atropa belladonnas07

8/10/2019 Atropa Belladonnas07

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Atropa belladonna:

The deadly nightshade


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Taxonomy

Kingdom: Plantae

Class: Magnoliophyta

Order: Solanales

Family: Solanaceae

Genus: Atropa

Species: A. belladonna


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Taxonomy (cont.) Atropa

From the Greek God Atropos One of the fates that cut the thread of life

Belladonna

Beautiful Lady in Italian Common Names: Deadly Nightshade

Devils Herb

Apples of Sodom

Same family as the potatoes,tomatoes, eggplants, tobacco, chilipeppers, etc.


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Morphology & Botanical

Relationships Low growing perennial

herb/shrub that grows 2-6 ft

tall Not hardy perennial

Sensitive to being

transplanted

Thick root

Leaves

Simple, alternate


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Morphology & Botanical

Relationships (cont.) Flowers

Solitary bell-shaped (drooping

and tubular)

5-lobe Dull red-purple or greenish

purple

Fruit

Glossy, purple-black berries Green berries turn purplish-

black as plant matures


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Species Distribution Native to Eurasia

Naturalized in many parts

of the world

Cultivated/harvested inUS:

California, Oregon,

Washington, Michigan,

New Jersey, New York

Some farms even export

to Europe


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Habitat

Seeds are small: about 10,000 plants will

germinate from 1-2oz of seed

Germination takes up to several weeks

In warm, moist, sterile soil

Plant requires:

rich, moist plenty of fertilizer

weed free environment


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Habitat (cont.)

Landscape in flower gardens as

herbaceous flowering ornamental

May even be considered a weed in

some areas

Plant is usually high yielding

But susceptible to wilt disease caused by

potato beetle and flea beetle


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Active Compounds

Tropane Alkaloids

Atropine Hyoscyamine Scopolamine

C17H23NO3 C17H23NO3C17H21NO4


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History of Uses (cont.)

Romans used plant as a weapon Contaminated enemies food storage

Used to poison the troops of MarcusAntonius during the Parthian Wars.

Scottish troops used it during a truce tosubdue the invading Danes. Legend: Scottish troops put belladonna into

enemies liquor supply Waited for enemies to fall asleep and then kill

them


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Truth serum in the old days

Used in many legal battles and court cases

Cosmetics: Spanish and Italian Women

Extracts used as eye drops to dilate pupils, giving

pupils a more intense, hypnotic, and attractive appeal

Because pupil dilate when people are aroused;therefore, making eye contact more intense


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Pain reducer: 1992: Scopolamine added to morphine to cause twilight

sleep

Lessened the pain and mortality of childbirth

Life saver: In 1943 (WWII), the Germans had developed a nerve gas

in whichAtropa(atropine) was the only antidote

In Tijuana Mexico (1967), people poisoned by insecticide

parathion - when they ate the bread that was exposed tothe chemical

Use of atropine saved many lives


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Uses in Medicine

Slows action of smooth muscle system

Parkinsons symptoms

Irregularities in heart rate Dilates pupils

Reduces salivation

Stomach and bladdercramps

Helps to relax pre-surgery patients


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Recent Studies

Study done in 2006

Older patients who could not reach their

target heart rate were given atropine. Control group did not receive atropine

when they did not reach their target heart

rate.

Those who received atropine were able to

reach their target heart rate while the

control group was not.


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Recent Studies

2007 Singapore

One group of children received

atropine eye drops in one eye

while the other eye was allowed

to progress naturally.

Second, control group was given saline eye drops.

The eye in which the experimental group received the atropine

eye drops was found to stop myopic progression while theother eye progressed naturally.

The control group saw no such benefits from their saline eyedrops.


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Effects on Humans

Increased/rapid heart rate

Fits of laughter

Inability to urinate Dilated pupils

Dryness of mouth

Nausea, vomiting

Muscle failure

Exhaustion


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Signs of Overdose

Stop perspiring

Rise in body temperature

Inability to see or blurred vision Hallucinations

Flushed skin

Confusion Coma

Death


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Harvesting and Processing

- Harvested at full bloom

- Can be harvested as soon asthe first year of growth

(1crop obtained)

- Continue harvesting for 2-4years (2-3 crops)

- Once plant is two years old, can harvest twice ayear: June and September.

- After fourth year, all of plant is cut down and newseeds are planted- Because there is no further increase in alkaloid

content


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Harvesting and Processing

Cont.- For the first few years all of the plant save for the last

inch or so is cut away.

- The harvested portions of the plant are allowed to dry

in the sun.- Chemical extraction and

isolation result in the

production of atropine.

- Atropine sulfate is storedin a 0.9% saline solution

and preservative (benzol

alcohol)


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Summary

What we planned to do initially - carrots

Atropa belladonna is a member of the

Solanaceae (potato) family Although it is a poisonous plant, it still

has many uses. Ironically, among the

important ones are medicinal use Mainly used to speed up heart rates


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What We Think?

We found it to be an interesting plant

A prime example of a highly poisonous

plant, yet still very useful for us Atropa belladonnais a plant that has

ongoing research done on itmainly

to study affects of the tropane alkaloids Maybe theyll accidentally find some

other uses of the plant???


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References

Emboden, William. Narcotic Plants. Collier Books, New York, 1980.

Fan, D. S. P.; Lam, D. S. C.; Chan, C. K. M.; Fan, A. H.; Cheung, E. Y. Y.; Rao, S. K.Topical Atropine In Retarding Myopic Progression and Axial Length Growth in Children withModerate to Severe Myopia: A Pilot Study. Jpn J Ophthalmol 51, 27-33, 2007.

Simpson, Beryll. Economic Botany: Plants in our World, 3rdEd. McGraw Hill, New York,

2001.

http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ATROP

http://www.ams.usda.gov/NOSB/MaterialsReview/ tropineFinalSupplement.pdf

http://www.biopix.dk/Photo.asp?PhotoId=1697

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Atropbe.htm

http://www.eyehealthillinois.org/dilatedbig.html

http://www.herbs2000.com/herbs/herbs_belladonna.htm

http://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db26/fotos/_Gift-_und_Arzneipflanzen?C=D%3BO=A http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/atropa.htm

http://www.swsbm.com/Images/New10-2003/Atropa_belladonna-7.jpg

http://www.triora.org/processo_ing.html

http://www.uic.edu/sph/glakes/kids/case1/slides1/ss14.htm

http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/WITCHES/witches.html
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ATROPhttp://www.ams.usda.gov/NOSB/MaterialsReview/AtropineFinalSupplement.pdfhttp://www.ams.usda.gov/NOSB/MaterialsReview/AtropineFinalSupplement.pdfhttp://www.ams.usda.gov/NOSB/MaterialsReview/AtropineFinalSupplement.pdfhttp://www.biopix.dk/Photo.asp?PhotoId=1697http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Atropbe.htmhttp://www.eyehealthillinois.org/dilatedbig.htmlhttp://www.herbs2000.com/herbs/herbs_belladonna.htmhttp://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db26/fotos/_Gift-_und_Arzneipflanzen?C=D%3BO=Ahttp://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/atropa.htmhttp://www.swsbm.com/Images/New10-2003/Atropa_belladonna-7.jpghttp://www.triora.org/processo_ing.htmlhttp://www.uic.edu/sph/glakes/kids/case1/slides1/ss14.htmhttp://www.whatreallyhappened.com/WITCHES/witches.htmlhttp://www.whatreallyhappened.com/WITCHES/witches.htmlhttp://www.uic.edu/sph/glakes/kids/case1/slides1/ss14.htmhttp://www.triora.org/processo_ing.htmlhttp://www.swsbm.com/Images/New10-2003/Atropa_belladonna-7.jpghttp://www.swsbm.com/Images/New10-2003/Atropa_belladonna-7.jpghttp://www.swsbm.com/Images/New10-2003/Atropa_belladonna-7.jpghttp://www.swsbm.com/Images/New10-2003/Atropa_belladonna-7.jpghttp://www.swsbm.com/Images/New10-2003/Atropa_belladonna-7.jpghttp://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/atropa.htmhttp://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db26/fotos/_Gift-_und_Arzneipflanzen?C=D%3BO=Ahttp://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db26/fotos/_Gift-_und_Arzneipflanzen?C=D%3BO=Ahttp://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db26/fotos/_Gift-_und_Arzneipflanzen?C=D%3BO=Ahttp://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db26/fotos/_Gift-_und_Arzneipflanzen?C=D%3BO=Ahttp://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db26/fotos/_Gift-_und_Arzneipflanzen?C=D%3BO=Ahttp://www.herbs2000.com/herbs/herbs_belladonna.htmhttp://www.eyehealthillinois.org/dilatedbig.htmlhttp://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Atropbe.htmhttp://www.biopix.dk/Photo.asp?PhotoId=1697http://www.ams.usda.gov/NOSB/MaterialsReview/AtropineFinalSupplement.pdfhttp://www.ams.usda.gov/NOSB/MaterialsReview/AtropineFinalSupplement.pdfhttp://www.ams.usda.gov/NOSB/MaterialsReview/AtropineFinalSupplement.pdfhttp://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ATROP


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Questions??

Thank You!

atropa belladonnas07

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