivpc ~jgiapap `jhj sea cp ûeià rav



ec`cpixje pcexivpc ~jgiapap' `jhj sea cp ûeià' ravga zsc cp idravxjexc cpxvs`xsvjv cg pipxcdj hc daxi~jìðe censeìðe hc gj pixsjìðe hc gap iehi~ihsap y hc gap afkcxi~aprcvpaejgcp rjvj zsc pc rschj àepcosiv ga dckav hc gj ocexc%Ce cpxc pcexiha' cg gähcv hcfc xcecv `sjgihjhcp zsc gc rcvdixje

iexcvj`ìaejv c iengsiv ce gap hcdêp y hcfc cipxiv sejfscej vcgjìðe àe gap cdrgcjhap' ga zsc vczsicvc àea`cvj gj axvj rjvxc%Pi fice cp ìcvxa zsc cg hiecva cp sej hc gjp rvieìrjgcp daxi~jìaecp'yj zsc pjxipnj`c gjp ec`cpihjhcp rvidjvijp' pscnc`xa daxi~jhav eavdjgdcexc hc`vc`c j dchihj zsc gap pjgjviappc cgc~je' rav ga zsc mjy zsc àepihcvjv axvap nj`xavcp<àda gjp ec`cpihjhcp iehi~ihsjgcp hc gjp rcvpaejp%

Sej ~c àeaìhjp gjp ec`cpihjhcp hc gjp rcvpaejp mjy zsccexcehcv psp crc`xjxi~jp% @ada pcújgj Kay`c -:993< ?0)' gj@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :8?crcviceìj rvc~ij y gj chs`jìðe' gjp ec`cpihjhcp hc gj pixsjìðervcpcexc y gjp rcv`crìaecp hcg nsxsva pae jprc`xapzsc iengsyce pafvc gj daxi~jìðe hc gap iehi~ihsap%

Hc cpxj djecvj' cg iehi~ihsa xicec sejp mjfigihjhcp ieejxjpy jhzsivihjp' seap àeaìdicexap zsc pc jhzsicvce àe gjcrcviceìj' cg cpxshia' cx`% y sejp j`xixshcp zsc gj hivc`ìðehcfc vcnavjv ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjh% Xjg y àda jnivdjeFva`lj y Fva`lj -:996< :0=)' rjvj `vcjv se jhc`sjha pipxcdjhc daxi~jìðe cp ec`cpjvia;… Hcxcvdiejv gjp `jvj`xcväpxi`jp hcg xvjfjka% @jhj xjvcj xicec

psp rc`sgijvihjhcp' rav ga zsc vcàea`cv épxjp cp cg rvidcvrjpa rjvj pcgc`ìaejv j gj rcvpaej jhc`sjhj a àvvcoivrvafgcdjp%

… Hcxcvdiejv cg àexcxa daxi~jìaejg hcg cdrgcjha% Hcfc

cipxiv sej vcgjìðe cexvc gjp `jvj`xcväpxi`jp hc gap cdrgcjhapy gjp hcg xvjfjka' xceiceha ce `scexj zsc gjp hcg cdrgcjharschce `jdfijv j xvj~ép hc ps `jvvcvj rvancpiaejg%… Ihcexini`jv gjp hip`vcrjeìjp cexvc cg xvjfjka' cg iehi~ihsa ygj hivc`ìðe%Ce cpxc pcexiha' ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjh gj daxi~jìðe pcrschc àepcosiv j xvj~ép hc gj rjvxiìrjìðe -czsirap hc xvj$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :8=



ÄEHI@C :8=fjka' pipxcdjp hc psocvceìjp' jsxaàexvag y jdrgijìðe maviaexjgy ~cvxi`jg hcg rscpxa)' gj navdjìðe y cg vcàeaìdicexa -niosvj 0%:)%Rav axva gjha' axvjp navdjp àe`vcxjp zsc rschce jrayjv j

cpxap xvcp nj`xavcp rvieìrjgcp hc daxi~jìðe pae gj hcnieiìðe`gjvj hc afkcxi~ap' gj `cpiðe hc jsxavihjh j gap cdrgcjhap' gjàdsei`jìðe hc gj idravxjeìj hc gj `jgihjh rjvj `vcjv àeìceìjhc `jgihjh y hcpxj`jv zsc psp j`ìaecp pae cpceìjgcprjvj àepcosivgj' gj xvjepdipiðe hc ienavdjìðe rvcìpj'gj àenijej ce cg rcvpaejg y cg jraya j gj mavj hc mj`cv dckavcg xvjfjka y rav ûgxida' idrgjexjv ragäxi`jp hc rcvpaejgjàvhcp àe se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh%

0%:%6% Vcpraepjfigihjhcp hc gap gähcvcp hc `jgihjh Jejgijhjp gjp `sjgihjhcp zsc rschce vcseiv gap gähcvcp hc`jgihjh' rahcdap xjdfiée pcújgjv gap vagcp àe`vcxap zsc@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :89Niosvj 0%:% Nj`xavcp hc daxi~jìðeNscexc; Cgjfavjìðe rvarij

hcfce hcpcdrcújv ce gj rvê`xi`j' xjexa gj jgxj hivc`ìðe àdagap djehap iexcvdchiap' àe gj niejgihjh hc `sdrgiv àecg afkcxi~a hc hcpjvvaggjv se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh y zsc rahcdapie`gsiv ce cg àdrvadipa hc gj hivc`ìðe' rgjeini`jìðe'avojeijìðe y àexvag hc gj `jgihjh%Ce cpxc àexcxa' cg rjrcg hc gj jgxj hivc`ìðe cp ~ixjg' cpceìjgrjvj cg éixa hc gj `jgihjh% Psp rvieìrjgcp nseìaecp rjvjcgga pae -eaxj 6);

:% Jhzsiviv gap àe`crxap nsehjdcexjgcp hc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj`jgihjh' cepcújv j psp hivc`xi~ap xahap gap rvieìriap hc gj

dckavj àexiesj y rcvdixiv gj rjvxiìrjìðe hc xahj gj avojeijìðe

ce gj navdjìðe àexiesj%6% Cpxjfgc`cv gj cpxvs`xsvj rjvjgcgj y rvcpihiv cg àdixé ckc`sxi~aa hc `jgihjh%0% Cpxjfgc`cv y hcprgcojv gjp ragäxi`jp hc `jgihjh%8% Nadcexjv cg xvjfjka ce czsira cexvc gj hivc`ìðe y gap cdrgcjhapj gap zsc pc gcp mj `chiha vcpraepjfigihjh%3% Rvada~cv sej àdsei`jìðe jficvxj zsc rcvdixj sej hipxvifsìðehc gj ienavdjìðe rjvj àepcosiv gap afkcxi~ap ydaxi~jv j gap xvjfjkjhavcp%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;



@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :32>% Rvaravìaejv vcàdrcepjp y vcàeaìdicexap%?% @jdfijv gj avojeijìðe avicexjhj jg rvahs`xa y gj nseìðe

j axvj fjpjhj ce cg `gicexc y cg rva`cpa%=% Vcseiv ienavdjìðe vcgjxi~j j gj `jgihjh y jg àexvag hc gj`jgihjh y ~cvini`jv pi gj `jgihjh pc cpxê `sdrgiceha' ravckcdrga dchijexc jshixaväjp' àe cg afkcxa hc vccjdiejvcg pipxcdj y dchiv cg rvaovcpa hc gj `jgihjh%9% Rvaravìaejv cg jraya niejeìcva ec`cpjvia rjvj gj navdjìðey gj idrgjexjìðe hc esc~ap déxahap rjvj gj dckavjhc gj `jgihjh%

Rav ps rjvxc' gjp nseìaecp hc gap djehap iexcvdchiap pcväje-Ipmiljwj' :992< :6>$:02);:% Jrgi`jìðe hc xahjp psp `jrjìhjhcp y psrcvjìðe ce pspxvjfjkap' sej ~c zsc psp psrcviavcp mjyje hcgcojha jsxavihjhce cggap%6% Pcv vcpraepjfgcp hc gj cj`xixsh hc gap hjxap zsc pc vcàkjevcgjxi~ap jg gsojv hc xvjfjka' àe gj iexceìðe hc àexvagjvy dckavjv%0% @adrvafjv zsc nseìaeje gjp j`xi~ihjhcp hc gap czsirapvcgjìaejhap àe gj `jgihjh%@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :3:8% Hcpjvvaggjv gj àdsei`jìðe àe axvjp hi~ipiaecp%0%6% Jprc`xap msdjeap hc gj `jgihjh

Cg àdrvadipa' ie~ags`vjìðe y gihcvjoa hc gj hivc`ìðe cpec`cpjvia rcva ea psniìcexc rjvj idrgjexjv se rvaovjdj cixapahc `jgihjh ce `sjgzsicv àdrjúäj' jhcdêp cp ec`cpjvia

cg àdrvadipa hcg vcpxa hc cdrgcjhap% Hc cpxj djecvj'

cg éixa y djexceidicexa hc se rvaovjdj hc `jgihjh vczsicvcse `jdfia ea pðga hc gap hivc`xi~ap' piea hc xahap gap cdrgcjhap%Ce cpxj gäecj' rjvj àepcosiv gj dckavj àexiesj mjy dsgxixshhc xéèi`jp' xahjp cggjp ce ocecvjg jhc`sjhjp' rcva cgéixa hc ps jrgi`jìðe ea hcrcehc hc gj xéèi`j ce pä' pieahc gj j`xixsh y `jrjìhjh hc gjp rcvpaejp zsc xvjfjkje ce gjavojeijìðe -@apxj' :998< 6=)% Rav xjexa' ei gj dêp j~jejhjxcèagaoäj ei gjp dckavcp iepxjgjìaecp pae psniìcexcprjvj cgjfavjv se fice a pcv~iìa hc `jgihjh% Pi fice cp ìcvxazsc cpxap nj`xavcp ieìhce hcnieixi~jdcexc ce gj `jgihjh hcgdipda cp `gjva zsc cg ovjha ce zsc ga mjoje hcrcehcvê hcg



dipda' cp `gjva zsc cg ovjha ce zsc ga mjoje hcrcehcvê hcgdaha ce zsc pcje sxigijhap rav gap vc`svpap msdjeap' ravga zsc pcvêe cggap gap zsc niejgdcexc rcvdixje zsc cpxc rvahs`xaxceoj gj `jgihjh zsc hcpcj cg `gicexc% Rav àepiosicexc'cg cgcdcexa `gj~c cp cg nj`xav msdjea%

Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :360%6%:% Cnc`xap hc gj `jgihjh pafvc gap vc`svpap msdjeap @ae cg cenazsc xvjhiìaejg hc gj `jgihjh -niosvj 0%6)' gap xvjfjkjhavcpea iexcv~ceäje ce cg hcpjvvagga hc gj `jgihjh' rscp

épxj cvj àexvagjhj j rapxcviavi' rav ga zsc gj vcxvajgidcexjìðepðga pc afxceäj sej ~c cgjfavjha cg fice a pcv~iìa%Gj c~agsìðe hc cpxc cenazsc jg j`xsjg ocecvj se `jdfia cegjp j`xixshcp hc gap cdrgcjhap zsc idrgi`j' rvieìrjgdcexc-Djxca' :99:< :9); j) `vcjv gj ec`cpihjh hc mj`cv gjp àpjpàvvc`xjp fice j gj rvidcvj' f) àepihcvjv zsc xahap pae`gicexcp y rva~cchavcp àda ûei`j navdj hc zsc nseìaec xahacg rva`cpa y pc àepioje seap rvahs`xap hc `jgihjh rjvjcg `gicexc niejg y `) gj ec`cpihjh hc ienavdjìðe pafvc gjp crc`xjxi~jpy ec`cpihjhcp hcg `gicexc% Jpä' gj `jgihjh cp vcpraepjfigihjhhc xahap y mj hc cipxiv sej ~cvhjhcvj ie~ags$@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :30Niosvj 0%6% Pipxcdj xvjhiìaejg hc ieprc`ìðeNscexc; Oðdc$Dckäj' Fjglie y @jvhy -:99?< 389)

`vjìðe hc gap dipdap' yj zsc xahap ~je j rjvxiìrjv ce gjc~jgsjìðe hc ps êvcj hc xvjfjka' rvaravìaejeha vcxvajgidcexjìðe



Hivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjh

ÄEHI@C :33xahap gap ei~cgcp hc gj cdrvcpj' cg cpnscva hc dckavj ce cgxvjfjka hijvia -Pmifj' Ovjmjd y _mjghce' :993< 636)%Rav axva gjha' gap hivc`xi~ap ea hcfce mj`cv vc`vidiejìaecpj gap xvjfjkjhavcp rav àdcxcv cvvavcp àe cg nie hc jeidjvgapj rcepjv y j`xsjv vjìaejgdcexc% Cpxa cp idravxjexc rjvjzsc gap xvjfjkjhavcp j`crxce ps vcpraepjfigihjh y ea ggcoscegap njggap jg àepsdihav niejg -_cfgcy y @jxwviomx'

:99>< 8=?)%Ce cpxj gäecj' cpxj djyav ie~ags`vjìðe hc gap cdrgcjhap pcrschc àepcosiv dchijexc cg hipcúa hcg rscpxa' cg cevizscìdicexa



r o r zhcg rscpxa hc xvjfjka y cg cdrawcvdcex % Cg ¬cdrawcvdcex¼ cp sej navdj hc djxcvijgijv cpxj ie~ags`vjìðe yjhzsicvc sej idravxjeìj ~ixjg ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjh%Hcnieiv cdrawcvdcex àda hcgcojìðe a `cpiðe hc rahcv cp

sej hcnieiìðe ieàdrgcxj' jpä' se pioeini`jha dêp àvvc`xapcväj cg hc mjfigixjv a jsxavijv jg cdrgcjha % Sej navdj hcggc~jvga j `jfa cp dchijexc gj `cpiðe hc jsxavihjh zsc pc hcfcjàdrjújv àe ienavdjìðe rjvj zsc gap psfavhiejhaprschje cgidiejv gj iecni`jìj ce ps xvjfjka% Ce àepc`sceìj'idrgi`j zsc gap arcvjviap -Fawce y Gjwgcv III' :996j< 06<@ijdrj' :996< :==$:90);Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð

@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :3>… Vcìfce ienavdjìðe pafvc gjp j`xsjìaecp hc gj avojeijìðe%Hc cpxj djecvj' rschce xadjv hcìpiaecp y' ravckcdrga' jravxjv psocvceìjp rjvj gj dckavj hc gj `jgihjh-Nsgh' :996< ::0)% Épxa idrgi`jvê sej djyav iexcvhcrcehceìjcexvc gap xvjfjkjhavcp -Xmicv' :990< :6)%

… Jhzsicvce navdjìðe àe cg nie hc àexvifsiv hc djecvj dêpcniìcexc jg xvjfjka avojeijìaejg%… @aepiosce rahcv rjvj xadjv hcxcvdiejhjp hcìpiaecp zscrschce iengsiv ce gj j`xi~ihjh hc gj cdrvcpj%… Afxicece rvcdiap fjpjhap ce psp hcpcdrcúap rjvj nadcexjvy jeidjv ps `vcjxi~ihjh c ieiìjxi~j%Cp' rav xjexa' se nj`xav `gj~c rjvj àepcosiv gap afkcxi~ap hc

gj `jgihjh xaxjg% Cpxj `cpiðe hc jsxavihjh vcrcv`sxc pafvc cghcpcdrcúa hc gap cdrgcjha' y rav àepiosicexc pafvc cg avojeijìaejg%Pie cdfjvoa' cpxc hcpcdrcúa hcfc vcàea`cvpc

y rvcdijvpc' rjvj ga `sjg pc vczsicvc sej c~jgsjìðe

hcg dipda' yj zsc gap hivc`xi~ap hcfce vcàea`cv y ~jgavjv cg`jrixjg iexcgc`xsjg hc psp cdrgcjhap àda navdj hc nj~avc`cvgj cni`jìj y c`cgceìj hc gjp cdrvcpjp% Hc cpxj navdj'fjka se jdficexc hc `jgihjh' gap xvjfjkjhavcp hcfce cpxjvdaxi~jhap rjvj jg`jejv gap afkcxi~ap rvarscpxap' àda mcdapcpxshijha ce cg jrjvxjha jexcviav@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :3?0%6%6% Rvê`xi`jp hc rcvpaejg Afpcv~jdap `ðda xvjxjv fice j gap cdrgcjhap rschc idrgi`jv

n P



sej dckavj ce cg pcv~iìa zsc rvcpxje jg `gicexc niejg% Piecdfjvoa' cpxj rcvprc`xi~j cp ieàdrgcxj' cp ec`cpjvia àdrgcxjvgjàe sej jhdieipxvjìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap jhc`sjhjrjvj gj pixsjìðe hc gj cdrvcpj y zsc rschc pcv sej

hc gjp `gj~cp rjvj àepcosiv ~cexjkjp àdrcxixi~jp-P`mecihcv y Fawce' :990< ??)% Ce cpxc pcexiha' ds`map hcgap rvieìriap zsc papxicec gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh cpxêecpxvc`mjdcexc vcgjìaejhap àe êvcjp àe`vcxjp hc vc`svpapmsdjeap zsc rschce rvahsìv se cnc`xa rapixi~a pafvcgj `jgihjh% Gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh vczsicvc se `jdfia cegj djecvj hc ocpxiaejv gap vc`svpap msdjeap rjvj jhjrxjvgapj gj esc~j ec`cpihjh% Cpxjp rvê`xi`jp ie`gsyce cg hcpjvvagga

hc rgjecp hc vc`gsxjdicexa y pcgc`ìðe' ie~ags`vjìðe'navdjìðe' hcpcdrcúa' vcàeaìdicexa hc gap cdrgcjhap-Hcje' Kjdcp y Fawce' :998< 099$822) y hcpjvvagga hc `jvvcvjpzsc hcfce pcv jàvhcp àe gj cpxvjxcoij ogafjg hc gjavojeijìðe%Vc`gsxjdicexa y pcgc`ìðe Cg rva`cpa hc vc`gsxjdicexa rjvxc hc gjp ec`cpihjhcp hcrcvpaejg hc gj avojeijìðe y xicec cg rvarðpixa hc àepcosivse eûdcva hc raxceìjgcp `jehihjxap rjvj pcgc`ìaejv rap$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :3=xcviavdcexc j gap dêp `jrj`cp' pcoûe cg `vixcvia cpxjfgcìharav gj cdrvcpj' àe gj niejgihjh hc `sdrgiv gap afkcxi~ap hc gjdipdj%Cp ìcvxa zsc cpxc rva`cpa mj vcìfiha ra`j jxceìðe ce gjgixcvjxsvj pafvc `jgihjh' pie cdfjvoa' àda rjvxc hc gj hivc`ìðe

hc gap vc`svpap msdjeap hcfc pcv xceiha ce `scexj

ce gjp avojeijìaecp hc `jgihjh' rscpxa zsc vcjgdcexc àdcejvêeàe cpxc rva`cpa cg `jdiea hc àepcosiv rcvpaejg`jrj hc ie~ags`vjvpc àe gj esc~j `sgxsvj zsc ce~scg~c jxahj gj cdrvcpj% Jpä' ce se rvieìria picdrvc vcpsgxj dêp hinäìg`jdfijv gj `sgxsvj hc gap cdrgcjhap hc gj cdrvcpj zscàepcosiv zsc sej rcvpaej zsc mj piha pcgc`ìaejhj jg àepihcvjvzsc rahäj jkspxjvpc j cpxap esc~ap vczsipixap pcjhjrxc j gap dipdap -eaxj 8)%Hc cpxj djecvj' gj cdrvcpj dchijexc se xcpx hc mjfigihjh'hc rcvpaejgihjh' cexvc~ipxjp' cx`%' xvjxj hc hcp`sfviv jg `jehihjxazsc àepihcvc ~j j hcpcdrcújv dckav cg rscpxa hc



z r k rxvjfjka% Ce cpxc pcexiha' gj avojeijìðe zsc jharxj gj hivc`ìðehc gj `jgihjh a XZD' xicec hap jgxcvejxi~jp% Rav se gjha'rav ckcdrga' rschc cioiv' rjvj hcxcvdiejhap rscpxap' iehi~ihsapzsc rschje pcv cexspijpxjp ce gj vcpagsìðe hc rvafgcdjp

y cpxée njdigijvijhap àe cg rva`cpa cpxjhäpxià' ravga zsc c~jgsjvê cpxjp mjfigihjhcp hsvjexc cg rva`cpa hc pc$@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :39gc`ìðe -Fawce y Gjwgcv III' :996f< 03)% Rav axva' rschc àexvjxjvcdrgcjhap zsc sdrgje hcxcvdiejhjp jvj`xcväpxi`jpocecvjgcp zsc pc jkspxce jg rcvnig hcpcjha rav gj dipdj y

navdjvgap rapxcviavdcexc ce jprc`xap vcgjìaejhap àe gj`jgihjh% Ce cpxc `jpa' gap afkcxi~ap hc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhhcfce osijv gj fûpzschj hc `sjgihjhcp hcpcjhjp ce cgcdrgcjha xjgcp àda cg xvjfjka ce czsira' mjfigihjhcp iexcvrcvpaejgcp'`jrjìhjh hc djexcecv fscejp vcgjìaecp àeaxvjp rcvpaejp' cx`% -Oðdc$Dckäj' Fjglie y @jvhy' :99?<33?)' rjvj navdjvga' sej ~c iexcovjha ce gj cdrvcpj' rvieìrjgdcexc'ce gap àe`crxap y mcvvjdicexjp hc gj `jgihjh yhieêdi`j hc ovsrap%Ce cpxc rva`cpa' y ce jdfap `jpap' gj cdrvcpj hcfc xvjepdixivps àdrvadipa hc pjxipnj`ìðe àe gap `gicexcp' rav gazsc' ce gjp cexvc~ipxjp s axvjp rvscfjp mjy zsc hcp`sfviv gjidravxjeìj zsc `jhj `jehihjxa gc axavoj j gj dipdj' rjvjjpä ihcexini`jv gjp j`xixshcp pafvc cg pcv~iìa jg `gicexc ce gap`jehihjxap -Fcvvy' :996< :>9)% Ea afpxjexc' gj rvê`xi`j hc jgosejp

avojeijìaecp hc `jgihjh hcdscpxvj `ðda djexicececg dipda rva`cpa hc pcgc`ìðe zsc jexcp hc gj idrgjexjìðehc gj `jgihjh' yj zsc ds`mjp hc cpxjp nivdjp jpsdce

zsc gjp mjfigihjhcp àe`vcxjp vczscvihjp rjvj se jdficexc

hc `jgihjh rschce pcv jhzsivihjp vêrihjdcexc -Fgj`lfsve yKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :>2Vapce' :990< 39) rav dchia hc se rvaovjdj navdjxi~a%Hcphc cpxc rsexa hc ~ipxj' hc gjp hap arìaecp rvarscpxjpjexcviavdcexc' gj pcosehj rjvc`c dêp sxigijhj ce gj rvê`xi`j%

Pie cdfjvoa' gj cgc`ìðe hc sej s axvj picdrvc hcrcehcvêhc gj pixsjìðe hc gj cdrvcpj' rscp pi épxj ec`cpixjrcvpaejg àe crcviceìj' ce se rvieìria' pc jàocvê j gjrvidcvj jgxcvejxi~j



rvidcvj jgxcvejxi~j%Navdjìðe Gj navdjìðe cp se xcdj zsc mcdap jejgijha ce cg `jräxsgarvidcva àda sej hc gjp njpcp cpceìjgcp ce cg rva`cpahc idrgjexjìðe% Ce cpxc rsexa rahcdap àdrgcxjv cpxc cpxshia%Gj navdjìðe mj piha gj ragäxi`j hc vc`svpap msdjeapdêp xvjxjhj rav gap hcncepavcp hc gj `jgihjh' rscp cp se jprc`xa`växià rjvj ps hcpjvvagga% @ada pcújgj Ipmiljwj-:992< ::?)' gj `jgihjh cdricj y xcvdiej àe navdjìðe% Cpgj fjpc hcg pipxcdj y hcfc pcv rcvdjecexc àda dchia ~ixjgrjvj àepcosiv gj dckavj àexiesj%Gj navdjìðe rcvdixc jg xvjfjkjhav mj`cv dckav ps xvjfjka jg

àea`cv rcvnc`xjdcexc `sêgcp pae psp xjvcjp' pie ag~ihjvzsc jhcdêp' ec`cpixjvê hipraecv hc gap dchiap rjvj cgga ypcexivpc daxi~jha% Pie cdfjvoa' pi gap cdrgcjhap ea jrgi`jega jrvcehiha pc gcp ag~ihj' rav ga zsc cp idrvcpìehifgc zsc@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :>:épxap rschje jrgi`jv rapxcviavdcexc ga jrvcehiha ce cg xvjfjka%

Jhcdêp' fjka se jdficexc hc `jgihjh' cpxj navdjìðeea pðga hcfc idrjvxivpc ce gap ei~cgcp dêp fjkap' piea zscxjdfiée jnc`xj j gj jgxj jhdieipxvjìðe -eaxj 3)%Jpä rscp' xceiceha ce `scexj ga jexcviav' cpxc rva`cpa vczsicvcgj cgjfavjìðe hc se rgje hc navdjìðe rcviðhià àdacg piosicexc -eaxj >);… @aea`cv `ðda cp gj cdrvcpj y `sêgcp pae psp afkcxi~ap%… Hcp`sfviv gjp ec`cpihjhcp hc navdjìðe% Ocecvjgdcexccpxj vcpraepjfigihjh àvvcpraehc j gap hivc`xavcp nseìaejgcp%… Navdjgijìðe hcg rgje hc navdjìðe% Sej ~c ihcexini`jhjp

gjp ec`cpihjhcp navdjxi~jp pc cpxjfgc`c sej rgjeini`jìðe'

j dcesha hc rcviahiìhjh jesjg% Cpxc rvaovjdj rschc cpxjfgc`cvgagj jgxj hivc`ìðe' cg àavhiejhav hc `jgihjh a ie`gspacg hivc`xav hc rcvpaejg -eaxj ?)% Ce cpxj cxjrj pc cpxjfgc`cgj rapifgc navdjìðe ce `jgihjh zsc rapxcviavdcexcjrvafjvê' eavdjgdcexc' gj hivc`ìðe% Cpxj navdjìðe hcfc`cexvjvpc rvieìrjgdcexc ce; j) cg cpxshia hc gap rvieìriaphc gj `jgihjh' f) jrvcehijkc hc gjp xéèi`jp y dcxahagaoäjphc xvjfjka ce czsira y `) hieêdi`j hc ovsrap' hivc`ìðehc vcseiaecp' àdsei`jìðe' cx`% Axva xira hc navdjìðeKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~j



nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :>6àdrgcdcexjvij cpxjväj vcgjìaejhj àe cg jeêgipip hcg pioeini`jhahc `gicexc iexcvea y ga zsc cgga idrgi`j rjvj xaha cgrcvpaejg hc gj cdrvcpj' crgi`jìðe hc gjp njpcp hc idrgjexjìðehc se rvaovjdj hc `jgihjh' `jrjìxjìðe rjvjihcexini`jv y c~jgsjv gap àpxcp hc `jgihjh' jshixaväjp hc `jgihjh'cx`%… Cpxshia hc gjp ancvxjp dêp jhc`sjhjp rjvj ggc~jv j `jfacpxc rgje hc daha zsc pc jkspxce j gap vc`svpap hc gj cdrvcpj%Ce cpxap `jpap' gj cdrvcpj rschc j`shiv j `svpapcpxêehjvcp zsc cipxje ce cg dcv`jha a vcjgijvgap ¬j dchihj

¼' rav ckcdrga' ce cg iexcviav hc gj cdrvcpj' hcpjvvaggjharav rcvpaejg iexcvea a cxcvea y haehc pc navdj jg rcvpaejgce jzscggap xcdjp zsc àepihcvc gj jgxj hivc`ìðe azschc vcngckjha ce cg rgje hc navdjìðe rcviðhià%… Ckc`sìðe hcg rgje% Eavdjgdcexc ce gjp avojeijìaecp rczscújpcipxc se ûeià rgje' dicexvjp `jfc gj rapifigihjhhc cgjfavjv rgjecp hc navdjìðe rjvj `jhj hi~ipiðe ce gjpovjehcp cdrvcpjp%… Rscpxj ce rvê`xi`j hcg rva`cpa navdjxi~a% Rschc pcv iexcveaa cxcvea% Ce cpxc pcexiha' ce se rvieìria' rahcdaprcepjv zsc gj navdjìðe idrjvxihj rav gap rvariap hivc`xi~apcp gj dêp jhc`sjhj ravzsc hcdscpxvj' j gap akap hc@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :>0gap cdrgcjhap' cg àdrvadipa hc gj jhdieipxvjìðe àe gj`jgihjh% Iehcrcehicexcdcexc hc cgga' gj navdjìðe pc vcjgijmjfixsjgdcexc ce `jp`jhj% Jpä' sej ~c navdjhj gj jgxj

hivc`ìðe ce gap àe`crxap hc gj `jgihjh' cg piosicexc rjpa

pcväje gap djehap iexcvdchiap rjvj j`jfjv àe cg vcpxa hccdrgcjhap -Msxjfgc' :993< :80)% Jpidipda' cg éixa hc cpxcrvaovjdj ea pðga hcrcehc hcg àexceiha y dcxahagaoäjhcg dipda' piea xjdfiée hc gj iexcv~ceìðe hc gj hivc`ìðe'hc gjp njìgihjhcp rvaravìaejhjp rav gap psrcviavcp iedchijxap'hcg pcosidicexa vcjgijha rav épxap' cx`%-Vahväosc' :99:< ??)%… C~jgsjìðe%Ce vcjgihjh' gj hivc`ìðe hc gj cdrvcpj vcàea`c gj idravxjeìjhc gj navdjìðe rjvj gj dckavj hc gj `jgihjh y àdrcxixi~ihjh'pie cdfjvoa' cpxc rcepjdicexa ea pc djxcvijgij'

hi h g h n ið



rscp dsy ra`jp cdrvcpjp hipraece hc se rgje hc navdjìðey ds`mjp hc cggjp nsehjdcexje gj dipdj ce `svpap zscanvc`c cg dcv`jha%C~jgsjìðe hcg hcpcdrcúa

Gj c~jgsjìðe hcg vcehidicexa mjy zsc jhjrxjvgj jg jdficexchc `jgihjh' jpä' `sjgihjhcp àda gj avicexjìðe mjìj cgxvjfjka ce czsira' `jrjìhjh hc àdsei`jìðe a mjfigihjhKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :>8rjvj pagsìaejv rvafgcdjp pae hidcepiaecp idravxjexcp

zsc hcfcvêe pcv c~jgsjhjp y vcàdrcepjhjp% C~jgsjv cpxjphidcepiaecp' dchijexc `scpxiaejviap rav ckcdrga' rschcpcv~iv rjvj vcàdrcepjv j jzscggap xvjfjkjhavcp zsc pafvcpjgojece cpxjp êvcjp y' j gj ~c' iehi`jv j gj nscvj gjfavjgzsc épxjp pae idravxjexcp -Oadc$Dckäj' Fjglie y @jvhy':99?< 33?$33=)%Ce cpxc pcexiha' cipxc sej hiàxadäj cexvc gap hcncepavcp hcgj nigapanäj hc gj `jgihjh% Rav se gjha' Hcdieo -:9=9) pcújgj

zsc ds`map cvvavcp zsc àdcxce gap xvjfjkjhavcp ea pae idrsxjfgcpj cggap dipdap' piea jg pipxcdj% Hc cpxj navdj' cghcpcdrcúa cp hcfiha j nj`xavcp hcg pipxcdj' ea jxvifsifgc jgxvjfjkjhav' y àda àepc`sceìj' gj c~jgsjìðe hcg hcpcdrcúahcfc jfagivpc' jpä àda gap ie`cexi~ap iehi~ihsjgcp% Cecpxc pcexiha' I~je`c~i`m' Gavcei y Plieecv -:99>< 0=6) jnivdjezsc Hcdieo àehcej gj ~jgavjìðe hcg vcehidicexa djg

hipcújhj y jrgi`jhj' y hjha cg spa xje cxcepjdcexc jrgi`jhahsvjexc xjexa xicdra' gj àehcej j gj zsc gj padcxcHcdieo rahväj vcpsgxjv ìcvxjdcexc ce ps psrvcpiðe xaxjg%

Ea afpxjexc' axvap jsxavcp dscpxvje ps arapiìðe j cpxj jnivdjìðe%

Jpä' _jghdje -:990< ?6) pcújgj zsc gap iehi~ihsapàda dicdfvap hc se ovsra hc xvjfjka' ihcexini`jhap àe sejgxa hcpcdrcúa' rahväje ggcojv j hcpdavjgijvpc pi cg pipxc$@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :>3dj hc c~jgsjìðe hcg hcpcdrcúa nscvj' àda psoicvcHcdieo' cvvjhi`jha% Hc iosjg navdj' Fva`lj y Fva`lj -:996<

:36) jnivdje zsc se júa cp ds`ma xicdra rjvj rcvdixiv zsccg àdravxjdicexa cvvðeca àexieûc a ea pc vcàdrcepc jgfsce àdravxjdicexa' rav ga zsc pc hcfc pspxixsiv gj ~jgavjìðehcg hcpcdrcúa àe sej c~jgsjìðe ce `svpa j`xsjg Rav



hcg hcpcdrcúa àe sej c~jgsjìðe ce `svpa' j`xsjg% Ravxjexa' gjp c~jgsjìaecp hcfce pcv sej mcvvjdicexj dceapnavdjg zsc gap hivc`xi~ap hcfce sxigijv rjvj rvaravìaejvavicexjìðe y vcxvajgidcexjìðe àe cg afkcxa hc dckavjv cghcpcdrcúa%Ce fjpc j cpxjp jravxjìaecp' rahcdap afpcv~jv `ðda sejrjvxc hc gj gixcvjxsvj hc `jgihjh cpxjfgc`c gj àdrgcxj cgidiejìðehc gj c~jgsjìðe hcg hcpcdrcúa y xjexa gj rvê`xi`jàda axvj ~cvxicexc hc gj gixcvjxsvj jrayj ps sxigijìðe%J rcpjv hc cpxj hiàxadäj' rahcdap jnivdjv zsc gj ~jgavjìðehcg vcehidicexa cp idravxjexc' piceha pie cdfjvoa idrvcpìehifgcjkspxjvgj j gjp fjpcp hc gj `jgihjh% Rav àepiosicexc'

gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh ea pðga ea cgidiej gj ~jgavjìðehcg vcehidicexa iehi~ihsjg piea zsc jhcdêp vcnscvjgj ec`cpihjh rav ~jgavjv jzscggap `vixcviap idravxjexcp rjvjgj nigapanäj hc gj `jgihjh y cg hcpcdrcúa àgc`xi~a hcvi~jhaphc gap czsirap hc xvjfjka% Hc cpxj djecvj' j rcpjv hc gj ~ipiðehc Hcdieo' gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh sxigij xjexa cg vc$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;

nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :>>àeaìdicexa iehi~ihsjg àda cg àgc`xi~a' rcva picdrvc zsccpj dckavj rva`chj hc se `jdfia idrgjexjha rav sej rcvpaeja czsira' yj zsc ce `jpa àexvjvia cg vcàeaìdicexahcrcehcvê hcg jjv%Rav xjexa' cpxj ~jgavjìðe hcfc pcv czsixjxi~j y pi gap xvjfjkjhavcpea mj`ce fice ps xvjfjka' gap hivc`xi~ap hcfce ie~cpxiojvgjp `jspjp' rscp ce vjvjp a`jpiaecp cg cdrgcjha vcjgijdjg cg xvjfjka hc navdj iexceìaejhj' xceiceha jhcdêp ce

`scexj' zsc épxj ea hcfc pcv~iv pðga rjvj hcìhiv ie`vcdcexap

pjgjvijgcp' piea vcjgdcexc rjvj dchiv cg hcpcdrcúa ypjfcv' xjexa psrcviav àda psfavhiejha' zsé pc cpxê mjìcehafice' zsé pc cpxê mjìceha djg y zsé dchihjp pcrschce xadjv rjvj àepcosiv dckavjv%Vcjgijhj gj c~jgsjìðe' cg piosicexc rjpa cp cg vcàeaìdicexa%Ce cpxc avhce hc ihcjp' rscpxa zsc gap rjoap iehi~ihsjgcpvcnscvje cg hcpcdrcúa iehi~ihsjg' gj `jgihjh mj cenjxijhace cg jfjehaea hc cpxap pipxcdjp' ~jgavjeha dêp rapixi~jdcexcgap rvcdiap àgc`xi~ap -Fawce y Gjwgcv III' :996f<0=)% Pie cdfjvoa' cpxj djyav idravxjeìj zsc pc hj jg xvjfjkace czsira ea cgidiej gj ec`cpihjh hc c~jgsjv cg vcpsgxjhaiehi~ihsjg Gap hap pae ec`cpjviap -Fcvvy :993< 0:0)



iehi~ihsjg% Gap hap pae ec`cpjviap -Fcvvy' :993< 0:0)%@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :>?Ce cpxc pcexiha' j rcpjv hc zsc àda mcdap crscpxa' jgoseaphcncepavcp hcg da~idicexa hc gj `jgihjh cioce gjàdrgcxj cgidiejìðe hc gj c~jgsjìðe hcg hcpcdrcúa' gjrvê`xi`j pcújgj `ðda cdrvcpjp zsc djexicece sej `sgxsvjhc `jgihjh vczsicvce vcàea`cv y rvcdijv gj dckavj àexiesjhc gj `jgihjh y cg pcv~iìa jg `gicexc dchijexc vcàeaìdicexapnavdjgcp' ienavdjgcp' niejeìcvap y ea niejeìcvap xjexarjvj iehi~ihsap àda rjvj czsirap àda navdj hc vcàdrcepjv

cg cpnscva ce gj àepc`sìðe hc gj `jgihjh%Xahjp cpxjpàdrjúäjp pc cpnscvje rav jg`jejv se czsigifvia cexvccg vcàeaìdicexa iehi~ihsjg y cg hcpcdrcúa àgc`xi~a-Fgj`lfsve y Vapce' :990< 3?$3=) -eaxj =)% Hc cpxj djecvj'rjvj ea rvahsìv se cnc`xa ecojxi~a pafvc gap iehi~ihsap hcfccipxiv se vcàeaìdicexa' rcva hincvcexc jg xvjhiìaejg fjpjhace ie`cexi~ap iehi~ihsjgcp% Jpä rscp' pi gj hivc`ìðe hcgj `jgihjh ~jgavj cg vcehidicexa iehi~ihsjg y àgc`xi~a àdamcdap jnivdjha' rjvc`c eavdjg zsc cg vcàeaìdicexa pcjhcg dipda xira%Hc cpxc daha' gjp vcàdrcepjp piv~ce rjvj vcàea`cv sexvjfjka fice mc`ma hc se cdrgcjha a se ovsra y ea rjvj hcdapxvjvps psrcviavihjh% Gap hivc`xi~ap y gap cdrgcjhap hcfcevcàea`cv cpxc mc`ma' rscp cg rvcdia ea idrgi`j zsc jg$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð

@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :>=

osice cp dckav' yj zsc xahap pae iosjgcp' piea zsc pc mj mc`ma

jgoa fice%Rav axva gjha' cg vcàeaìdicexa jg xvjfjkjhav rschc pcv hcds`map xirap' daecxjvia y ea daecxjvia% Vcprc`xa jg pcoseha'àda jnivdj P`maefcvocv -:998< ::?) rschc hjvpc' cexvcaxvap' j xvj~ép hc; j) rvaovjdjp hc navdjìðe zsc daxi~cej gap iehi~ihsap' f) rjvxiìrjìðe dchijexc cg xvjfjka ceczsira' `) vcgjìðe maviaexjg àe cg piosicexc rva`cpa -`gicexciexcvea) hc gj `jhcej hc ~jgav' h) pcv sej rjvxc ~jgiapj hcgj avojeijìðe' c) mj`cv rvcpcexjìaecp hc gjp rvarscpxjphc pagsìðe j gap rvafgcdjp' n) spjv ps crcviceìj y `jrjìhjhrjvj gj dckavj hc gj `jgihjh' cx`%Jpidipda cpxap rvcdiap a vcàdrcepjp hcfcväje cpxjv hipraeifgcp



Jpidipda' cpxap rvcdiap a vcàdrcepjp hcfcväje cpxjv hipraeifgcprjvj `sjgzsicvj ce gj àdrjúäj' rav ga zsc pc hcfcecpxjfgc`cv `vixcviap `gjvap rjvj axavojvgap -Fva`lj yFva`lj' :996< :86)% Hc cpxj djecvj' cp idravxjexc àea`cv

ga zsc daxi~j j gap cdrgcjhap rjvj zsc cg cnc`xa hc cpxc vcàeaìdicexapcj djyav% Cpxj `gjva' zsc j se iehi~ihsa jgzsc pðga gc iexcvcpj' rav ckcdrga' cg hiecva' rschc zsc ea gcdaxi~ce gap rvcdiap ea daecxjviap a gj `cpiðe hc jsxavihjh'xje idravxjexc ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjh% Ce cpxc `jpa' cgrvcdia hcfcväj fjpjvpc rav ckcdrga ce se rgsp càeðdià%@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjh

ÄEHI@C :>9@jvvcvj rvancpiaejg Mipxðvi`jdcexc' cg hcpjvvagga hc gj `jvvcvj rvancpiaejg hc gjdjyaväj hc gjp avojeijìaecp mj cpxjha fjpjha ce `jvvcvjpgiecjgcp' cp hcìv' jp`cehcv j xvj~ép hc gj kcvjvzsäj% Cp ec`cpjvia`jdfijv cpxjp rvê`xi`jp hcfiha' rav se gjha' jg j`mjxjdicexahc gj rivêdihc avojeijxi~j y' rav axva' j gj djyav`sjgini`jìðe hc gap cdrgcjhap zsc rcvdixc zsc gap dipdapvcjgi`ce dêp xjvcjp y xceoje dêp rahcv ce gj xadj hc hcìpiaecp%Gjp idrgi`jìaecp ce cg hcpjvvagga hc cpxc cenazscpae pioeini`jxi~jp% @ada rsexa ieiìjg' gj avicexjìðe hcg pipxcdjpsraec hjv se djyav éenjpip j gj `jvvcvj dsgxinseìaejgy' ce jgoseap `jpap' j gjp vcjpioejìaecp rsvjdcexc maviaexjgcp-Fawce y Gjwgcv III' :996f< 0>)% Gap jp`cepap yjea pae pðga ce pcexiha ~cvxi`jg' piea xjdfiée ce cg maviaexjg'

jg hjv djyav vcpraepjfigihjh jg xvjfjkjhav a rcvdixiv zschcpjvvaggc axvjp nseìaecp% Ce `jpa àexvjvia' cg xvjfjkjhavrschc ea pcexivpc j ospxa àe ps xvjfjka y hcìhiv jfjehaejv

gj cdrvcpj%

Ce cpxc pcexiha' Hcdieo -:9=9< 90) pcújgj zsc gj da~igihjhhc hivc`xi~ap y djea hc afvj rschc iengsiv pafvc gj `jgihjh%Jpä' pi gap cdrgcjhap ea pjfce zsé ~j j a`svviv ce cg nsxsvaàe ps xvjfjka a ea pc picexce j ospxa ce cg dipda' rschce¬da~cvpc¼ hc sej cdrvcpj j axvj% Cpxa idrgi`jvê' ce seKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~j

ÄEHI@C :?2rvieìria' se dceav àdrvadipa àe gj `jgihjh% Rav xjexa' gapiehi~ihsap `syj vcgjìðe àe gj cdrvcpj cp c~cexsjg' àe fjkj`jxcoaväj rvancpiaejg y ra`j jexio÷chjh ce cg rscpxa' àe



àehiìaecp hc xvjfjka dêp hcpnj~avjfgcp' xicece sej djyavrvafjfigihjh hc `jdfijv -^cgj cx jg%' :99>< 8=2)%Hc cpxj djecvj' ce avojeijìaecp hc `jgihjh' cg hcpjvvaggarvancpiaejg rschc ie`gsiv ds`map da~idicexap maviaexjgcprjvj rvcrjvjv j gap hivc`xi~ap j vcpag~cv rvafgcdjp dsgxinseìaejgcp%Jpä' rahcdap cprcvjv se djyav éenjpip ce cpxvjxcoijphc hcpjvvagga hc `jvvcvjp xjgcp àda vaxjìðe hc xvjfjkap'xvjfjkap àavhiejhap y gihcvjoa hc gj nscvj hc xvjfjka-Fgj`lfsve y Vapce' :990< >2)%@ada vcpsdce hc xaha ga cpxshijha ce cpxc rsexa' gap hjxapcdräviàp psoicvce zsc jgosejp avojeijìaecp hc `jgihjh

ea mje àepihcvjha rgcejdcexc gjp idrgi`jìaecp hc gj hivc`ìðehc gj `jgihjh ce gj pcgc`ìðe' rvadaìðe y hcpjvvaggahc `jvvcvjp -Fgj`lfsve y Vapce' :990< >2)' dapxvjeha sedjyav iexcvép rav cg rva`cpa hc navdjìðe y c~jgsjìðe hcgvcehidicexa%Ce cpxc pcexiha' cpxjp àexvifsìaecp rapixi~jp hc gj `jgihjhce gj pcgc`ìðe hc cdrgcjhap' hcpjvvagga rvancpiaejg y navdjìðehc `jgihjh axavoje se vag dêp hcpxj`jha jg hcrjvxj$

@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :?:dcexa hc vc`svpap msdjeap' yj zsc pc hj dêp idravxjeìjjg rva`cpa hc pcgc`ìðe' hc djecvj zsc pc àexvjxj rcvpaejgàe jrxixshcp rjvj xvjfjkjv ce czsira a zsc xicece àeaìdicexaphc xéèi`jp cpxjhäpxi`jp y pc njìgixj navdjìðe rjvjxahap gap cdrgcjhap' àepiosiceha zsc gjp vcgjìaecp gjfavjgcppcje rapixi~jp rjvj àepcosiv gap afkcxi~ap hc `jgihjh-P`maefcvocv' :998< ::=$::9)%

0%0% Mcvvjdicexjp rjvj gj `jgihjh

Ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjh' gj ihcexini`jìðe y vcpagsìðe hcrvafgcdjp hcfc pcv gj rvê`xi`j mjfixsjg ce cg xvjfjka hijvia'zsc rschc cpxjv cp`vixa ce gj hcp`virìðe hcg rscpxa hc xvjfjka%Ea afpxjexc' ce vcjgihjh' gjp cdrvcpjp mje vcjgijhahcphc picdrvc j`xi~ihjhcp zsc ihcexini`jfje gap rvafgcdjpàda rjvxc ejxsvjg hc ps nseìaejdicexa% Ce cg `jpa hc gjpavojeijìaecp hc `jgihjh' gj ihcexini`jìðe hc gap rvafgcdjppc vcjgijfj dchijexc gjp j`xi~ihjhcp xvjhiìaejgcp hc àexvag

àda gj rgjeini`jìðe y jshixaväjp hc àexvag hcg hcpcdrcúa'gjp vcgjìaecp àe gap `gicexcp' gap rvaovjdjp hc ie~ags`vjìðehc gap cdrgcjhap' cx`% Rav xjexa' gj ihcexini`jìðehc rvafgcdjp cp sej rjvxc hc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh y hc



r r ygj rvê`xi`j hc gj jhdieipxvjìðe ce ocecvjg' piceha sej j`xi~ihjhzsc hcfc pcv jhdieipxvjhj àda gj rgjeini`jìðe' gjKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :?6c~jgsjìðe hcg hcpcdrcúa y axvjp j`xi~ihjhcp avojeijxi~jp-Pdixm' :99>)%Ce cpxc pcexiha' gap cdrgcjhap rschce iexcv~ceiv ce cpxjpj`xi~ihjhcp pi xicece gap àeaìdicexap y gjp xéèi`jp jhc`sjhjp%Jpä' pc vczsicvc sej navdjìðe cprc`äni`j' gj `sjg

hcfc cpxjv `cexvjhj' rav se gjha' ce xcdjp ocecvjgcp hc `jgihjhy' rav axva' hcfc jfjv`jv gjp rvieìrjgcp mcvvjdicexjphc xvjfjka ce czsira y gj dcxahagaoäj hc ovsra rjvj gj vcpagsìðehc rvafgcdjp% Cipxce rjvj cgga xéèi`jp pceìggjp yj~jejhjp' nsehjdcexjhjp ce sejp mcvvjdicexjp cprc`äni`jpzsc njìgixje cg xvjfjka hc gap rjvxiìrjexcp' àe gj niejgihjhhc hcpjvvaggjv j`xi~ihjhcp hc jeêgipip' hijoeðpxià' hcnieiìðehc gäecjp hc j`xsjìðe' idrgjexjìðe y jkspxc -Jvxmsv

Jehcvpce' :993f< >:)% Cexvc gjp hi~cvpjp xéèi`jp hc dckavjhc gj `jgihjh' gjp mcvvjdicexjp cpxjhäpxi`jp fêpi`jp pae gjpdêp pceìggjp y sxigijhjp rav gap arcvjviap% @ae cpxjp j`xi~ihjhcpgap iehi~ihsap y gj avojeijìðe rschce jrvcehcv' gazsc ggc~j rapxcviavdcexc j dckavjv% Hc cpxj djecvj' gj dckavjhc gj `jgihjh ~j j hcrcehcv' ce ovje dchihj' hc gjp rcvpaejpidrgi`jhjp ce hi`mjp j`xi~ihjhcp% Ce cpxj gäecj' gap

déxahap zsc ~jdap j cpxshijv pae gjp picxc mcvvjdicexjpfêpi`jp a cpxjhäpxi`jp;j) hijovjdj hc `jspj$cnc`xa

@jräxsga III

Hivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :?0f) makj hc ~cvini`jìðe`) mipxaovjdjh) ovênià hc Rjvcxac) hijovjdj hc hiprcvpiðen) ovênià hc àexvago) ovêniàp ~jviap%

Hijovjdj jspj$cnc`xa Cg hijovjdj `jspj$cnc`xa' xjdfiée àeaìha àda hijovjdj hc cpriej hc rcp`jha a hijovjdj hc Ipmiljwj rcvdixc ihcexini`jvgjp rapifgcp `jspjp jpaìjhjp j se rvafgcdj -cnc`xa)

x x h û i h n x é i C h i



cpxvs`xsvjha pcoûe sej pcvic hc nj`xavcp oceéviàp% Cp hcìv'hcxc`xjhj sej ea àenavdihjh -cnc`xa)' cp ec`cpjvia ie~cpxiojvgjp `jspjp zsc gj rva~a`je%@ae cpxj xéèi`j pc rvcxcehc zsc cg cdrgcjha rcvpioj sehcxcvdiejha afkcxi~a' àda gj dckavj hc gj cni`jìj' gj vchs`ìðehc gap vc`mjap' cx`%' zsc rschc jg`jejv a iengsivpafvc cg dipda' hcp`sfviceha gjp `jspjp zsc ga avioieje% Hccpxj djecvj' rvidcva hcxcvdiej cg avioce -`jspj) hc se rvafgcdj-cnc`xa -eaxj 9))' rjvj rapxcviavdcexc pagsìaejvga hcKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;

nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :?8djecvj cni`j% Rjvj hcpjvvaggjv cg hijovjdj `jspj$cnc`xa -niosvj0%8 y 0%3)' pc hcfce pcosiv gap piosicexcp rjpap;… Hcnieiv `gjvjdcexc cg cnc`xa' zsc vcrvcpcexj gj dcxj hcg pipxcdj%… Ihcexini`jv gap nj`xavcp a `jspjp ocecvjgcp zsc avioieje cgdceìaejha cnc`xa dchijexc gj xéèi`j xavdcexj hc ihcjp%Rjvj `gjpini`jv gjp `jspjp hc se rvafgcdj pc sxigije j dcesha

gjp `jxcoaväjp hcnieihjp rav cg Hv% Ipmiljwj' zsc pae;j) gjp rcvpaejp' f) gjp dêzsiejp' `) gap djxcvijgcp y h) gapdéxahap -eaxj :2)% Hc cpxj djecvj' hc gjp `jspjp zsc psvocece cg ovsra mjy zsc pcgc`ìaejv jzscggjp zsc pc àepihcvcedêp idravxjexcp% Jpä' rjvj `jhj sea hc cpxap nj`xavcpocecvjgcp a `jspjp rvidjvijp pc cpxjfgc`c se eûdc$@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjh

ÄEHI@C :?3Niosvj 0%8% Hijovjdj `jspj$cnc`xa INscexc; Ipmiljwj -:992< 3=)

va hcxcvdiejha hc `jspjp pc`sehjvijp zsc gap cdrgcjhap

àepihcvje vcgjìaejhjp àe cg cnc`xa cpxshijha% J dchihjzsc pc hcxc`xje `jspjp' gap rjvxiìrjexcp ce`scexvje axvjppsf`jspjp a `jspjp pc`sehjvijp ocecvêehapc jpä cg hijovjdjàdrgcxa%… Sej ~c hcnieihjp cpxjp `jspjp' cg cdrgcjha navdsgj sejpcvic hc dchihjp zsc rcvdixje vchsìv a cgidiejv gjp `jspjpzsc avioieje cg rvafgcdj j vcpag~cv' hcxcvdiejeha cgovjha hc iengsceìj hc `jhj sej% Rjvj cgga' ocecvjgdcexc

mjy zsc c~jgsjv y hcxcvdiejv gjp `jspjp dêp pioeini`jxi~jpzsc mje rahiha àexvifsiv jg cnc`xa jejgijha ggcojeha ie`gspaj kcvjvzsijv gjp dipdjp rav avhce hc idravxjeìjKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@



@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :?>Niosvj 0%3% Hijovjdj `jspj$cnc`xa II

Nscexc; Ovidj y Xavx$Djvxavcgg -:993< :==)Cpxc xira hc hijovjdj pc àepxvsyc ocecvjgdcexc j rjvxiv hcgjp vcngciaecp hc gap ovsrap hc xvjfjka vcgjìaejeha secnc`xa àe gjp `jspjp zsc ga ocecvje y ~ipsjgij hc sej pagj~c xahjp gjp `jspjp jpaìjhjp jg hipnseìaejdicexa y gjpvcgjìaecp zsc mjy cexvc cggjp' rcvdixiceha j xahap gap rjvxiìrjexcpxcecv sej ~ipiðe hcg àeksexa hcg rvafgcdj%Ce gj jrgi`jìðe hc cpxj xéèi`j' cp idravxjexc xcecv ce`scexj gap piosicexcp jprc`xap -Ovidj y Xavx$Djvxavcgg' :993<:=?);… Gjp `jspjp jeaxjhjp ce cg hijovjdj pae `jspjp raxceìjgcp'rav ga zsc vcpsgxj ec`cpjvia vcseiv hjxap àe gj niejgihjhhc àenivdjv zsc cpxjp vcgjìaecp `jspj$cnc`xa cipxcevcjgdcexc% Sej navdj hc hcp`sfviv cpxj rapifgc vcgjìðe cpsxigijeha gap ovêniàp hc àvvcgjìðe%

… @ada àepc`sceìj hc ga jexcviav' cg hijovjdj ~j `jdfijehaj dchihj zsc pc ~je jhzsiviceha esc~ap àeaìdicexappafvc cg nceðdcea cpxshijha%Hc cpxj djecvj' cg àexvag hc cpxc àeksexa hc nj`xavcp a`jspjp rschc rcvdixiv afxcecv dckavcp rvahs`xap y cnc`xap%Ce àepc`sceìj' rschc sxigijvpc rjvj rvc~cv gap rvafgcdjpy c~ixjvgap jexcp hc zsc a`svvje a fice' àexvagjvgap pðgahcprsép hc j`jcìhap gap mc`map%@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjh

ÄEHI@C :??

Makj hc ~cvini`jìðe Gj makj hc ~cvini`jìðe cp se ha`sdcexa ce cg zsc pc vcàocy piexcxij hc sej djecvj avhcejhj gap hjxap zsc gap cdrgcjhapàepihcvje idravxjexcp rjvj rapxcviavdcexc rva`cpjvgap%Cpxj makj ea xicec se hipcúa rvcnikjha' piea zsc mjyzsc jkspxjvgj j gap afkcxi~ap y ec`cpihjhcp rvarijp hc `jhjdadcexa hcficeha xcecv se navdjxa zsc njìgixc gj vcàoihjy rapxcviav jeêgipip y rva`cpjdicexa hc gap hjxap cipxcexcp

ce cggj -Pcfjpxiêe' Fjvoscúa y Ea~a' :998< 60=)% Cpxap ha`sdcexaphcfce `sdrgiv gap afkcxi~ap hc njìgixjv gjp xjvcjphc vcàoihj hc ienavdjìðe' c~ixjv rapifgcp cvvavcp a djgapcexcehihap y rcvdixiv cg jeêgipip vêriha hc gap hjxap -Ovidj yX x D x gg :993 :>0)



Xavx$Djvxavcgg' :993< :>0)%Cpxj makj hc vcàoihj hc hjxap rcvdixc -Jvxmsv Jehcvpce<:993f);… C~ixjv gj révhihj hc hjxap%… Jpcosvjv gj ihcexini`jìðe hc gap hjxap%… Jgdj`cejv gap hjxap hc djecvj seinavdc' yj zsc' ce ds`map`jpap' épxap pae vcàoihap rav hincvcexcp rcvpaejp' yj ~c`cp jejgijhap rav xcv`cvap ea iexcv~ieicexcp ce cg rva`cpahc jrxjìðe%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;

nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :?=… Njìgixjv cg rapxcviav jeêgipip c iexcvrvcxjìðe hc gap dipdap%Rjvj cgjfavjv cpxc idrvcpa hcfce zschjv `gjvjdcexc hcnieihapgap jprc`xap zsc pc rvcxcehce vcàocv' zsé hjxap paeec`cpjviap rjvj cgga y `sêg cp gj dckav djecvj hc jgdj`cejvgaprjvj pcv rapxcviavdcexc sxigijhap% Jpidipda' cp idravxjexcxcecv ce `scexj jzscggj ienavdjìðe jhiìaejg zsc

cp ec`cpjvia `jrxjv àda nc`mj' mavj' rcvpaej' psdjp xaxjgcp'cx`% Hc cpxj djecvj' cg piosicexc rjpa sej ~c cgjfavjhjgj makj àe xahj gj ienavdjìðe cp cg jeêgipip hc gap vcpsgxjhapzsc hc cggj pc hcprvcehce' xjgcp àda xcehceìjp'hipxvifsìðe hc gap hjxap' cx`%' àe gj niejgihjh hc ie~cpxiojvgjp `jspjp hc gap rvafgcdjp y rahcv idrgjexjv gjp àvvcpraehicexcpj`ìaecp hc dckavj%Mipxaovjdj Sej ~c vcàoihap gap hjxap rjvj gj xadj hc hcìpiaecp' ravckcdrga dchijexc gj makj hc ~cvini`jìðe' rahcdap ceàexvjveap

àe zsc épxap pcje esdcvapap y' rav xjexa' hc cp`jpa

pioeini`jha% @ae gj iexceìðe hc zsc xceoje pcexiha y rahcvafxcecv hc cggap àe`gspiaecp' cp ec`cpjvia cpxvs`xsvjvgappiosiceha jgoûe xira hc `vixcvia' rav ckcdrga j xvj~ép hcse mipxaovjdj' rjvj njìgixjv gj iexcvrvcxjìðe hc gap hjxap vcàoihap%@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :?9Cg mipxaovjdj a hijovjdj hc hipxvifsìðe hc nvc`sceìjp' cp

se ovênià haehc pc dscpxvj gj hipxvifsìðe hc sej ~jvijfgcj rjvxiv hc gap hjxap vcàoihap ce sej xjfgj hc nvc`sceìjp%Jharxj gj navdj hc hijovjdj hc fjvvjp ce `sya ckc ~cvxi`jgpc vcrvcpcexj gj nvc`sceìj -eûdcva hc ~c`cp) àe gj zscjrjvc`c `jhj sea hc gap ~jgavcp hc sej ~jvijfgc y ce `sya



jrjvc`c `jhj sea hc gap ~jgavcp hc sej ~jvijfgc y ce `syackc maviaexjg jrjvc`c cg vjeoa hc ~jgavcp zsc mj xadjha gj~jvijfgc jejgijhj a gap hincvcexcp jxvifsxap zsc hcniece cgpipxcdj jejgijha -eaxj ::)% Gap mipxaovjdjp rschce vcrvcpcexjv~jvijp navdjp àda dscpxvj gj niosvj 0%>%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :=2Niosvj 0%>% Xirap hc mipxaovjdjpNscexc; Cgjfavjìðe rvarijOvênià hc Rjvcxa

Cg ovênià hc Rjvcxa cp sej xéèi`j hc vcrvcpcexjìðe ovêni`jzsc `gjpini`j gjp `jspjp hc se rvafgcdj rav ps idravxjeìj%Cpxjfgc`c sej kcvjvzsäj pcoûe gj ~jvijfgc j cpxshijv piosicehagj vcogj hc Rjvcxa zsc hi`c zsc cg =2# hc gap rvafgcdjpxicece ps avioce ce se 62# hc gjp `jspjp y ~i`c~cvpj%Hc cpxj djecvj' `sjeha se rvafgcdj pc hcpàdraec cepsp `jspjp' sejp ra`jp pae gjp vcpraepjfgcp hc gj djyavrjvxc hcg rvafgcdj%Cg hcpjvvagga hcg hijovjdj hc Rjvcxa idrgi`j -eaxj :6);… Cgcoiv gjp `jspj j jejgijv%… Cgcoiv gj seihjh hc dchihj rjvj cg jeêgipip%… Hcxcvdiejv cg iexcv~jga hc xicdra ce cg zsc gap hjxap ~je jjejgijvpc%… @aga`jv ce cg ckc maviaexjg gjp `jspjp ce avhce hc`vcìcexchc gj seihjh hc dchihj% Gjp dceap idravxjexcp

rschce jovsrjvpc ce sej a ~jvijp `jxcoaväjp%… Vcngckjv ce cg ckc ~cvxi`jg gj cp`jgj hc nvc`sceìjp%

@jräxsga III

Hivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :=:… Hipcújv cg hijovjdj àepxvsyceha se fjvvj rjvj `jhj `jspj'hc jgxsvj rvaravìaejg j gj nvc`sceìj zsc pc rvcpcexjgj dipdj%… @aepxvsiv sej gäecj hc nvc`sceìj j`sdsgjhj%Jpä' hcxcvdiejhjp gjp ~jvijfgcp zsc pc ~je j cpxshijv pc vcàocegap hjxap àvvcpraehicexcp j cpjp ~jvijfgcp y pc

àepxvsyc cg hijovjdj vcrvcpcexjeha ovêni`jdcexc gj nvc`sceìjhc gap hjxap ce avhce hcp`cehcexc y pc `jg`sgje gap~jgavcp j`sdsgjxi~ap -niosvj 0%?) -eaxj :0)%Cg jeêgipip hc Rjvcxa rschc pcv ûxig rjvj ihcexini`jv gap nj`xavcp`gj~c hc sej hcxcvdiejhj pixsjìðe a jzscggap zsc djyav



`gj~c hc sej hcxcvdiejhj pixsjìðe a jzscggap zsc djyaviengsceìj xicece y pcújgjv gj idravxjeìj vcgjxi~j hc gjphincvcexcp `jspjp hc gap rvafgcdjp% Hc cpxj djecvj' pcrschce hcxcvdiejv gjp `jspjp dêp nvc`scexcp zsc avioiejecg rvafgcdj cpxshijha y hjvgcp sej djyav a dceav idravxjeìjj gj mavj hc hcìhiv pafvc zsé jprc`xap xvjfjkjv% Cphcìv' rscpxa zsc ea cp rapifgc jxj`jv xahap gap rvafgcdjpjg dipda xicdra' pc avojeije épxap ce avhce hc idravxjeìjrjvj vcpag~cv ce rvidcv gsojv gap dêp idravxjexcp%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :=6Hijovjdj hc hiprcvpiðe Cg hijovjdj hc hiprcvpiðe pc sxigij rjvj hcxcvdiejv pi cipxcvcgjìðe cexvc hap ~jvijfgcp' eavdjgdcexc sej `jspj y se cnc`xa'ce nseìðe hc gap ~jgavcp jg`jejhap rav épxjp pafvc hincvcexcpcgcdcexap a pixsjìaecp àepihcvjhjp ce cg jeêgipip%Rjvj ps vcrvcpcexjìðe pc sxigij se ovênià hc hap ckcp hc

àavhcejhjp haehc pc pixûje gap ~jgavcp hc `jhj sej hc gjp~jvijfgcp j jejgijv rjvj `jhj cgcdcexa y pc hcxcvdiej psrsexa hc àvxc pafvc cg rgjea hcg ovênià% Sej ~c vcjgijhacpxc rva`cpa' àe xahap gap hjxap hc gjp ~jvijfgcp' afxcec$@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :=0Niosvj 0%=% Hijovjdj hc Rjvcxa

Nscexc; Cgjfavjìðe rvarijdap sej esfc hc rsexap zsc rcvdixc àea`cv pi cipxc a eavcgjìðe cexvc jdfjp ~jvijfgcp%

Gj àepxvs`ìðe hcg hijovjdj vczsicvc vcàocv ce rjvcp

-eaxj :8) gap hjxap hc jdfjp ~jvijfgcp `syj vcgjìðe pc hcpcjie~cpxiojv rjvj vcrvcpcexjvgap rapxcviavdcexc dchijexcrsexap ce gap ckcp hc àavhcejhjp% Sej ~c cgjfavjha pcjejgij gj esfc hc rsexap rjvj hcxcvdiejv gjp vcgjìaecpcexvc gjp hap ~jvijfgcp' cipxiceha hipxiexjp pixsjìaecp rapifgcpce `sjexa jg ovjha hc àvvcgjìðe cexvc jdfjp àdavcngckj gj niosvj 0%=%Se hijovjdj hc hiprcvpiðe ûei`jdcexc ihcexini`j gj cipxceìj

hc hi`mj vcgjìðe' rcva ea gjp `jspjp ei cg `jvê`xcv hc gjp~jvijfgcp% Rav àepiosicexc' ps jrgi`jìðe cp idravxjexc rjvjhcxcvdiejv pi cipxc a ea vcgjìðe cexvc hap ~jvijfgcp zsc iengsycece se rva`cpa%Ovênià hc àexvag



Ovênià hc aexvag Cg ovênià hc àexvag pc sxigij rjvj dchiv gj cpxjfigihjh hc serva`cpa ce cg xicdra' j rjvxiv hc gj c~agsìðe hcg ~jgav zsc

xadj sej a ~jvijp ~jvijfgcp hcg dipda% Rav àepiosicexc' ¬cpsej àdrjvjìðe ovêni`j hc gap hjxap hc hcpcdrcúa hcgrva`cpa àe gap gädixcp hc àexvag cpxjhäpxià `jg`sgjhap¼-Ksvje y Ovyej' :993< 0?9)%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :=8

Hc cpxj djecvj' rvidcva mjfväj zsc ihcexini`jv gjp ~jvijfgcp`gj~cp hcg rva`cpa rjvj' rapxcviavdcexc `jg`sgjv cg ~jgav dchiay gjp xagcvjeìjp a gädixcp hc àexvag hc gjp ~jvijfgcp j cpxshijvj rjvxiv hc xéèi`jp cpxjhäpxi`jp% Cpxap gädixcp psrcviavc iencviav -dêida y däeida) hc gj cprcìni`jìðe hc se rvahs`xapae' rav cggap dipdap' sej avicexjìðe hc `jvj jg arcvjviazsc gc piv~ce àda osäj rjvj jyshjvgc j àexvagjv cg cpxjhahcg rva`cpa -Hcdieo' :9=9< 6>2)%

Hc cpxj djecvj' cg cdrgcjha xadj hjxap pafvc gj c~agsìðehc gj ~jvijfgc afkcxa hc cpxshia y gj vcrvcpcexj pafvc cg ovênià-niosvj 0%9) àe gj iexceìðe hc hcxc`xjv' rvieìrjgdcexc'gjp `jspjp cprcìjgcp hc ~jvijìðe hc se rva`cpa dchijexccg jeêgipip hc gap hjxap%Jpä' pi gap vcpsgxjhap cpxêe nscvj hc gap gädixcp hc àexvag' cgarcvjvia cdrvcehcvê j`ìaecp àvvc`xavjp xjg àda pc mjyjervc~ipxa y hcp`vixa ce cg djesjg hc rvahs`ìðe rjvj àvvcoivcg hcnc`xa hcg rva`cpa -Pmifj' Ovjmjd y _mjghce':993< 32)% Ce `jpa àexvjvia' cg rva`cpa cp cpxjfgc a cpxê fjka

àexvag ravzsc eieoûe rsexa zschj nscvj hc gap gädixcp' ei

gj hipxvifsìðe hc gap rsexap cp jeðdjgj% Ce cpxc ûgxida `jpa'pðga cpxjväje rvcpcexcp gjp `jspjp àdsecp rscpxa zsccg rva`cpa cpxjväj fjka àexvag y' rav àepiosicexc' gj jrgi`jìðehcg ovênià ea rcvpiosc jg`jejv se cpxjha hc àexvag@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :=3cpxjhäpxià' piea vchsìv gj ~jvijìðe hcg rva`cpa -Ksvje y

Ovyej' :993< 0?9)' cp hcìv' dckavjvga -eaxj :3)%Ovêniàp @aepipxc ce gj sxigijìðe hc hincvcexcp xéèi`jp hc vcrvcpcexjìðeovêni`j hc hjxap y zsc dscpxvje hipxiexjp vcgjìaecpcexvc gap dipdap% Cpxap ovêniàp rschce pcv hc hincvcexcp



o rxirap; hc gäecjp' hc fjvvjp' cx`% @ae cpxc xira hc xéèi`jppc rvcxcehc -Jvxmsv Jehcvpce' :993f);… Ihcexini`jv rvafgcdjp y!a ieìhceìjp rvahsìhjp ce gjp hincvcexcp

j`xi~ihjhcp hcpjvvaggjhjp ce sej avojeijìðe%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :=>Niosvj 0%9% Ovênià hc àexvagNscexc; Ksje y Ovyej -:993< 0=2)… Hcxcvdiejv gjp ec`cpihjhcp y crc`xjxi~jp xjexa hc `gicexcp

iexcveap àda cxcveap hc gap rva`cpap%… Rviavijv j`ìaecp ce nseìðe hc gj idravxjeìj hc psp àepc`sceìjp%… Vcjgijv pcosidicexap pafvc gj c~agsìðe hc sej pixsjìðey hcxc`xjv y j~ipjv j`cv`j hc rapifgcp hcp~ijìaecp vcprc`xaj ga rgjeini`jha%… Jyshjv j ihcexini`jv gjp `jspjp zsc avioieje pixsjìaecp hcdjgj `jgihjh%… Ceàexvjv y àepcepsjv' hc djecvj cniìcexc' pagsìaecp jgap rvafgcdjp%… Rgjeini`jv gj rscpxj ce rvê`xi`j hc j`ìaecp zsc dahinizscegj pixsjìðe%@ada àe`gspiðe' cpxjp mcvvjdicexjp pae sxigijhjp rjvj hcxc`xjvy pagsìaejv gj ovje djyaväj hc gap rvafgcdjp hc gjpavojeijìaecp y ps jrgi`jìðe hcrcehc hcg afkcxi~a rcvpcosiha%Rav xjexa' cp ec`cpjvia àea`cvgjp rjvj zsc cg cdrgcjha

pcrj zsé xéèi`j sxigijv ce `jhj pixsjìðe àe`vcxj% Hccpxj djecvj' se rva`cpa gðoià zsc psraec gj jrgi`jìðe hc

xahjp cpxjp xéèi`jp pcväj cg piosicexc; gap cdrgcjhap pcgc`ìaeje

gjp `jspjp dêp idravxjexcp zsc `vcce zsc `jspje cg@jräxsga IIIHivc`ìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjhÄEHI@C :=?rvafgcdj j vcpag~cv j xvj~ép hc gj xéèi`j xavdcexj hc ihcjpy gjp vcngckje ce cg hijovjdj `jspj$cnc`xa% Rapxcviavdcexcec`cpixje vcàocv hjxap pafvc cpxjp `jspjp sxigijeha gap xiraphc makjp hc vcàoihj hc hjxap% Afxceihj cpxj ienavdjìðe'

gap cdrgcjhap hcfce jejgijvgj dchijexc mipxaovjdjp'hijovjdjp hc Rjvcxa' hijovjdj hc hiprcvpiðe a ovênià hcpc`xavcp' àe gj niejgihjh hc afxcecv vcprscpxjp jg rvafgcdjrgjexcjha%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð



@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :==

: Idjoce `gjvj hc sej nsxsvj pixsjìðe hcpcjfgc y dckav zsc gj j`xsjg%Hcfcdap hipxieosivgj hc dipiðe' nseìðe rvidavhijg fêpi`j hc`sjgzsicv iepxixsìðe' gj vjðe hc gj cipxceìj hc gj dipdj%6 Hsoje -:990< 6:$66)' Ojgojea -:990< 826$820 y 82>$82=)' Ksvje yOvyej -:993< :86)' Fcvvy -:996< :0?$:09) c Ipmiljwj -:992< ::9$:66)%0 Cg ovjha hc gj dipdj hcrcehc hc gj idrgi`jìðe àe gj `jgihjh% Hccpxj djecvj' rschc hjvpc cg `jpa hc zsc pc xceoj gj dipdj rjvxiìrjìðezsc jexcp hc idrgjexjv cg pipxcdj a zsc mjyj jsdcexjha giocvjdcexc'àda rschc a`svviv àe gjp eavdjp iexcvejìaejgcp IPA

9222' a zsc àexcdap àe sej rjvxiìrjìðe `jpi xaxjg pi gj cdrvcpjcpxê ~cvhjhcvjdcexc àdrvadcxihj àe gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh%8 Pie cdfjvoa' ea hcfcdap ag~ihjv zsc gjp nscexcp hc vc`gsxjdicexay pcgc`ìðe rschce pcv iexcvejp a cxcvejp' rav ga zsc hcfcdap xcecvxjdfiée ce `scexj gjp rvadaìaecp hc gap cdrgcjhap j`xsjgcp%3 Ce cpxc `jpa' hcfc jkspxjvpc j gjp ec`cpihjhcp hc gap hivc`xi~ap% Hccpxj djecvj' cg `scvra hc djxcvijp rschc pcv cg piosicexc; cgcdcexapfêpiàp hc gj `jgihjh' ragäxi`j hc `jgihjh' hcprgicosc hc afkcxi~ap' rgjeini`jìðehc gj `jgihjh' rjpap hc gj dckavj hc gj `jgihjh' àexvag hc`jgihjh -jshixaväj' rjzscxc hc ienavdcp hc gj `jgihjh' %%%)' cx`%> Fjpjha ce cg rva`cpa ocecvjg hc navdjìðe hcpjvvaggjha rav Pagéy Divjfcx -:998< 00$0>)%? Ce cpxap hap ûgxidap `jpap cp eavdjg zsc ga rvaraeoje jg @adixéhc @jgihjh rjvj ps jrvafjìðe%= Pmifj' Ovjmjd y _mjghce -:993< 0>=$0?2) dscpxvje jgoseapEaxjpÄEHI@C :=9

ckcdrgap hc vcàdrcepjp -iehi~ihsjgcp' àgc`xi~jp' daecxjvijp' eadaecxjvijp) zsc sxigije ~jvijp avojeijìaecp hc `jgihjh%

9 Cg cnc`xa zsc rvcxcehcdap pagsìaejv rschc pcv se rvafgcdj hcxcvdiejhaa fice se afkcxi~a zsc hcpcj jg`jejv gj cdrvcpj%:2 Pi fice cpxap pae gap `sjxva nj`xavcp ocecvjgcp àdûedcexc sxigijhap'ce gj rvê`xi`j gjp cdrvcpjp rschce ~jvijv se raà cpxj cpxvs`xsvj%Hc cpxj djecvj' gj cdrvcpj rschc cdrgcjv axvap nj`xavcpàda czsirap' rva`chidicexap' cx`%:: Cpxjp ~jvijfgcp rschce pcv hip`vcxjp a àexiesjp% Ce cpxc ûgxida`jpa' gap hjxap pc jovsrje pcoûe iexcv~jgap y rav ga xjexa gjp àgsdejpvcrvcpcexje gjp nvc`sceìjp àe zsc gap ~jgavcp hc hi`mj ~jvijfgcpc rvcpcexje ce cg iexcv~jga àvvcpraehicexc%

:6 J rjvxiv hc Pcfjpxiêe' Fjvoscúa y Ea~a -:998< 636$630)%:0 Cpxc hijovjdj xicec sej ~jvijexc idravxjexc% Rjvj gj cdrvcpjrschc vcpsgxjv iexcvcpjexc àepihcvjv axvap jprc`xap àda' cexvcaxvap' cg àpxc hc vcrjvjv gap hcnc`xap' ce ~c hc ps ovjha hc nvc`sceìjy cpxjfgc`cv rviavihjhcp ce nseìðe hcg dipda%:8 Cexvc xvciexj y ìe`scexj rjvcp hc hjxap pscgce pcv psniìcexcp rjvj



x c x c xj y ` `sc xj rj cp hc hjxap psc c pc ps ` c xcp rj jafxcecv àe`gspiaecp fscejp -Ovidj y Xavx$Djvxavcgg' :993< :=9)%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;

nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :92:3 Hcfcdap xcecv ce `scexj zsc cpxj dckavj rschc zsc ea cpxé cedjeap hcg arcvjvia y pðga pcj vcpraepjfigihjh hc gj hivc`ìðe% Pi cgpipxcdj cpxê fjka àexvag ps dckavj hcrcehc hc gj hivc`ìðe% @ae cpxaea zscvcdap iehi`jv zsc se cdrgcjha ea rschj jravxjv ihcjp rjvj'rav ckcdrga' cpxjfgc`cv se déxaha hc xvjfjka dêp cniìcexc zsc'àda rvê`xi`j mjfixsjg' hcfcväj jrvafjv gj jhdieipxvjìðe%

EaxjpÄEHI@C :9:

@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoij8%:% Cpxvjxcoijp hc `jgihjh

@ada mcdap jvosdcexjha' cg afkcxi~a hc gj nigapanäj

hc gj `jgihjh cp àepcosiv sej `jgihjh psrcviav% Piecdfjvoa' `sjeha eap vcncvidap j gj `jgihjh' rahcdapmjfgjv hcphc hap rsexap hc ~ipxj< rvahs`xa y jhdieipxvjìðea djejocdcex % Ce cg rvidcv `jpa' gj hivc`ìðe rvcxcehccgjfavjv se fice a pcv~iìa zsc `sdrgc sejp `jvj`xcväpxi`jpxéèi`jp hcxcvdiejhjp àe gjp `sjgcp rahcv pjxipnj`cvjg `gicexc zsc ga spj% Rav axva gjha' jg cpxshijv gj `jgihjhhcphc gj hivc`ìðe àepihcvjdap gj idrgjexjìðe hc se pipxcdjhc `jgihjh j xvj~ép hcg `sjg' cgjfavjv ficecp a pcv~iìap

zsc `sdrgce seap vczsipixap zsc gaovje pjxipnj`cv gjp

ec`cpihjhcp hc se ovsra hc `gicexcp' jg àpxc dêp fjka rapifgcrjvj gj cdrvcpj% Ce jdfap `jpap' xjexa rjvj cg rvahs`xaàda rjvj ps pipxcdj hc `jgihjh' gj cdrvcpj rschcàepcosiv se `cvxini`jha hc `jgihjh' àda vcàeaìdicexaKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :96

rav ps cpnscva rav jg`jejvgj% Ce cpxc pcexiha' gjp hipxiexjpcpxvjxcoijp zsc rschc pcosiv gj cdrvcpj vcprc`xa j gj `jgihjhpcväje;… @cexvjvpc ce gj `jgihjh hcg fice a pcv~iìa%… Idrgjexjv se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh%

G xini ið h h x ! i x h gih h



… Gj `cvxini`jìðe hc rvahs`xap y!a pipxcdjp hc `jgihjh%Iehcrcehicexcdcexc hc gj cgc`ìðe' gj cdrvcpj rschc arxjvj afxcecv se rvcdia hc `jgihjh xjexa rjvj cg rvahs`xa àda

rjvj gj cdrvcpj%@jgihjh hcg fice y!a pcv~iìa @sjeha gj cdrvcpj arxj rav se fice a pcv~iìa hc `jgihjh gamj`c àe gj iexceìðe hc pcv psrcviav j gj djyaväj hc pspàdrcxihavcp% Ce cpxc `jpa' gj cdrvcpj rschc arxjv rav afxcecvse `cvxini`jha hc `jgihjh' axavojha rav sej cexihjh iehcrcehicexc'zsc iehi`j zsc cg rvahs`xa `sdrgc sejp eavdjp

j`crxjhjp j ei~cg ejìaejg y!a iexcvejìaejg%Iehcrcehicexcdcexc hcg `cvxini`jha' cpxc ei~cg hc `jgihjhrschc rcvdixiv j gj cdrvcpj jg`jejv sej `jgihjh rcvìfihjpsrcviav' ga zsc gc àe`chc' ce rvieìria' gj rapifigihjh hc j`xsjvhc hap navdjp hincvcexcp;@jräxsga I^@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoijÄEHI@C :90

… ^cehcv ps rvahs`xa j se rvcìa djyav rav anvc`cv cpj `jgihjhpsrcviav%… Anvc`cv dckav ~jgav rjvj cg `gicexc `jvojeha cg dipda rvcìazsc gap àdrcxihavcp' rcva anvcìceha se fice a pcv~iìapsrcviav%Jhcdêp' sej `jgihjh hc àenavdihjh -eaxj :) psrcviav ocecvjhap xirap hc fcecniìap -Msex' :990< :23$:2?);… Dceav àpxc hc `jgihjh zsc gap àdrcxihavcp' y rav xjexa'

dceav àpxc ocecvjg%… Sej `jgihjh rcvìfihj psrcviav' yj zsc gj `jgihjh hc àenavdihjh

ea pðga vchs`c àpxcp piea zsc cp sea hc gap jxvifsxap

`gj~c ce gjp hcìpiaecp hc àdrvj%Pipxcdjp hc `jgihjh Vcprc`xa j gap pipxcdjp hc `jgihjh ' hcfcdap dceìaejvzsc cipxce hap xirap -eaxj 6)' pipxcdjp rjvj gj ocpxiðe hc gj `jgihjh y rjvj cg jpcosvjdicexa cxcvea % Cg pipxcdj hc ocpxiðehc gj `jgihjh a hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh a XZD' afkcxa hccpxc xvjfjka' pc cpxjfgc`c gifvcdcexc rav gj hivc`ìðe hc gjcdrvcpj àe cg afkcxi~a hc àepcosiv gj dckavj àexiesj hc

gj `jgihjh% Cg pipxcdj hc jpcosvjdicexa cxcvea ojvjexij jg`gicexc zsc xaha cg rva`cpa' mjpxj zsc gc ggcoj j ég cg rva$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :98



ÄEHI@C :98hs`xa' pc vcjgij picdrvc hc sej dipdj djecvj' ga zsc idrgi`jcg `sdrgidicexa hc gj eavdjxi~j IPA 9222%

@cvxini`jìðe Gj `cvxini`jìðe àepipxc ce gj cdipiðe hc se ha`sdcexa zscdjeinicpxj zsc se rvahs`xa' rva`cpa a sej cdrvcpj pc jkspxjj sejp eavdjp xéèi`jp% Ce cpxc pcexiha' gj avojeijìðerschc afxcecv se `cvxini`jha hc `jgihjh xjexa hcg rvahs`xaàda hc gap pipxcdjp hc jpcosvjdicexa hc gj `jgihjh% Cpxcûgxida `jpa àepipxc ce gj àe`cpiðe hc se `cvxini`jha hcj`scvha àe gj pcvic hc eavdjp IPA 9222' àe cg `sjg pc hcdscpxvjzsc cpxc pipxcdj hc `jgihjh pc jkspxj j gap vczsipixapcioihap rav gj dipdj vcprc`xa j gap pipxcdjp hc `jgihjh%Pie cdfjvoa' gj cdrvcpj ea rschc afxcecv se `cvxini`jhapafvc ps pipxcdj hc hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh%Ce cpxc pcexiha' gj cipxceìj hc cpxjp eavdjp IPA 9222 cpàdrgcdcexjvij j gap vczsipixap xéèiàp hcg fice a pcv~iìa-Ej' :993< >2) y' rav ga xjexa' gj àe`cpiðe hc jdfap `cvxini`jhap'

hc rvahs`xa y hc cdrvcpj' cp rapifgc% Hc cpxj navdj'cg `cvxini`jha jpcosvj xjexa j gap `gicexcp vcjgcp àdaraxceìjgcp zsc gj cdrvcpj xicec se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh madagaojhaejìaejg y!a iexcvejìaejgdcexc% Hcphc cpxc rse$@jräxsga I^@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoijÄEHI@C :93xa hc ~ipxj' gj `cvxini`jìðe cp ce gj j`xsjgihjh -Ojv`äj

Pjexjdjväj' :99>f< 8>0);$ Se jvosdcexa hc ~cexj%

$ Se cgcdcexa hincvceìjhav vcprc`xa j gj àdrcxceìj%

$ Sej ~cexjkj rjvj j``chcv j dcv`jhap dêp ciocexcp; cravxjìðe'àexvjxap àe ovjehcp cdrvcpjp' àe gjJhdieipxvjìðe' %%%Ea afpxjexc' gap `cvxini`jhap zsc anvc`ce hipxiexap avojeipdapea pae picdrvc ojvjexäj hc `jgihjh% Pi gj hivc`ìðe hcìhcjkspxjvpc j gjp eavdjp IPA 9222 ravzsc ga cioce psp`gicexcp y ps ûei`j iexceìðe cp àepcosiv cg ¬xäxsga¼' jsezscrahjdap hcìv zsc cpj cdrvcpj a ps rvahs`xa `sdrgc sejp

eavdjp' ea rahcdap jpcosvjv zsc pcj sej cdrvcpj hc `jgihjhàda gj zsc rvaraecdap' fjpjhj ce se pipxcdj hc hivc`ìðehc gj `jgihjh%Cpxjp cpxvjxcoijp -niosvj 8%:) ea pae c`gsycexcp% Gj cdrvcpjrschc cgcoiv ~jvijp' hc djecvj zsc' rschc arxjv rav `cexvjvpcðg g gih h h g h f ini h



pðga ce gj `jgihjh hcg rvahs`xa s afxcecv se `cvxini`jhahc `jgihjh xjexa rjvj ps rvahs`xa àda rjvj ps pipxcdjhc `jgihjh%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :9>Rvcdiap hc `jgihjh Hcexva hc cpxap afkcxi~ap cpxvjxéoiàp' gj cdrvcpj rschchcpcjv àepcosiv se rvcdia j gj `jgihjh% Ce cpxc pcexiha' jei~cg ejìaejg c iexcvejìaejg cipxc se vcàeaìdicexa iepxixsìaejgjg eaxjfgc cpnscva zsc jgosejp cdrvcpjp vcjgijece gj idrgjexjìðe hc rvaovjdjp hc dckavj hc gj `jgihjh jxvj~ép hc sej pcvic hc rvcdiap% Ce cpxap `jpap' gjp avojeijìaecpojejhavjp hc se rvcdia hc `jgihjh rschce àdsei`jvcg dipda j psp `gicexcp àda rvscfj hc zsc mje dckavjhagj dipdj -Mcehvi`lp y Pieomjg' :99>< 8:?)% Ce cpxcpcexiha' gj c~ihceìj cdrävi`j hcdscpxvj `ðda cg ~jgav hc

gjp j`ìaecp hc cdrvcpjp ojejhavjp hc rvcdiap hc cpxc xiravcj`ìaej rapixi~jdcexc j gap jeseìap zsc mj`ce épxjppafvc cg rvcdia hc `jgihjh àepcosiha' vcj`ìðe zsc cp rjvxi`sgjvdcexcnscvxc ce cg `jpa hc cdrvcpjp rczscújp@jräxsga I^@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoijÄEHI@C :9?Niosvj 8%:% Cpxvjxcoijp hc `jgihjh

Nscexc; Cgjfavjìðe rvarij-Mcehvi`lp y Pieomjg' :99>< 808)% Cpxap cnc`xap xjdfiée pae

rapixi~ap rjvj gjp cdrvcpjp zsc ea àxije ce fagpj' iehcrcehicexcdcexc

hc ps xjdjúa' y àdsei`je' rav ckcdrga'~äj rvcepj' gj cexvcoj hc se rvcdia hc `jgihjh% Hc iosjg navdj'cp rvê`xi`j mjfixsjg àdsei`jv gj afxceìðe hc `cvxini`jhaphc `jgihjh zsc cexvcoje cexihjhcp `cvxini`jhavjp' xjexaj ei~cg ejìaejg àda iexcvejìaejg' àda cnc`xa hincvceìjhavj gap akap hc gap `gicexcp% Rav ga xjexa' hcfcdap xcecv ce`scexj zsc cpxjp j`xsjìaecp rschce rcvdixiv' ce se rvieìria'hincvceìjv j gj cdrvcpj' j rcpjv hc zsc' j gjvoa rgja

cpxap cnc`xap rahvêe iv hcpjrjvcìceha ce cg `jpa hc zsc pccxicehj hc navdj ocecvjgijhj cg iexcvép rav gj `jgihjh y gjcdipiðe hc `cvxini`jhap' rav ga zsc cg ~cvhjhcva cnc`xa hincvceìjhavpc rahvê jg`jejv' ce ûgxida xévdiea' àe cg pipxcdjhc hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh% Ce cg `jpa cprjúag' cg `cvxini`jhah gih h k g i x x h h g x h



hc `jgihjh kscoj se rjrcg idravxjexc hcphc cg rsexa hc~ipxj àdcvìjg' rscp gjp cdrvcpjp ga sxigije rjvj dckavjvps idjoce j xvj~ép hc se dcepjkc rsfgiìxjvia' pie cdfjvoa'cpxj ~cexjkj ivê hipdiesyceha àe cg xicdra `sjeha pc ie`vcdcexccg eûdcva hc `cvxini`jhap y jpä ga ~cj cg `gicexc%Rav àepiosicexc' pi fice cp ìcvxa zsc ds`mjp cdrvcpjp arxjerav `cvxini`jvpc pcoûe gj eavdj IPA 9222 àda navdj hchincvceìjvpc j gap akap hc psp `gicexcp' ea hcfce rcvpcosivKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;

nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C :9=xje pðga cpxc afkcxi~a' rscp ce cpxc `jpa' rschc zsc ea àepiojegj dckavj àexiesj' zsc pä hcfc pcv cg afkcxi~a ûgxida hcgj cdrvcpj ~cvhjhcvjdcexc àdrvadcxihj àe gj `jgihjh%Ce cpxc avhce hc ihcjp' rahcdap jnivdjv zsc gj hivc`ìðe hcgj `jgihjh psrcvj ce ovje dchihj j gj `cvxini`jìðe hc gap pipxcdjphc jpcosvjdicexa cxcvea -IPA 9222) zsc piosc piceha

se afkcxi~a hc ovje rviavihjh ce ds`map pc`xavcp% Piecdfjvoa' `jhj ~c dêp' gjp cdrvcpjp' avojeijìaecp hcjraya' Jhdieipxvjìðe' avojeijìaecp rvancpiaejgcp' aepsgxavcpy Sei~cvpihjhcp' àdrvcehce gj idravxjeìj cpceìjgrcva vcgjxi~j hc gj `cvxini`jìðe hc gap pipxcdjp hc `jgihjh%@ada àepc`sceìj' gj `cvxini`jìðe pc àexcdrgj àdacg rsexa hc rjvxihj ce cg `jdiea mjìj gj `jgihjh xaxjg-^je Mjd' :99:< 668)%Hc cpxj djecvj' jsezsc sej cdrvcpj rschc idrgjexjv sepipxcdj hc hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh pie afxcecv gj `cvxini`jìðe'

ce gj rvê`xi`j gj afxceìðe hc sea hc cpxap `cvxini`jhap

pä rschc pcv se àdicea ihcjg ce cg `jdiea mjìj gj hivc`ìðehc gj `jgihjh a XZD' cp hcìv' mjìj gj dckavj àexiesj%Jpä' gj `cvxini`jìðe ea hcfc pcv se nie' gjp cdrvcpjp hcfcepcosiv j~jejeha ce cg `jdiea mjìj gj dckavj àexiesjxjdfiée ce axvjp êvcjp zsc iengsyce vcjgdcexc pafvc gj `jgihjhy zsc ea pae àexcdrgjhjp rav gjp eavdjp IPA 9222'@jräxsga I^@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoij

ÄEHI@C :99àda pae' cexvc axvjp' gj j`xi~ihjh àdcvìjg' ocpxiðe jhdieipxvjxi~j-`gicexcp' rva~cchavcp)' ocpxiðe hc gap vc`svpapmsdjeap' rvahs`ìðe -ocpxiðe hc gj rvahs`ìðe) a àpxcp%Cpxjp àepc`sceìjp' mj`ce zsc gjp eavdjp pcje pidrgcdcexcsej osäj rjvj ieiìjv cg `jdiea hc gj `jgihjh -@afa



sej osäj rjvj ieiìjv cg `jdiea hc gj `jgihjh -@afa'î`cex y Ksêvc' :99>< ::3) -eaxj 0)%Ce gj rvê`xi`j' xahjp gjp cdrvcpjp pc rvca`srje' ce djyav

a dceav dchihj' rav gj `jgihjh% Rjvj ds`mjp hc cggjp' cpxcàe`crxa pioeini`j `jpi c`gspi~jdcexc àexvag hc `jgihjh'`cexvjha rvieìrjgdcexc ce gj ieprc`ìðe hcg rvahs`xa niejg'ds`mjp ~c`cp pidrgcdcexc hc navdj ~ipsjg' piceha cpxjrvê`xi`j dêp àdûe ce gjp RYDCP' ds`mjp hc gjp `sjgcpxicece gj àe`crìðe hc zsc gj `jgihjh' ce se rvieìria' idrgi`jse djyav àpxc% Ce cpxap `jpap' gjp cdrvcpjp vcgjìaeje

gj jrgi`jìðe hc gj pcvic IPA 9222 àe gj ec`cpihjh hcie`svviv ce djyavcp àpxcp% Pie cdfjvoa' rjvj axvjp cdrvcpjp'gj `jgihjh cp ds`ma dêp% Ceàexvjdap hcphc gjp zscrcvpiosce afxcecv cg `cvxini`jha pcoûe gjp eavdjp IPA 9222'mjpxj gjp zsc `jdieje mjìj gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh% Cecpxap `jpap' gjp cdrvcpjp pcosivêe vcjgijeha ieprc`ìaecphc `jgihjh rcva ce dceav dchihj%Ckc`sxjeha cpxjp cpxvjxcoijp gj cdrvcpj rschc pjxipnj`cv

gjp ec`cpihjhcp y crc`xjxi~jp hc gap `gicexcp% Ce cpxc pce$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 622xiha' gap `gicexcp pae gap dckavcp ksc`cp hc gj `jgihjh hc gapficecp a pcv~iìap hc sej cdrvcpj% @ada mcdap vcrcxiha'ce se dcv`jha `jhj häj dêp ciocexc' haehc gj ancvxj cp

djyav zsc gj hcdjehj' cp idrvcpìehifgc jhjrxjvpc j gjpcioceìjp' `jhj ~c djyavcp' hc gap `gicexcp% Rjvj zsc cpxa

pcj rapifgc' gj cdrvcpj hcfc jpcosvjvpc zsc àea`c vcjgdcexc

cpxjp ec`cpihjhcp' yj zsc gap `gicexcp pðga ~ag~cvêej gj cdrvcpj pi ce`scexvje ce cggj ga zsc cprcvjfje' iehcrcehicexcdcexchc ga zsc gj avojeijìðe `vcj zsc hcfcospxjvgcp a hcfc hêvpcgcp -Pceggc y îgjv' :99>< 03$0>)%8%6% Pipxcdj hc ienavdjìðe rjvj gj `jgihjhRjvj zsc gap hivc`xi~ap rschje àdrvafjv' rav se gjha' gapvcpsgxjhap jg`jejhap y rav axva' cg `sdrgidicexa hc gap afkcxi~aphc gj `jgihjh' ec`cpixje hipraecv hc ienavdjìðe zsc

jrayc xjexa jg rva`cpa hc rgjeini`jìðe àda jg hc àexvag hcgj `jgihjh% @ada pcújgj Ksvje -:992< :90$:98) cp ec`cpjviahipcújv se rjzscxc cprcìjg hc ienavdcp hc `jgihjh vcncvihapj ienavdjìðe `sjexixjxi~j pafvc cg àdravxjdicexa' ienavdjìðehcp`virxi~j pafvc jpsexap xjgcp àda jdcejjp' aravxseihjhcpy jàexcìdicexap rcvxiecexcp y jshixaväjp vcjgijhjp



y jàexcìdicexap rcvxiecexcp y jshixaväjp vcjgijhjp'cx`% Ce cpxc pcexiha' gj dckavj hc gj `jgihjh vczsicvc cgspa hc gj ienavdjìðe rjvj c~jgsjv cg rvaovcpa hc gap afkcxi$@jräxsga I^@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoijÄEHI@C 62:~ap hc `jgihjh% Cexvc gjp nscexcp hc ienavdjìðe pafvc `jgihjhrahcdap ihcexini`jv' cexvc axvjp' gjp piosicexcp;… Gjp zsckjp a vc`gjdjìaecp hc gap `gicexcp% Ce cpxc pcexiha'gj iecipxceìj hc zsckjp ea pioeini`j ec`cpjvijdcexc

zsc cg rvahs`xa pcj fscea rscpxa zsc pi' j rcpjv hc gj djgj`jgihjh hcg rvahs`xa' cg rvcìa hc ~cexj cp fjka' rschczsc cg `gicexc ei vc`gjdc% Hc iosjg navdj' zsc cg rvahs`xaea xceoj hcnc`xap ea zsicvc hcìv zsc pcj fscea ravzscrschc zsc gap àdrcxihavcp pcje dckavcp%… Cg àeksexa hc hjxap vcgjxi~ap j gj `jgihjh hc rsfgi`jìaecp'xjexa iexcvejp àda cxcvejp% Ce cpxc jrjvxjha' rahcdapie`gsiv gj ie~cpxiojìðe hc dcv`jhap pafvc gj `jgihjh' hjxap

pafvc djxcvijgcp àdrvjhap' rvscfjp hc ieprc`ìðe pafvcrvahs`xap a rva~cchavcp' cx`%… Cg fce`mdjvlieo' jg afxcecv ienavdjìðe àdrjvjxi~j hcaxvjp cdrvcpjp' a ie`gspa' hc axvjp êvcjp hc gj dipdj avojeijìðeàe gj iexceìðe hc dckavjv%… Gap vcpsgxjhap hc gj dchiìðe hc gj `jgihjh% Épxap ie`gsycehjxap hc gjp j`xi~ihjhcp nseìaejgcp' jshixaväjp hc rvahs`xa'jshixaväjp hc pipxcdjp y hjxap hc àexvag jhdieipxvjxi~axjgcp àda cg àpxc hc gj `jgihjh%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð

@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 626… Gap àpxcp hc gj `jgihjh' yj zsc j rjvxiv hc ps jeêgipip rahvcdapxadjv hcìpiaecp vcncvihjp j êvcjp hc dckavj' cpxjfgcìdicexahc gap afkcxi~ap hc `jgihjh' cx`% Ce cpxc pcexiha'gj ienavdjìðe pafvc zsckjp' vc`gjdjìaecp' j`ìaecpàvvc`xi~jp' cx`%' eap rschc hjv sej ihcj hc gap àpxcp cxcveap%Hc iosjg navdj' cp ec`cpjvia ihcexini`jv gap àpxcp

iexcveap% Rav xjexa' àda pcújgje Rsvpoga~c y Hjgc -:99><80:)' cg pipxcdj hc àpxcp hc `jgihjh hcfc ihcexini`jv zséàpxcp cpxêe jsdcexjeha y pafvc `sêgcp pae ec`cpjviapcpnscvap hc dckavj' njìgixjv gj nikjìðe y àexvag hc afkcxi~aphc gap hcrjvxjdcexap àe cg nie hc rvada~cv y àepcosivvchs`ìaecp ce gap àpxcp pcgc`ìaejhap y spjv gap hjxap



yàda sej hc gjp mcvvjdicexjp rvieìrjgcp rjvj hivioiv gjavojeijìðe%

… Gj ienavdjìðe vcncvihj j gj `jgihjh hc hipcúa àda hjxappafvc rvscfjp hcg hipcúa hcg rvahs`xa y pafvc gj c~agsìðehc hipcúa rjvj gj `jgihjh -Ksvje y Ovyej' :993< 38=)% Cecpxc `jpa' gap hipcújhavcp hcfce xcecv j``cpa j ienavdjìðemipxðvi`j vcgjxi~j jg hcpcdrcúa hc rvahs`xap pidigjvcp%Jhcdêp' àda navdj hc cexcehcv dckav gap vczscvidicexaphc gap `gicexcp' rschce jrayjvpc ce gap vcpsgxjhaphc ie~cpxiojìaecp hc dcv`jha -Pj~joc' :99>< >>9$>?2)%@jräxsga I^@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoijÄEHI@C 620… Gj sxigijhj rvc~ijdcexc rjvj gj rgjeini`jìðe hc gj `jgihjh'cpxa cp' ienavdjìðe vcgjxi~j j ec`cpihjhcp hc gap `gicexcps afkcxi~ap hc `jgihjh rvieìrjgdcexc%Cg jg`je`c hc se pipxcdj hc ienavdjìðe hc gj `jgihjh rschc

~jvijv hcphc se pceìgga pipxcdj zsc `sfvj gap hjxap hc gj ieprc`ìðece rva`cpa' j sea ds`ma dêp jdrgia zsc `sfvj xahjgj ienavdjìðe vcgjxi~j j gj cnc`xi~ihjh ogafjg hc gap rvahs`xapy rva`cpap idravxjexcp% @ada mcdap crscpxa' cpxcpipxcdj hc ienavdjìðe jhdieipxvjxi~a hcfc rvaravìaejv jgap hivc`xi~ap y cdrgcjhap' j xvj~ép hc se pipxcdj iexcovjha'xahj gj ienavdjìðe ec`cpjvij àe gj niejgihjh hc hcnieiv ragäxi`jpy cpxvjxcoijp hc `jgihjh' rahcv hcpjvvaggjv rgjecp rjvj

jg`jejv gap afkcxi~ap y dchiv cg `sdrgidicexa hc gap dipdap%Cpxj ienavdjìðe hcfc pcv xjexa cxcvej' vcgjxi~j rav ckcdrga



`gj~c gap pcosehap% Ce hcnieixi~j' ~je j pcv gap iexjeoifgcp-àda gj navdjìðe' gj `jgihjh' gj `vcjxi~ihjh' gj ieea~jìðe'gjp `jrjìhjhcp hivc`xi~jp' gj vcrsxjìðe' gj djv`j'gjp mjfigihjhcp' crcviceìjp y àeaìdicexap hc xahap gapxvjfjkjhavcp' gjp vcgjìaecp hc àenijej cexvc xvjfjkjhavcpy hivc`xi~ap' gj jhjrxjìðe' gj ngcifigihjh' %%%) gap zsc rschceggcojv j pcv nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixi~j -Ggarip' Dagiej yXjvä' :99>< ?80) j gjvoa rgja y gap zsc' rav xjexa' rcvdixivêedjexcecvgj dêp xicdra -eaxj 8)%

Ce cpxc pcexiha' cg xvjfjka cdrävià hc Mjgg -:990< >:>$>:?)vcngckj `ðda gj vcrsxjìðe hc gj àdrjúäj y hcg rvahs`xa y cg¬leaw$maw¼ hc gap cdrgcjhap' pae gap vc`svpap zsc dckavrapiìaeje j gj cdrvcpj nvcexc j psp àdrcxihavcp< vc`svpapzsc hcpjvvaggj y djexicec gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh% Pi ficecp ìcvxa zsc ce gj rvjip gj vcrsxjìðe cp nêìg hc hjújv y gj



z r r yKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;

nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 62>da~igihjh hc gap cdrgcjhap hipdiesyc gj hsvjfigihjh hcg¬leaw$maw¼' gj cdrvcpj hcfcvê iexcexjv rcvnc`ìaejvgap rjvjdjexcecv hsvjexc dêp xicdra cpj ~cexjkj%Rav axva gjha' gj àdfiejìðe hc gap vc`svpap hc gj cdrvcpjgc rcvdixce `vcjv sej pcvic hc `jrjìhjhcp zsc rschce pcvnscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixi~j' àda rav ckcdrga' gj `jrjìhjhhc xvjfjkjv ce czsira' gj vcpagsìðe hc rvafgcdjp jg iexcovjvhipxiexjp rcvpaejp a êvcjp' cg jdficexc rjvxiìrjxi~acexvc iehi~ihsap y hcrjvxjdcexap' gj `jrjìhjh rjvj jxcehcvjg `gicexc iexcovjeha j xahjp gjp rjvxcp jnc`xjhjp' cx`% Hc cpxcdaha' cpxap vc`svpap y `jrjìhjhcp rschce ocecvjv ~cexjkjp~äj àpxcp a hincvceìjìðe%8%0%6% @jgihjh àda ~cexjkj àdrcxixi~j

@ada mcdap ~ipxa' gj `jgihjh rvaravìaej gjp fjpcp rjvj pcvse jvdj àdrcxixi~j ce cg ecoaìa hc gj cdrvcpj% Ce cpxcpcexiha' gj `jgihjh hcg fice a pcv~iìa rschc pcv sej ~cexjkjàdrcxixi~j picdrvc zsc hipxieoj j gj avojeijìðe' j gapakap hc gap `gicexcp' hc psp àdrcxihavcp% Dicexvjp' cg cenazschc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh rschc pcv sej nscexc hc~cexjkj àdrcxixi~j yj zsc rcvpiosc' àe gj dckavj hc gj `jgihjh'cgjfavjv ficecp a pcv~iìap zsc gap `gicexcp àepihcvce

psrcviavcp j gap àdrcxihavcp@jräxsga I^

@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoijÄEHI@C 62?

Ce cpxc pcexiha' gjp ~cexjkjp àdrcxixi~jp avioiejhjp rav gjhivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh ea pc hcfce xjexa j gj sxigijìðe hcxéèi`jp y mcvvjdicexjp àe`vcxjp àda j gj cipxceìj hcìcvxjp `jvj`xcväpxi`jp xêìxjp c idrcvnc`xjdcexc idixjfgcpzsc pc àepxixsyce àda vczsipixap rjvj rahcv idrgjexjvgj;`sgxsvj hc `jgihjh vc`crxi~j jg `jdfia' rjvxiìrjìðe y navdjìðehc gap xvjfjkjhavcp' daxi~jìðe rjvj dckavjv' àdrvadipa

hc gj hivc`ìðe' vcgjìaecp hc àenijej cexvc xvjfjkjhavcpy hivc`xi~ap% Pie cpxap vc`svpap xêìxap' iexjeoifgcp'jdfiosap `jpsjgdcexc' àdrgcdcexjviap y hinäìgcp hc idixjv'gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh ea xicec nsehjdcexa rjvj cgéixa -Rawcgg' :993< 6:$66)%Ce xévdieap ocecvjgcp' Ravxcv -:9=?< 69$0=) ihcexini`j hap xirap



fêpiàp hc ~cexjkjp àdrcxixi~jp' iehcrcehicexcdcexchc gap rsexap nscvxcp y héfigcp zsc rschj xcecv gj cdrvcpj

ce àdrjvjìðe àe psp àdrcxihavcp; àpxcp fjkap y hincvceìjìðe%Cpxap hap xirap hc ~cexjkjp rschce ocecvjv xvcpcpxvjxcoijp oceévi`jp; gihcvjoa ce àpxcp' hincvceìjìðe ycenazsc -eaxj 3)%Ce se rvieìria rahcdap rcepjv zsc gj cpxvjxcoij hc hincvceìjìðeosjvhj sej djyav vcgjìðe àe gj nigapanäj hc gj hivc`ìðehc gj `jgihjh zsc sej hc gihcvjoa ce àpxc% Pie cdfjvoa'

cg cenazsc hc `jgihjh mj psrcvjha cpxc higcdj cexvcKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 62=àpxc$hincvceìjìðe' àda ~cvcdap rapxcviavdcexc% Hc xahapdahap' sej cdrvcpj zsc djexicec sej cpxvjxcoij hcfjka àpxc rschc idrgjexjv se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh' picdrvc

zsc vcprcxc xahap psp rvieìriap' jsezsc' pcoûe ~jyj jpsdicehagj cdrvcpj xaha ga zsc idrgi`j cpxj esc~j nigapanäj'cp eavdjg zsc pc j`cvzsc j gj hincvceìjìðe%Jpä' sej cdrvcpj zsc pcgc`ìaej sej cpxvjxcoij hc `jgihjhrschc àdrcxiv ce gjp hipxiexjp hidcepiaecp hc gj dipdj% Cecpxc pcexiha' épxjp rschce pcv nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixi~j%Ojv~ie -:9=?< :28$:29) ihcexini`j a`ma hidcepiaecp hc gj`jgihjh ce gjp zsc rschc àdrcxiv gj cdrvcpj;

… Rvcpxjìaecp% Pc vcnicvc j gjp `jvj`xcväpxi`jp nseìaejgcprvidjvijp hc se fice a pcv~iìa% Ce sej cdrvcpj jsxada~igäpxi`j'

czsi~jghväj j jzscggap cgcdcexap ec`cpjviap rjvj cgjhc`sjha nseìaejdicexa hcg ~cmä`sga' àda rav ckcdrga'cexvc axvap' gj j`cgcvjìðe a cg djecka' zsc rcvdixce pjxipnj`cvgjp ec`cpihjhcp hc hcxcvdiejhap `gicexcp%… Rc`sgijvihjhcp% Vcgjìaejhj àe gj jexcviav' àvvcpraehcväjj gjp `jvj`xcväpxi`jp pc`sehjvijp' zsc àdrgcdcexje cgnseìaejdicexa fêpià hcg fice a pcv~iìa% Ce escpxvackcdrga' àvvcpraehcväj j gap cxvjp' àda cg jivc jàehiìaejha'gj hivc`ìðe jpipxihj' cg j`jfjha%

@jräxsga I^@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoijÄEHI@C 629… Nijfigihjh% Vcngckj cg rcviaha hc xicdra hc nseìaejdicexahc se hcxcvdiejha rvahs`xa% Cp hcìv' gj rvafjfigihjh hczsc épxc pc cpxvarcc a nseìaec djg hcexva hc ìcvxa rcviahah xi J ä x hi ið ê g x



hc xicdra% Jpä rscp' cpxj hidcepiðe cp dêp vcgc~jexcrjvj gap ficecp a pcv~iìap hsvjhcvap àda se jsxadð~ig'

zsc rjvj jzscggap zsc pae àepsdihap iepxjexêecjdcexc%… @aenavdihjh% Czsi~jgc jg ovjha ce cg `sêg cg hipcúa y gjp`jvj`xcväpxi`jp hcg rvahs`xa àvvcpraehce àe gap cpxêehjvcpcpxjfgcìhap%… Hsvjfigihjh% Cp sej dchihj hc gj ~ihj hc se hcxcvdiejharvahs`xa% Rschc xcecv sej cxcepiðe xéèi`j y sej càeðdi`j%Xéèi`jdcexc' pc hcniec àda cg xicdra hc spa hc servahs`xa mjpxj ps hcxcviava' pie zsc cipxj gj rapifigihjh hcvcrjvjìðe% Dicexvjp xjexa' gj ~ihj càeðdi`j xcvdiej `sjehacp dêp vcexjfgc pspxixsiv cg rvahs`xa zsc vcrjvjvga% Cpxjhidcepiðe cpxê äexidjdcexc vcgjìaejhj àe gj nijfigihjh%… Pcv~iìa% Xaha rvahs`xa hcfc pspxcexjvpc ce se jhc`sjhapcv~iìa rjvj ps ~cexj' cexcehiceha épxc àda gj vjrihc'àvxcpäj' njìgihjh hc vcrjvjìðe' cx`… Cpxéxi`j% Czsi~jgc j ga zsc rjvc`c' mscgc' pscej a pjfc se

fice a pcv~iìa' àe cg nie hc jkspxjvga j gap ospxap hadi$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6:2ejexcp% Cpxj hidcepiðe' ksexa àe gj piosicexc' pae gjp hapdêp psfkcxi~jp' yj zsc pae sej `scpxiðe hc ~jgavjìðe rcvpaejgy vcngckje gjp rvcncvceìjp hc `jhj iehi~ihsa%

… @jgihjh rcvìfihj% @avvcpraehc àe gj rcv`crìðe zsc xicecse `gicexc hc gj `jgihjh hc cpc rvahs`xa' xceiceha ce

`scexj zsc eavdjgdcexc' gap `gicexcp ea picdrvc rapcceienavdjìðe àdrgcxj pafvc gjp `jvj`xcväpxi`jp hc hi`marvahs`xa% Jpä' rav ckcdrga' vjvjp ~c`cp cg `gicexc àea`ccj`xjdcexc y hc navdj rvc~ij gj hsvjfigihjh hc se rvahs`xa'ga zsc rschc iengsiv ce ps rcv`crìðe% Ce cpxjp pixsjìaecp'gj idjoce hc gj cdrvcpj a gap jeseìap rsfgiìxjviap'cexvc axvap' rschce jnc`xjv gjp rcv`crìaecp hc gapspsjviap' `vcjeha ie`gspa sej njgpj crc`xjxi~j% Cp hc hcpxj`jvzsc rjvj cg `gicexc' gj vcrsxjìðe hc gj cdrvcpj a hc

gj djv`j pae jgoseap hc gap `jvj`xcvcp dêp ~jgavjhap' pieagap zsc dêp' hc gj `jgihjh rcvìfihj%Jpä' rjvj sej cdrvcpj ce àe`vcxa' ce se fice a pcv~iìa cprapifgc jg`jejv se jgxa ei~cg ce jgosej hc cpxjp hidcepiaecpy se fjka ei~cg ce axvjp y rschc zsc sej dckavj ce sejhidcepiðe idrgizsc sej vchs`ìðe ce axvj% @ae cpxj jnivdjìðe'



ea pc rvcxcehc pcújgjv gj idrapifigihjh hc àdrcxiv cegjp hincvcexcp hidcepiaecp' rcva pä hcpxj`jv ps hini`sgxjh' yj@jräxsga I^@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoijÄEHI@C 6::zsc pae ra`jp gjp cdrvcpjp zsc xicece gj `jrjìhjh hcàdrcxiv ce gjp a`ma hidcepiaecp j gj ~c%Hc cpxj djecvj' fjka gj nigapanäj hc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh'zsc ~j ds`ma dêp jggê hc gj pidrgc `jgihjh hcg rvahs`xa' cpxjphidcepiaecp pae paravxjhjp rav sej `sgxsvj avojeijxi~jzsc ce~scg~c xahj gj cdrvcpj y rcvdixc sxigijv cniìcexcdcexcpsp vc`svpap j`xsjgcp y raxceìjgcp' hcp`sfviceha jpägjp aravxseihjhcp zsc rvcpcexj gj `jgihjh rjvj j`cv`jvpc jgjp ec`cpihjhcp y crc`xjxi~jp hc gap `gicexcp%Sej ~c `vcjhj gj ~cexjkj àdrcxixi~j' cg piosicexc rjpa cpdjexcecvgj% Ce cpxc pcexiha' gj cdrvcpj hcfc ancvxjv se ficea pcv~iìa zsc àvvcpraehj j gap `vixcviap `gj~c hc àdrvj hc

gj djyaväj hc gap `gicexcp hc ps dcv`jha -Mjgg' :996< :03)'afkcxi~a zsc rcvpiosc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh% Ea afpxjexc'àe cg xicdra gjp ~cexjkjp pc cvapiaeje' rav ga zsc cg àepcosivgjpy djexcecvgjp hcrcehcvê hc gjp `jvj`xcväpxi`jp hcgap vc`svpap y `jrjìhjhcp% Fjvecy -:99:< :23$:2>) y Ovjex-:99>< :?>$:??) ihcexini`je gjp `jvj`xcväpxi`jp zsc hcfce rapccvgap vc`svpap y `jrjìhjhcp rjvj zsc rschje `vcjv ypapxcecv sej ~cexjkj àdrcxixi~j% Ce cpxc pcexiha' rjvj jhzsiviv

sej ~cexjkj àdrcxixi~j cp ec`cpjvia zsc épxap pcje~jgiapap y vjvap% Rav axva gjha' rjvj àepcosiv zsc gj ~cexjkj

àdrcxixi~j pcj papxceifgc' cp ec`cpjvia zsc gap vc`svpap yKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6:6`jrjìhjhcp pcje idrcvnc`xjdcexc idixjfgcp ' cp hcìv' hcdsy hinäìg idixjìðe rav gap àdrcxihavcp -eaxj >)%8%0%0% @jgihjh àda hincvceìjìðe j fjka àpxc Mcdap ihcexini`jha gjp cpxvjxcoijp oceévi`jp zsc rschc pcosivsej cdrvcpj rjvj àdrcxiv ce se ecoaìa -eaxj ?)% Cecpxc pcexiha' Ravxcv -:993< 08) pcújgj zsc ga zsc ea hcfc mj`cvese`j gj cdrvcpj cp zschjv ¬jxvjrjhj j gj dixjh¼' cphcìv' rcvpcosiv gjp hap cpxvjxcoijp jg dipda xicdra pie àepcosivéixa àe eieosej' y ce àepc`sceìj' ea rapccv ~cexjkjàdrcxixi~j% Rcva ea pðga cpa' piea zsc sej cdrvcpjzsc pc ce`scexvj ce cpxj pixsjìðe pc cenvcexjvê àe hcp~cexjkj



zsc pc ce`scexvj ce cpxj pixsjìðe' pc cenvcexjvê àe hcp~cexjkjvcprc`xa j psp àdrcxihavcp' rscpxa zsc cg gähcv ce

àpxc a gap zsc mjyje arxjha `gjvjdcexc rav gj hincvceìjìðea cg cenazsc afxicece dceavcp àpxcp a djyav hincvceìjìðe'rav ga zsc oajvêe hc sej dckav rapiìðe rjvj àdrcxivce `sjgzsicv pcodcexa% Rav ga xjexa' cg mc`ma hc zschjvjxvjrjhj j gj dixjh cp gj djeincpxjìðe hc gj ie`jrjìhjh hcgj cdrvcpj hc cgcoiv gj navdj hc àdrcxiv ce se ecoaìa% Cecpxc `jpa' pðga àepcosivê ps rvarðpixa pi gj cpxvs`xsvj hc pspc`xav iehspxvijg cp jgxjdcexc nj~avjfgc a pi gj cdrvcpj cp gapsniìcexcdcexc jnavxsejhj àda rjvj xcecv àdrcxihavcpzsc xjdfiée cpxêe jxvjrjhap j gj dixjh% Hc cpxj djecvj' gjdjhsvc ce cg pc`xav iehspxvijg xicehc j jdrgijv gjp hincvce$@jräxsga I^@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoijÄEHI@C 6:0ìjp hc hcpcdrcúa cexvc gjp cdrvcpjp àe sej `gjvj cpxvjxcoijoceévi`j y jzscggjp zsc cpxêe jxvjrjhjp ce dchia%Pcoûe cpxc vjaejdicexa pcväj nsehjdcexjg zsc gj cdrvcpjpcgc`ìaejpc zsé cpxvjxcoij ~j j pcosiv% Ea afpxjexc' Ravxcvcpxê hc j`scvha ce zsc sej cdrvcpj rschc jg`jejv fjkaàpxc y hincvceìjìðe pidsgxêecjdcexc' jsezsc j dceshahc djecvj xcdravjg -Mseocv y _mccgce' :99>< :92)% Pie cdfjvoa'gj rvê`xi`j mj hcdapxvjha zsc hcxcvdiejhjp cdrvcpjpmje àepcosiha pcosiv jdfjp cpxvjxcoijp pidsgxêecjdcexc

àe éixa% Ce cpxc pcexiha' Ovjex -:99>< 6::) jnivdjzsc gj vcàeìgijìðe cexvc gj jgxj hincvceìjìðe y cg fjka àpxc

cp sea hc gap djyavcp vcxap cpxvjxéoiàp j zsc pc cenvcexjegjp cdrvcpjp ce cg j`xsjg cexavea càeðdià%Rvscfj hc cgga cp cg ovje jraoca hc ds`mjp cdrvcpjp kjraecpjphcfiha' ce rjvxc' j zsc mje pjfiha àdfiejv sejnscvxc hincvceìjìðe fjpjhj ce gj ieea~jìðe' gj `jgihjh y cgdjvlcxieo àe sej ovje cniìceìj ce gj rvahs`ìðe%Hcphc cpxc rsexa hc ~ipxj' ce gj niosvj 8%6 j) pc afpcv~j gjrcvprc`xi~j xvjhiìaejg zsc psraec se iexcv`jdfia cexvc àpxcy hincvceìjìðe% Rav axva gjha' jgosejp rvê`xi`jp cdrvcpjvijgcp

j`xsjgcp rcvdixce afxcecv sej djyav hincvceìjìðepie jsdcexjv àpxcp a gj dipdj hincvceìjìðe àe se dceavàpxc -niosvj 8%6 f)' c ie`gspa rschc ggcojv j ie~cvxivpc gj rce$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6:8



ÄEHI@C 6:8hicexc' vcngckjeha zsc cp rapifgc rcvpcosiv jdfap afkcxi~ap

jg dipda xicdra -niosvj 8%6 `)%Cexvc gjp `jspjp zsc rcvdixce crgi`jv cpxc ûgxida `jpa hcpxj`jdapgjp piosicexcp;… Cg hcpjvvagga xcèagðoià zsc mj rapifigixjha zsc gjp cdrvcpjpce`scexvce navdjp hc afxcecv fcecniìap hc jdfjpcpxvjxcoijp' hcfiha j zsc gjp esc~jp xcèagaoäjp rcvdixcej gjp cdrvcpjp pcosiv sej cpxvjxcoij hc hincvceìjìðe jdceav àpxc -Migg y Kaecp' :99>< :?9)%… @ada pcújgje _viomx' Rvieogc y Lvagg' -:998< :69$:06); j) gjhchi`jìðe j gj `jgihjh' vcniviéehapc ea pðga j gj `jgihjh hcgfice a pcv~iìa' piea j XZD' f) gj ieea~jìðe hc rva`cpap@jräxsga I^@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoijÄEHI@C 6:3Niosvj 8%6% Vcgjìðe àpxc$hincvceìjìðeNscexc; @jejgp -:998< :00) y Dagiej y Xjvä -:99?< :68)

zsc idrgi`j j`xi~ihjhcp zsc ie`vcdcexje gj cniìceìj hcgjp arcvjìaecp -jsezsc eavdjgdcexc idrgi`je dceavcpàpxcp' xjdfiée rschc vcnavjv gj hincvceìjìðe hcg fice apcv~iìa)' `) gj ieea~jìðe hcg rvahs`xa' zsc jsezsc psraecj rvidcvj ~ipxj se vcnavjdicexa hc gj hincvceìjìðe'xjdfiée rschc hipdiesiv àpxcp y h) gj crcviceìj c idjocehc gj cdrvcpj%Hc cpxj djecvj' sej hc gjp mcvvjdicexjp zsc rcvdixc àdrjxifigijvjgxj hincvceìjìðe y fjkap àpxcp cp cg xcdj afkcxa

hc cpxc xvjfjka% Jmavj fice' rahcdap rvcosexjveap ravzsé sej cdrvcpj rschc pcv dêp àdrcxixi~j jg dckavjv gj`jgihjh% Pi fice cp ìcvxa zsc ce se rvieìria pc rcepjfj zscse ie`vcdcexa hc gj `jgihjh idrgi`jfj djyavcp àpxcp y ravxjexa' ocecvjgdcexc' djyavcp rvcìap' gap `sjgcp rahväje mj`cvrcvhcv j gj cdrvcpj `saxj hc dcv`jha' gj rvjip mj hcdapxvjhaxaha ga àexvjvia% @ada pcújgj Hcdieo -:9=9< 0)'sej dckavj hc gj `jgihjh psraec sej hipdiesìðe hc àpxcpravzsc mjy dceap vcrva`cpap' cvvavcp y vcxvjpap' pc sxigij

dckav gj vcgjìðe xicdra$dêzsiej y gap djxcvijgcp' àe gjàepiosicexc dckavj hc gj rvahs`xi~ihjh zsc rcvdixc àepcosivsej djyav `saxj hc dcv`jha jg ~cehcv rvahs`xap hcdckav `jgihjh j se rvcìa dêp fjka' pixsjìðe zsc njìgixj gjpsrcv~i~ceìj hc gj cdrvcpj ce cg ecoaìa ce cg zsc arcvj%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;



@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~j

ÄEHI@C 6:>Jpä' anvc`cv rvahs`xap hc `jgihjh' jhcdêp hc pcv sej hc gjpnavdjp dêp àeaìhjp rjvj nsehjdcexjv sej cpxvjxcoij hchincvceìjìðe nvcexc j gap àdrcxihavcp' rschc ieìhiv nj~avjfgcdcexcce gap àpxcp hc gj cdrvcpj' j rcpjv hc gj ¬xvjhiìaejg¼ ~ie`sgjìðe hc `jgihjh àe jgxap àpxcp àepc`sceìjhc àdrvj hc iersxp hc `jgihjh' djea hc afvj `sjgini`jhja àexvagcp cmjspxi~ap% Jpä rscp' sej hc gjp djyavcpàexvifsìaecp hc gj Hivc`ìðe hc gj @jgihjh cp vcnsxjv cg dixahcg iexcv`jdfia cexvc cg àpxc y gj `jgihjh -Ovjex' :99><6::)% Ce gj dipdj gäecj pc crvcpj Fcgamgj~ -:990< >6); ¬afxcecvjgxap ei~cgcp hc `jgihjh `vcj cg raxceìjg rjvj pcosiv eapðga sej cpxvjxcoij hc hincvceìjìðe' piea xjdfiée sej cpxvjxcoijhc gihcvjoa hc àpxc fjka¼% @ada pcújgj cpxc dip$@jräxsga I^

@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoijÄEHI@C 6:?Niosvj 8%0% Cpxvjxcoijp àdrcxixi~jp oceévi`jpNscexc; _mixc -:9=>< 66>)da jsxav' gjp cdrvcpjp zsc àdrixje àe sej ûei`j cpxvjxcoijoceévi`j rschce ~cv hipdiesihj ps àdrcxixi~ihjh jg cenvcexjvpcj avojeijìaecp hc `jgihjh% Ce hcnieixi~j' gj `jgihjhrvaravìaej sej rcvprc`xi~j hincvcexc y cg raxceìjg rjvjrapiìaejv j gj cdrvcpj ce se rgjea àdrcxixi~a dêp jgxazsc psp àdrcxihavcp%

Rav xjexa' gap xvjfjkap cdräviàp y xcðviàp hcdscpxvje zsc pcrschce pcosiv jdfjp cpxvjxcoijp y afxcecv vcpsgxjhap pjxipnj`xaviapdchijexc se àdrvadipa àe gj `jgihjh hc gap ficecpy pcv~iìap -_viomx' Rvieogc y Lvagg' :998< :03)% Ce ~c hc gj~ipiðe hc fjka àpxc$hincvceìjìðe àda cpxvjxcoijp pcrjvjhjp'gj cdrvcpj rschc àdfiejv gjp hap cpxvjxcoijp -Mseocvy _mccgce' :99>< :92) àda pc dscpxvj ce gj niosvj 8%0%Cpxj pixsjìðe' àpxc y hincvceìjìðe' gj mje àepcosiha gjpcdrvcpjp kjraecpjp% Épxjp ea cgioce cexvc àpxc y `jgihjh' piea

zsc ihcexini`je jzscggap rgjexcjdicexap zsc àehs`ce j gjdckavj hc gj `jgihjh -àda dchia) rjvj vchsìv gap àpxcp -àdanie)< jpä' gj `jgihjh y gap vc`svpap msdjeap pae hcìpiaecpcpxvjxéoi`jp y ea hc crgaxjìðe àda pcväj cg `jpa hc ds`mjpcdrvcpjp a`ìhcexjgcp -_mccgwviomx' :9=6< ::2$:::)%Rav xjexa' cg vcàeaìdicexa hc zsc gj `jgihjh idrgi`j hincvceìjìðecp jdrgijdcexc j`crxjha Pie cdfjvoa ea rjvc$



cp jdrgijdcexc j`crxjha% Pie cdfjvoa' ea rjvc$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð

@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6:=`c xje `gjvj gj vcgjìðe cexvc `jgihjh y àpxc% @ada mcdapjvosdcexjha' pi fice cp ìcvxa zsc se jsdcexa hc gj `jgihjhrschc psraecv se ie`vcdcexa hc àpxcp' xjexa gj xcaväj àdagj rvê`xi`j mje hcdapxvjha zsc sej vcgjìðe ie~cvpj cpxjdfiée rapifgc% Rjvj hcdapxvjv cpxc cenazsc ~jdap j vcjgijv

se cpxshia pafvc gj vcgjìðe cexvc àpxc y `jgihjh sxigijehagap àpxcp xaxjgcp hc gj `jgihjh; àpxcp hc rvc~ceìðe'c~jgsjìðe' njggap iexcveap y cxcveap -niosvj 8%8)%Cg dahcga hc gj niosvj 8%8 j) vcrvcpcexj gjp àehiìaecp zscrvc~jgcìcvae hsvjexc ovje rjvxc hcg pioga ]]' haehc -Ksvjey Ovyej' :993< 68);… Gap àpxcp hc njggap pae iosjgcp j `cva `sjeha cg :22# hcg

rvahs`xa cp j`crxjfgc y pc cgc~je j ienieixa `sjeha cg :22# hcg rvahs`xa cp hcnc`xsapa%… Gap àpxcp hc c~jgsjìðe y rvc~ceìðe pae `cva `sjeha gjpseihjhcp hcnc`xsapjp pae cg :22# y pc cgc~je j ienieixa`sjeha pc j`cv`j j gj rcvnc`ìðe%Gap àpxcp xaxjgcp hc gj `jgihjh' psdj hc gap àpxcp jexcviavcp'iehi`je cg àpxc xaxjg rav seihjh hc rvahs`xa j`crxjfgc'jg`jejeha se däeida àda dscpxvj gj ovêni`j%

@jräxsga I^@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoij

ÄEHI@C 6:9Hc cpxj djecvj' gjp vchs`ìaecp ce àpxcp jpaìjhjp j hcprcvhiìap

y vcrva`cpap pae àdrcepjhjp àe gap ie`vcdcexapce àpxcp hc dckavj hcg fice a pcv~iìa ce jzscggap jprc`xapzsc ~jgavj cg `gicexc ce psp hcìpiaecp hc àdrvj-Fscg y Ojgc' :9=?< ::3)%J rcpjv hcg dahcga' ce vcjgihjh' gj `sv~j hc àpxcp hc c~jgsjìðedêp rvc~ceìðe xicehc j se àpxc nieixa% Rav cgga' jrjvc`cse esc~a dahcga' àda vcngckj gj niosvj 8%8 f)' zsc vcrvcpcexj

gj ~ipiðe j`xsjg hc gap àpxcp hc gj `jgihjh%Cpxc dahcga hc àpxc dscpxvj àda cipxc se däeida àpxcxaxjg hc `jgihjh rjvj se ei~cg ðrxida hc `jgihjh hc àenavdihjh'ga `sjg idrgi`j se rczscúa rav`cexjkc hc hcnc`xap% CeKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄ



ÄEHI@C 662Niosvj 8%8% Dahcgap càeðdiàp hcg àpxc hc gj `jgihjhNscexc; Ksvje y Ovyej -:993< 63)cpxc àexcxa' @vapfy -:9=?) pcújgj gj jgxcvejxi~j hc cgidiejvàdrgcxjdcexc xahap gap hcnc`xap' jpä' se ie`vcdcexa hc gj`jgihjh hc àenavdihjh hipdiesyc cg àpxc xaxjg hc gj `jgihjh%Pie cdfjvoa' ce gj rvê`xi`j picdrvc pc rvahs`ce cvvavcp msdjeapa xéèiàp' ds`mjp ~c`cp iec~ixjfgcp' zsc mj`ce zscgj rcvnc`ìðe pcj hinäìg hc jg`jejv% Jpidipda' XZD cp se

`jdiea pie nie mjìj gj dckavj y xicehc mjìj gj `jgihjh xaxjg'pc j`cv`j j cggj% @ada àepc`sceìj' ce xévdieap ocecvjgcp'cp dêp jrvarijha jnivdjv zsc gjp `sv~jp jg`jeje seaphcxcvdiejhap gädixcp pie zsc cgga cgidiec gj iexceìðe hc gjcdrvcpj hc xcehcv mjìj gap `cva hcnc`xap%Rav axva gjha' rcepjdap zsc gap àpxcp hc rvc~ceìðe dêpc~jgsjìðe' ce vcjgihjh' àda vcngckj gj niosvj 8%8 f)' ese`jxicehce j ienieixa ravzsc eieosej cdrvcpj rahväj rcvdixävpcga'

rav ga zsc' ce gj rvê`xi`j cipxivê se gädixc% Hc iosjg navdj'vcprc`xa j gap àpxcp hc njggap' jsezsc xcðvi`jdcexc rschcepcv iosjg j `cva' ce gj rvê`xi`j cp dsy hinäìg zsc jpä a`svvjravzsc cvvavcp picdrvc pc rvahs`ce%Jpidipda' cg dahcga vcngckj `ðda se jsdcexa ce gap àpxcphc rvc~ceìðe y c~jgsjìðe vcrcv`sxc rapixi~jdcexc pafvcgap àpxcp hc njggap% Hc iosjg navdj' rjvc`c gðoià rcepjv zsc

se djyav àpxc ce rvc~ceìðe idrgi`j sea dceav ce c~jgsj$@jräxsga I^

@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoijÄEHI@C 66:

ìðe% Hc xahjp navdjp' cpxj vcgjìðe ea picdrvc cp cj`xjàda jmavj jejgijvcdap rav gap rvafgcdjp zsc rvcpcexj cgdahcga% Épxap pae;… Cpxjp `sv~jp pae xcðvi`jp y ea cipxce ce gj rvê`xi`j psniìcexcphjxap rjvj àepxvsivgjp -Hc Nscexcp' :99>< 3>)% Hccpxj djecvj' ea pc rschc jnivdjv zsc ojpxap ce rvc~ceìðeidrgizsce vchs`ìaecp pioeini`jxi~jp hc gap àpxcp hc

njggap% Ie~cvxiv ce `jgihjh rschc rva~a`jv vchs`ìaecp hcàpxcp' rcva ea pae ec`cpjvijp ie~cvpiaecp àexiesjp' ravzscsej ~c afxceihj' gj `jgihjh ea `scpxj y gjp vc`srcvjìaecppc djexcehvêe rav pä dipdjp hc djecvj iehcrcehicexc%… Gjp `sv~jp pae cpxêxi`jp% Cg dahcga ea vcngckj cg xicdrazsc xvjep`svvc cexvc gjp ie~cvpiaecp ce rvc~ceìðe y c~jgsjìðey gj rapifgc vchs`ìðe ce gap àpxcp hc gap cvvavcp



-Rgselcxx y Hjgc' :9==< :?63)' jprc`xa idravxjexc zsc hcfc

xcecv ce `scexj gj hivc`ìðe%… Cipxce cdrvcpjp haehc gjp ovêni`jp jexcviavcp ea pae jpäravzsc vczsicvce sej rcvnc`ìðe jfpagsxj -Ksvje y Ovyej':993< 6?$6=) y rav xjexa' gap `cva hcnc`xap hcfce pcv sejvcjgihjh -eaxj =)%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~j

ÄEHI@C 666Ce cpxc pcexiha' Rgselcxx y Hjgc -:9==< :?:8) pcújgje zsccipxce hincvceìjp cexvc gap dahcgap jejgijhap rav gj gixcvjxsvjy jzscggap fjpjhap ce hjxap cdräviàp' rav ga zsc pcrschce `scpxiaejv gap dahcgap xcðviàp% @ada pcújgj HcNscexcp -:99>< 33)' sej rjvxc hc cpxap àpxcp pae hcpàeaìhap'rav ga zsc vcpsgxj dsy hinäìg vcrvcpcexjv ovêni`jdcexcgjp `sv~jp% Cpxap dahcgap rvaraece ea pcosiv ojpxjeha`sjeha jg`je`cdap cg gädixc' pie cdfjvoa' cpxa ~j ce àexvjhc gj dckavj àexiesj' rav ga zsc gjp `sv~jp hc àpxcp hc `jgihjhpae cpxêxi`jp y xcðvi`jp yj zsc gj fûpzschj hc gj dckavjhc gj `jgihjh ese`j xcvdiej% Ce àepc`sceìj' mjy zsccexcehcv gjp gidixjìaecp hc cpxap dahcgap xcðviàp%Ce fjpc j épxap' rav ckcdrga' pi cg ei~cg hc hcpcdrcúa hcrvahs`xap pidigjvcp anvcìhap rav cdrvcpjp hincvcexcp cp cpxjfgc

y gap rvcìap pae pidigjvcp' se rvahs`xa àe se djyavei~cg hc àenavdihjh xicec ds`mjp dêp aravxseihjhcp hc

ojejv `saxj hc dcv`jha zsc axva àe dceav ei~cg hc àenavdihjh%Cexae`cp' gj `jgihjh hc àenavdihjh y gap fcecniìapcpxêe vcgjìaejhap< jpä' pi gap `gicexcp rcvìfce cpxj dckavjrschce cpxjv hiprscpxap j rjojv se rvcìa dêp jgxa-Mcehvi`lp y Pieomjg' :99>< 8:=)%Rav axva gjha' rjvc`c zsc sej dckavj ce cg hcpcdrcúa hc`jgihjh cp rvafjfgc zsc ie`vcdcexc gap àpxcp y rahväj ie$@jräxsga I^@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoijÄEHI@C 660

`vcdcexjv gap ieovcpap% Pie cdfjvoa' cg cnc`xa ecxa pafvc gapfcecniìap nsxsvap cp ieìcvxa% Jpä' gjp cdrvcpjp ieiìjvje cpxjpdckavjp ce cg hcpcdrcúa hc `jgihjh pi gap ie`vcdcexapce gap ieovcpap psrcvje cg ie`vcdcexa hc àpxcp -Mcehvi`lpy Pieomjg' :99>< 8:9)% Rav ga xjexa' sej dckavj hc gj `jgihjhrschc idrgi`jv se ie`vcdcexa hc gap ieovcpap ~äj ~cexjkj ce

g h h ið h ä ni i i



cg dcv`jha y sej vchs`ìðe hc àpxcp ~äj cniìceìj%

Hc cpxj djecvj' ce gj rvê`xi`j rahcdap rcepjv zsc gj idrgjexjìðehc se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh idrgi`j vchs`ìaecp hcàpxcp mjpxj se rsexa haehc cg jsdcexa ce gjp ie~cvpiaecphc rvc~ceìðe y c~jgsjìðe pae djyavcp zsc `sjgzsicv raxceìjgjmavva% Cpxc rsexa djv`j gj nvaexcvj cexvc sej njpc hcdckavj hc gap àpxcp y hc gj `jgihjh y axva rcväaha ce cg zscpðga dckavjväj gj `jgihjh -Ojvviha' :99>< :68)% Hc cpxj djecvj'ce jgoseap `jpap' sej cdrvcpj rschc pixsjvpc ce seei~cg haehc gap àpxcp hc njggap pae xje vchsìhap zsc ea vcpsgxcvcexjfgc ie~cvxiv ce rvc~ceìðe y c~jgsjìðe -Fjgjhj yViragg' :99>< 066)% @ae cgga' àda pcújgj Ncveêehc yNcveêehc -:9==< :>0)' sej ocpxiðe cni`j hc gj `jgihjh hcfcgaovjv se àpxc xaxjg däeida' fsp`jeha se czsigifvia cexvcgap àpxcp hc c~jgsjìðe y rvc~ceìðe y gap hc njggap% Ggcojhacpxc rsexa' gj cdrvcpj hcfc hcìhiv pi gc àe~icec a ea jsdcexjv

ps ei~cg hc `jgihjh y' j ps ~c' cg àpxc' yj zsc pi cgKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 668jsdcexa hc gj `jgihjh ea cp ~jgavjha rav cg dcv`jha' gj cdrvcpjrcvhcvê vcexjfigihjh%Pie cdfjvoa' ga zsc cpxê ce kscoa ea cp pidrgcdcexc ceàexvjv

cg rsexa hcg àpxc däeida' piea vchsìv àepxjexcdcexccg àpxc hc gj `jgihjh' ga zsc pc rschc mj`cv vc~ipjeha

cg pipxcdj hc rvahs`ìðe zsc ie`gsyc gj xcèagaoäj' gj `jrjìxjìðe'gjp j`xixshcp y gj jhdieipxvjìðe' rva~a`jeha àdavcpsgxjha' gj vchs`ìðe hcg àpxc hc gap njggap y hcg àpxchc rvc~ceìðe y c~jgsjìðe -P`mvachcv' :996< >8:)% Cp hcìv'rschc zsc gj cdrvcpj ea hcpcc jsdcexjv cg ei~cg hc `jgihjhhcg fice a pcv~iìa jsdcexjeha àpxcp ravzsc cg dcv`jha eaga j`crxjväj% Pie cdfjvoa' pi rschc dckavjv gj `jgihjh ce cgpcexiha hc pcv iexcvejdcexc dêp cniìcexc' rschc vchsìvàpxcp' zsc cp cg afkcxi~a hc gj dckavj àexiesj zsc eieosej

cdrvcpj zsc idrgjexj se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh hcfc ag~ihjv%Ce cpxj pixsjìðe' cp dceap idravxjexc gj àdrvj hc dckavcpiepsdap y vcpsgxj `vsìjg cg xvjfjka hc gap vc`svpap msdjeapàda mcdap cpxshijha ce cg `jräxsga xcv`cva%Ce cpxc pcexiha' rav se gjha seap jsxavcp papxicece zsccipxc se rsexa haehc dckavjv gj `jgihjh ie`vcdcexjväj àpxcp'rav axva' hcpxj`jdap jzscggap zsc ricepje zsc gj hipdiesìðe



hc àpxcp picdrvc cp rapifgc dckavjeha gj `jgihjh%

Cp ìcvxa zsc jdfjp jgxcvejxi~jp rschce pcv àvvc`xjp ce gj@jräxsga I^@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoijÄEHI@C 663rvê`xi`j' pie cdfjvoa' gj rvidcvj arìðe psraec sej ~ipiðecpxêxi`j y cp jpä' hcphc cg rsexa hc ~ipxj xcðvià' `sjeha cgei~cg hc `jgihjh hc gj cdrvcpj cp rcvnc`xa y pðga jsdcexjvêépxc àe djyavcp àpxcp' dicexvjp gj pcosehj idrgi`j se maviaexc

xcdravjg djyav' rscp gj cdrvcpj rschc hipdiesivàpxcp pi dckavj gj cniìceìj pie ec`cpihjh' rav ckcdrga' hcie`svviv ce djyavcp àpxcp hc c~jgsjìðe y rvc~ceìðe%Rav ûgxida' ce gj djyaväj hc gjp cdrvcpjp cg pipxcdj àexjfgcrvaravìaej pðga sej äenidj rjvxc hc gj ienavdjìðe ec`cpjvijrjvj `sjexini`jv cg àpxc hc gj `jgihjh% @ada àepc`sceìj'mj`c njgxj ds`ma xvjfjka y xicdra rjvj jdrgijv cpxc

pipxcdj' rav ga zsc gj djyaväj hc gjp cdrvcpjp mje ggcojhaj gj àe`gspiðe hc zsc épxc ea cp cnc`xi~a% Rav xjexa' gjpagsìðe cpxê ce cpxjfgc`cv cpxidjìaecp zsc rvaravìaejej gj jgxj hivc`ìðe sej ienavdjìðe jrvaidjhj pafvc cg àpxcxaxjg hc gj `jgihjh y pafvc `sêgcp pae gjp êvcjp dêp idravxjexcphc àe`cexvjìðe rjvj cpxjfgc`cv ce vcgjìðe j gjpdipdjp rvayc`xap hc dckavj hc gj `jgihjh% Cpxap rvayc`xap'sej ~c àe`gsihap' pä zsc rvaravìaeje ìnvjp cj`xjp pafvc

gap àpxcp hc gj `jgihjh jexcp y hcprsép hc gjp dckavjp-Ksvje' :992< :9:)%

Rav cgga' ce gj rvê`xi`j vcpsgxj dsy hinäìg rjvj gj cdrvcpj `jg`sgjvcg àpxc xaxjg hc gj `jgihjh' rav ga zsc ocecvjgdcexc' gjpKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 66>cdrvcpjp xje pðga àdrsxje hc navdj jrvaidjhj gap hincvcexcpxirap hc àpxc hc `jgihjh rjvj' j rjvxiv hc cggap' xadjvhcìpiaecp ce`jdiejhjp j dckavjvgj% Jpä' cg hjxa jrvaidjhazsc vcpsgxjväj hc psdjv cpxap àpxcp vcngckjväj cg àpxc xaxjghc gj `jgihjh zsc ce gj rvjip cp raà ûxig rjvj gj cdrvcpj'rscp épxj rvcnicvc àea`cv gap hincvcexcp xirap hc àpxcàe cg afkcxa hc sxigijvgap àda sej mcvvjdicexj rjvj gj xadjhc hcìpiaecp cena`jhj j gj dckavj hc gj `jgihjh ce hcxcvdiejhjpêvcjp cdrvcpjvijgcp%@ada mcdap jejgijha j ga gjvoa hc cpxc xvjfjka' gj `jgihjhpc mj àe~cvxiha ce se idravxjexc iepxvsdcexa rjvj dckavjv



pc mj àe~cvxiha ce se idravxjexc iepxvsdcexa rjvj dckavjv

gj àdrcxixi~ihjh hc gj cdrvcpj' xjexa rav ps àepihcvjìðeàda iexjeoifgc' rcvdixiceha jrayjv gj `vcjìðe y papxceidicexahc ~cexjkjp àdrcxixi~jp' àda rav psp idrgi`jìaecpàdrcxixi~jp' ce xjexa rcvdixc jg`jejv se jgxa ovjha hc hincvceìjìðepjxipnjìceha gjp ec`cpihjhcp hc gap `gicexcp yvcnavjeha gj idjoce hc djv`j' jpä àda vchsìv gap àpxcpjg c~ixjv j~cväjp' hcprcvhiìap' pxa`lp' révhihjp hc xicdra ydckavjp ce gap rva`cpap hc gj cdrvcpj%

@jräxsga I^@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoijÄEHI@C 66?8%8% Jrvcehijkc ce avojeijìaecp hc `jgihjhCe fjpc j ga jejgijha' rahcdap pcújgjv zsc gjp avojeijìaecphc `jgihjh jrvcehce' cexvc axvap' j rjvxiv hc gap piosicexcpcgcdcexap zsc ceseìjvcdap j àexiesjìðe%Dchijexc gj vcpagsìðe hc rvafgcdjp % Rjvj cgga' gj cdrvcpjsxigij cg ì`ga RH@J' xvjfjkj àe hjxap y sxigij gjp mcvvjdicexjphc `jgihjh rjvj jrvcehcv y dckavjv gj `jgihjh-Ojv~ie' :990< =:)%@ae gjp jsxac~jgsjìaecp -eaxj 9)' j xvj~ép hc se hijoeðpxiàhc `jgihjh ce cg ieiìa hcg rva`cpa hc idrgjexjìðe' àejshixaväjp hc `jgihjh' àe cg jsxaàexvag' xjexa gap iehi~ihsapàda gj avojeijìðe xicece gj aravxseihjh hc jrvcehcv y

rvaovcpjv%Sej `sgxsvj hc `jgihjh nscvxc cena`jhj j gj dckavj àexiesj

rcvdixc j gj avojeijìðe jrvcehcv ce cg xvjfjka hijvia rjvjiv dckavjeha ovjhsjgdcexc% Rav xjexa' ce cg xvjfjka àxihijea'

pi cipxc sej aravxseihjh hc dckavjv' ce `sjgzsicv êvcj hc gjavojeijìðe' mjy zsc ggc~jvgj j `jfa%Gj avojeijìðe xjdfiée jrvcehc hc axvap % Rav ckcdrga' àegj xéèi`j hcg fce`mdjvlieo' j xvj~ép hc ce`scpxjp j `gicexcpzsc rschce rvaravìaejv ienavdjìðe pafvc dckavjp ceKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 66=gap rvahs`xap' àdrjvjìaecp àdrcxixi~jp' `jdfiap ce gjprvcncvceìjp' cx`% -Ojv~ie' :990< =>)% Ce cpxc pcexiha' gjpiexcvj`ìaecp cexvc se cexavea àdrgcka c ieìcvxa y cg iexcviavhc gj cdrvcpj vcrvcpcexje se dc`jeipda hc jrvcehijkcavojeijxi~a cnc`xi~a -Eaejlj y Kamjeppae' :9=3< :92)%Msfcv -:99:< 92) y Eaejlj y Kamjeppae -:9=3< :=8$:=3) pcújgje



Msfcv -:99:< 92) y Eaejlj y Kamjeppae -:9=3< :=8 :=3) pcújgje

zsc rjvj jrvcehcv' gj cdrvcpj hcfc hipxvifsiv ienavdjìðe zsc xcehvê zsc pcv iexcvrvcxjhj rav psp dicdfvap%Ce se jdficexc hc `jgihjh' pc vczsicvc sej djyav àdsei`jìðey xvjepdipiðe hc ienavdjìðe zsc ce cdrvcpjp àepipxcdjp xvjhiìaejgcp' ga zsc ie`vcdcexj gj `jrjìhjh hcjrvcehijkc% Hc cpxj djecvj' gj hipxvifsìðe' rav ckcdrga' hcse ienavdc pafvc gap `vixcviap hc àdrvj hc gap `gicexcp j gaphivc`xi~ap nseìaejgcp rcvdixc j épxap jrvcehcv y' ce cg `jpa

hc zsc épxap ga àdseizsce j psp psfavhiejhap' pc rvahsìvêepiecvoijp zsc mjvêe j gj cdrvcpj dckavjv%Gj avojeijìðe xjdfiée jrvcehc ce cg häj j häj' àe gjrscpxj ce rvê`xi`j hcg rva`cpa navdjxi~a' cx`% Jpä cg jrvcehijkcec`cpixj y hcpjvvaggj j gjp rcvpaejp hc `sjgzsicv ei~cg%Cpxc rsexa hc ~ipxj cp jrgi`jfgc xjexa j xvjfjkap hc vcxvifsìðefjkj àda j gap hc vcxvifsìðe dêp jgxj y zsc cioce àeaìdicexap

psrcviavcp -P`mafcvocv :990< :>>)% Gap cdrgcjhaphc ei~cgcp kcvêvzsiàp fjkap pae `jrj`cp hc vcpag~cv@jräxsga I^@jgihjh y cpxvjxcoijÄEHI@C 669rvafgcdjp pi vcìfce sej navdjìðe pafvc mcvvjdicexjp hcgj `jgihjh%Hc cpxj djecvj' ce sej càeadäj haehc gj ûei`j `cvxcj cp

gj ie`cvxihsdfvc' gjp cdrvcpjp ec`cpixje jhjrxjvpc àepxjexcdcexcj gap `jdfiap hcg cexavea' gj cdrvcpj ec`cpixj

jhzsiviv àeaìdicexa hc gap `jdfiap vcjgcp y raxceìjgcphcg cexavea rjvj rahcv àdrcxiv% Rav xjexa' cg àeaìdicexa'

rcva ea pðga hc gap hivc`xi~ap' piea hc xahj gj avojeijìðe'cp se vc`svpa ocecvjhav hc ~cexjkjp àdrcxixi~jp%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 602: @jgihjh hc àenavdihjh pc vcnicvc jg `sdrgidicexa hc seapvczsipixap cpxjfgcìhap rav ckcdrga ce se rvahs`xa%

6 Pcoûe gj eavdj SEC$CE$IPA 9222 -:9=9< ?)' pc hcniec pipxcdj hc`jgihjh àda cg ¬àeksexa hc gj cpxvs`xsvj hc avojeijìðe' hcvcpraepjfigihjhcp' hc rva`chidicexap' hc rva`cpap y hc vc`svpapzsc pc cpxjfgc`ce rjvj ggc~jv j `jfa gj ocpxiðe hc gj `jgihjh¼%0 @ae cpxa ea rvcxcehcdap hcìv zsc gj cdrvcpj ea rschj dckavjvpi idrgjexj se pipxcdj hc jpcosvjdicexa cxcvea' yj zsc pi gjhivc`ìðe cpxê vcjgdcexc àdrvadcxihj' hc gjp vcseiaecp hcg àdixéhc `jgihjh' rav ckcdrga' rschce psvoiv j`ìaecp hc dckavj' piea zsc



r k r r o k zds`mjp ~c`cp gj hivc`ìðe pc ~c dêp daxi~jhj rav gj afgiojìðe hcpsp `gicexcp' zsc rav cg afkcxi~a ûgxida hc gj `jgihjh zsc cp gj dckavj%8 Rav ~cexjkj àdrcxixi~j cexcehcdap ¬`sjgzsicv àpj zsc hipxieoscnj~avjfgcdcexc j sej nivdj a j psp rvahs`xap hc gap hc pspàdrcxihavcp j gap akap hc psp `gicexcp a spsjviap niejgcp% Rav gaxjexa' hcphc cpxj rcvprc`xi~j' rsexap nscvxcp àda cg hipraecv hcsej dahcvej rgjexj iehspxvijg a hc vc`svpap niejeìcvap cgc~jhap' eapcvêe ec`cpjvijdcexc ~cexjkjp àdrcxixi~jp dicexvjp ea pc ~cjevcngckjhjp àe~ceicexcdcexc ce cg fice a pcv~iìa zsc gap jocexcp

cxcveap j gj cdrvcpj ~jgavje ga psniìcexc àda rjvj àdrvjvga¼-Njvmcy' :9=9< :=)%3 Jsezsc gjp cpxvjxcoijp hc gihcvjoa ce àpxcp y hincvceìjìðe paegjp cpxvjxcoijp adrcxixi~jp oceévi`jp' xahjp gjp xiragaoäjp hccpxvjxcoijp pae àdrcxixi~jp rav hcnieiìðe%> Ovjex -:99:< :60$:69' :99>< :??$:=2) pcújgj gap vczsipixap hc gapEaxjpÄEHI@C 60:dipdap rjvj zsc pc rschj `sdrgiv cpxc jprc`xa; hsvjfigihjh'

da~igihjh y vcrvahsìfigihjh%? Hincvceìjìðe y gihcvjoa ce àpxcp%= Ce cpxc xira hc cdrvcpjp' se maprixjg rav ckcdrga' pc hcfcejg`jejv gap `cva hcnc`xap% Pie cdfjvoa' épxa ea idrgi`j gjiecipxceìj hc cvvavcp' jsezsc ce vjvjp a`jpiaecp%9 Msfcv -:99:< 96) pcújgj cpxj navdj hc jhzsiviv àeaìdicexap àdasej nscexc hc jrvcehijkc%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~j

ÄEHI@C 606

Gj `cvxini`jìðe hc `jgihjh ce gj rva~ieìjhc Jgi`jexc

Cg afkcxi~a zsc eap rgjexcjdap àe cpxc `jräxsga cp

jejgijv cg rcvnig hc gjp cdrvcpjp `cvxini`jhjp ce gj

rva~ieìj hc Jgi`jexc y dapxvjv gj idravxjeìj hc gj`jgihjh y cg ei~cg hc djhsvc ce gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh cegjp dipdjp%3%:% Rcvnig hc gjp cdrvcpjp `cvxini`jhjpHcphc gj rvidcvj cdrvcpj `cvxini`jhj ce Cprjúj' Pagcv yRjgjs' ce cg júa :9=9' piceha gj ûei`j `cvxini`jhj cpc júa' cg`vcìdicexa hcg eûdcva hc `cvxini`jhap mj piha cprc`xj`sgjv'pafvc xaha ce gap ûgxidap júap Jpä rscp j rvieìriap hc



pafvc xaha ce gap ûgxidap júap% Jpä rscp' j rvieìriap hc

:99? gjp cdrvcpjp cprjúagjp `cvxini`jhjp jp`cehäje yj j6922' cg =2# hc gjp `sjgcp mjfäje piha `cvxini`jhjp rav gjJpaìjìðe Cprjúagj hc Eavdjgijìðe y @cvxini`jìðe -JCEAV)-Cp`jeìjea' :99?< :6>0)% Pi eap `cexvjdap ce gj rva~ieìjhc Jgi`jexc rahcdap jnivdjv zsc ea mj piha jkcej j@jräxsga ^Gj `cvxini`jìðe hc `jgihjh ce gj rva~ieìj hc Jgi`jexcÄEHI@C 600

cpxj c~agsìðe y zsc j rvieìriap hcg júa :999' cg eûdcva hc`cvxini`jhap pc j`cv`jfj j gap hapìcexap' rvieìrjgdcexcaxavojhap xjdfiée rav JCEAV' àda dscpxvj gj xjfgj 3%:-eaxj :)' haehc pc vcngckj cg eûdcva xaxjg hc `cvxini`jhap zscrapcce gjp cdrvcpjp jgi`jexiejp hcphc zsc pc ieiìð cg rva`cpahc `cvxini`jìðe ce gj rva~ieìj ce cg júa :990 mjpxj gjj`xsjgihjh%

Hc cpxap `cvxini`jhap' gj hipxvifsìðe hc gap dipdap rav júapzschj vcngckjhj ce gj xjfgj 3%6 -eaxj 6) y ce gj niosvj 3%: haehcpc rschc afpcv~jv zsc JCEAV vcrvcpcexj cg ?8# hc xahjpgjp cvxini`jìaecp%Hc gj xjfgj 3%6 rahcdap afxcecv gj vc`xj hc xcehceìj rjvjàea`cv gj c~agsìðe hc gap `cvxini`jhap IPA 9222 àepihcvjehaY x gap hjxap hc gj àgsdej ¬xaxjg¼ -eaxj 0)% Hc cpxc daha'gj vc`xj hc xcehceìj pcväj gj piosicexc;

Yx 4 j , f]x

Yx 4 $9'00 , 9]xKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð

@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 608@jräxsga ^Gj `cvxini`jìðe hc `jgihjh ce gj rva~ieìj hc Jgi`jexcÄEHI@C 603Xjfgj 3%:% Eûdcva hc `cvxini`jhap ce gj rva~ieìj hc Jgi`jexcXjfgj 3%6% Eûdcva hc `cvxini`jhap rav júap ce gj rva~ieìjhc Jgi`jexc

îpxa cg ie`vcdcexa ce xévdieap jfpagsxap -xjfgj 3%6' niosvj3%:)' hcphc cg rsexa hc ~ipxj cpxjhäpxià' gj xcehceìj eap iehi`jzsc mj mjfiha se ie`vcdcexa dchia jesjg hc esc~c `cvxini`jhap%Hjhj gj idravxjeìj hc JCEAV ce gj cdipiðe hc `cvxini`jhaphc `jgihjh' rahcdap hcpjovcojv cpxap hjxap rjvj vcrvcpcexjvps eûdcva rav xvidcpxvcp y rav júap àe cg afkcxa hc àea`cvps c~agsìðe -xjfgj 3%0' 3%8' 3%3< niosvj 3%6' 3%0'



ps c~agsìðe -xjfgj 3%0' 3%8' 3%3< niosvj 3%6' 3%0'

Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 60>Niosvj 3%:% Eûdcva hc `cvxini`jhap rav júap@jräxsga ^Gj `cvxini`jìðe hc `jgihjh ce gj rva~ieìj hc Jgi`jexcÄEHI@C 60?Niosvj 3%6% @cvxini`jhap IPA 922: -Jceav) rav xvidcpxvcp -eaxj 8)Xjfgj 3%0% @cvxini`jhap IPA 922: rav xvidcpxvcp ce Jgi`jexc -Jceav)Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 60=Xjfgj 3%8% @cvxini`jhap IPA 9226 rav xvidcpxvcp ce Jgi`jexc -Jceav)Niosvj 3%0% @cvxini`jhap IPA 9226 -Jceav) rav xvidcpxvcp@jräxsga ^

Gj `cvxini`jìðe hc `jgihjh ce gj rva~ieìj hc Jgi`jexcÄEHI@C 609Xjfgj 3%3% @cvxini`jhap IPA 9226 rav xvidcpxvcp ce Jgi`jexc -Jceav)Niosvj 3%8% @cvxini`jhap IPA 9222 -Jceav) rav júapIosjg zsc mcdap mc`ma jexcviavdcexc' àe gap hjxap hc gjxjfgj 3%3 rahcdap `jg`sgjv gj xcehceìj zsc piosce gap `cvxini`jhapIPA 9222 -JCEAV)' afxceiceha gj piosicexc vc`xjhc xcehceìj -eaxj 3);

Yx 4 j , f]xYx 4 $?'9000 , ?'==3?]x

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a`ma `cvxini`jhap' hincvceìj däeidj àe gj jexcviav hjhj gjidravxjeìj hc Jceav vcprc`xa jg vcpxa hc cexihjhcp hc `cvxini`jìðe'àda mjfäjdap jexiìrjha%@aeaìceha cg eûdcva hc `cvxini`jhap ce gj rva~ieìj jgi`jexiej'rahcdap afpcv~jv ps `sjexäj rav àdseihjhcp jsxðeadjpàe gj iexceìðe hc hcpxj`jv gj pixsjìðe jgi`jexiej jei~cg ejìaejg -xjfgj 3%>)%

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rahcdap pcújgjv; j) djyav vcexjfigihjh y àdrcxixi~ihjh hcgj cdrvcpj jg cgjfavjv rvahs`xap y pcv~iìap zsc pjxipnj`cevcjgdcexc jg `gicexc zsc gap spj' f) djyav cnc`xi~ihjh y cniìceìjavojeijìaejg àepc`sce ij' rvieìrjgdcexc' hc gjdckavj àexiesj y hc gap rva`cpap' y `) djyav pjxipnj`ìðehcg `gicexc% Ce cpxj gäecj' ~jdap j jejgijv cg ovjha hc iexcvéprav gj `jgihjh ce gjp cdrvcpjp jgi`jexiejp% Rjvj cgga cp$@jräxsga ^Gj `cvxini`jìðe hc `jgihjh ce gj rva~ieìj hc Jgi`jexcÄEHI@C 63:Niosvj 3%9% ^jgavjìðe rav rjvxc hc gap `gicexcp' hc gap jxvifsxaphcg rvahs`xaNscexc; @ae`j -:99=< 82)xshijvcdap pi gap `gicexcp hcdjehje a ea `jgihjh y pi gj cdrvcpj'j ps ~c' gj cioc j psp rva~cchavcp%Jg rvcosexjv j gjp cdrvcpjp ce`scpxjhjp pafvc gap jxvifsxap



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hcg rvahs`xa zsc dêp ~jgavje psp `gicexcp' pc afxs~icvae gapvcpsgxjhap zsc dscpxvj gj niosvj 3%9%@ada pc afpcv~j' jsezsc cg rvcìa piosc piceha sea hc gapjxvifsxap rvcncvihap rav cg `gicexc' axvap jprc`xap àda gj `jgihjhhc àenavdihjh' gj rsexsjgihjh y vjrihc ce gjp cexvcojp'pc pixûje ce rapiìaecp hc `jfcj' psrcvjeha jgosejpjg nj`xav rvcìa% Cpxj niosvj eap dscpxvj gj idravxjeìj xjexa

hcg rvcìa àda hc gj `jgihjh' àe ga zsc cpxc djyav iexcvépzsc mj iha jhzsiviceha gj `jgihjh y' rav axva gjha' gj dceavKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 636Niosvj 3%:2% Rapiìaejdicexa ce gap jxvifsxap hcg rvahs`xaNscexc; @ae`j -:99=< 86)xvjp`cehceìj hcg rvcìa vc~cgje gj ec`cpjvij jhc`sjìðe`jgihjh$rvcìa j gap akap hcg `gicexc àda navdj hc àdrcxivhc gjp cdrvcpjp y' ce jgoseap `jpap pafvc~i~iv' ce se cexaveaxje àdrcxixi~a àda cg j`xsjg' rscp pi fice cp ìcvxa zsccg rvcìa cp dceap idravxjexc' ea rav anvc`cv djyav `jgihjhgj cdrvcpj hcfc ag~ihjvga%Pi gj `jgihjh hc àenavdihjh' gj rsexsjgihjh' cg rvcìa y gj vjrihcce gjp cexvcojp pae' ce cpxc avhce' gap jxvifsxap hcg

rvahs`xa haehc gap `gicexcp pae dêp ciocexcp' ±`sêg cp gjpixsjìðe hc gj cdrvcpj vcprc`xa j psp àdrcxihavcp ce cpxap

jprc`xap1 Hcphc cg rsexa hc ~ipxj hc gj rapiìðe hc gjcdrvcpj ce vcgjìðe j se àdrcxihav dchia' gj ienavdjìðe

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ojdj y `jgihjh hc àenavdihjh' jprc`xap zsc hcfce pcvdckavjhap -@ae`j' :99=< 86)% Jpä' pi vcxadjdap gjp a`ma hidcepiaecphc gj `jgihjh zsc rschce pcv nscexc hc ~cexjkjàdrcxixi~j -`jräxsga `sjvxa) rahcdap ihcexini`jv `ðda gaphivc`xi~ap hc gjp cdrvcpjp jgi`jexiejp àdrixce ce jgosejphc cggjp hcdapxvjeha' àda pcújgêfjdap' gj hini`sgxjh hcàdrcxiv ce gjp a`ma j gj ~c%Cpxc djyav iexcvép rav gj `jgihjh' ravzsc jpä ga cioc cg `gicexc

y rav cg jsdcexa hc gj àdrcxixi~ihjh' mj ggc~jha j cxcehcvcpjp cioceìjp j axvap cpgjfaecp hc gj `jhcej hc ~jgav%Hc cpxc daha' rschc dckavjv gj vcgjìðe cexvc gj cdrvcpjy cg rva~cchav% Ce cpxc pcexiha' y ce fjpc j gjp vcprscpxjphc gjp cdrvcpjp ce`scpxjhjp' j gj mavj hc pcgc`ìaejv jse esc~a rva~cchav' gj `jgihjh nsc cg `vixcvia zsc àe djyavnvc`sceìj pc `jgini`ð àe gj dêidj rsexsjìðe àda rschc~cvpc ce gj niosvj 3%::%Ce àepc`sceìj' gj djyaväj hc gjp cdrvcpjp jejgijhjp->8#) àepihcvje j gj `jgihjh àda cg cgcdcexa dêp idravxjexcrjvj pcgc`ìaejv j psp rva~cchavcp' jsezsc cg rvcìay gj rsexsjgihjh pc xicece ce `scexj àe fjpxjexc nvc`sceìj%Hc cpxc daha' gap rva~cchavcp hcfce anvc`cv rvahs`xaphc `jgihjh j se rvcìa jhc`sjha rjvj psp `gicexcp%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð

@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~j

ÄEHI@C 638Hcpxj`jhj gj idravxjeìj hc gj `jgihjh' rahcdap rgjexcjveap

gj ec`cpihjh hc idrgjexjv a ea pipxcdjp hc `jgihjh% Cecpxj gäecj' ihcexini`jdap' ce xévdieap ocecvjgcp' gap piosicexcpdaxi~ap zsc xicece gjp rczscújp y dchijejp cdrvcpjprjvj `cvxini`jvpc pcoûe gj eavdjxi~j IPA 9222;J) Cxcveap; … Ec`cpihjh hc pcv dêp àdrcxixi~a y xcecv se djyav raxceìjgcravxjhav%… Hcdjehjp hc gap `gicexcp%… Dckavjv gj idjoce hc `jgihjh anvcìhj jg dcv`jha%@jräxsga ^Gj `cvxini`jìðe hc `jgihjh ce gj rva~ieìj hc Jgi`jexcÄEHI@C 633Niosvj 3%::% Pcgc`ìðe hc gap rva~cchavcpNscexc; @ae`j -:99=< ?2)… Xcecv se pipxcdj zsc rcvdixj `sdrgiv àe gap vczsipixap hc`jgihjh cioihap rav gap `gicexcp%



… Dckavjv gj pjxipnj`ìðe hcg `gicexc%F) Iexcveap; … Ec`cpihjh rjvj ihcexini`jv y vchsìv gap cvvavcp%… Dckavjv gj cniìceìj iexcvej%… Ocecvjv `jgihjh ce gj avojeijìðe%Ce ocecvjg' cpxj `cvxini`jìðe rschc `vcjv seap fcecniìapàda gap piosicexcp -Gcc' :99=< :>>$:?2); dckavj cg cprävixs

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@ada mcdap ~ipxa' ds`mjp cdrvcpjp vcàea`ce gj idravxjeìjhc gj `jgihjh rjvj pcv dêp àdrcxixi~jp% J rjvxiv hcjzsä rahcdap rvcosexjveap zsé mj`ce ce cpxc pcexiha yKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 63>zsé cpxvjxcoij hc `jgihjh piosce' ihcexini`jeha pi cp ìcvxa a

ea zsc arxje rav gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh%

Rjvj hijoeapxi`jv gj pixsjìðe hc gjp cdrvcpjp hc gj rva~ieìjhc Jgi`jexc vcprc`xa j gj `jgihjh' rjvc`c aravxsea hjv se

fvc~c vcrjpa jg rjeavjdj ejìaejg% Ce cpxc pcexiha' ce fjpcjg xvjfjka cdrävià vcjgijha rav Gcjg -:99?) -eaxj ::)' cegjp rczscújp y dchijejp cdrvcpjp cipxc sej `sgxsvj hc `jgihjhraà j~jejhj%Ce cg xvjfjka hc Mcvvcvj' Davcea y Djvxäec -:99=) pc afpcv~jzsc gjp rczscújp y dchijejp cdrvcpjp `cvxini`jhjpea mje c~agsìaejha mjìj se dahcga hc hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhy psp j`xi~ihjhcp rvieìrjgcp pae hc àexvag' dicexvjp gjjxceìðe j gap jprc`xap msdjeap cp ds`ma dceav% Ce cg `jpaàe`vcxa hc gjp cdrvcpjp ovjehcp' àe se cenazsc hc hivc`ìðehc gj `jgihjh dêp j~jejha' pc afpcv~j sej djyavc~agsìðe ce ga vcgjxi~a j gjp ~jvijfgcp hc xira msdjea y hcàarcvjìðe hcexva y nscvj hc gj cdrvcpj% Ce cpxc pcexiha'ce xévdieap ocecvjgcp' gjp dchihjp dêp cdrgcjhjp rav gjprczscújp y dchijejp cdrvcpjp zsc idrgjexje pipxcdjp hc



`jgihjh pae gj `vcjìðe hc se hcrjvxjdcexa hc `jgihjh' hipcúac idrgjexjìðe hc se djesjg hc `jgihjh' hijoeðpxià hc`jgihjh' jshixaväjp cxcvejp y àexvag cpxjhäpxià hc rva`c$@jräxsga ^Gj `cvxini`jìðe hc `jgihjh ce gj rva~ieìj hc Jgi`jexcÄEHI@C 63?pap' zsc iehi`je cg cenazsc rvchadiejexc ce gap jprc`xapxéèiàp hc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh -Davcea' :990< :8)%

Afpcv~jdap' rav xjexa' àda gjp rczscújp y dchijejp cdrvcpjpxahj~äj cpxêe gckap hc djexcecv se cenazsc hc hivc`ìðehc gj `jgihjh' jsezsc jgosejp hc cggjp vcàvvce cpxc`jdiea% Cpxj pixsjìðe ocecvjg rjvc`c hjvpc xjdfiée ce gjrva~ieìj hc Jgi`jexc% Rjvj cgga' y ce fjpc j gap hjxap afxceihaphc gjp cdrvcpjp jgi`jexiejp ce`scpxjhjp rav @ae`j-:99=) vcgjxi~ap j gj idrgjexjìðe hc gj nigapanäj KIX!XZD' rahcdapihcexini`jv ps pixsjìðe j`xsjg y rgjexcjv pi cp ìcvxa aea zsc cpxjp cdrvcpjp idrgjexje pipxcdjp hc hivc`ìðe hcgj `jgihjh%Ce fjpc j gjp rvcosexjp hcg `scpxiaejvia' cpxshijdap gj idravxjeìjzsc axavoje jg rva`cpa hc ieprc`ìðe y j gap vc`svpapmsdjeap% Ce ga vcgjxi~a jg rsexa hc àexvag hc gj rvahs`ìðe'gjp cdrvcpjp pcújgjvae zsc vcjgije àexvagcp xjexajg niejg àda ce rsexap iexcvdchiap ce se => y =?# vcp$

Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;

nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 63=

Xjfgj 3%:3% Rsexa hc àexvag hc `jgihjhrc`xi~jdcexc% Rav cgga' jsezsc gjp cdrvcpjp vcàea`ce zsccg àexvag hc `jgihjh ea hcfc gidixjvpc jg rvahs`xa xcvdiejha'piea zsc hcfc iexcovjvpc ce cg rva`cpa' pae dsy ra`jp gjpzsc mje j~jejha ga psniìcexc ce gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjhàda rjvj cgidiejv gap àexvagcp niejgcp -xjfgj 3%:3)%Rav xjexa' pc hcdscpxvj cg mc`ma hc zsc ce gjp cdrvcpjp jgi`jexiejprvc~jgc`c gj `sgxsvj hc gj hcxc`ìðe hcg cvvav' àda

a`svvc j ps ~c ce ds`mjp cdrvcpjp ejìaejgcp% Ce `sjexajg déxaha rjvj vcjgijv gjp ieprc`ìaecp' gj jdrgij djyaväjjnivdj ggc~jv j `jfa ieprc`ìaecp ~ipsjgcp -=6#)' dicexvjpzsc dsy ra`jp rapcce dc`jeipdap jsxadêxiàp rjvj hcxc`xjvdjxcvijgcp a rvahs`xap hcnc`xsapap -:9#)%Axvjp rvê`xi`jp vcgjìaejhjp àe gj nigapanäj hc gj hivc`ìðehc gj `jgihjh zsc pc jejgijvae nscvae gjp vcgjìaejhjp àegap vc`svpap msdjeap' ce àe`vcxa' gj cipxceìj hc cprcìjgipxjp



' ' rce `jgihjh y hc ie`cexi~ap% Ce cpxc pcexiha' se >=#hc gj rafgjìðe djeinicpxj rapccv cprcìjgipxjp ce `jgihjh'pie zsc cpxc jgxa ~jgav pcj se iehi`jxi~a hc gj nscvxc ie~ags`vjìðeàe gj `jgihjh' rscp ea osjvhj vcgjìðe se djyaveûdcva hc cprcìjgipxjp ce `jgihjh àe se djyav àdrvadipaàe gj dipdj% Jhcdêp' rschce pcv ieprc`xavcp zsc~cvini`je pi cg rvahs`xa `sdrgc àe seap vczsipixap xéèiàp'

zsädiàp' cx`% Jsezsc ce gj djyaväj hc gjp cdrvcpjp jejgi$@jräxsga ^Gj `cvxini`jìðe hc `jgihjh ce gj rva~ieìj hc Jgi`jexcÄEHI@C 639jhjp zsc rapcce cprcìjgipxjp ce `jgihjh cipxc rjvxiìrjìðehc gap xvjfjkjhavcp -09 pafvc se xaxjg hc 38)' ce se eûdcvaàepihcvjfgc hc cggjp -:3 pafvc 38) ea pc hj xjg pixsjìðe%Rav xjexa' gj jspceìj hc cprcìjgipxjp rjvc`c nvcejv gj

rjvxiìrjìðe hc gap xvjfjkjhavcp' yj zsc pae dêp gap `jpapce zsc ea pc rvaraece ihcjp hc gap cdrgcjhap -:8) zsc cegap zsc pä -::)%Vcprc`xa j gap rvaovjdjp hc ie`cexi~ap zsc rvcdice gjprvarscpxjp hc dckavj hc gap xvjfjkjhavcp' gjp vcprscpxjpjnivdjxi~jp nscvae dieavixjvijp' yj zsc pagjdcexc se 02# hcgjp cdrvcpjp ce`scpxjhjp jnivdjvae sxigijv ie`cexi~ap% Hcgjeêgipip hc cpxap hjxap pc hchs`c zsc ce gj djyaväj hc gap`jpap gap ie`cexi~ap ~je jàdrjújhap hc ihcjp hc dckavj'



ce gj niosvj 3%:0 pc vcrvcpcexj cg rav`cexjkc hc cdrvcpjpzsc hc`gjvj jrgi`jv cpxjp xéèi`jp%

Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6>6Niosvj 3%:0% Rvê`xi`jp vcgjìaejhjp àe XZDNscexc; @ae`j -:99=< =8)Gap vcpsgxjhap hcg jeêgipip rvscfje `ðda se 09# hc gjp cdrvcpjpce`scpxjhjp jnivdjvae jrgi`jv `äv`sgap hc `jgihjh% Pie

cdfjvoa' hi`ma xévdiea pc jpidigjfj àe vcseiaecp rcviðhi`jp'ea ec`cpjvijdcexc hc xvjfjkjhavcp' piea xjdfiée hc ce`jvojhapa hivc`xi~ap rjvj vcpag~cv rvafgcdjp hc `jgihjh arvahs`xi~ihjh% @ae cg xévdiea àexvag cpxjhäpxià hc rva`cpap-@CR) a`svvið jgoa pidigjv' pc jpidigjfj j gj jrgi`jìðe hc déxahapcpxjhäpxiàp ce cg àexvag hc `jgihjh hc rvahs`xap dêpzsc j gap xäriàp ovêniàp hc àexvag hc rva`cpap%J rjvxiv hc cpxap jeêgipip hcfcdap àepihcvjv zsc ds`mjp



~c`cp gjp cdrvcpjp hi`ce pcosiv gj nigapanäj hc `jgihjh piepcv ìcvxa' fice ravzsc xicece se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh pcoûe gjeavdjxi~j IPA 9222 a fice ravzsc pc rvca`srje rav cggj% Cecpxc pcexiha' cpxj pixsjìðe cp dêp eavdjg ce gjp cdrvcpjpdêp idrgi`jhjp àe gj `jgihjh% Hc cpxc daha' ce gj niosvj3%:8 pc àdrvscfj zsc dicexvjp zsc gj djyaväj hc gjp cdrvcpjp`cvxini`jhjp -3>#) hc`gjvð pcosiv gj nigapanäj XZD' cpxc

rav`cexjkc pc vchs`c jg :># rjvj jzséggjp ea `cvxini`jhjp%Jg jrgi`jv cg xcpx hc gj ki$`sjhvjha pc afxs~a se ~jgav] 64:0':928 zsc' àe : ovjha hc gifcvxjh' xicec jpaìjha seovjha hc pioeini`jìðe hc 2'2220% Jg pcv épxc dceav zsc cg ei~cghc pioeini`jìðe $zsc rvcnikjdap ce 2'23$ rahcdap vc`mjjvgj mirðxcpip esgj hc zsc cpxjp ~jvijfgcp pcje iehc$@jräxsga ^Gj `cvxini`jìðe hc `jgihjh ce gj rva~ieìj hc Jgi`jexc

ÄEHI@C 6>0rcehicexcp' ga `sjg psraec jhdixiv ps hcrcehceìj cpxjhäpxi`j%Ce àepc`sceìj' rahcdap jnivdjv zsc cexvc gjp cdrvcpjpzsc cpxêe a rvcxcehce `cvxini`jvpc cp dêp nvc`scexczsc pc hc`gjvc pcosiv gj nigapanäj XZD' hc ga `sjg pc hcprvcehczsc cexvc gjp cdrvcpjp jgi`jexiejp cp dsy spsjgihcexini`jv hi`mj nigapanäj àe gap rva`cpap hc `cvxini`jìðe-@ae`j y Dagiej' :99=)% Ce cpxc pcexiha' y ce fjpc j gjp cexvc~ipxjp'

cpxc ovsra hc cdrvcpjp vcàea`ce gj idravxjeìj

hc gj `jgihjh y xvjfjkje rjvj àepcosivga -IPA 9222)' rcva xahj~äjgcp zschj `jdiea zsc vcàvvcv mjìj gj hivc`ìðe hc gj

`jgihjh%Hc iosjg navdj' àda pc afpcv~j ce gjp niosvjp 3%:3' 3%:> y3%:?' cexvc gjp cdrvcpjp zsc jnivdjvae pcosiv gj nigapanäjKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6>8Niosvj 3%:8% Jnivdjìðe hc pcosiv gj nigapanäj XZD ce nseìðe hc gj

`cvxini`jìðe ce IPA 9222Nscexc; @ae`j y Dagiej -:99=)XZD cp dêp nvc`scexc zsc pc hc`gjvc zsc gj `jgihjh hc àenavdihjhcp gj dêidj rvcncvceìj hc psp `gicexcp -=2# hcgap `jpap' nvcexc jg 33# ce cg ovsra zsc ea piosc XZD)' zsccg rvcìa ea cp ps rvieìrjg navxjgcj àdrcxixi~j -ga cp pðgace cg =# hc gjp cdrvcpjp' nvcexc jg 6=#) y zsc cg rvcìa eacp cg rvieìrjg `vixcvia hc pcgc`ìðe y c~jgsjìðe hc rva~cchavcp



-pagjdcexc ga cp rjvj cg 62# hc gap ce`scpxjhap'nvcexc j se >>#)% Pie cdfjvoa' ce cg ovsra hc cdrvcpjp zscpc cpxêe `cvxini`jeha ce gj eavdjxi~j IPA 9222' ea pc hjecpxjp hincvceìjp vcprc`xa j gjp cdrvcpjp zsc ea ga cpxêemjìceha' yj zsc gj ûei`j hincvceìj zsc pc hcxc`xð pc vcnicvcj gj idravxjeìj hc gj nseìðe niejeìcvj' gj `sjg pc àe$@jräxsga ^Gj `cvxini`jìðe hc `jgihjh ce gj rva~ieìj hc Jgi`jexc

ÄEHI@C 6>3Niosvj 3%:3% # hc cdrvcpjp haehc gj `jgihjh hc àenavdihjh cp cgrvieìrjg `vixcvia hc àdrvj hc psp `gicexcp' pcoûe pcjnivdc a ea pcosiv XZDNscexc; @ae`j y Dagiej -:99=)Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6>>Niosvj 3%:>% # hc cdrvcpjp ce gjp zsc cg rvcìa cp ps rvieìrjg navxjgcjàdrcxixi~j' pcoûe pc jnivdc a ea pcosiv XZDNscexc; @ae`j y Dagiej -:99=)Niosvj 3%:?% # hc cdrvcpjp ce gjp zsc cg rvcìa cp ga dêp idravxjexcce gj pcgc`ìðe hc rva~cchavcp' pcoûe pc jnivdc aea pcosiv XZDNscexc; @ae`j y Dagiej -:99=)~icvxc ce gj rvieìrjg nseìðe cdrvcpjvijg rjvj cg 3># hc gjp

cdrvcpjp ce rva`cpa hc `cvxini`jìðe dicexvjp zsc cpxc rav`cexjkcpc vchs`c jg 6:# rjvj gjp cdrvcpjp zsc ea pc ce`scexvje

ce cpxj pixsjìðe' àda pc rschc àdrvafjv ce gjniosvj 3%:=% Hc xaha ga hi`ma rjvc`c hcprvcehcvpc zsc dicexvjp

zsc gjp cdrvcpjp zsc pc cpxêe `cvxini`jeha rav gj eavdjxi~jIPA 9222 rjvc`ce mj`cvga ce fjpc j se jeêgipip àpxc$fcecniìa $xjg y àda iehi`j gj djyav idravxjeìj hc gjnseìðe niejeìcvj$' gjp zsc jnivdjvae cpxjv hcpjvvaggjeha gjnigapanäj XZD ga mj`ce àda vcprscpxj j gjp rvcpiaecp hcgdcv`jha rjvj dckavjv gj `jgihjh hc àenavdihjh y ea pscgcensehjdcexjv ps ~cexjkj àdrcxixi~j ce cg rvcìa' ei cp épxc cg@jräxsga ^

Gj `cvxini`jìðe hc `jgihjh ce gj rva~ieìj hc Jgi`jexcÄEHI@C 6>?Niosvj 3%:=% # hc cdrvcpjp ce gjp zsc gj nseìðe niejeìcvj cp gjdêp idravxjexc' pcoûe cpxée a ea `cvxini`jhjpNscexc; @ae`j y Dagiej -:99=)rvieìrjg `vixcvia rjvj cnc`xsjv psp àdrvjp -@ae`j y Dagiej':99=) -eaxj :6)%Ce fjpc j gap jeêgipip hc cpxap hjxap' cipxc sej vcgjìðe cexvc

g ni ið h gi g gih h x x g g m m h



gj jnivdjìðe hc jrgi`jv gj `jgihjh xaxjg y cg mc`ma hc pcvsej cdrvcpj `cvxini`jhj' rscpxa zsc épxjp' jg dceap' hipraecehc pipxcdjp hc `jgihjh àe ìcvxa hcpjvvagga% Rav axva gjha'ds`mjp hc cpxjp cdrvcpjp sxigije vcjgdcexc gjp xéèi`jp~ie`sgjhjp àe gj `jgihjh% Ce cpxc pcexiha' cg àexvag cpxjhäpxiàhc rva`cpap y gj àarcvjìðe àe rva~cchavcp paervê`xi`jp mjfixsjgcp' xjexa ce cdrvcpjp zsc jnivdje mjfcvidrgjexjha gj `jgihjh xaxjg àda ce jzscggjp `syap rvahs`xapa rva`cpap cpxêe `cvxini`jhap% Xjdfiée cp nvc`scexc'jsezsc ce dceav dchihj' zsc pc sxigi`ce `äv`sgap hc `jgihjh'xaha cgga' àe gjp rc`sgijvihjhcp zsc mcdap àdcexjhajexcviavdcexc%Hc cpxc daha' jsezsc pä pscgc mjfcv se rvaovjdj àeksexahc idrgjexjìðe hc gj nigapanäj XZD' pae dsy ra`jp gjp cdrvcpjpzsc vcjgdcexc xicece se pipxcdj hc hivc`ìðe hc gj

`jgihjh j~jejha% Rav cgga' gjp cdrvcpjp zsc hc`gjvjvae cpxjvidrgjexjeha gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh' ce vcjgihjh sxigijeds`mjp hc gjp xéèi`jp ~ie`sgjhjp àe cpxj nigapanäj%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6>=Ce àe`gspiðe' ce fjpc j gjp cpxvjxcoijp hc `jgihjh pcosihjp

rav gjp cdrvcpjp' ~ipxa ce cg `jräxsga `sjvxa' gjp rczscújp y

dchijejp cdrvcpjp jgi`jexiejp dêp àdrvadcxihjp àe gj`jgihjh vcàea`ce sej hc gjp idrgi`jìaecp cpxvjxéoi`jp

jejgijhjp' gj `jgihjh àda ~cexjkj àdrcxixi~j' y arxje ravgj `cvxini`jìðe hc ps pipxcdj hc `jgihjh pcoûe gj eavdjxi~jIPA 9222 y ce se rav`cexjkc ds`ma dceav rav gj `cvxini`jìðehc rvahs`xa% Ea afpxjexc' jgosejp hc cggjp ~je dêp jggêj~jejeha ce cg `jdiea hc gj hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh%Rav ûgxida' ~jdap j jejgijv' ce xévdieap ocecvjgcp' cg rva`cpahc idrgjexjìðe hc gj `jgihjh cexvc gjp cdrvcpjp `cvxini`jhjp%Ce cpxc pcexiha' hap jprc`xap jejgijhap ce cg rvidcv`jräxsga y cpceìjgcp rjvj gj `jgihjh pae gj vcpraepjfigihjhhc gj hivc`ìðe y gj cpxvs`xsvj rjvjgcgj% Vcprc`xa jg pcosehacgcdcexa' cp eavdjg `vcjv gap hap rvidcvap ei~cgcp-àdixé hc `jgihjh y àavhiejhav hc `jgihjh)' dicexvjp zsccipxce gidixjìaecp ce `sjexa j gap czsirap hc xvjfjka àdamcdap ~ipxa ce cpxc `jräxsga% Ce ga vcgjxi~a j gj vcpraepjfigihjhhc gj hivc`ìðe' pi fice cp ìcvxa zsc gap hivc`xi~ap hcpcje

i g x i x g xi h x i x



idrgjexjv se pipxcdj rav gap daxi~ap cesdcvjhap jexcviavdcexc'ds`mjp ~c`cp cpxj vcpraepjfigihjh ea pc hcdscpxvjjg vcpxa hc gj cdrvcpj% Cg vcpxa hc cxjrjp hcg rva`cpahc idrgjexjìðe hcg pipxcdj hc `jgihjh ~ipxa ce cg `j$@jräxsga ^Gj `cvxini`jìðe hc `jgihjh ce gj rva~ieìj hc Jgi`jexcÄEHI@C 6>9räxsga pcoseha pc piosce' jsezsc jkspxêehapc j gjp cioceìjp

hc gj eavdjxi~j IPA 9222% Ce cpxc pcexiha' gj njpc hchijoeðpxià gj pscgc vcjgijv se àepsgxav cxcvea zsc afxicecienavdjìðe ce fjpc j `scpxiaejviap rvariap rjvj cdrcjvj vchj`xjv gap favvjhavcp hc gap djesjgcp hc `jgihjh yrva`chidicexap rjvj rvcpcexjv j gj cdrvcpj% Gj njpc hc àdsei`jìðepscgc rgjpdjvpc ce sej `jvxj cp`vixj zsc pc cexvcojj gap cdrgcjhap' rav ckcdrga ~äj psrcviav a ksexa j gjeðdiej' a j xvj~ép hc vcseiaecp àe gap cdrgcjhap%Vcprc`xa j gj navdjìðe' jsezsc jgosejp cdrvcpjp vcjgijenavdjìðe cxcvej rjvj jgoseap xvjfjkjhavcp' rvieìrjgdcexchcpxiejhj jg àavhiejhav hc `jgihjh' ds`mjp ~c`cp cpxjnavdjìðe cp iexcvej' idrjvxihj rav cg àepsgxav cxcvea%Vcprc`xa j gj vchj`ìðe hc djesjgcp' cp mjfixsjg zsc cgàepsgxav cxcvea gap cgjfavc ce fjpc j gj ienavdjìðe afxceihjhcg hijoeðpxià ieiìjg y ga zsc cioc gj eavdjxi~j IPA

9222' picdrvc jkspxêehaga j gj cdrvcpj ce rjvxi`sgjv%Rapxcviavdcexc gap cexvcoj j gj cdrvcpj rjvj zsc ga cpxshice

gap vcpraepjfgcp àvvcpraehicexcp y hce ps ~ipxa fscea'jújhiceha a cgidiejeha jprc`xap zsc pae a ea vcprc`xi~jdcexc

rvariap hc gj cdrvcpj% Hc cpxj navdj' pc ~je vc`xini`jehagap djesjgcp mjpxj ps chiìðe niejg%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6?23%8% Ieàe~ceicexcp hc gj `jgihjhRahcdap j`jfjv pcújgjeha gap rapifgcp ieàe~ceicexcp zsc

rschce ceàexvjv gjp rczscújp y dchijejp cdrvcpjp rjvjidrgjexjv se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh% Ce cpxc `jpa' ihcexini`jdapgap afpxê`sgap rjvj gj jrgi`jìðe hcg Dahcga Csvarca hc@jgihjh y hc gjp eavdjp IPA 9222% Ce cg rvidcv rsexa' gjp hini`sgxjhcppae -JC@' :99?< ?2);… Cpxc dahcga' jsezsc cp rjvj rydcp' pðga rschce jfavhjvgagjp ovjehcp cdrvcpjp%… Gj hivc`ìðe ea ~c `gjvap gap fcecniìap hc jrgi`jv cg dipda%… Ce cpxjp cdrvcpjp gjp rcvpaejp vcjgije dûgxirgcp j`xi~ihjhcp



… Ce cpxjp cdrvcpjp' gjp rcvpaejp vcjgije dûgxirgcp j`xi~ihjhcpy' àda àepc`sceìj' njgxj xicdra rjvj hchi`jvpc jmj`cv gj jsxac~jgsjìðe%… Jspceìj hc navdjìðe ce gjp xéèi`jp hc dckavj' y njgxj hcxicdra y vc`svpap rjvj cpxjfgc`cv rgjecp hc navdjìðe%… Dicha jg `jdfia rav rjvxc hc gap djehap jg `chcv vcpraepjfigihjhj gap cdrgcjhap%

@jräxsga ^Gj `cvxini`jìðe hc `jgihjh ce gj rva~ieìj hc Jgi`jexcÄEHI@C 6?:… Gap vc`svpap càeðdiàp' djxcvijgcp y hc xicdra ec`cpjviaprjvj cg rgje hc dckavj' ea picdrvc cpxêe hipraeifgcprjvj ds`mjp hc cpxjp cdrvcpjp%… Cg jkspxjvpc j se dahcga hc vcncvceìj rschc pioeini`jv révhihjhc ngcifigihjh' `jvj`xcväpxi`j xäri`j hc gj rczscúj y

dchijej cdrvcpj%Ce `sjexa j gjp eavdjp iexcvejìaejgcp IPA 9222 rahcdapihcexini`jv' cexvc axvap' gap piosicexcp rvafgcdjp;… Révhihj hc ngcifigihjh hc gj cdrvcpj jg jkspxjvpc j sej pcvichc eavdjp%… Njgxj hc xicdra rav rjvxc hcg rcvpaejg -rav ckcdrga ce gjidrgjexjìðe hc rvaovjdjp hc navdjìðe' ce gj `cgcfvjìðehc vcseiaecp cexvc àepsgxav cxcvea y hivc`ìðe)%… Njgxj hc vc`svpap niejeìcvap y gidixjìðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap%

… @aepihcvjv zsc gj jrgi`jìðe hc gj eavdj idrgi`j se àpxcy ea ~j j ocecvjv ce gj rvê`xi`j eieoûe fcecniìa%

… Gj ea cipxceìj hc se nscvxc àdrvadipa rav rjvxc hc gjhivc`ìðe' zsc pðga hcpcj afxcecv cg `cvxini`jha hc `jgihjh%Ce cpxc pcexiha' rav ckcdrga' pi ce gjp vcseiaecp hcg àdi$Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6?6xé hc `jgihjh ea jpipxce xahap gap dicdfvap' jsezsc rapxcviavdcexc

nivdce rjvj zsc àepxc' cg àavhiejhav hc `jgihjhrcvìfc zsc gj hivc`ìðe ea àepihcvj cpceìjg gj `jgihjh%Ce cpxc `jpa cp eavdjg zsc cg àavhiejhav hc `jgihjhy gap arcvjviap xjdraà dscpxvce iexcvép rav cggj%… Vcpipxceìj jg `jdfia ce gap cdrgcjhap ce `sjexa j mêfixapy adravxjdicexap%… Gjp j`xi~ihjhcp hc `jgihjh psraece sej djyav `jvoj hcxvjfjka rjvj hivc`xi~ap y psrcv~ipavcp -rav ckcdrga' cpnscvacxvj rjvj ha`sdcexjv gap rva`chidicexap)



cxvj rjvj ha`sdcexjv gap rva`chidicexap)%J rcpjv hc cpxap rvafgcdjp pcújgjhap rav gap hivc`xi~ap' épxaphcfce àea`cv gjp rapifgcp ~cexjkjp hc idrgjexjv gj `cvxini`jìðeIPA ce rczscújp y dchijejp cdrvcpjp% Cexvccggjp rahcdap ìxjv gj dckavj hc gj idjoce hc gj cdrvcpj' cgcpxjfgcìdicexa hc rva`chidicexap' gj jyshj zsc psraec cpxjha`sdcexjìðe rjvj gap cdrgcjhap' gj dckavj hc gjp ~cexjp

y gap fcecniìap' y rav xjexa gj àdrcxixi~ihjh' cg ie`vcdcexahc gj àeìceìj pafvc gjp j`ìaecp àvvc`xi~jp y rvc~cexi~jp'gj dckavj hc gj davjg hc gap cdrgcjhap' gj vchs`ìðehc gap rvafgcdjp hc `jgihjh y cg vcnavjdicexa hcg xvjfjkace czsira -Zsji y Rjhifka' :99=< 899$322)%@jräxsga ^Gj `cvxini`jìðe hc `jgihjh ce gj rva~ieìj hc Jgi`jexcÄEHI@C 6?0

: Gap hjxap mje piha njìgixjhap rav gap àvvcpraehicexcp avojeipdap`cvxini`jhavcp' aexvjpxêehagap ae gj ienavdjìðe pagiìxjhj j gjJpaìjìðe Cprjúagj rjvj gj @jgihjh -JC@)%6 F^ZI ea niosvj ce gj xjfgj ravzsc ce cg gipxjha njìgixjha rav gj cexihjhea niosvj gj nc`mj hc cdipiðe hc gap `cvxini`jhap%0 Ea àepihcvjdap gap hjxap hcg júa :999 rjvj cg `êg`sga hc gj xcehceìj%8 Xjexa ce cpxj niosvj àda ce gjp piosicexcp ea vcrvcpcexjdap cg júa:999 -jsezsc pc dscpxvj j xäxsga ienavdjxi~a ce ps àvvcpraehicexcxjfgj) ravzsc ps ienavdjìðe pðga cp hc gap rvidcvap dcpcp hcg júa%

3 Iosjg zsc ce cg `jpa jexcviav' gap hjxap hcg júa :999 ea pae xceihap

ce `scexj%> Pcoûe gj JC@' cpxj ienavdjìðe hcfc xadjvpc àda hjxap jrvaidjhap%? Cg hivc`xavia Jvhje 9= -@adseihjh ^jgceìjej 9=' :2%222Cdrvcpjp% Hivc`xavia c Ienavdc Càeðdià$Niejeìcva) cpxê navdjharav hjxap hc :2%222 paìchjhcp hc gj @adseihjh ^jgceìjej àvvcpraehicexcpjg ckcvììa :99>% Ea ie`gsyc gap hjxap hc gjp cdrvcpjp jgjp `sjgcp gj gcoipgjìðe gcp cidc hc gj afgiojxavichjh hc rvcpcexjvpsp `scexjp ce gap Vcoipxvap Dcv`jexigcp% Xjdfiée rschce ea niosvjvcdrvcpjp zsc ea hcrapixje psp `scexjp ce gap Vcoipxvap' zsc ga mjemc`ma nscvj hc rgja a àe jgoûe hcnc`xa hc navdj% Gjp `jvj`xcväpxi`jphc cpxjp cdrvcpjp pae gjp piosicexcp; j) ps pchc paìjg cpxê ce

gj @adseihjh ^jgceìjej' f) ea pc ie`gsyce cexihjhcp niejeìcvjp eiKsje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6?8àarcvjxi~jp y `) ps nj`xsvjìðe c`chið hc `sjvcexj diggaecp ce:99>% Vcprc`xa j gj fjpc hc hjxap HSEP 32%222 -HSEP 32%222Rvieìrjgcp cdrvcpjp cprjúagjp' :99=)' cg ûeià `vixcvia hc pcgc`ìðemj piha cg ~agsdce hc nj`xsvjìðe jesjg j rjvxiv hc gj fjpc hc hjxaphc dêp hc 332 222 cdrvcpjp cprjúagjp ocpxiaejhjp rav



hc dêp hc 332%222 cdrvcpjp cprjúagjp ocpxiaejhjp ravHse.Fvjhpxvccx%= @aepihcvjdap zsc gj rczscúj y dchijej cdrvcpj cp sej avojeijìðezsc ea xicec dêp hc 632 cdrgcjhap%9 Pcoûe gj JC@' cpxj ienavdjìðe hcfc xadjvpc àda hjxap jrvaidjhap%:2 @ae`j -:99=)% Cg cpxshia pc fjpj ce sej dscpxvj hc ?9 cdrvcpjpdjesnj`xsvcvjp jgi`jexiejp -rczscújp y dchijejp cdrvcpjp ce psdjyaväj)' hc `sjgzsicv pc`xav iehspxvijg' c`crxa gj àepxvs`ìðe hc

chiniìap y afvjp rûfgi`jp' `sya ~agsdce hc ~cexjp psrcvð gj ìnvj hc922 diggaecp hc rcpcxjp ce jg dceap se júa hcexva hcg rcväaha àdrvcehihacexvc :996 y :993%:: Gjp cdrvcpjp jejgijhjp rav cg jsxav rcvxcec`ce jg pc`xav njfvi`jìðe->:'9#)' pcv~iìap -:9'3#) y jdfap -:='>#)' hc gjp `sjgcp' se6='0# ggc~je dceap hc xvcp júap idrgjexjeha XZD' se 8?'=# cexvc`sjxva y pcip júap y se 60'9# dêp hc pcip júap% Rav ûgxida' se 89'>#xceäje dceap hc 322 cdrgcjhap' se 62'?# cexvc 32:$:%222' se 63'?hc :%22:$3%222' se 3'0# hc 3%22:$:3%222 y se :'=# dêp hc :3%222

cdrgcjhap%:6 Pc mj vcjgijha se xcpx hc gj ki$`sjhvjha rjvj se ei~cg hc pioeini`jìðehcg 3#%EaxjpÄEHI@C 6?3

FifgiaovjnäjJC@ -:99?); Osäj hc jsxac~jgsjìðe pcoûe cg dahcga csvarca rjvj rydc' JC@' Djhvih%

JOSJYA' V% -:990); Cg déxaha Hcdieo% Gap nsehjdcexap

pafvc `jgihjh y hivc`ìðe hc cdrvcpjp zsc cg njdapa crcvxa cepcúð j gap kjraecpcp' Kj~icv ^cvojvj Chixav'

Fsceap Jivcp%JEHCVPAE' K% @%< VSEOXSPJEJXMJD' D% y P@MVACHCV'V% O% -:998); ¬J xmcavy an zsjgixy djejocdcex sehcvgyieoxmc Hcdieo Djejocdcex Dcxmah¼' J`jhcdy an Djejocdcex Vc~icw' ~ag% :9' e%» 0' 8?6$329%JVXMSV JEHCVPCE -:993j); Nj`xavcp msdjeap hc gj `jgihjh'àgc`ìðe Gj `jgihjh ce Cprjúj' ~agsdce 6' @ieàHäjp' Djhvih%

JVXMSV JEHCVPCE -:993f); Gap àe`crxap fêpiàp hc gj `jgihjh' àgc`ìðe% Gj `jgihjh ce Cprjúj' ~agsdce :'@ieà Häjp' Djhvih%JPA@IJ@IÐE HC VCGJ@IAECP MSDJEJP HCG KJRÐE-:996); Ljice Xcije :% Hcpjvvagga hc pipxcdjp rjvj gj dckavj àexiesj j xvj~ép hc gjp rvarscpxjp hc gap cdrgcjhap'Xor Mapmie' Djhvih%

Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;



Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6?>JÂGIEA' F% K% y FJPP' F% D% -:990); ¬Gj jgijej cexvc gihcvjoay hivc`ìðe hc gj `jgihjh xaxjg -G,H@X)¼' Cpxshiap Cdrvcpjvijgcp' e» =0' :3$08%FJGJHJ' X% K% y VIRAGG' ^% D -:99>); ¬C~jgsjìðe y vchs`ìðe

hc àpxcp hc gj `jgihjh¼' Raeceìj rvcpcexjhj jg II @aeovcpa hc gj `jgihjh hc gj @adseihjh ^jgceìjej'Ea~icdfvc' ^jgceìj' Häj hc Pjexap' Djhvih' 0::$006%FJVECY' K% -:99:); ¬Nivd vcpasv`cp jeh pspxjiech àdrcxixi~cjh~jexjoc¼' Kasvejg an Djejocdcex' ~ag% :?' e» :'99$:62%FCGAMGJ^' K% J% -:990); ¬Zsjgixy' pxvjxcoy jeh àdrcxixi~cecpp¼' @jginaveij Djejocdcex Vc~icw' e» 03' 33$>?%

FCVEIGGÐE' J% y @CVSXXI' A% -:9=9); Idrgjexjv y ocpxiaejv gj `jgihjh xaxjg' Ocpxiðe 6222' Fjv`cgaej%FCVVY' G% G% -:993); Dêp jggê hc gj c`cgceìj ce cg pcv~iìa%Se rgje rjvj gj j`ìðe' Hcspxa' Figfja%FCVVY' X% M% -:996); @ðda ocvceìjv gj xvjepnavdjìðe mjìj gj `jgihjh xaxjg' DÒvjw$Migg' Pjexjné hc Faoaxê%FGJ@LFSVE' V% y VAPCE' F% -:990); ¬Xaxjg zsjgixy jeh msdje

vcpasv`cp djejocdcex; gcppaep gcjvech nvadFifgiaovjnäj

ÄEHI@C 6??Fjghvioc Jwjvh$wieeieo adrjeicp¼' J`jhcdy an

Djejocdcex Cc`sxi~c' ~ag% ?' e» 0' 89$>>%FA_CE' H% C% y GJ_GCV III' C% C% -:996j); ¬Xmc cdrawcvdcexan pcv~i`c wavlcvp; wmjx' wmy' maw jeh wmce¼'Pgaje Djejocdcex Vc~icw' ~ag% 00' e» 0' 0:$09%FA_CE' H% C% y GJ_GCV III' C% C% -:996f); ¬Xaxjg zsjgixyavicexchmsdje vcpasv`cp djejocdcex¼'Avojeijxiaejg Hyejdi`p' ~ag% 62' e» 8' 69$8:%FVA@LJ' F% y FVA@LJ' D% P% -:996); Zsjgixy djejocdcex%

Idrgcdcexieo xmc fcpx ihcjp an xmc djpxcvp' Ivwie'Iggieaip' Ecw Yavl%FS@LGCY' V% y @JRGC' K% -:99:); Gj navdjìðe% Xcaväj y rvê`xi`j' Häj hc Pjexap' Djhvih%FS[[CGG' V% H% y OJGC' F% X% -:9=?); Xmc RIDP rvieìrgcp%Gielieo pxvjxcoy xa rcvnavdje`c' Xmc Nvcc Rvcpp' EcwYavl%

@JDR' V% @% -:9=9); Fce`mdjvlieo% Xmc pcjv`m nav iehspxvy fcpx rvj`xi`cp xmjx gcjh xa psrcviav rcvnavdje`c' JPZ@



@JDR' V% @% -:9=9); o yfcpx rvj`xi`cp xmjx gcjh xa psrcviav rcvnavdje`c' JPZ@Zsjgixy Rvcpp' Digwjylcc' _ipàepie%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6?=@JEJGP' K% -:998); Gj iexcvejìaejgijìðe hc gj cdrvcpj%

@ðda c~jgsjv gj rcecxvjìðe ce dcv`jhap cxcviavcp'DÒvjw$Migg' Djhvih%@JRA_PLI' O% -:998); ¬Jejxadäj hc se gähcv¼' Mjv~jvh Hcspxa Fspiecpp Vc~icw' e» >6' :=$63%@JPJHA' K% D% y CP@VIFJEA' D% @% -:990); ¬Czsirap hcxvjfjka; sea dêp sea iosjg j hap%%% a dêp¼' Jchirc'Pcrxicdfvc' 6>$00%@IJDRJ' H% -:996); Xaxjg zsjgixy' j spcv’p osihc nav idrgcdcexjxiae'

Jhhipae$_cpgcy Rsfgipmieo @adrjey'Djppj`mspcxxp%@GJ^CV' C% y OAE[ÊGC[' D% V% -:998); ¬Xcèagaoäjp hc gjienavdjìðe rjvj gj jsxadjxijìðe hc aniìejp¼'@sjhcveap' e» 6?' 63$82%@GJ^CV' C%' GGARIP' K%< GGAVCX' D% y DAGIEJ' M% -:99>);Djesjg hc jhdieipxvjìðe hc cdrvcpjp' Chixavijg@ä~ixjp' Djhvih' 0« chiìðe%@GJ^CV' C%< OJP@Ð' K% G% y GGARIP' K% -:99>); Gap vc`svpap

msdjeap ce gj cdrvcpj; se cenazsc hivc`xi~a' @ä~ixjp'Djhvih' 6« chiìðe%

FifgiaovjnäjÄEHI@C 6?9@AFA @JPXIGGJ' K% V%< Î@CEX DAEXCJOSHA' K% ^% yKSÊVC[ XÊVVCOJ' J% -:99>); ¬Ec`cpihjh hc gap cgcdcexaphc gj eavdj¼' Raeceìj rvcpcexjhj jg II @aeovcpa hc gj `jgihjh hc gj @adseihjh ^jgceìjej'Ea~icdfvc' ^jgceìj' Häj hc Pjexap' Djhvih' :2:$::?%@AGC' V% C%< FJ@HJYJE' R% y _MIXC' F% K% -:990); ¬Zsjgixy'

rjviìrjxiae' jeh adrcxixi~cecpp¼' @jginaveij Djejocdcex Vc~icw' ~ag% 03' e» 0' >=$=:%@AE@J NGAV' N% K% -:99=); Jhdieipxvjìðe hc gj rvahs`ìðe ce gjp cdrvcpjp djesnj`xsvcvjp jgi`jexiejp'Rsfgi`jìaecp hc gj Sei~cvpihjh hc Jgi`jexc'Sei~cvpihjh hc Jgi`jexc%@AE@J NGAV' N% K% y DAGIEJ DJE@MÐE' M% -:99=); ¬Gj`jgihjh y cg xicdra àda nj`xavcp hc àdrcxixi~ihjh cegjp cdrvcpjp jgi`jexiejp¼' @adsei`jìðe rvcpcexjhj jg



r ' r]]$I^ Vcseiðe hc gj JC@V ' A`xsfvc' [jvjoaj' :$:3%@APXJ CPXJEY' K% D% -:998); ¬Cdrawcvdcex y ocpxiðe hcrva`cpap' gap cgcdcexap `gj~c% Gj ocpxiðe hc gj `jgihjh xaxjgy gjp rcvpaejp ce Vjel ]cva¼' @jrixjg Msdjea' e»?6' 6?$0:%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð

@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6=2@VAPFY' R% F% -:9=?); Gj `jgihjh ea `scpxj% Cg jvxc hc jpcosvjv gj `jgihjh' @adrjúäj Chixavijg @aexiecexjg'Déià%@VAPFY' R% F% -:998); @adrgcxcecpp -rgceixsh)% @jgihjh xaxjg rjvj cg pioga ]]I' DÒvjw$Migg' Déià%

@MJEHGCV' J% H% -:9=?); Gj djea ~ipifgc% Gj vc~agsìðe ce gj hivc`ìðe hc gj cdrvcpj eavxcjdcvi`jej' @cexva hcrsfgi`jìaecp Dieipxcvia hc Xvjfjka y Pcosvihjh Paìjg'Djhvih%@MAI' X% Y% -:993); ¬@ae`crxsjgiieo àexiesasp idrva~cdcex;idrgi`jxiaep nav avojeijxiaejg `mjeoc¼' Adcoj'~ag% 60' e» >' >2?$>68%HJGC' F% O% y GCPP' K% -:9=?); ¬Zsjgixy ìv`gc; nvad iexvahs`xiaexa iexcovjxiae¼' Gaeo Vjeoc Rgjeeieo' ~ag% 62' e» :'

?=$=0%HC NSCEXCP VSI[' R% -:99>); ¬Gap àpxcp hc gj `jgihjh y gj

àexjfigihjh¼' Rjvxihj Hafgc' e» >?' 36$3>%HCJE K% V%< KJDCP _% y FA_CE' H% C% -:998);¬Djejocdcex xmcavy jeh xaxjg zsjgixy; idrva~ieo vcpcjv`mjeh rvj`xi`c xmvasom xmcavy hc~cgardcex¼'J`jhcdy an Djejocdcex Vc~icw' ~ag% :9' e» 0' 096$8:=%FifgiaovjnäjÄEHI@C 6=:HCDIEO' _% C% -:9=9); @jgihjh' rvahs`xi~ihjh y àdrcxixi~ihjh%

Gj pjgihj hc gj `vipip' Häj hc Pjexap' Djhvih%HCDIEO' _% C% -:998); ¬Xmc ecch nav `mjeoc¼' Kasvejg nav zsjgixy jeh rjvxi ìrjxiae' Hc`cdfcv' 02$0:%HADÄEOC[ DJ@MS@J' K% J%< OJV@ÄJ OAE[ÊGC[' P%<VSI[ KIDÉEC[' J%< HADÄEOSC[ DJ@MS@J' D% J% yÊG^JVC[ OIG' D% K% -:993); Hivc`ìðe hc arcvjìaecp%Jprc`xap xê`xiàp y arcvjxi~ap ce gj rvahs`ìðe y gap pcv~iìap' DÒvjw$Migg' Djhvih%HAS@MY' K% D% -:9==); Mjìj cg `cva hcnc`xap ce gj cdrvcpj'



- )XOR Xcèagaoäjp hc Ocvceìj y Rvahs`ìðe' Djhvih%HVS@LCV' R% N% -:9=>); Gj ieea~jìðe y cg cdrvcpjvia ieea~jhav'Chmjpj' Fjv`cgaej%HSOJE' O% -:990); ¬Ip zsjgixy idrva~cdce ngasehcvieo1_mjx xmc @CA dspxha xa gcjh xmc zsjgixy vc~agsxiae¼'Kasvejg nav Zsjgixy jeh Rjvxiìrjxiae' Ksgy$Jsospx' 62$66%

CNZD y CAZ -:999); Rczscújp y dchijejp cdrvcpjp%Ha`sdcexa hc pagiìxsh' CNZD y CAZ' Fvspcgjp%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6=6CIVDJ -:99:); ¬Xcehceìjp y àehiìaecp ec`cpjvijp rjvjgj àeciðe cexvc I,H y djvlcxieo¼' Càeadäj iehspxvijg'

Ea~icdfvc$Hiìcdfvc' e» 6=6' 60$88%CP@JE@IJEA OJV@ÄJ$DIVJEHJ' @% -:99?); ¬Cg jpcosvjdicexahc gj `jgihjh; gj `cvxini`jìðe IPA 9222¼'Raeceìj rvcpcexjhj jg ]I @aeovcpa Ejìaejg y ÎI @aeovcpa Miprjea$Nvje`ép hc JCHCD' Kseia' Gévihj':63?$:6>>%CPXCGGCV FCG' K% -:993); ¬Gj rjvxiìrjìðe ce gj dckavj hcgj `jgihjh; se àdrvadipa hc gj jgxj hivc`ìðe¼' Raeceìj rvcpcexjhj jg Î @aeovcpa hc gj Jpaìjìðe cprjúagj rjvj

gj `jgihjh' Djhvih' Chiìaecp Ocpxiðe 6222' Fjv`cgaej'622$623%

CXXAVVC' F% -:990); ¬Fce`mdjvlieo; xmc ecx ocecvjxiae¼'Djejocdcex Vc~icw' Kseia' ::$:>%NJVMCY' G% -:9=9); ¬Hipà~cvieo yasv nivd’p pxvaeocpx àdrcxixi~cjh~jexjocp¼' ce NJVMCY' G% -:9=9); Xmc pxvjxcoi` rgjeeieo djejocdcex vcjhcv' Rvcexi`c Mjgg'Ceogcwaah @ginnp' Ecw Ycvpcy' :=$66%NCIOCEFJSD' J% ^% -:998); @aexvag xaxjg hc gj `jgihjh'@adrjúäj Chixavijg @aexiecexjg' Déià%

FifgiaovjnäjÄEHI@C 6=0NCVEÊEHC[ PÊE@MC[' C% -:990); Hivc`ìðe hc gj rvahs`ìðe I% Nsehjdcexap cpxvjxéoiàp' @i~ixjp' Djhvih%NCVEÊEHC[' C% y NCVEÊEHC[' [% -:9==); Djesjg hc hivc`ìðe cpxvjxéoi`j hc gj xcèagaoäj% Gj rvahs`ìðe àda ~cexjkj adrcxixi~j' Jvicg' Fjv`cgaej%NAEXÛVFCG' I% -:993); ¬Gj `jgihjh xaxjg' se pipxcdj hc ocpxiðecdrvcpjvijg¼' Hivc`ìðe y Rvaovcpa' e» :82' 8:$8>%NSGH G D -:996) J mi i g gi m m i ggi



NSGH' G% D% -:996); ¬J`mic~ieo xaxjg zsjgixy xmvasom iexcggioce`c¼' Gaeo Vjeoc Rgjeeieo' ~ag% 63' e» :' :29$::3%OJGOJEA' J% -:990); @jgihjh xaxjg% @gj~c cpxvjxéoi`j rjvj gj àdrcxixi~ihjh hc gj cdrvcpj' Häj hc Pjexap' Djhvih%OJV@ÄJ PJEXJDJVÄJ' J% -:99>j); ¬@jgihjh ce gj ocpxiðehc iexcvejìaejgijìðe hc gj cdrvcpj¼' Jgxj Hivc`ìðe'

e» :92' 0?$82%OJV@ÄJ PJEXJDJVÄJ' J% -:99>f); ¬Eavdjgijìðe' `cvxini`jìðey madagaojìðe hc gap rvahs`xap¼' Jgxj Hivc`ìðe' e» :92' 839$8>8%OJVVIHA MCVEÊEHC[' J% -:99>); ¬Gj vchs`ìðe hc àpxcpàe se pipxcdj hc `jgihjh¼' Raeceìj rvcpcexjhj jg Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;

nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6=8II @aeovcpa hc gj `jgihjh hc gj @adseihjh ^jgceìjej'Ea~icdfvc' ^jgceìj' Häj hc Pjexap' Djhvih' ::9$:06%OJVÎE' H% J% -:9=?); ¬@adrcxieo ae xmc ciomx hidcepiaepan zsjgixy¼% Mjv~jvh Fspiecpp Vc~icw' Ea~cdfcv$Hc`cdfcv' :2:$:29%OJVÎE' H% J% -:990); ¬Fsighieo j gcjveieo avojeijxiae¼'Mjv~jvh Fspiecpp Vc~icw' Ksgy$Jsospx' ?=$9:%

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Vc~icw' 8 xvid%' 99$::6%OAGH_JPPCV' @% -:993); ¬Fce`mdjvlieo; rcargc djlcxmc rva`cpp¼' Djejocdcex Vc~icw' Ksec' 09$80%OÐDC[$DCKÄJ' G% V%< FJGLIE' H% F% y @JVHY' V% G% -:99?);Ocpxiðe hc vc`svpap msdjeap' Rvcexi`c Mjgg' Djhvih%OAE[ÊGC[ DCEAV@J' D% G% y EJ^JVVA CGAGJ' G%-:990); ¬Dckavj hc `jgihjh xaxjg y rvahs`xi~ihjh xaxjg¼'Cpi` Djvlcx' e» =2' 3?$>2%

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OVJEX' V% D% -:99:); ¬Xmc vcpasv`c$fjpch xmcavy an àdrcxixi~cjh~jexjoc; idrgi`jxiaep nav pxvjxcoy navdsgjxiae¼'@jginaveij Djejocdcex Vc~icw' ~ag% 00' e» 0' ::8$:03%OVJEX' V% D% -:99>); Hivc`ìðe cpxvjxéoi`j% @ae`crxap' xéèi`jp y `jpap' @ä~ixjp' Djhvih%OVIDJ @IEXJP' R% y XAVX$DJVXAVCGG GGJFVCP' K%

-:993); Xéèi`jp rjvj gj ocpxiðe hc gj `jgihjh' Häj hcPjexap' Djhvih%MJGG' V% -:996); ¬Xmc pxvjxcoi` jejgypip an iexjeoifgc vcpasv`cp¼' Pxvjxcoi` Djejocdcex Kasvejg' ~ag% :0' :03$:88%MJGG' V% -:990); ¬J nvjdcwavl gielieo iexjeoifgc vcpasv`cpjeh `jrjfigixicp xa pspxjiejfgc àdrcxixi~c jh~jexjoc¼'Pxvjxcoi` Djejocdcex Kasvejg' ~ag% :8' >2?$>:=%MJDDCV' D% y @MJDRY' K% -:998); Vcieoceicväj hc gj cdrvcpj'

Rjvvjdðe' Fjv`cgaej%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6=>MJVVIEOXAE' M% K% -:9==); @ðda ie`vcdcexjv gj `jgihjhrvahs`xi~ihjh ce ps cdrvcpj' DÒvjw$Migg' Déià%MJY_JVH' P% O% y HJGC' F% O% -:9=8); ¬Zsjgixy ìv`gc njigsvcpie SL djesnj`xsvieo àdrjeicp$j pxshy% Rjvx II¼'

Adcoj' ~ag% :6' e» >' 33?$ 3>=%MCEHVI@LP' L% F% y PIEOMJG' ^% V% -:99>); ¬Zsjgixy jwjvhp

jeh xmc djvlcx ~jgsc an xmc nivd; je cdrivi`jg ie~cpxiojxiae¼' Djejocdcex Pìce`c' ~ag% 86' e» 0' 8:3$80>%MCVVCVJ OÐDC[' K%< DAVCEA GS[ÐE' D% H% yDJVXÄEC[ NSCEXCP' @% -:99=); ¬Gj ocpxiðe hc gj `jgihjhce gjp cdrvcpjp cprjúagjp% Vcpsgxjhap hc se cpxshiacdrävià hc êdfixa csvarca¼' Vc~ipxj hc Càeadäj y Cdrvcpj' âg% :6 -6« éra`j)' e» 06' =0$::>%MIGG' @% _% G% y KAECP' O% V% -:99>); Jhdieipxvjìðe cpxvjxéoi`j%

Se cenazsc iexcovjha' DÒvjw$Migg' Pjexjné hcFaoaxê%MAVAÎX[' K% -:992); Gj `jgihjh hc pcv~iìa% J gj àezsipxj hcg `gicexc' DÒvjw$Migg' Djhvih%MSFCV' O% R% -:99:); ¬Avojeijxiaejg gcjveieo; xmc àexvifsxieorva`cpp jeh xmc gixcvjxsvcp¼' Avojeijxiaejg Pìce`c' ~ag% 6' e» :' ==$::3%FifgiaovjnäjÄEHI@C 6=?MSEOCV K H y _MCCGCE X G -:99>); Pxvjxcoi` djejocdcex



MSEOCV' K% H% y _MCCGCE' X% G% -:99>); Pxvjxcoi` djejocdcex'Jhhipae$ _cpgcy Rsfgipmieo @adrjey'Djppj`mspcxxp%MSEX' ^ H% -:990); Djejoieo nav zsjgixy% Iexcovjxieo zsjgixy jeh fspiecpp pxvjxcoy' Fspiecpp Aec Ivwie' Madcwaah'Iggieaip%

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I^JE@CÎ@M' K% D%< GAVCE[I' R% y PLIEECV' P% K% -:99>);Ocpxiðe% @jgihjh y àdrcxixi~ihjh' Ivwie' Déià%KAY@C' D% C% -:993); Maw xa gcjh yasv fspiecpp fcyaeh XZD% Djlieo wavgh `gjpp rcvnavdje`c j vcjgixy' RixdjeRsfgipmieo' Gaehae%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 6==



nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 692GCJG DIGGÊE' J% -:99?); ¬Ocpxiðe hc `jgihjh xaxjg ce cdrvcpjpcprjúagjp; se jeêgipip `sgxsvjg y hc vcehidicexa¼'Vc~ipxj Csvarcj hc Hivc`ìðe y Càeadäj hc gj Cdrvcpj' ~ag% >' e» :' 0?$3>%GCC' X%Y% -:99=); ¬Xmc hc~cgardcex an IPA 9222 `cvxini`jxiaejeh xmc nsxsvc an zsjgixy djejocdcex; j psv~cy an `cvxini`jxiaenivdp ie Maeo Laeo¼' Iexcvejxiaejg Kasvejg an Zsjgixy . Vcgijfigixy Djejocdcex' ~ag% :3' e» 6' :>6$:??%

GCAEJVH' N% P% y PJPPCV' _% C% -:9=0); ¬Esc~jp ihcjp pafvccg àe`crxa hc `jgihjh¼' Mjv~jvh Hcspxa Fspiecpp Vc~icw' e» :3' 8$:6%GA[JEA DAYJEA' P -:990); ¬XZD% Sej jgxcvejxi~j rjvjpjgiv hc gj `vipip¼' @adsei`jìðe rvcpcexjhj jg III @aeovcpa Ejìaejg J@CHC' Pcrxicdfvc' ^jgceìj' :$:9%GGARIP ^JÚÐ' N%< DAGIEJ J[AVÄE' K% N% y XJVÄ OSIGGÐ' K%K% -:99>); ¬Ec`cpihjh hc se cenazsc cpxvjxéoià rjvjdckavjv gj àdrcxixi~ihjh hc gjp rydcp; sej jrvaidjìðehcphc gj xcaväj hc gj ~cexjkj àdrcxixi~j y gj idravxjeìj



hcphc gj xcaväj hc gj ~cexjkj àdrcxixi~j y gj idravxjeìjhc gap iexjeoifgcp¼' @adsei`jìðe rvcpcexjhj jg Î @aeovcpa Ejìaejg hc J@CHC' Pcrxicdfvc' Gj@avsúj' ?08$?8?%FifgiaovjnäjÄEHI@C 69:

DJVXÄE' J% -:990); ¬Gj crcviceìj cdrvcpjvijg cprjúagjhc gap ovsrap hc xvjfjka¼% @jrixjg Msdjea' e» 3?' :8$62%DJVXÄEC[ OJGÊE' J% -:99:); ¬Navdjìðe rjvj gj `jgihj¼'@jrixjg Msdjea' e» 0>' 8:$83%DJXCA HÄ J[' K% -:99:); ¬Gap vc`svpap msdjeap y gj `jgihjhxaxjg¼' Hivc`ìðe y Rvaovcpa' e» ::>' :=$62%DCHIEJ @JVVIGGA' O% -:993); ¬Gj idravxjeìj hc gj rjvxiìrjìðece gap rvaovjdjp hc `jgihjh¼' Jgxj Hivc`ìðe'

e» :?9' 90$:22%DIEX[FCVO' M% -:99:); Gj cpxvs`xsvjìðe hc gjp avojeijìaecp'Jvicg' Fjv`cgaej%DIVAP' F% y HJGC' F% O% -:99>); ¬Je cjdiejxiae an xmc zsjgixyxvjieieo ecchp an pdjgg àdrjeicp¼' Xaxjg Zsjgixy Djejocdcex' ~ag% ?' e» 0' 029$ 066%DI[SEA' P% -:9=9); Gj `jgihjh xaxjg ce gj cdrvcpj% Ce cg hipcúa'ce gj rvahs`ìðe' ce gj àdcvìjgijìðe' ce gap pcv~iìap ocecvjgcp' XOR Xcèagaoäjp hc Ocvceìj y

Rvahs`ìðe' Xavvckðe hc Jvha%DAGIEJ J[AVÄE' K%N% y XJVÄ OSIGGÐ' K%K% -:9??); ¬Gj `jgihjh

àda mcvvjdicexj hc dckavj hc gj àdrcxixi~ihjh;Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~jÄEHI@C 696sej jrvaidjìðe hcphc gj xcaväj hc gap vc`svpap y `jrjìhjhcp¼' Jejgcp hc Càeadäj y Jhdieipxvjìðe hc Cdrvcpjp ' e» 3' ::3$:00%

DAGIEJ DJE@MÐE' M% -:993); Gj ieea~jìðe xcèagðoi`j y psp idrgi`jìaecp cpxvjxéoi`jp cdrvcpjvijgcp; se cenazsc hcp`virxi~a' Ocecvjgixjx ^jgceìjej' @aepcggcvij hc@sgxsvj' Chs`jìð i @iíeìj' Iepxixsx hc @sgxsvj ¬Ksje Oig$Jgfcvx¼' Jgi`jexc%DAVCEA GS[ÐE' D% H% -:990); ¬Xvjieieo jeh xmc idrgcdcexjxiaean zsjgixy rvaovjddcp fy j pjdrgc an pdjggjeh dchisd$pich nivdp ie Prjie¼' Iexcvejxiejg Kasvejg

an Zsjgixy . Vcgijfigixy Djejocdcex' ~ag% :2' e» 0' >$:9%DAVVIP' H% P% y MJIOM' V% M% -:99>); ¬Cdrawcvdcex; je



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hc gj `jgihjh cdrvcpjvijg% @jgihjh ce gap pcv~iìap y

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an padc càeadi` àpx an zsjgixy dahcgp¼'Iexcvejxiaejg Kasvejg an Rvahs`xiae Vcpcjv`m' ~ag% 6>' e»::' :?:0$:?6>%RAVXCV' D% C% -:9=?); ^cexjkj adrcxixi~j' @C@PJ'Déià%Ksje Kapé Xjvä Osiggð@jgihjh xaxjg;nscexc hc ~cexjkj àdrcxixix~j

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¼' @jrixjg Msdjea' e» 98' 32$3=%RSVPOGA^C' J% F% y HJGC' F% O% -:993); ¬Hc~cgarieo j



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VAHVÄOSC[ RAVVJP' K% D% -:99:); Gj rjvxiìrjìðe y gj

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03$82%PÊCE[' D%X% -:99:f); ¬Jvdjeh ^% Nciocefjsd; Ga dckav rav



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Djexceidicexa hc gj `jgihjh; Ce cpxc rigjv pc fsp`j cpxjfgc`cv gj c~jgsjìðe hc gj iexcvncvceìj yhc gj àehiìðe arcvjxi~j hcg czsira ce gj `jgihjh hcg rvahs`xa a pcv~iìa anvcìha rav gj cdrvcpjàe gj hcnieiìðe hc rjvêdcxvap zsc rschje pcv iehi`jhavcp hc cpj iexcvncvceìj%@aexvag jhdieipxvjxi~a; ce cpxc rigjv pc idrgcdcexje Gjp &3P& ce gjp êvcjp jhdieipxvjxi~jp' Cg&Kspx ie xidc& rjvj êvcjp hc àdrvjp y djxcvijgcp' Cg &Ljefje& rjvj gj djxcvij rvidj' vcrscpxap'mcvvjdicexjp y djxcvijg hc spa hc gjp aniìejp' Cg `sjhva hc &Ocpxiðe îpsjg& ce gap hcrðpixap y Gjpxéèi`jp hc arxidijìðe hc vcseiaecp%Dchia jdficexc' pcosvihjh c mioicec; Pc vcnicvc jg xvjxjdicexa hc ragäxi`jp hc rvc~ceìðe hcj`ìhcexcp' cpxjfgcìceha gjp vcàdcehjìaecp hc pcosvihjh y gj jhc`sjìðe hcg pipxcdj rjvj zscpcje idrgcdcexjhjp ce gjp Avhcecp hc Xvjfjka%Djexceidicexa jsxðeada; @adrvcehc cg Hcpjvvagga hc gj àeìceìj hcg àe`crxa hc zsc &j didêzsiej gj `siha ya& y cg `jdfia hc gjp `jvj`xcväpxi`jp iejhc`sjhjp hcg ga`jg hc xvjfjka% ¢

Gj Mcvvjdicexj sxigijhj ce cg XRD cp cg Djexceidicexa Rvc~cexi~a ! Rvchi`xi~a ‗RD—' cpxj hipìrgiej pc hi~ihc ce xvcp;

Cg RD hc jeêgipip hc dckavjp ce ocecvjg -pjgihj ‐`jgihjh ‐pcosvihjh)%Cg XRD$CD; cg cenazsc cpxê ce gj hivc`ìðe hcg czsira ! ce gj dckavj

Cg afkcxi~a hc gj dckavj cp vchsìv j `cva pä cp rapifgc gjp rjvjhjp ea rgjecjhjp' gap hcnc`xap ð révhihjp hc `jgihjh' y djexcecvgap czsirap jg dêida hc ps `jrjìhjhcp%V@D pc jharxj ce cpxj cxjrj rjvj àdrjvjv gj hipraeifigihjh' djexceifigihjh y àenijfigihjh hc gap czsirap rvariap àe gapdipdap rjvêdcxvap afxceihap cpxjhäpxi`jdcexc hcphc gap Fjeàp hc Hjxap Iexcvejìaejgcp%



Cg RD rvarijdcexc hi`ma' cp gj xéèi`j hc idrgjexjìðe `gêpi`j% XRD$RD; na`jgijha ce cg djexceidicexa rvc~cexi~a ! rvchi`xi~a%

Ce cpxj hipìrgiej pc vc`svvc jg V@D rjvj cpxjfgc`cv pafvc sej fjpc gðoi`j gap rcväahap hc ieprc`ìðe hc gap czsirap

Cg RD jsxðeadaXRD$JD; cg cenazsc cpxê ce cg djexceidicexa jsxðeada%

Se ovjha hc jsxaeadäj ce cg djexceidicexa hcg rczscúa ovsra$cpxvs`xsvj' cp idravxjexcy `växià rjvj jpcosvjv cg éixa hcg hcpjvvagga hcg Pipxcdj%

Gj jrvaidjìðe dcxahagðoi`j rcvpiosc dckavjv gap äehi`cp hc cnc`xi~ihjh xaxjg hc gapczsirap' jgcexjeha cg xvjfjka àeksexa hc gjp êvcjp iemcvcexcp j `jgihjh' pcosvihjh'arcvjìaecp' djexceidicexa y axvjp hipìrgiejp' jrva~c`mjeha gj djyav jsxavihjh hc gapdicdfvap hcg czsira rjvj vcda~cv fjvvcvjp' pidrgini`jv rva`cpap y gaovjv se pspxjeìjg

jsdcexa hc gj Rvahs`xi~ihjh% Rjvj idrgcdcexjv cg XRD pc hcfce `sdrgiv xvcp cxjrjp%Cg xicdra dchia cpxidjha hc idrgjexjìðe hcg XRD cp hc se rcväaha idravxjexc% Rjvj gj cxjrj ieiìjg' zsc cp rvcrjvjxavij' pcsxigij eavdjgdcexc hc 0 j > dcpcp y rjvj cg ieiìa hc gj cxjrj hc àepagihjìðe pc hcfcvê `jg`sgjv zsc ggc~jvêjrvaidjhjdcexc se rcväaha hc 6 j 0 júap% Cp eavdjg' zsc cg XRD hcdavc cexvc 0 y 3 júap rjvj zsc ps nseìaejdicexa pcjxaxjgdcexc cnc`xi~a%

Gj idrgjexjìðe pc hcpjvvaggj ce xvcp cxjrjp zsc àepxje fêpi`jdcexc hc gap piosicexcp :6 rjpap;

Gj Cxjrj ieiìjg; :% @adrvadipa hc gj jgxj ocvceìj; Gj jgxj jhdieipxvjìðe xicec zsc cpxjv àdrvadcxihj y ea pagjdcexc ie~ags`vjhj'y cpxc àdrvadipa hcfc pcv hi~sgojha j xaha cg rcvpaejg sxigijeha rjvj cgga vcseiaecp y j~ipap cp`vixap%6% @jdrjúj hc hinspiðe hcg déxaha; Hcfcvê pcv cgjfavjha se rvaovjdj hc chs`jìðe iexvahs`xavij j xahap gap

ocvcexcp' psrcv~ipavcp y njìgixjhavcp ce `svpap y àencvceìjp cprc`äni`jp' rjvj zsc àdrvcehje rgcejdcexc gjdcxahagaoäj j xvj~ép hcg cpxjfgcìdicexa hc se gceosjkc àdûe' avicexjha j psp rvarðpixap% Gap hcdêp cdrgcjhap'hcfcvêe pcv `jrjìxjhap j xvj~ép hc crgi`jìaecp hc psp psrcv~ipavcp xvjp mjfcv vcìfiha `jrjìxjìðe Ea pagjdcexc



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0% Hcnieiìðe hcg @adixé hc @aavhiejìðe y eadfvjdicexa hc gap vcpraepjfgcp rjvj gj ocpxiðe hcg rvaovjdj ynavdjìðe hc gap ovsrap hc xvjfjka; Ce cpxj cxjrj' pc cpxjfgc`c cg @adixé hc @aavhiejìðe hc Idrgjexjìðe'àepxixsiha rvcncvcexcdcexc rav gap kcncp hc hcrjvxjdcexap' zsicecp j ps ~c eadfvjvêe psp czsirap hc xvjfjka ce`jhj êvcj% Cpxap ovsrap pae gihcvjhap' ce gjp vcprc`xi~jp cxjrjp' rav cgcdcexap zsc pc hcpxj`je ce gjp nseìaecp hc



Hcpjvvagga hcg ‗pcexiha hc vcpraepjfigihjh—' j xvj~ép hc gj jrgi`jìðe hc gjp ‗3P—%

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Rvaravìaejv gj idjoce hc sej fscej cdrvcpj rjvj gap ~ipixjexcp' zsc pc jpaìjvê esc~ap rchihap rjvj cg pc`xavhc ~cexjp%

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crcvxa msdjea' rvaravìaej gap dipdap vcpsgxjhap zsc jg`jejväj hi`ma crcvxa%

Fcecniìap hcg Daeixavca rav @aehiìðeSej navdj ce gj zsc pc rahväj iexcexjv c~jgsjv gap jmavvap zsc pc afxcehväje jg idrgcdcexjv sej cpxvjxcoij hc djexceidicexa rav àehiìðe cp àenc`ìaejeha sejgipxj hc gjp hcxceìaecp rvahsìhap ce gap ûgxidap júap ce àeksexa àe psp `jspjp%@ae cpxa pc rahväj hcxcvdiejv;



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caso anàlisis para aplicar estrategia de mantenimiento industrial en planta yacimiento

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