capas granulares
TRANSCRIPT
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Diapositiva 1
Hugo Len Arenas Lozano
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Diapositiva 2
Hugo Len Arenas Lozano
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Diapositiva 3
Las capas granulares
Co
nte
nid
o
Introduccin Y Conceptos
Caracterizacin de los materiales ptreos
Especificaciones para afirmados
Especificaciones para sub-bases
Especificaciones para bases
Proceso constructivo
Control de Calidad
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Diapositiva 4
Las Capas Granulares
Los materiales granulares
utilizados en el Pas estn
regulados por normas que
buscan el cumplimiento de
requisitos bsicos que
garanticen la calidad y
seguridad de las estructuras
de pavimento.
Introduccin Y Conceptos
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Diapositiva 5
El espesor de la capa granular est constituido, porrazones econmicas, por dos tipos de materiales:base y sub-base.
La sub-base es un material ms econmico: partculasde mayor tamao y no es triturado.
La base es de mayor costo, espesores mnimos deja ala sub-base la tarea de completar el espesornecesario de acuerdo con las condiciones de diseode la estructura del pavimento establecidas para eltipo de subrasante y el trnsito.
Las Capas GranularesIntroduccin Y Conceptos
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Diapositiva 6
Las Capas GranularesIntroduccin Y Conceptos
La capa de Base
Se encuentra bajo la capa derodadura de un pavimentoasfltico.
Debido a su proximidad con lasuperficie, debe poseer altaresistencia a la deformacin,para soportar las altas presionesque recibe.
Se construye con materialesgranulares procesados oestabilizados y, eventualmente, conalgunos materiales marginales.
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Diapositiva 7
La capa de Subbase
Capa que se encuentra entre la base y lasubrasante en un pavimento asfltico.
Debido a que est sometida a menores
esfuerzos que la base, su calidad puede
ser inferior y generalmente est constituida
por materiales locales granulares o
marginales.
El material que se coloca entre la subrasante ylas losas de un pavimento: debe permitir eldrenaje libre o ser altamente resistente a laerosin, con el fin de prevenir el bombeo.Algunas veces, a esta capa la llaman base
Las Capas GranularesIntroduccin Y Conceptos
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Diapositiva 8
Las Capas GranularesIntroduccin Y Conceptos
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Diapositiva 9
Hugo Len Arenas Lozano
1. Origen
a. Naturales
b. Triturados
c. Artificiales
d. Marginales
2. Calidades mnimas
a. Dureza
b. Limpieza
c. Tamao
d. Geometra
e. Drenabilidad
f. Durabilidad
g. Etc.
3. Funcin
Depende de la posicin en la estructura y el tipo de pavimento
Las Capas GranularesIntroduccin Y Conceptos
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Diapositiva 10
ESTABILIDAD: Es la capacidad para soportar y disipar las cargas de forma
permanente sin perder sus propiedades iniciales.
DISTRIBUCION DE TAMAOS
FORMA DE LAS PARTICULAS: afecta fundamentalmente al esqueleto mineral
LIMPIEZA
COMPACTACION (Resistencia a la accin mecnica como capa)
GRADO DE TRITURACION (Textura)
RESISTENCIA A LA ACCION DEL CLIMA (intemperismo)
RESISTENCIA AL PULIMENTO resistencia a perder aspereza en su textura
superficial
Las Capas GranularesIntroduccin Y Conceptos
Pro
pie
da
de
s
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Diapositiva 11
Un agregado que cumple con los requisitos de costo y
disponibilidad deber poseer tambin ciertas
propiedades para poder ser considerado como bueno
para la construccin de una obra civil especifica.
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin
Establecer su idoneidad
Obtener informacin til para el diseo estructural del pavimento
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Diapositiva 12
Como establecer la Idoneidad de un agregado?
1. La composicin mineralgica de los agregados
Determina en un alto grado sus propiedades fsicas.
El conocimiento de la mineraloga de la roca origen ser de gran
importancia para predecir y comprender su comportamiento en una
estructura.
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin
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Diapositiva 13
Como establecer la Idoneidad de un agregado?
1. La composicin mineralgica de los agregados
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin
Resumen de propiedades ingenieriles segn Cordon y Beste
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Diapositiva 14
CONTENT OF SILICA SiO2 %
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
CONTENT OF ALKALINE OR ALKALINE EARTH OXIDE, %
SILICIOUS LIMESTONE
BASALTS PORPHYRIESSILICA
POSITIVE MIXER NEGATIVE
LIMESTONE
(CONTENT OF C3O)
DIORITES
OPHITESGRANITES
SANDSTONE
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Diapositiva 15
2. El examen petrogrfico de las rocas (secciones delgadas)
Tamao del grano
Textura
Estado de descomposicin
Calcular las proporciones de las especies mineralgicas de la roca
Permite tambin dilucidar e inclusive resolver un problema
planteado
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin
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Diapositiva 16
Grano de cuarzo no reactivo con unbrillo uniforme
Cuarzo reactivo exhibiendo bandas oscuras(A) y claras (B) en el mismo grano
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin
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Diapositiva 17
3. Las propiedades Qumicas de las partculas
En pavimentos asflticos, la qumica de los agregados puededeterminar la adherencia entre ellos y el asfalto
En pavimentos rgidos, los agregados que contienen formasreactivas de slice pueden presentar reacciones expansivas conlos lcalis contenidos en la pasta del cemento
Stripping
Reaccin alkali-silica
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin
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Diapositiva 18
Hugo Len Arenas Lozano
Falla por deficiente adherencia
entre los agregados y el asfalto
Reaccin expansiva entre la
slice del agregado y los lcalis
del cemento
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Diapositiva 19
4. Las Especificaciones y ensayos
Las especificaciones de construccin fijan, de acuerdo con laexperiencia local, los lmites admisibles de los resultados deensayos, segn el uso previsto para el material. Especificacionesde Construccin Ej: Artculo 300 Invias 2007
Se han desarrollado muchos ensayos para medir lascaractersticas fsicas de los materiales para construir pavimentos.
Estos ensayos, en su mayora arbitrarios en el sentido de que suutilidad reposa en la correlacin de sus resultados con elcomportamiento en el campo,
Los ensayos han sido normalizados con el fin de obtenerresultados Reproducibles (Normas Invias, Idu. ASTM, NTC, etc)
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin
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Diapositiva 20
Como obtener parmetros paradiseo de la estructura?
1. A travs de ensayos y correlaciones
2. Respuesta a la carga y deformacin: Relacin de Poisson y Mdulo
3. Leyes de comportamiento a laFatiga
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin
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Diapositiva 21
Intrnsecas
Grado de acomodo
Gradacin y tamao
Resistencia a la abrasin y dureza
Resistencia a la accin climtica (intemperismo)
Forma y textura superficial
Limpieza y materiales deletreos
Estructuracin como capa
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 22
Deben ser aleatorias y
REPRESENTATIVAS
Muestras Aleatorias tomadas
de un lote o poblacin
permiten evaluar sus
principales propiedades .
Muestras tomadas en
acopios o apilamientos deben
tomarse de diferentes niveles
y mezclarse
TOMA DE MUESTRAS
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 23
Muestreo de Agregados
Las muestras siempre exceden la cantidad
necesaria para realizar los ensayos de laboratorio,
por lo que se debe efectuar un procedimiento de
cuarteo apropiado.
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Diapositiva 24
Cuarteo
Procedimiento de reduccin de cantidad de muestra
El objetivo de la tcnica de reduccin de cantidad de
muestra es minimizar las variaciones de caractersticas.
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 25
Cuarteo Mecnico
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 26
CUARTEO MECANICO
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Diapositiva 27
CUARTEO MANUAL
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Diapositiva 28
PROPIEDADES INTRINSECAS DE UN
AGREGADO
ENSAYOS DE EVALUACION
Gravedad Especfica
Absorcin
INV E-223, 222 ASTM C-127
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 29
29
Depende de:
La composicin mineralgica
Grado de porosidad de las partculas
Slice (cuarzo): 2.66
Feldespatos: 2.56 a 2.75
Mica: 2.75 a 3.0
Ferro magnesianos: 2.9 a 3.8
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 30
Estados de humedad de los agregados
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 31
APARENTE
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Diapositiva 32
BULK
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Diapositiva 33
CLASIFICACION DE LAS Gs
GRAVEDAD ESPECIFICA APARENTE: Relacin entre el peso seco en el aire
del volumen impermeable de la partcula y el peso de un volumen igual
de agua a la misma temperatura.
GRAVEDAD ESPECIFICA BULK : Relacin entre el peso seco en el aire del
volumen de la partcula (incluye los poros saturables y no saturables,
adems de la parte slida) y el peso de un volumen igual de agua a la
misma temperatura
GRAVEDAD ESPECIFICA BULK SSS: Relacin entre el peso en el aire en
estado SSS del volumen de la partcula (incluye los poros saturables y
no saturables, adems de la parte slida) y el peso de un volumen igual
de agua a la misma temperatura
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 34
GRAVEDAD ESPECIFICA DE
AGREGADOS34
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Diapositiva 35
35
GRADO DE ACOMODO DELAS PARTICULAS
DENSIDAD BULK DE UN AGREGADO: La masa de un volumen total de partculas en un estado de acomodo dado (volumen de las partculas y volumen entre las partculas)
VACIOS en un agregado que tiene un estado dado de acomodo (natural, suelto o compacto), es el espacio entre las partculas no ocupado por algn material slido. En un momento dado puede estar ocupado total o parcialmente por agua o aire.
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 36
MASA UNITARIA =PESO DE LOS SLIDOS
VOLUMEN
Volumen de vacos entre
partculas
Volumen de partculas
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 37
Grado de acomodo de
las partculas
Densidad bulk o masa
unitaria
Inv E-217-07
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 38
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 39
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Diapositiva 40
DISTRIBUCION DE TAMAOS Y ESQUELETO
MINERAL
ENSAYOS DE EVALUACION
Analisis GranulometricoINV E- 213-214
ASTM C117
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 41
Es uno de los ensayos que permiten obtener mayor
informacin sobre el comportamiento de un agregado
en servicio
Rigidez
Estabilidad
Durabilidad
Permeabilidad
Trabajabilidad
Resistencia friccionante
Resistencia a la fatiga
Resistencia a la accin del agua
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 42
ANALISIS GRANULOMETRICO
Serie estndar de tamices
Tamiz Abertura en mm Tamiz Abertura en mm
3 76 No 4 4.75
2 63 No 8 2.36
2 50 No 16 1.18
1 37.5 No 30 0.60
1 25 No 50 0.30
19 No 100 0.15
12.5 No 200 0.075
3/8 9.5
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 43
Buena granulometra: que haya de todos los
tamaos
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Diapositiva 44
ESPECIFICACIONES GRANULOMETRICAS
La experiencia obtenida hasta el presente en el campo
de la ingeniera, en lo correspondiente a la gradacin de
los agregados y su comportamiento en obra, ha llevado
a reconocer el uso de determinada gradacin, segn la
estructura a construir. Estas gradaciones recomendadas
generalmente no corresponden a una curva sino a
una franja (huso granulomtrico)
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 45
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Diapositiva 46
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Diapositiva 47
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Diapositiva 48
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Diapositiva 49
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Diapositiva 50
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 51
Tolerancias
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
00110100
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Diapositiva 52
Curvas granulomtricas
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Diapositiva 53
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Diapositiva 54
100
80
60
40
20
0
100 10 1 0.1
0.01
ESPECIFICACIONES GRANULOMETRICAS
FRANJA GRANULOMETRICA
2
13
MATERIAL MUY FINO
MATERIAL MUY GRUESO
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 55
Influencia de los finos
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Diapositiva 56
Mezcla de agregados
Razones Para mezclar
Obtener la Graduacin deseada
El material disponible en un solo banco no es
suficiente
Economa al mezclar agregados naturales y
procesados
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 57
MEZCLA DE AGREGADOS
METODO GRAFICO
%MATERIAL FINO
%MATERIAL GRUESO
MATERIAL
FINO
% PASA
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
MATERIAL
GRUESO
% PASA
30% DE MATERIAL FINO
70% DE MATERIAL GRUESO
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 58
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Diapositiva 59
Lmite Lquido: INV E-125
ndice de Plasticidad : INV E-126
Equivalente de Arena: INV E-133
Valor de Azul de Metileno: INV E-235
Terrones de arcilla y partculas deleznables: INV E-211
Partculas Livianas: INV E-221
Limpieza superficial del agregado grueso: INV E-267
Material Orgnica: INV E-212
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
LIMPIEZA Y PARTICULAS PERJUDICIALES
ENSAYOS DE EVALUACION
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Diapositiva 60
Efectos Prdida de las
propiedades mecnicas
Durabilidad de la
estructura
Mala adherencia
Arcilla, materia
orgnica, livianas
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 61
Sustancias perjudicialesCONTAMINANTES
IMPUREZAS, que
interfieren el
proceso de
hidratacin del
cemento y
adherencia con el
asfalto
RECUBRIMIENTO, impide
la adherencia entre el
agregado, la pasta de
cemento y asfalto
QUIMICAS,
reacciones
qumicas entre el
agregado, la pasta
de cemento y
asfalto
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 62
Materia Orgnica en Arenas
INV - 212
ICONTEC NTC-127
ASTM C-40
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 63
Impurezas Orgnicas en
Agregado Fino
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 64
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 65
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 66
EQUIVALENTE DE ARENA
INV E-133
ASTM D-2419
AASHTO T-176
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 67
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 68
*
- Usado para estimar la proporcin relativa
entre arena y finos plsticos
EA = Lectura Arena
Lectura Arcilla
Lectura
Arena
Lectura Arcilla
Solucin
Floculante
Agregado
sedimentado
*100
Arcilla
suspendida
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 69
Terrones de Arcilla y Partculas Deleznables
INV - 211
ASTM C-142
AASHTO T-112
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 70
TERRONES DE ARCILLA Y PARTCULAS
DELEZNABLES
Aplicacin: Agregado completo Retenido Tamiz No. 200
(0.075mm)
Objeto: Determinar contenido de partculas indeseables
Significado: Fundamental para aceptacin agregados
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 71
INMERSIN DE LA MUESTRA
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 72
ROTURA DE PARTCULAS
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 73
CANTIDAD DE PARTCULAS LIVIANAS
INV E-221
ASTM C-123
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 74
PARTCULAS LIVIANAS
Aplicacin: Todo el Agregado
Objeto: Determinar contenido
de partculas livianas por
flotacin en lquido espeso.
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 75
LIMPIEZA SUPERFICIAL DE LAS PARTCULAS DE AGREGADO
GRUESO
INV E-267, NTC-78
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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Diapositiva 76
LIMPIEZA SUPERFICIAL DE LAS PARTCULAS DE AGREGADO
GRUESO
Aplicacin: Agregado grueso (>4.75mm)
Objeto: Separar partculas menores de 0.5mm (tamiz No. 35),
mezcladas o adheridas
Significado: Limpieza Agregado
Las Capas GranularesCaracterizacin Fsica
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