arte y silencio, mar marcos (comp.), serie bellas artes - uaq

7/23/2019 Arte y Silencio, Mar Marcos (comp.), Serie Bellas Artes - UAQ

1/176


2/176


3/176


4/176

PIJT@SVJEME MPUIKHM E@ ]P@SUMSK

Es) Bjlc`suk N`ss`sm SpjS`fuks

Es) Fvms Bmsfm Smhs`V`fsùmsjk Mfmehjfk

])C) Hmbmlj @) Mbpjlms KsujV`fsùmsjm e` @~uìvji Pijt`svjumsjm

H) ì M) Tjfìu` Lw` T`lmse` Dkiv`fmEjs`fuks e` lm Dmfplume e` C`llmv Msu`v

Esm) Hm) U`s`vm Bmsfm B) C`viEjs`fuksm e` Ejdpvji Fplupsml

F) Okv Lpjv e` lm T`bm Skh`skFkksejimeks e` Wpcljfmfjki`v

Okv Smhi Hkiujok BkilÈjv`k e` wksumemSmhi Lw` T`lmse` Dkiv`fmDkshmfjiHmsm Hmsbmsjum E` Nmì` Skvj}p`Dkuk e` wksumem .]p vjlìfjk) @v mv `l hpiek;*

E)S) Pijt`svjeme Mpuikhm e` ]p`sumsk,Fìusk Pijt`svjumsjk, F`ssk e` lmv Fmhwmimv v+i,Fejbk Wkvuml 247=7, ]p`sumsk, ]sk), H~jfk

JVCI? :2>(472(;;;;(;;(;

Wsjh`sm èjfji, d`cs`sk e` 37=3N`fnk ì H~jfkHme` ji H`~jfk


5/176

Wslkbk 2Tjfìu` Lw` T`lmse` Dkiv`fm

@l vjlìfjk) Tjvjki`v z s`ws`vìumfjki`v ==Miim Hmsjm Bpmvfn

U`hw`vume z vjlìfjk 30Hmsm e`l Hms Hmsfkv Fmssù`sk

]p vjlìfjk) @v mv `l hpiek; 6:Hmsm Hmsbmsjum E` Nmì` Skvj}p`

Lm `~usmfkujejmijeme `vfijfm ì `l vjlìfjk 06Wmh`lm V) Ojhi` Esmbpjf`tjf

Msu` vkiksk, `vwmfjkv wcljfkv z vjlìfjk 40Fvms Jbimfjk Cmfm Lkc`sm

Ml op`bk e`l vlìfjk, ì lm `vuujfm e`l msu` jidkshmljvum 26Umnujmim Fk} Vifn`

Lkv t`svkv wks tìjs) Lm ìpifjmfji t`scml e`pim wk`vm mpvìu` >:Hmsm @hm Llksìu`

@l vjlìfjk ì lm imssmujtm njvwmikmh`sjfmime` lm v`bpiem hjume e`l vjblk ^^ =70Mibljfm Uksi`sk

@l vjlìfjk `~w`suk.vp fmsfu`s dpiemfjkiml ì lm fji`hmukbsmdm* ==:Miukijk Mstjp Tmlìfjm

Lm bpsm e`l hsujs? `skujvhk, `~njcjfji z vjlìfjk =3:Mlòmiesm Em _`wèm

Wksikflmvujm z wksiklmusm? wksik(mwskwjmfji zfkiusmwksikbsmdm ì `l msu` fkiu`hwksi`k =5=Dmcji Bjhi` Bmuuk

iejf


6/176

Lm s`vjvuìfjm e`ve` lm Hksmem e`l Fmkv?dìhìk e` fmkujmfji vkcs` pim h}pjim e` bp`ssm =00Lpfm Hklmuks`

Fmllmsv` fkhk `vusmu`bjm =4:Npbk Fnt` Hkiesmbi


7/176

Wslkbk

Miu` `l Fkibs`vk Jiu`simfjkiml e` Msu`v z Nphmijeme`v Msu` z Vjlì (fjk s`ws`vìumfjki`v e`l vjlìfjk, vjlìfjk ì lm s`ws`vìumfji, s`mljmekwks lm Dmfplume e` C`llmv Msu`v e` lm Pijt`svjeme Mpuikhm e` ]p`sumsk,

v` wpèì fkiflpjs mlbpikv wpiukv? wsjh`smhìu`, }p` `l uuplk e` vuìk ujì` imem e` vjlìfjkw`sk v e` Msu`) Umhcji, }p` lkv usmcmokv }p`vpsbj`ski ì l z e`vwpv e` vu`, v` fkiopiumi ì pim wpcljfmfji eki (e` lm u`hujfm, m usmtv e` lmv l`fupsmv e` jit`vujbmeks`v, fsujfkv e` msu`z msujvumv v` `~wmie` m uml bsmek }p` wms`fì mpvìu`v1 mf`sfiekikv mlH` bpvumv fpmiek fmllmv wks}p` `vuv fkhk mpvìu`, e` I`spem) M}p,lk mvkhcskvk e` lkv `vfsjukv }p` llìmi `vu` ljcsk `v }p` wms`f` }p` ik lkllìmi miu` `l ljhck e` pi vpwp`vuk vjlìfjk, w`sk nmfì e`l ò`sfjfjk e` lml`fupsm }p` ikv `hc`l`v`hkv e` lm i`f`vjeme e`l vjlìfjk)

@l ljcsk usmivjum ìus` fmwuplkv umomiu`v, fkhk ejfjìek lmv fkvmv wks vp

ikhcs`, nmvum ll`bms m pim wkujfm e`l Msu`, ejsm Vkiumb) W`sk v` eùjì`ì lm hùmdvjfm, vmlum m lk dpifjkiml, v` tp`lt` fskijvum, wk`vm, jhmbì,`sujfk, nmclm ì umiumv lìbpmv fkhk vj v` fkivuspz`sm pim ip`tm Cmc`l,u` kseìm fmllmsu` z u` kcljbm m `vfpfnms)

Sùkhmiek lmv wmlmcsmv e` I`spem? vu m wpiuk pvuè l`fuks, e` iusmsì pim mvf`vjv e`, fpmiek `vfsjc`v z u` l`k wms`f`v mpvìu`, wks}p`h` bpvum fkhk lk nmf`v) Lm s`fkhìemfji wmsm jijfjms `vum wpcljfmfji(fkhwìejk e`l vjlìfjk, `v }p` ik nmz s`fkhìemfji, mpi}p` mlbk e` ml`mwpè` mzpems, `l mms wmsm jijfjms ikv wpè` ll`tms m }p` zm `vucmhkv mne`ve` vj`hws`)

Vkswsiemv` miu` `vumv hìu`vfpmiek `vfsjcì)@v` hmsu`v wks lm ikfn`, ml l``s lkv ejd`sìu`v fmwuplkv e` vu` ljcsk, h`

vìu ì `l fìusk e` ukek, lk hv v`bpsk `v }p` lm ws`vji msu`sjml ik `vum(cm md`fumiek hj vìujek e`l `}pjljcsjk z, wks lk umiuk, hj fìusk s`ckvmcm`vumcjljeme ekie` `l vjlìfjk v` h`flmcm fki `l ik(vjlìfjk, vj `v }p` mv lkwpèk llmhms) Fki bsmfjm d`ljim h` dpj fklmiek ì `l vjlli s`fljimcl` z h`dpj vph`sbjìek fkhk vj npcj`sm ll`bmek m pim `vfml`sm e` fmsmfkl bujfmfpml lmc`sjiuk, wks vpwp`vuk }p` ik h` dpj ì kseì) M}p`l sjk mvfìeì (u`, fmem t` v` nmfm hv kvfpsk, lkv `vfmlki`v e` hèjm vp`lm kcljbmski mw`bmsh` lk hv wkvjcl` m vpv wmsè`v) Dp` umium lm muìfji, }p` lm l`fupsmh` `hkfjki z h` musmw) Zm hùjek ì `llk h` vìu ì ljc`sume, ì pihpiek e` bsbklmv, ì lm fjhm e`l hpiek) S`fkss lkv `vfsjukv e` Miim Hm(sm Bpmvfn z vp msfk fskiklbjfk z fkif`wupml e`l vjlìfjk, e` Dmcji Bmuukik wkem dmlums vp Wksikflmvum z wksiklmusm, `l `~w`suk vjlìfjk e` MiukijkMstjp) Lmv t`sujìu`v e` Msu` vkiksk z ml wms`f`s e` Msu` vjlìfjk ìus` @v(


8/176

>

wmfjkv wcljfkv e` Cmfm Lkc`sm, Jhbì`v fmllmemv e` Hsbmsm E` Nmì`,lm Fkujejmijeme fki `~usm `vfìm e` Wmh`lm Ojhi`, pi vieskh` e` vjlì (fjk }p` v` e`vwsìe` ì Bjksbjki` z vp U`hw`vume e` Hms Hmsfkv) Lm @v(

usmu`bjm e` fmllmsv`, i Npbk Fnt` Hkiesmbi1 z lm vphm e` fmuèsujfkv` jit`vujbmeks`v e` lm PM@H, Pijt`svjeme Minpmf ]p`sumsk, VPWMPM],` jie`wìejìu`v1 v` z`sbpì fkhk ukss`v e` pim fmuèsml, fkhk vj wjvmsm`l fj`lk, hpz f`sfm e` lmv ipc`v, `~jbjiekl` m hj hìu` }p` v` `hcsjmbpè` ukek, wmsm tklt`s, nmf`slk fpmiek }pj`sm z ekie` dp`v`)

vu` ik v pi vjlìfjk e` wmjvmo`, v pi usmbk lìumhìu` ejlpjek e` ukemlm njvuksjm e`l vjlìfjk, lm e`fmiumfji kffjeìuml wks fpml}pj`s lmek }p` v`kcv`st` e` `vu` u`hm) E`vwpv e` nmc`s vjek pibjek wks lmv bsbklmv, h`vìu z pim vìvmfji e` tmfk z vjlìfjk jitmej `l mhcjìu`, ejfnm vìvm(fji v` njk u`~upsm, u`vjupsm))) w`sk `l tmfk ik fkhk mpvìfjm e` dkshm,

ij `l vjlìfjk fkhk mpvìfjm e`l vkijek) Ukek lk fkiusmsjk, ì `v` tmfk v`msh lm dkshm z ì `l vjlìfjk v` w`sfjcj `l vkijek) Pi tmfk }p` dkshmwmsu` e` pim s`mljeme) Pim vpcljh` fkiu`hwlmfji e` lm imupsml`m }p` ikfkikfm, jiu`sjksjmiek z mhwljfmiek lmv dkshmv, pim vp`su` e` mvf`vjv}p` h` w`shjuj m usmtv e` lkv kekv wpskv w`shmi`f`s ml vkijek e`l vjlì(fjk) @~jvu` pim vmcjepsm }p` `hmimcm ì `vu` ljcsk }p` h` njk wìùsmsmv i l tmfk dpiemhìuml, l lpbms z ik(lpbms ekie` v` wskepfì ukemv lmvfs`mfjki`v) Pi e`vujik imupsml e` ukekv lkv v`s`v nphmikv, wke`s ìusmsì `l hktjhjìuk m tklpiume, w`sk `vwkiui`mhìu` wskepfjsv` dkshmve` tmfk)

@l fkikf`s vji hkt`sv`) Vji t`s, fkhwsìe`s) Vji mfupms, kcsms) @l sì(fpìusk fki lm pijeme ksjbjiml)

@vuk h` ll`t m }p`, ì `l ijnjljvhk, lm imem z ì ukem lm dìkhìklkbmkffjeìuml s`vw`fuk ml vjlìfjk imem `vu ejfnk z ukek zm v` ejok .}p` ik `vlk hjvhk, w`sk `v jbpml*)

Fpmiek fkhìf m e`vfìe`s wks `vm fmsmfklm `vfml`sm m lm uj`ssm,vìum pi tmfjmhjìuk e` fkifjìfjm, `l ijstmim, `l `vwmfjk jljhjumek, pi wlm(ik ekie` ik nmz w`sf`wfji, ij lm ik( w`sf`wfji)

Ml ll`bms ml vp`lk z vmljs e` lm l`fupsm e`l ljcsk, `v` tmfk v` njk vklèmefsjvujmim, ukek `l w`vk e`l hpiekì hjv nkhcskv, wkvjcl`hìu` lm ws`(

vji msu`sjml s`bs`v m e`v`}pjljcsms, wkfk m wkfk pim ikshmljeme ukh vpfmpf`)

Nmhcs` e` `sm spbm ì hj `vuhmbk z fkhk ì pi mzpik e` fpmsìumemv z fpmsìum ikfn`v e`tks ukek lk }p` h` ìfkius ì lm fkfjim)

Wslkbk


9/176

Lmv bsbklmv njfj`ski vp usmcmok z h` pi m `vm hp`fm nkssjcl` fki lmhjvji e` mnpzìums m lkv hml`fjkv, b`vuk s`w`lìu` fkiusm fkiopskv) Mpi(}p` ik npck lbsjhmv wlptjml`v }p` dp`smi `vfpwjemv wks `vumv bsbklmv z

ljhwjmsmi lkv wke`s`v e`l hml, wms`fm `vums m vmltk)Mlsèèks e` lmv ekf` z hèjm e` lm ikfn` fmhji pi wkfk wks lmv fmll`v

v`hjtmfmv e` lm fjpeme e` ]p`sumsk z ejvwp`vuk ì pi dpupsk m tklt`s ml``s lkv `vfsjukv e`l vjlìfjk m}p ws`vìumekv)

Tjfìu` Lw` T`lmse` Dkiv`fm

Wslkbk


10/176


11/176

Miim Hmsjm Bpmvfn

Pijt`svjeme e` Cmsf`lkim

@l msu` e` ip`vusk uj`hwk mupse` spjekvmhìu` fki `~nksumfjki`v mlvjlìfjk v`mlm Vpvmi Vkiumb ì pim e` lmv hv w`sujiìu`v mwsk~jhmfjk (i`v m lm `vuujfm e`l vjlìfjk wpcljfmemv ì lkv lujhkv mkv) N` m}p pi ijnj(ljvhk fk}pùk, jiflpvk ml`bs`, mshm Vkiumb) S`fkikf`hkv `l jhw`smujtke`l vjlìfjk, w`sk v`bpjhkv nmclmiek) Miu` `l vjlìfjk wke`hkv mekwumsekv mfujupe`v? k ll`tmslk ml `~us`hk e` lm mpuki`bmfji ukuml k wsmfujfmslke` pim hmi`sm jibìjkvmhìu` jifkn`sìu`, emiek wks vìumek }p` lkvhjukv e`l vjlìfjk z e`l tmfk vki umi ìsj}p`fèks`v fkhk fpml}pj`s kusk`~w`sjhìuk fs`mujtk) =

Hv }p` s`d`sjsh` m lmv hlujwl`v mf`wfjki`v e`l fkif`wuk e` vjlìfjke`ve` `l wpiuk e` tjvum ljibvujfk, miuskwklbjfk, lju`smsjk k `vwjsjupml, ì`vum fkid`sìfjm cpvfms mfkums lm hmbhujfm fmsukbsmdm e`l vjlìfjk ìpi msfk fskiklbjfk z fkif`wupml }p` js e`ve` lm hke`sijeme nmvum `l mf(upml hkhìuk blkcml, pi mhwlvjhk w`skek }p` mcksems`hkv fki fjumvwpiupml`v, mlbpimv e`l hcjuk e` lm u`ksm, lm lkvkdm, `l wìvmhjìuk, zkusmv, e`l msu`? hvjfm, fji` z msu`v tjvpml`v)

W`sk }p wmw`l kfpwm ì `vu` wskf`vk `l vjlìfjk; @i ip`vusm fjtjljm (fji kffjeìuml, `hjiìu`hìu` t`scml, vj`hws` v` nm wsjhmek lm wmlmcsm,`l lìbpmo` z lm mfujtjeme vjhcljfm vkcs` `l vjlìfjk, }p` v` nm ìuìejekfkhk `l dkiek vkcs` `l }p` v` vjum lm bpsm, lm wmlmcsm) W`sk ì `l lì(

bpmo` `~jvu` umhcji pim ikfji mlpvjtm, kcljfpm, kwmfm? Ukek lìbpmo` `vjiejs`fuk k mlpvjtk1 `v, vj v` }pj`s`, vjlìfjk) Z vj`hws` wmsujìek ik umiuke` pi pvk `hwsjfk e`l lìbpmo`, vjik e` vp pvk fs`meks }p` v`sm vjiijhke` vjlìfjk) 3

@v i l hmsfk e` vu` vf`wujfjvhk nmfjm lmv wmlmcsmv k lmv dkshmv fkhklkv ijfkv hèjkv fki fmwmfjeme wmsm `vckms `l vjbijfmek e`l hpiek}p` ìhmsfms`hkv ip`vusk ejvfpsvk vkcs` `l vjlìfjk, pi vjlìfjk }p`ìuìe`s`hkv ik i vp ejhìvji wmvjtm, fkiu`hwlmujtm, vjik mfujtm? Nmzvjlìfjkv }p` ejfì hv }p` fpml}pj`s wmlmcsm) Nmz wmlmcsmv }p` ik ejfìimem) Ik vki wmlmcsmv .*) Lm wmlmcsm vji vìujek, vkimiu` z ik vkiksm

`v vlk tk .* ik nmz vjlìfjkv vji vìujek) Lk }p` ik ujì` vìujek `vhpek, ik vjlìfjkvk, `~ws`vm `l lvkdk H) D) Vfjmffm)6

=Vpvmi Vkiumb, Lm `vuujfm e`l vjlìfjk, ì@vujlkv smejfml`v, Cmsf`lkim, E` Cklvjllk, 3772, w) 36)3B`ksb` Vuìj`s,Lmibmb` ù vjlìf`, Wmsv, V`pjl, =:4:)6Hjfn`l` Dè`sjfk Vfjmffm, @l vjlìfjk z lm wmlmcsm) Fkhk v` tìf` ì Rmu`slkk, Cmsf`lkim,

@l vjlìfjk) Tjvjki`v z s`ws`vìumfjki`v


12/176

=3

Z, fkhk v`mlm `l miuskwlkbk Emtje L` Csùki, ì vp u`~uk @l vjlìfjk)Mwsk~jhmfjki`v5, vkcs` ukek, nmz }p` ìuìe`s }p` vjlìfjk z wmlmcsm .zopiuk m lm wmlmcsm lm mfujtjeme vjhcljfm* ik vki fkiusmsjkv? mhckv vki mfuj(

tkv z vjbijfmiu`v z vji vp piji ik `~jvu` `l ejvfpsvk?@l vjlìfjk ik `v pi s`vuk, pim `vfksjm wks wkems, pi tmfk }p`llìms, wks hpfnk }p` lm hke`sijeme, ì vp e`v`k e` wlìj(upe, jiuìu` `ssmejfmslk ` jivumpsms pi eìjujtk fkiujipk vk(iksk)

@l vjlìfjk, fkhk lm hijhm z `l b`vuk, ik `v lm eìpifjm e`pim wmvjtjeme vkcs`tìjem e`l lìbpmo`, vjik lm e`hkvusmfjimfujtm e` vp pvk)

@l vjlìfjk v, fkhk l lìbpmo` z lmv hmijd`vumfjki`v fkswksm(

l`v }p` lk mfkhwmmi, pi fkhwkiìu` e` lm fkhpijfmfji)@v hv, lm wmlmcsm ws`vfjie` fki hìkv dmfjljeme e`l vjlìfjk}p` vu` e` m}pllm)0

Cmok `vum ejhìvji mfujtm e`l vjlìfjk z vkcs` ukek e`ve` vp lmek fs`m(ujtk z `vuujfk usmms`hkv pim bì`mlkbm }p` mssmifms m iml`v e`l vj(blk ^J^ z wsjifjwjkv e`l ^^ fki lmv bpsmv wjki`smv e` Hmllmsh z Hml`(tjfn, wmsm e`vwpv s`fmlms ì `l fkiu`~uk njvusjfk wkvu`sjks m lm JJ Bp`ssmHpiejml, ekie`, m wmsujs e` lmv mwksumfjki`v e` Epfnmhw, Fmb` z Hmlsmp~,ìuìe`s`hkv `l vjlìfjk fkhk pim hmi`sm e` e`vmms lm `lkfpìfjmekbhujfm e` lm hke`sijeme z fkiflpjs ì `l hpiek fkiu`hwksi`k fki

s`d`sìfjmv flmt` fkhk lmv e` Vpvmi Vkiumb k Wmpl Tjsjljk k, zm ì `l fmhwkmsuvujfk, Vmiujmbk Vj`ssm, Mldsèk Omms k Eksjv Vmlfèk)

Ikhcs`v }p` ujìì pim wskdpiem s`lmfji fki `l vjlìfjk e`ve` hluj(wl`v z wkljesjfmv mf`wfjki`v fkhk mlbpimv e` lmv mwpiumemv i `vu` Fki(bs`vk? `l vjlìfjk fkhk pi mfuk e` s`vjvuìfjm, `l vjlìfjk fkhk vjbik, `lvjlìfjk fkhk bpsm e` lk i`pusk, `l vjlìfjk fkhk tmfk k imem, `l vjlìfjke`ve` vp ejhìvji hùmdvjfm mv fkhk lm epmljeme ius` lm s`ws`vìumfjie`l vjlìfjk z `l vjlìfjk e` lm s`ws`vìumfji)

Z vj`hws` emiek wks vpwp`vuk }p` ij `l vjlìfjk wpsk ij `l tmfk `lk(fpìu` vki tjmcl`v, ij fkif`wupmlhìu`, ij ì lm wsfujfm?

@ejuksjml Lpjv Hjsmfl`, =:4=, w) :7)5Emtje L` Csùki,@l vjlìfjk) Mwsk~jhmfjki`v, Hmesje, V`}pjups, 377:, w) 2)0Jce), w) 2)

@l vjlìfjk) Tjvjki`v z s`ws`vìumfjki`v@l vjlìfjk) Tjvjki`v z s`ws`vìumfjki`v


13/176

Ik `~jvu` `vuk }p` llmhmhkv vjlìfjk ( jivjvu` Fmb`() Vj`hws`kfpss` mlbk }p` wskepf` pi vkijek) @l msujvum }p` wskepf``l vjlìfjk k `l tmfk e`c` wskepfjs mlbk ejmlfujfk? pi tmfk

fklhmek, pi vjlìfjk s`vkimiu` k `lkfpìu`) @l vjlìfjk, fkiuj(ipm wp`v vjìek pim dkshm e` lìbpmo`, ì hpfnkv fmvkv e`wsku`vum z s`vjvuìfjm* z vkcsùkek pi `l`hìuk e` ejlkbk)4

Fmwuplk =)Lm wbjim ì clmifk + @l fpmesk clmifk? Hmllmsh z Hml`tjfn

@i vum njvuksjm hke`sim z fkiu`hwksi`m e`l vjlìfjk }p`s`hkv jijfjmsip`vusk ejvfpsvk fki `l lujhk wk`hm e` Hmllmsh, Pi fkpw e` ev omhmjvimckljsm l` nmmse, e` =>:0, `l mk e` lm hp`su` e`l wkùm, }p` vjhckljm `lskvusk hv ws~jhk ml vjlìfjk ì fpmiuk s`wùjfji, ik vìujek, mpvì(fjm k e`vuspffji e` vjbijfmekv)

]p epem fmc` }p` lm wk`vm e` Hmllmsh z vpv jiu`sfmhcjkv ìus` ms(u`v tjvpml`v, wk`vm z ujwkbsmdm fs` pi ip`tk lìbpmo`, pim ip`tm vjium~jv,pim ip`tm `~}pjvju` dkshml z pim ip`tm ujwkbsmdm e` bsmi jipìfjm ìememvumv, vpss`mljvumv z bsmi wmsu` e` lmv tmibpmsejmv msuvujfmv e`l vjblk ^^)W`sk e` lk }p` v` usmum v e` hkvusms fhk `vu` wk`hm , `l imfjhjìuk e` lmwbjim ì clmifk, e l bsmek f`sk e` lm `vfsjupsm, `vum wk`vm wpsm ìusmiek

ì l hcjuk e` lk mcvklpuk, i l }p` Hmllmsh, }p` ikv hp`vusm e` llìk lvjlìfjk fkhk ijfm s`mljeme kiuklbjfm, fkivujupz` `l ksjbì e` pim bì`m(lkbm }p` s`fkss`s l vwmfjk e` lm hke`sijeme hv s`c`le`, lm hv jfk(ikflmvum, lm hv fkif`wupml, lm hìkv dkshmljvum z vjhckljvum, }p` ll`bm(s nmvum `l hkhìuk ws`vìu` s`t`vujem e` `vum hjvhm jfkikflmvum, w`sk,ekumem e` pi fkhwkiìu` wklujfk }p` ik uìes `vu` wskz`fuk jijfjml)

M Hmllmsh l` vjbpj`ski kusmv `~w`sjìfjmv `~us`hmv fkhk lm e`l vpws`(hmujvum Hml`tjfn, ì vp Fpmesmek clmifk vkcs` dkiek clmifk e` =:=>, hk(hìuk ì }p` `l f`sk `v fmvj umibjcl`) Uml fkhk mshm Mlmji Cmejkp, Clmifkvkcs` Clmifk e` Hml`tjfn vpwki` `l wukh` e` pim vp`su` e` tmwksjmfjik wpsjfmfji e`l vkwksu` e` lm hijhm ejd`sìfjm ì `l ijt`l e` lm dkshm.*, lm iplm ejd`sìfjm ìus` clmifk z clmifk, lm ejd`sìfjm e` lk hjvhk?

4Fjumek wks V) Vkiumb, kw) fju), w) 33)

@l vjlìfjk) Tjvjki`v z s`ws`vìumfjki`v@l vjlìfjk) Tjvjki`v z s`ws`vìumfjki`v


14/176

=5

E`c`hkv uì`s hpz ws`vìu` mwpium Cmejkp ( }p` Hml`tjfn ikv jitjumm jiu`swsùms Clmifk vkcs` Clmifk fkhk pi vhcklk e` lm e`vuspffji e`lm wjiupsm w`sk e` lk }p` v` usmumsm ì s`mljeme v`sm e` pim vpvusmfujtm

mvpifji ì pi b`vuk hpz f`sfmik ml e` Hmllmsh? `l `vumcl`fjhjìuk e`pim hijhm, mcvklpum ejd`sìfjm? lm ejd`sìfjm ìus` `l lpbms z lk }p` kfpss`ì `vu` lpbms) Fmwupsmek ì `vum mpvìfjm e` fklks, `vum ejd`sìfjm `vufkivujupjem m usmtv e`l ckssmek e` ukek ujwk e` fkiuìjek)2

Fmwuplk 3)@l vjlìfjk fkhk mcmiekik tklpiumsjk? Epfnmhw

Usmv s`mljms vp lujhk fpmesk Up h .=:=>* z e` ìf`ssms `l mjs` e` Wm(sv ì pim mhwkllm e` fsjvuml m s`}p`sjhjìukv e` vp mhjbk Ms`vic`sb, Ep(fnmhw s`wsìe` ì =:37 lm ijfm mfujtjeme fkiujipm e` ukem vp `~jvuìfjm?`l moès` z ìusm ì pim dmv` e` vjlìfjk ik umiuk fs`mujtk, vjik wcljfk)

@i s`mljeme, `l vjlìfjk e` Epfnmhw .k ejvhjipfji e` vp fkiejfji mp(uksml, i li`m fki lmv wkvu`sjks`v u`ksmv e` Cmsun`v e` lm fsujfm m lm mpuksmz m lm mpuìujfjeme* tm wmsòk m kusk dmfuks }p` s`t`lm vp tjifplmfji fki lmbpsm e` Hmllmsh) Lk }p` l` musmm m Epfnmhw e` Hmllmsh `sm `l tmlksukiml e`l t`svk hv mll e` lkv vjbijfmekv hùmdsjfkv e` vpv wk`vmv, `ve`fjs, lm vpw`sfj` e` lm wk`vm e` Hmllmsh, lm hpvjfmljeme e` lmv wmlm(

csmv ì lm }p` Epfnmhw t`m pim ~ws`vji jiu`l`fupml z f`s`csml hv }p`pim `~ws`vji mijhml .`hkfji, `~ws`vjtjeme*, }p` Epfnmhw lmhìumcme` bsmi wmsu` e`l msu` hke`sik e` vp w`skek)

@l vjlìfjk e` Epfnmhw fki`fumsm ik vlk fki lm jimfujtjeme, vjikumhcji fki lm fs`mfji e` kcsmv ùj}pùmemv cmok `l fkif`wuk e` jidsm(hjif`) ]p vjbijfmek ujì` `l fkif`wuk e` jidsm(hjif` z }p s`lmfjiujì` fki `l vjlìfjk; Lk hjif`, fkhk mwpiu `l wskwjk Epfnmhw, v`smm}p`llk }p` `vfmwm ml vìujek fkhi z m lm kcv`stmfji fjìufm, mlbk }p`wpè` `vums fki`fumek m lk tjvpml, m lk kldmujtk, k jiflpvk m lk ufujl1 mlbk}p` wpè` v`s pi hktjhjìuk, pim hjsmem, `l wmvk ws`tjk m pim mffji,pi eù`sjksk, k lm vphm e` ukekv `llkv) Mv ì lm kcsm Mjs` e` Wmsjv, `l mjs`ì v, lm muhvd`sm, nmclm wks v hjvhm e` lk jidsml`t`, w`sk `vum je`m v`

2Mlmji Cmejkp,L` vjfl , Wmsv, V`pjl, 3770)



15/176

t` vpcsmzmem wks vp dsmbjljeme .tjvpml z hmu`sjml* z vp usmivwmsìfjm wpè`fkivje`smsv` fkhk lm jiu`swsùmfji tjvpml e` lk jidsml`t`)

W`sk ì s`mljeme, lk }p` vjum m Epfnmhw fkhk pi wjki`sk ì `vum b`(i`mlkbm e`l vjlìfjk `v vp e`fjvji e` fksums `l ejlkbk fki `l wcljfk z e``hmifjwmsv` e` lm vpo`fji v`stjl ml hpiek umiuk ì vp t`svji fkhk h` (fìmv, fljìu`, fkivphjeks, miumbkijvum k scjusk, e`fjvji }p` dp` ksjbìe` fkiuskt`svjmv ` jifkhwsìvjki`v, fkhk lm wskumbkijmem ì lkv mkvvùìum wks Epfnmhw z C`pzv, uml fkhk }pèm fkivumifjm ì lm vjbpjìu`ìus`tjvum ìus` C`pzv z Mfnjll` Ckijuk Kljtm?

MCK? U nmv e`flmsmek }p` ik nmz }p` vkcs`tmlksms `l vjlì(fjk e` Epfnmhw) ]pjvj`sm ìuìe`s ì }p vìujek, ì }pwkvjfji v` vjum up usmcmok s`vw`fuk ml e` Epfnmhw;

C@PZV? @i lm ejvfpvji e`c` `h`sb`s lm i`f`vjeme e` ikvkcs`tmlksms `l vjlìfjk e` Epfnmhw vlk ì pik e` lkv mv(w`fukv? Hmsf`l Epfnmhw ik ejok m}p`llk }p` ik ejok) Mws`fjkhpfnk m HE w`sk e`ck s`fnmms vp vjlìfjk) Epfnmhw vumcmvjhwl`hìu` ì `l iml, zm ik uìm je`mv, zm ik v` l` kfpssmimem jhwksumiu`) N` ejfnk }p` mws`fjk hpfnk ml nkhcs`,w`sk ik vp vjlìfjk, wks lk hìkv ik l` ekz lm jhwksumifjm}p` l` musjcpzì lkv e`hv)

.* Epfnmhw }p`sm e`vuskms ml cpsbpv z wks `vu` hkujtke`vuspzk vpv wskwjmv dp`smv, }p` hpsj`ski e` t`seme .*)Ukekv vmcì }p` Epfnmhw vj`hws` s`bmmcm m lkv ot`(i`v, ejfjiekl`v? @vuk zm lk n`hkv n`fnk, zm lk n`hkv n`(fnk ukek, lmv mffjki`v, `l nmwwìjib) Ukek `v tjòk .*) @lfkiuìjek e`l vjlìfjk e` Epfnmhw v` s``s` m }p`s`s eòmswmvjtk `l jifkivfjìu`, m }p`s`slk fplujtms) vu` `v `l mvw`f(uk }p` ljbm m Epfnmhw fki lkv vpss`mljvumv) Lkv vpss`mljvumvvkvuìmi wke`s tjtjs e` vp jifkivfjìu`? fs`mi `vums wks ì(fjhm e` lm s`mljeme z vji `hcmsbk v` ìfkiusmcmi wks e`cm(ok) Wìvmcmi }p` ì `l jifkivfjìu` v` wpè` w`vfms e` lkupscjk vmfmiek dp`sm hpfnmv jhbì`v1 w`sk ì hj kwjijilmv jhbì`v }p` `h`sbì mfumi vkcs` ikvkuskv e` hmi`sms`ws`vjtm .*) @l n`fnk e` }p` Epfnmhw ik v` jiu`s`vmsm wkslm fkivfjìfjm, wks lm hùkeklk( bm, wks lkv miljvjv ij wkv lkvfklk}pjkv vkcs` lm njvuksjm, wmsm h jiejfm }p` l v` ìfkiusm(cm mfupmiek ì pim ejs`ffji kwp`vum, v` ìfkiusmcm ì pimdmv` ì lm }p` zm ik usmcmomcm hv) @l vjhwl`hìu` s`wsjhj



16/176

=4

vpv je`mv) vu` dp` vp vjlìfjk? lm mpvìfjm e` lìbpmo`) vum`sm lm wmlmcsm ~mfum) @l vjlìfjk e` Epfnmhw v` e`c` usmepfjswks `l fkif`wuk e` mpvìfjm mcvklpum e` lìbpmo`)

.* Epfnmhw ik kcuptk imem, ik ì mvw`fukv wklujfkv, ijì e`vmsskllkv eìusk e` lm wskepffji `vuujfm) l eò e`kds`f`s vp wmsujfjwmfji, wks }p; Fs`k }p` kusm t` `v i`f`(vmsjk s`fpssjs ml fkif`wuk e` mpvìfjm e` lìbpmo`) Fhk nmwkejek vpfè`s }p` l nkhcs` ik uptj`sm imem }p` e`fjs, }p`}pèmsm vji lìbpmo`, `v e`fjs, jifmwm e` fkhpijfms; @vum `vpim ws`bpium) E`ve` `vu` wpiuk e` tjvum ejk pim jidkshmfjie` fmsfu`s i`bmujtk }p` wpè` v`s pujljmem) W`sk, imupsml(hìu`, umhcji Epfnmhw wpek ò`sf`s lm ljc`sume e` fmllms?Zk s`vwùk `vum fkif`wfji? `vu flmsk)

C`pzv v` s``s` m lm mpvìfjm e` lìbpmo`, m lm jifmwmfjeme e` fkhp(ijfmfji) W`sk, fkhk vkvujì` Vkiumb, `l msujvum vlk wpè` ukhms pime`fjvji ò`hwlms e` `vum imupsml`m e`vwpv e` e`hkvusms }p` ujì` um(lìuk z }p` lk nm ò`sfjek fki mpuksjeme)> @l vjlìfjk, w`shmiìu` k ik, ikmiplmsm wp`v lm kcsm) Ukek lk fkiusmsjk, l` kuksbmsm pi wke`s z pim mpuksj (eme mejfjkiml`v? `l s`wpejk e` lm kcsm v` fkitj`su` ì pim ip`tm dkshm e`tmlje`, ì pi f`sujfmek e` jiejvfpujcl` v`sjème)

Fmwuplk 6)@l vjlìfjk fkhk lìbpmo` fs`mujtk? Fmb`

Kusm e` lmv bsmie`v bpsmv wjki`smv ì `l hcjuk e`l vjlìfjk `v OkniFmb`) Zm ì lm u`hwsmim d`fnm e` =:56 Fmb` `vfsjc` pim wmsujupsm, Fn`vvWj`f`v, hpz jipjek wks `l jiu`sv e` vp mhjbk Epfnmhw wks `l moès`)@i `vum wmsujupsm Fmb` h`flm lkv vkijekv hpvjfml`v fki pim `vuspfupsm ìsùfplm ukhmem ejs`fumhìu` e` lm h`vm e` moès` }p` eìkum `l jijfjmljiu`sv e` Fmb` wks lm wjiupsm uml fkhk v` wpè` t`s ì lm wjiupsm eìkhj(imem umhcji Fn`vv Wj`f`v e` =:55)

Mcpiemiek ì `vu` vìujek, ì pim fmsum e` =:5>, ejsjbjem ml Tmvvms Fk(ll`b` ujuplmem M Fkhwkv`sv Fkid`vvjki, Fmb` `vfsjc`?

>V) Vkiumb, kw) fju), w) =2)



17/176

Uìbk hpfnkv ip`tkv e`v`kv .ekv wpèì wms`f`s mcvpsekvw`sk h` lkv ukhk ì v`sjk*? pik, `v fkhwki`s pim kcsm e`jijiu`ssphwjek vjlìfjk z hmiemslm m Hpma Fk .pim `hws`(

vm hpvjfml*) Uìes pim epsmfji e` pikv 6 k 5 hjipukv z vpuuplk v`s Vjlìu Wsmz`s) @hw`ms fki pim vklm je`m }p` ji(uìums }p` v`m umi vèpfuksm fkhk `l fklks, lm dkshm z lmdsmbmifjm e` pim ks) :

Z vj cjì i vukv hkhìukv, Fmb` v fkivfjìu` e` }p` pim kcsm n`fnmm wmsujs e`l vjlìfjk ik v`sm fkivje`smem v`sjm? Vmcm }p` v`sm ukhmemfkhk pim cskhm z pim sìpifjm ml usmcmok, ik kcvumiu`, i =:0= v` vjst` e`lvjlìfjk vkcs` ukek wmsm i`bmslk? Ik `~jvu` `vuk }p` llmhmhkv vjlìfjk)Vj`hws` `~jvu` mlbk }p` wskepf` spjek .* @l `vwmfjk z `l uj`hwk tmfk ik`~jvuì) Vj`hws` nmz mlbk }p` t`s, mlbk }p` ks, nmcm hmijd`vumek Fmb`

ml s`d`sjsv` m vp dmhkvm `~w`sjìfjm ml jiuskepfjsv` ì pim fhmsm mi`fkj (fm, vksem, epsmiu` pim tjvjum m lm Pijt`svjeme e` Nmstmse, ekie` l v`bpmkzìek ekv fkvmv? lkv lmujekv e` vp fksmi z lm fjsfplmfji e` lm vmibs` wkslm fmc`m, `v e`fjs, lkv vkijekv e` lkv pokv jiu`sikv e`l fp`swk)

Vkijek z vjlìfjk tìesmi m v`s lk hjvhk e`vwpv e` m}p`llm `~w`sjì(fjm }p` fplhji ì tmsjmv mffjki`v m wmsujs e` =:07 vjìek lm hv e`vumfm(em vp 566 e` =:03, pim wj`m hpvjfml ì lm }p` Fmb` v` vjstj e`l vjlìfjkhpvjfml, e`l jivusphìuk wmsm fkifìusms lm muìfji ì lm vjupmfji ì v,umiuk i vìujek w`sf`wujtk, fkhk eòms wmvk ml spjek, ml spjek mhcjìu`, mlspjek bì`smek wks lm mpejìfjm, ì vphm, m lm tjem) vum `v lm ejhìvjie`l vjlìfjk }p` hv ikv jiu`s`vm s`vmlums e` Fmb`, pi vjlìfjk }p` vjbij(fm `l ìu`sk hpiek e` vkijek, lm tjem, z vp ìusmem ì `l hpiek e` lmhvjfm vjbijfm `l i e` lm mfujtjeme `~flpvjtm llmhmem msu` hèjmiu` lmfpml `l fkhwkvjuks nmf` pi mfuk v`wmsmek e`vujimek m jlphjims lm kvfpsjemee`l fmkv e` lm tjem fkujejmim)

Fpl`v vki wp`v mlbpikv e` lkv mvw`fukv flmt` e` vum wj`m vkcs` ukekì lk }p` s`vw`fum m lmv wsfujfmv msuvujfmv wkvu`sjks`v;? lm fkif`wupmljm(fji e` lm kcsm e` msu` fkhk pim `~w`sjìfjm e` epsmfji, pim `vw`fj` e`fkiuìèks e`l uj`hwk cmvmek ì wmsiu`vjv u`hwksml`v, `vumcl`fjekv e`dkshm mscjusmsjm, }p` eù`shjimi lm epsmfji e` pim mffji k pi mfkiu`fj(hjìuk)

:Sjfnmse Akvu`lmiù .è)*, Fkit`svjib rjun Fmb`, Lkieki, Skpulèb`, 3776, w)=>:)



18/176

=>

Fmwuplk 5)@l vjlìfjk fkhk pim `~w`sjìfjm w`sf`wupml? Hmlsmp~

@i =:0=, Mies Hmlsmp~ jiuskepf` pim ip`tm s``~ji m `vu` fkif`wukwkljesjfk e`l vjlìfjk fki lm wpcljfmfji e` vp u`~uk Lmv tkf`v e`l vjlìfjk,=7pi tjmo` wks lm njvuksjm hpiejml e` lmv msu`v }p` mcmsfm ik vlk lm fplupsmkffjeìuml vjik umhcji Ksjìu`, l msu` ws`fklkhcjik, l e` lkv ijkv, l e`lkv lkfkv z }p`, me`hv, e`vumfm wks lm e`dìvm m plusmim e` lm `lkfpìfjme` lmv jhbì`v .hpemv wks imupsml`m*) Fkhk vkvujì` Hmlsmp~, `l vjlì(fjk `l wmvmek k e` lm njvuksjm ik wpè` v`s kcvufplk wmsm `vumcl`f`s ejlk(bkv fki lmv jhbì`v, jhbì`v }p` umiuk wke`hkv ìfkiusms ì lm fmll`,ì lm vklème e` lkv hpv`kv k ì `l msfnjtk pijt`svml fki `l }p` Hmlsmp~tjvjum `l hpv`k jhmbjimsjk e` lmv dkukbsmdmv)

Lm wsjhmfm e` lm jiupjfji w`sf`wujtm fkhk dkshm e`l fkikfjhjìuk `vvp bsmi mwksu`) Ik ì tmik H`sl`mp Wkiuz v`mlmcm }p` `l hmzks fkik(fjhjìuk e`l wìvmeks `v vp w`sf`wfji, lk fpml vjum m Hmlsmp~ ì lmv mi(uwkemv e` ukem t`svji jiu`l`fupmljmem e`l msu`? @vfsjcj Hmlsmp~ ì LmvTkf`v? Ip`vusm s`lmfji m lk lmsbk e` ukek `l vjblk fki `l msu` ik nm eòmeke` jiu`l`fupmljmsv`)==

Fmwuplk 0)

@l vjlìfjk fkhk pi mfuk jfkikflmvum? E`ckse

Pik e` lkv wjki`skv e`l pvk e`l vjlìfjk ì `l fmhwk e`l fji` `v BpzE`ckse, }p` i lm w`lfplmMplljekv wks Vme` .Npsl`hìuv i dmt`ps e` Vme`*e` =:03, vph`sb` ml `vw`fumeks ì lm kvfpsjeme z `l vjlìfjk mcvklpuk) @i`vu` fmvk, lm pujljmfji e`l vjlìfjk .umiuk jfijfk fkhk vkiksk* ws`vìumpi mhwljk s`bjvusk e` l`fupsmv }p` ik vlk mwpiumi nmfjm pim fsujfm ml fjiì`kss`mljvum .z ml wkvu`sjks e`vmsskllk ì `l fjihm t`sju ì Dsmifjm*,vjik }p` wlmiu`mi mcj`sumhìu` pim mfujupe jiusmivjbìu` ` jfkikflmvum,pim `~ws`vji tjvf`sml e` lm hmu`sjm wsjh`sm fji`hmukbsfm }p` cpvfmcm

wsktkfms s`mffjki`v tjklìumv ì lkv `vw`fumeks`v)=7Mies Hmlsmp~,L`v tkj~ ep vjl if`, Wmsjv, Bmlljhmse, =:0=)==N`hkv fkivplumek lm èjfji `vwmklm? M) Hmlsmp~,Lmv tkf`v e`l vjlìfjk) Tjvji e`l msu`, Cp`(ikv Mjs`v, @h`f, =:04, w) =3)



19/176

Fmwuplk 4)@l vjlìfjk fkhk pi hèjk e` wpsjfmfji? Smpvfnìc`sb

@l msujvum v` wpsjfm e` v hjvhk z e` vp msu`) Hv }p` m lm wlìm s`m(ljmfji ì `l hcjuk dkshml z `~ws`vjtk, s`fpss` ml vjlìfjk fkhk kim e`hèjumfji, e` hmepsmfji `vwjsjupml k e` smejfml `~w`sjhìumfji ì `lhcjuk e`l sèpffjkijvhk dkshml z hjijhmljvum)

E`ve` `vum cmok `vum wujfm e`c`hkv ìuìe`s lmv Rnju` Wmjiujibv e`Skc`su Smpvfnìc`sb e` =:0=?

Vki `vfsjc` `l msujvum ( bsmie`v ljìkv clmifkv ksbmijmekvz v`l`ffjkimekv v`bi lm `~w`sjìfjm e`l uj`hwk z ws`vì(umekv fki lm jikfìfjm e` pim tjsbì) Usmumi e` mvw`fukv s`(lmfjkimekv fki vpvwìvk, `~fjumfji z `vui n`fnmv fki pivjlìfjk ksbijfk, lm s`vusjffji e` lm ljc`sume e` lm mpvìfjm, ltmfk wlvujfk e` lm imem, l wpiuk ekie` pi fsfplk hwj`m zmfmcm) Vki pim s`vwp`vum imupsml m lmv mfupml`v ws`vjki`v e`dmlum e` d` z pim hmi`sm e` wskhkt`s l kwujhjvhk jivujupfjk(iml) .Fmsum e` Skc`su Smpvfnìc`sb m Cùuz Wmsvkiv mf`sfme` lmv Rnju` Wmjiujibv, e`l Clmfa Hkpiumji Fkll`b`, Mvn`tjll`,IZ, d`fnmek `l => e` kfupcs` e` =:0=*)

Z opiuk m Smpvfnìc`sb, lmv wjiupsmv ik ( fkhwkvjfjkiml`v z hkikfsk(hmv e` @llrksun A`llz }p` fkikfj m Fmb` ì Wmsv ì =:5:, z fki `l }p`

vj`hws` hmiuptk pim `vus`fnm fkhwljfjeme) Zt`(Mlmji Ckjv mshm }p`vj wks pi lmek A`llz nm vjek `l hv fmb`mik e` ukekv lkv msujvumv ì `lvìujek e` fkhwmsujs pimv hjvhmv `vusmu`bjmv .usmivd`sìfjm, mms, usmhm,hkikfskhk*, umhcji wpè` mshmsv` }p` Fmb` nm vjek `l hv a`ll`mike` ukekv lkv fkhwkvjuks`v, lkv ekv fkhwmsuì umhcji pim hjvhm mwsk~j (hmfji ik jiu`l`fupml ij lju`smsjm m lm kcsm? Fmb`, wkijìek ukek `l idmvjvvjhwl`hìu` ì lm mpejfji z A`llz ì lm hjsmem)=3

=3Zt`(Mlmji Ckjv, @ifkius`v m lmums? A`llz, Hks`llù, Fmb`, ì Lmims}pjm e`l vjlìfjk) OkniFmb` j lmsu `~w`sjhìuml) Cmsf`lkim, Hpv`k e` Msu` Fkiu`hwksi`k, w) =:0)



20/176

37

Wsjh`sm fkiflpvji

W`sk fkhk n`hkv tjvuk ì lmv ejd`sìu`v ujwklkbmv e` vjlìfjkv m}p`~wp`vukv, fs``hkv }p` wke`hkv ll`bms m pim wsjh`sm fkiflpvji? `l vj(lìfjk, uml fkhk ikv metj`su` Vkiumb, ik wpè` v`s fkidpiejek fkhk pimkim e` hèjumfji, pim hmepsmfji `vwjsjupml k pi mfuk vkljwvjvum) @i `lvjlìfjk, vj`hws` nmz pi u`sf`sk, `l `vw`fumeks? @i lm hèjem ì }p` `vv`sjk `l msujvum `~w`sjhìum lm uìumfji e` fksums `l ejlkbk }p` hmiujì`fki `l wcljfk) =6

@l vjlìfjk v`sm `l mwkb`k e` `vum s`vjvuìfjm m fkhpijfms, e` `vum mh(cjtmlìfjm s`vw`fuk m lm ukhm e` fkiumfuk fki `l wcljfk, }p` `v pim fmsmf(u`svujfm vkcs`vmljìu` e`l msu` hke`sik, fki vp jifmivmcl` fkivmbsmfji mlk ip`tk z lk `vkusjfk) Pi vjlìfjk }p` ik `~jvu` ì vìujek lju`sml, fkhk`~w`sjìfjm e`l wcljfk, ij umhwkfk fkhk wskwjème e` pim kcsm e` msu`)Ik `~jvuì vpw`sfj`v i`pusml`v, ij ejvfpsvkv i`pusml`v ij u`hmv i`pusml`vij dkshmv i`pusml`v) Z l vjlìfjk ipifm v i`pusml, vjik pi l`hìuk e`l ej(lkbk }p` wpè` mekwums dkshmv ~us`hmemhìu` fsujfmv, dkshmv wklujfmve` s`vjvuìfjm, fkhk lmv }p` nmi mvphjek pi cpì ih`sk e` msujvumv fki(u`hwksi`kv }p` v` vjstì e`l vjlìfjk fkhk pim mshm, fkhk pi fkhwsk(hjvk, hv mll e`l ksimhìuk z lm ejt`svji z, vkcs` ukek, `l `vw`fufplk)

E`ve` ip`vusm mfupml w`svw`fujtm, e`ve` `l skvusk kvfpsk e` lm blkcm (ljmfji ì vp mhìmm fkiusm lmv s`mljeme`v lkfml`v z fki `l usmvdkiek e`bìkfjejkv z ip`tkv Nklkfmpvukv `v fmem em hv ds`fpìu` `l s`fpsvk e`

msujvumv e` ejd`sìu`v lmujupe`v m `vum ikfji e` vjlìfjk fkhk pim s`jtjiej(fmfji miu` lm mtmlmifnm e` `vusmukv wks `l spjek jif`vmiu` e` lkv hèjkvmpejktjvpml`v .lk tjvjcl` hpek t`svpv lk mfvujfk*, w`sk umhcji fkhkcv}pèm e` pim fj`sum i`bmujtjeme, e` pi s`fnmk m lk hkiphìuml z `v(w`fumfplmsjmek e` ip`vusm vkfjème h`sfmiujljmem, mhivjfm, fkitplvm zwlmbmem e` tjklìfjm)

S`vplum nmvum fj`suk wpiuk wmsmeojfk fhk ì mlbpikv fmvkv lm tklpi(ume e` ems u`vujhkijk e`l nkssks vp`l` js wmsml`lm ml hpujvhk, wks lm jh(wkuìfjm e`l lìbpmo` m ems fpìum e` lm hkivuspkvjeme }p` nm mvklmek lm`~jvuìfjm z lm fmwmfjeme `~ws`vjtm e` lmv wmlmcsmv)=5 Pim `~w`sjìfjm, lm e`

lk jie`fjcl` i lm }p` l vjlìfjk v` mljhìum miu` lm i`f`vjeme e` fkiopsms`l kltjek wks}p`, fkhk vkvujì` Wsjhk L`tj s`sjiekv` ì `vu` fmvk, m vp`~w`sjìfjm fki `l Vnkm? Lk w`ks e` lm `~w`sjìfjm e` lk jie`fjcl` v`sm=6V) Vkiumb, kw) fju), w) =2)=5E) L` Csùki, kw) fju), w) >6)



21/176

}p` pi em v` jhwpvj`v` `l kltjek k lm jiejd`sìfjm? ekv dkshmv smejfml`v eè`vfmljfmfji e`l vjbijfmek) =0

Wjìvk }p` e`ve` `vum w`svw`fujtm nmcsm }p` ìuìe`s `l msu` e` lmmsujvum fklkhcjmim Eksjv Vmlfèk }p` m usmtv e` kcsmv fkhk Vnjccklùnws`vìumem ì lm Vmlm e` Upscjimv e` lm Umu` Hke`si e` Lkies`v ì 3772z vp v`sj` e` usmcmokv Lm Fmvm Tjpem, ìujìe` `l msu` fkhk pim hmi`sm e``vfmwmsv` ml npsmfi e`l wskbs`vk?

@l msu` `v lm jiu`sspwfji }p` ikv w`shju` vpvusm`sikv e`l np(smfi e`l wskbs`vk) @l msu` ikv em uj`hwk wmsm fkhwme`f`s(ikv e`l vpdsjhjìuk e` ukemv lmv w`svkimv))) Lmv `~w`sjìfjmv}p` usmuk e` v`mlms ì hj kcsm ik vki mifekumv ij `~w`(sjìfjmv ejs`fumv e` lm tjem) Vki vlk `l s`fp`sek e` ejfnm `~(w`sjìfjm, vj`hws` `tmi`vfìu`v, vki `l tmfk bì`smek wks`l kltjek) =4

Umhcji v`bi `vukv wmshùskv wkesmhkv ws`vìums mlbpikv usmcm(okv e` Mldsèk Omms, fkhk @l Lmhìuk e` lmv jhbì`v .3773*, pim s``~jivkcs` lkv lhju`v e` lmv jhbì`v z vp fkiuskl wks `l wke`s m wmsujs e` us`vejvujiukv s`lmukv, z e` Vmiujmbk Vj`ssm, ì vp rksa ji wskbs`vv jijfjmem ìLpffm .Jumljm* ì 377:, IK Blkcml Ukps, pim wmlmcsm usjejhìvjkiml }p` tjmomì fmhji wks ejvujiumv fjpeme`v e`l hpiek }p` `l msujvum ìujìe` fkhkpi bsjuk miumbkijvum e`l vjvu`hm? Lmv w`svkimv }p` `vui lpfnmiek mfujtm(hìu` fkiusm `l vjvu`hm i`f`vjumi jhbì`v z lkv msujvumv v` lmv e`c`hkvwskwksfjkims) @vu` IK Blkcml Ukps `vu n`fnk wmsm ukekv lkv }p` zm `vui

nmsukv e` lm jiopvujfjm, lm ekhjimfji, lm fìvpsm z lm kws`vji) Z fkiujipmVj`ssm? IK `~ws`vm pim s`vwp`vum m ukem jhwkvjfji pijt`svmljmiu`) IK`v `l hv flmsk ò`sfjfjk e`l e`s`fnk m pi hmijd`vums pim mfujupe e` e`v(mfp`sek miu` lm s`mljeme fkhk ukumljeme, vp fmkv, vp dpupsk, z miu` lm vìvm(fji e` ìfkiusmsh` m h hjvhk eìusk e` pi mtji fki pi fkhmiemiu`ckssmfnk)=2

=0Wsjhk L`tj, L`v impdsmbv ù l`v s`vfmwv) ]pmsmiu` mie mwsv Mpvfnrju, Wmsjv, Bmlljhmse,=:>:, w) =:4)=4nuuw?++rrr)ikujfjmv)fkh+eksjv(vmlfèk(ws`hjk(t`lm}p`(e`(msu`v(wlmvujfmv(37=7)5=44=7=2nuuw?++w`sdkshm(msuv)ksb+clkb+vmiujmbk(vj`ssm+



22/176

33

Fkiflpvji

Ikv bpvumsm fkiflpjs fki pim ip`tm s``~ji vkcs` lkv lhju`v z lm vpw`(smfji e`l lìbpmo`, }p` `v e` m}p e` ekie` vpsb` `l vjlìfjk) Z lk tkz m nm(f`s e` lm hmik e` kusk jhws`vfjiejcl` u`sjfk wmsm mcksems `vum fp`vuji?Oksb` Lpjv Cksb`v) @l mpuks, ì `l u`~uk Lm `vfsjupsm e` Ejkv, => mshm }p`miu` lm jivpfjìfjm e`l lìbpmo` wmsm s`wskepfjs pim `~w`sjìfjm eù`shj(imem, v` mcs` `l hcjuk e`l vjlìfjk }p` usmvfjìe` lm wmlmcsm ì `l ~umvjv)Lm cv}pèm e` lm wmlmcsm mcvklpum fplhjimsm mv i l vjlìfjk, i pi vwm(fjk hpek mcj`suk ml iml e` lkv s`lmukv }p`, lòkv e` v`s pim `vuspfupsm tm(fm, `v pi usjpidk vkcs` lm jifmwmfjeme t`scml wmsm `~ws`vms lm hplujwljfjemee` lkv vìujekv wkvjcl`v) =:

@l vjlìfjk ik mij}pjlm lm wmlmcsm) @ibìesm lm wkvjcjljeme e` lm wkljv`hjm)Lm wmlmcsm `vfsjum `v pim wsjvji lmc`siujfm wks}p` w`suì`f` ml hpiekdìkhijfk z v` ìfpìusm ljbmem m pi vjbijfmek ijfk) @l msu` ujì` lmhjvji e` usmvfìe`slm, pcjfieklm ì pi `vwmfjk e` vjbijfmekv wlpsml`v)Lm mw`supsm e`l vjlìfjk eù`shjim `l mfkiu`fjhjìuk `vuujfk)

=>Oksb` Lpjv Cksb`v, Lm `vfsjupsm e` Ejkv, ì@l Ml`wn, Hmesje, Mljmim, =::2=:Tmv` Bmcsj`lm Hmvvpn,Cksb`v? Pim `vuujfm e`l vjlìfjk, Cpìkv Mjs`v, @ejuksjml e` C`lbsmik,=:>7)



23/176

S`d`sìfjmv Cjcljkbsfmv

Cmejkp, Mlmji, L` vjfl`, Wmsjv, V`pjl, 3770)Ckjv, Zt`v Mlmji, @ifkius`v m lmums? A`llz, Hks`llù, Fmb`, ì

Lmims}pjm e`l vjlìfjk, Okni Fmb` j lmsu `~w`sjhìuml) Cmsf`lkim, Hpv`k e`Msu` Fkiu`hwksi`k)

Cksb`v, Oksb` Lpjv, Lm `vfsjupsm e` Ejkv, ì @l Ml`wn, Hmesje, Mljmim,=::2)

Akvu`lmieù, Sjfnmse .è)*, Fkit`svjib rjun Fmb`, Lkies`v, Skpulèb`,3776)

L` Csùki, Emtje, @l vjlìfjk) Mwsk~jhmfjki`v, Hmesje, V`}pjups, 377:)

Hmlsmp~, M), Lmv tkf`v e`l vjlìfjk) Tjvji e`l msu`, Cpìkv Mjs`v, @h`f,=:04)

(((( L`v tkj~ ep vjlìf`, Wmsjv, Bmlljhmse, =:0=)

Hmvvpn, Bmcsj`lm, Cksb`v? Pim `vuujfm e`l vjlìfjk, Cpìkv Mjs`v, @ejuk(sjml e` C`lbsmik, =:>7)

Wsjhk, L`tj, L`v impdsmbv ù l`v s`vfmwv) ]pmsmiu` miv mwsv Mpvfnrju,Wmsjv, Bmlljhmse, =:>:)

Vfjmffm, Hjfn`l` Dè`sjfk, @l vjlìfjk z lm wmlmcsm) Fkh` v` tìf` ìRmu`slkk, Cmsf`lkim, @ejuksjml Lpjv Hjsmfl`, =:4=)

Vkiumb, Vpvmi, Lm vuujfm e`l vjlìfjk, i @vujlkv Smejfml`v, Cmsf`lkim,E` Cklvjllk, 3772)

Jiu`siù

nuuw?++w`sdkshm(msuv)ksb+clkb+vmiujmbk(vj`ssm+

nuuw?++rrr)ikujfjmv)fkh+eksjv(vmlfèk(ws`hjk(t`lm}p`(e`(msu`v(wlmvujfmv(37=7)5=44=7



24/176


25/176

U`hw`vume z vjlìfjk

Hmsm e`l Hms Hmsfkv Fmssù`sk

Pijt`svjeme Mpuikhm e` ]p`sumsk

@~jvu` mlbk }p` wke`hkv eìkhjims fkhk `l vjlìfjk ì lm wjiupsm; Lmji}pjùpe wks `vu` u`hm fkhì ml mimljms Lm u`hw`vume, e` Bjksbjki`,pi fpmesk e`l fjifp`fìuk tì`fjmik, `l fpml h` jiusjbmcm vkcs`hmi`sm, zlk vjbp` nmfjìek) Fkhìf m kcv`stms fmem pik e` lkv `l`hìukv, nmfjì (ek pim l`fupsm jfkikbsfm m wmsujs e` lm fpml v` e`vfpcs` lm fkhwkvjfjifpmuskfìujvum fmsmfu`sjmem wks pim tjvji lòmim Z vji `hcmsbk, `l wk(e`s e`l fìusk ik mwms`f`? t`hkv m lkv w`svkimo`v ì wsjh`s wlmik, wsèk(hjimiek `l wlmik e` vpw`sfj`, w`sk `llkv ik wms`fì v`s `l u`hm wsjifjwml?mws`fjmhkv m lm hpo`s mhmhmiumiek, }p` hjsm ml `vw`fumeks1 met`sujhkvml nkhcs` e`l lmek j}pj`sek, }p` lm kcv`stm m `llm W`sk mlbk kfpss`

ìus` `llkv, pim ejvumifjm, pi tmfk? ik wms`f` nmc`s fkhpijfmfji ìus`mhckv, lkv w`svkimo`v, ` jiflpvk lkv kcoùkv z lm imupsml`m, v` nmllmi fmempik eìusk e` pim `vd`sm }p` lkv mvlm, pi fsjvuml }p` lkv vpvusm` e` lk fkuj(ejmik, }p` ik w`shju` lm usmivbs`vji e` lkv vkijekv ij e` lmv fkvmv Z e`s`wìu` wke`hkv vìujs `l vjlìfjk) Pi vjlìfjk `vumcl`fjek wks lm mpvìfjme` fìusk, wks lm dmlum e` fkhpijfmfji k wks lm ws`vìfjm e` Ejkv, }pjì wm(s`f` vums kcv`stmiek m lm ejvumifjm, i dkshm e` smzk1 pim e`jeme umhcjijifmwmfjumem e` fkhpijfmsv`, e` ukfms k nmf`sv` `vfpfnms ì lkv kuskv

Mv, wms`f` kfpssjs pi vjlìfjk, hmij`vuk ì `vum kcsm wjfusjfm) Pi vjlì(fjk ìuìejek fkhk pi `l`hìuk ws`vìu`ì Lm u`hw`vume, z ik vlk fkhkpim hùdksm k pim mcvusmffji) Lm ws`vìfjm e`l vjlìfjk v` w`sfjc` fkhk pi

`l`hìuk eìusk e` lm kcsm wjfusjfm1 pi `l`hìuk e` jiu`smffji, k }p`cjì wkesm s`d`sjsv` m lm jiu`smffji }p` kfpss` ìus` lmv bpsmv ws`vìu`v ìlm kcsm, mpi}p` vu` vumek fkhi v` s``sm, i vu` fmvk, ml tmfk fs`mek wkslm jifkhpijfmfji, v` mlbk }p` ik kfpss` ius` lmv bpsmv e` lm wj`m

Cjì wkesmhkv mepfjs }p`, ìukif`v, `l vjlìfjkwsktjì` e` lkv fkh(wkiìu`v jfkiklbjfkv ` jfkikbsfkv k mi fkhwkvjujtkv ws`vìu`v ìlm kcsm, z `vk `v fj`suk1 w`sk umhcji wke`hkv vìujs fkhk `l vjlìfjk,mpi}p` ì `d`fuk kfpss` wks lm fkhwkvjfji jiu`bsml e`l fpmesk, `v kusmfkvm, pi `l`hìuk jie`wìejìu` Mv fkhk lk jfkiklbjfk ik miplm lkfkhwkvjujtk ij lk jfkikbsfk, vjik }p` vki `l`hìukv }p` v` mwkzmi, z

}p` ik wks `llk eòmi e` v`s kcoùkv e` miljvjv jie`wìejìu`v)@v e`fjs, `l vjlìfjk vpsb` fkhk pi fpmsuk `l`hìuk, pim ws`vìfjm, e` (

sjtmem e` lm fkiopifji e` lkv us`v `l`hìukv e` miljvjv cvjfkv, w`sk lmjiupjfji ml kcv`stmslk `v }p` ik v` usmum e` pim mcvusmffji vjik e` mlbkws`vìu` ì lm kcsm)


26/176

34

Nmllmhkv ì Lm u`hw`vume pi vjlìfjk fkhkdmlum e` fkhpijfmfji kjifkhpijfmfji ìus` z fki lk nphmik, ekie` wke`hkv vìujs pi vjlì(fjk s`vw`fuk e`l u`hm)

((((((((((

Vkcs` vum kcsm v` nmi vfsjuk ejd`sìu`v jiu`swsùmfjki`v e`cjek m }p`s`vplum pi fpmesk ~usmk wmsm lm wkfm, i l fpml l u`hm ik v flmsk, wp`vik v` usmum e` pi sùsmuk ij e` pi fpmesk s`ljbjkvk, ik }pèm flmsk `l mvpi (uk) Lk }p` wke`hkv kcv`stms `v }p` ì l `~jvu` pim ukuml e`vfki`~jiìus` lkv w`svkimo`v, ik v` fkhpijfmi, ik v` hjsmi, ml wms`f`s fmem w`svk(imo` `vu ì vp wskwjm `vd`sm, w`sfjcjìek `l jivumiu` .fkhk pi jivumiu` ji (u`sjks*, hjìusmv eùsv v` kcv`stm }p` lm ukshìum `vu wks e`vmumsv`) V`

fs`m pim e`vfki`~ji ìus` lk nphmik z lm imupsml`m) W`v` m lm ukshìum}p` v` mt`fjim, v` jiupz` `l vjlìfjk, wp`v ukek w`shmi`f` e`vljbmek)

@vum tjvji jiu`sjks e` lkv w`svkimo`v v` kcv`stm ì lm wjiupsm hùmd(vjfm, }p` cjì wpè` e`sjtmsv` e`l wlmiu`mhjìuk e` Lm u`hw`vume) Lmwjiupsm hùmdvjfm v` fmsmfu`sjm, ì ushjikv bì`sml`v, wks pi e`v`k e``~wlksms lm tjem jiu`sjks e` lkv kcoùkv, wmsm lk fpml v` l`v fklkfm dp`sm e`vp fkiu`~uk nmcjupml1 ml nmf`slk, v` l`v v`wmsm e`l `vwmfjk z v` l`v fklk(fm ì wkvjfji e` ejlkbk? ]p nmfì mn, umi dp`sm e`l lpbms }p` l`vem vìujek; V`bi Fnjsjfk, lm imljeme e` lm wjiupsm hùmdvjfm `v Fs`msvìvmfjki`v e`vfkikfjemv ì `l wmvmek, e`vipems `l msu` e` lk }p` ujìè` fkhi z e` mf`wumek wks lm bì`smljeme Vpwsjhjs fkhwlùmhìu` mlnkhcs` fkhk bpm z fkhk hèjk wmsm `~ws`vms lkv vhcklkv, lmv vìvmfjk(i`v, lkv wìvmhjìukv, ljc`sms m lm wjiupsm, e` pim t` z wmsm vj`hws`, e`lmiuskwkhksvhk=

Wks ò`hwlk, lm imupsml`m hùmdvjfm e`l vjlìfjk w`sfjcjek ì Lm u`h(w`vume wpè` s`fkikf`sv`, opvumhìu`, ì `vm e`vfki`~ji ìus` lmv ìuj(eme`v, ìus` lmv fpml`v wms`f` `~jvujs fmsìfjm e` fkhpijfmfji .pim vp`suè` ik(ejlkbk*) @i `vu` fmvk, vki lmv w`svkimv }pjì`v mwms`fì fkhk kc(oùkv, w`svkimo`v fklkfmekv dp`sm e` vp lpbms nmcjupml? }p nmf` pim hpo`se`vipem mhmhmiumiek m lmv ksjllmv e` lm fjpeme;, }p nmfì lmv fklphimvuspifmemv ì lm `vfìm; Lkv w`svkimo`v wms`fì `vums dp`sm e` fkiu`~uk,

fklkfmekv vkcs` lm `vfìm, w`sk dp`sm e` `llm1 lk fpml kuksbm m lmv bpsmvpim ejhìvji wskwjm, fkhk vj e` wskiuk npcj`smi mwms`fjek ì `l mfki (u`fjhjìuk)

=nuuw?++rrr) Ukekms}pju`fupsm)fkh+t3+ikujfjmv+ki`[i`rv)mvw; JE I`rv8=347



27/176

.Lm wjiupsm hùmdvjfm* `~ws`vm `vfìmsjkv jss`ml`v, ekie` lkvkcoùkv tjtì e` pim lp wskwjm, mlòmekv e` lm fkujejmijeme,e` lmv s`lmfjki`v cmiml`v, z ws~jhkv m kusm s`mljeme, pcjfmem

ì pi `vwmfjk hìuml, ì pim s`bji wsjtjl`bjmem e` lm h` (hksjm) Ik nmz nkhcs`v vjik bpsmv, hmij}p`v, `vumupmv kvjlpùmv, fpzm ijfm jeìujeme s`vje` ì lm wpsm mwmsjfji) @lskhmiujfjvhk e` lk hjvu`sjkvk, `l vjlìfjk e` lk `vwjsjupml, lms`ws`vìumfji e` kcoùkv }p` fkhk `l`hìukv fkhwkvjuj(tkv wj`seì vp vjbijfmek s`ml, wmsm dkshms wmsu` e` pi `vwm(fjk `vw`fusml)3

Wmsm mlbpikv lvkdkv, `l vjlìfjk }pèm s`d`sjek m lm mpvìfjm e`l ukek,w`sk opvuk ì `v` tmfk ksjbjiml wlmiu`mi lm wkvjcjljeme e`l jijfjk, `l b`s (hì e` pim ukumljeme k e`l ukek, `l fpml, m i e` fpìumv, `v fmwumek

wks lk nphmik, }pjì lk `~w`sjhìum? Wmsm Aj`sa`bmmse `l vjlìfjk `v pimwmpvm w`sk umhcji pi sùskf`vk, m}p`llk }p` s`vplum e` pim kw`smfji e`ckssmek, wmsm lk fpml v` pujljm `l l}pjek fpvujfk) Pi `vumek f`sk ml }p` v`s`bs`vm wmsm s`fkhìms)6

Kuskv o`hwlkv e` llk vki lkv fpmeskv e` Fnjsjfk, ekie` v wkvjcl` mws`(fjms `vum kw`smfji e` ckssmek? v` w`sfjc` pim vp`su` e` e`vfki`~jiìus` lkv `l`hìukv, z mi hv ìus` lkv kcoùkv z lm bpsm nphmim? pimhpo`s e` `vwmlemv }p` wms`f` `vums ì mpvìfjm, ì vklème1 `vu ws`vìu`wks}p` lm t`hkv, w`sk `v pi ik(`vums, pim hmifnm }p` nmf` s`vmlums pim`vw`fj` e` np`fk ì ukek `l fpmesk)

Vkcs` `vumv vìvmfjki`v e` vjlìfjk, Hijfm Tjsmvksk `~ws`vm, s`(sjiekv` mv ml wìvmhjìuk e` Ijùfn`?

Lkv ejkv`v nmi npjek, v` nm n`fnk `l e`vj`suk, `l nkhcs` fm(hjim wks uj`ssmv e`vklmemv) Llmh`hkv ml wkùm, `v ws`fjvk}p` mlbpjì v` mcjvh`, }p` v` npiem i l dkiek e` lk kvfpsk,ekie` s`jim l vjlìfjk) @v e` mll e` ekie` wskfè` lk mcj`suk,`l s`vuk `vu ukek llìk e` lk ejfnk, `vwmfjk eìvk z f`ssmek,hpiek e` lk wcljfk z e`l v` ekie` `l nkhcs` v` wj`se` ì`vumek e` ejvw`svji) @l dkiek, ì fmhcjk, `v` dkiek kvfpsk,`v `l wmjvmo`, lm uj`ssm ekie` e` jhwsktjvk wìe` pim lp)5

3Klbm, Vì) Bjksbjk e` Fnjsjfk z lm Wjiupsm Hùmdvjfm, H~jfk, Pijt`svjeme Imfjkiml Mp(uikhm e` H~jfk,=::7, w, 35)6Hijfm, Tjsmvksk)E` jskimv z vjlìfjkv, @vwmm, Bèjvm, =::2, w, 374)5Jcje) w) 37>)



28/176

3>

Ejfnm lp wpè` `vums s`d`sjem umhcji m lm cv}pèm wkujfm wks pilìbpmo` wskwjk, lk ik(fkitìfjkiml e`l nmclm k lm `~ws`vji nphmim, z umllìbpmo` vlk wpè` v`s `l e`l vjlìfjk? lk }p` ik v` ejf` `v `l t`seme`sk

hìvmo` e`l u`~uk, e`l wk`hm, e` lm kcsm msuvujfm) Wmsm fj`sumv hùmdvj (fmv ksjìuml`v, `l hv mluk, `l hv wpsk mlfmif` e`l mfuk fkiu`hwlmujtk `vm}p`l }p` nm fkiv`bpjek eòms musv e` v `l lìbpmo`1 N`je`bb`s jiepf` mfmllms wmsm eòms }p` `l v`s ikv nmcl`)

Wks vp wmsu`, Amiejivaz, ml s`d`sjsv` m lkv fklks`v z `l vjlìfjk, .`l i`bskwkv`` pi vkijek jiu`sjks m imem, e`vwkomek e` wkvjcjljeme`v* @l clmifk, ìfmhcjk, lk kcv`vjkimcm,) lk fkivje`smcm llìk e` vjlìfjk .QX `l clmifkumhcji md`fum ip`vusm wvj}p` fkhk pi bsmi vjlìfjk, lk }p`, wmsm ikvk (uskv, v mcvklpuk*) Nmclm e`l vjlìfjk wsjhksejml e`l clmifk, l fpml fkjifje`fki lm imem miu`v e`l ksjbì, miu`v e`l imfjhjìuk)0

((((((((((

W`sk ì `vum `vfìm e` lmv jiu`swsùmfjki`v, }p` mnksm ikv vjstì fkhks`d`sìfjm wmsm fkhwsìe`s lm vìvmfji e` vjlìfjk e` lm }p` tìjhkv nm(clmiek, v` ìfpìusm `l `vupejk e` Okv Sjfmsek Hksml`v, }pjì, ml ejvfpujsfki kusmv ejt`svmv `~wljfmfjki`v vkcs` Lm u`hw`vume, lmim pim jiu`sws`(umfji ip`tm, pim e` lmv hv hjipfjkvmv ìfkiusmemv nmvum `l hkhìuk,ekie` fkhìum }p` lm kcsm v` nmllm s`lmfjkimem fki lm s`ws`vìumfji e`lm tjem e` Ejkijvkv, m ejd`sìfjm e`, wks o`hwlk, Vùujv, }pjì mepf` }p` lkvw`svkimo`v vki Mei z @tm `~wplvmekv e`l wmsmvk)

Jiu`swsùmfjki`v ukemv }p`, vji `hcmsbk, v` s``sì m lkv mvw`fukv jfk(iklbjfkv ` jfkikbsfkv e` lm wj`m) Mpi}p` lm jiu`swsùmfji e` Hksml`vikv ll`tm, opvumhìu`, m lm wkvjcjljeme e` kcv`stms `l vjlìfjk1 mpi}p` iknmzm vjek lm jiuìfji e`l `vupejkvk1 imlhìu` ukfm `vu` kusk `l`hìuke` kcv`stmfji)

V`bi Hksml`v, Lm u`hw`vume s`ws`vìum lm mwmsjfji e` Ejkijvkv ì lmfjpeme e` U`cmv wmsm hmijd`vums m lkv nkhcs`v vp wke`s vmbsmek, uml fkhkv` s``s` ì Lmv cmfmiu`v e` @pswje`v, ekie` lm wskwjm e`jeme e`vfsjc` `llpbms z lm kfmvji usbjfm, fkss`vwkiejìu`v ml fpmesk wjiumek?

Ll`bmek vkz, zk, `l njok e` _`pv, m `vum uj`ssm u`cmim,Ejkizvkv, `l ìbìesmek miumk ì lm njom e` Fmehk,Vh`l`, nmfjiekh` imf`s `l mseks e`l s`lhwmbk

0Okni, Bklejib) Fmhjikv m lk mcvklpuk, Hmesje, Dkiek e` Fplupsm @fkihjfm, 3775, w, =66)



29/176

Mekwu dkshm nphmim, ì t` e` lm ejtjim)Opiuk m lm dpìu` e` Ejsf` z `l sk Jvhìk)T`k lm uphcm e` hj hmes`, lm dplhjimem wks `l smzk,

Mn, opiuk ml wmlmfjk ì spjimv nph`miu`v,Wskepfjemv wks `l dp`bk tjtk e` _`pv,)@i u`vujhkijk e` lm jiu`shjimcl` vmm e` N`sm fkiusm hj hmes`)4

@i eìjujtm, `l oktì s`ws`vìumek ì Lm u`hw`vume, }pjì v` ìfpì(usm ì mfujupe s``~jtm, mwkzmek vkcs` pim wsujbm, `v, wmsm Hksml`v, Ejk(ijvkv) Lk }p` jiu`s`vm e` `vum jiu`swsùmfji `v ws`fjvmhìu` `l fmsfu`se` Ejkijvkv? `l v`s }p` v` t` m v hjvhk1 z e` mn `vum mfujupe hèjumujtm,h`lmifljfm, m usmtv e` lm fpml v` tjt` pi vjlìfjk e`ve` eìusk? `l vjlìfjke`l s`òk, e` lm s``~ji1 k, ì wmlmcsmv e`l Hksml`v? Lm h`lmifklm miu`lm hp`su` z lkv hjvu`sjkv v` `tjeìfjm ì `l s`fkbjhjìuk hìuml z fkswksml

e` lkv w`svkimo`v s`ws`vìumekv) @vum je`m e`l s`fkbjhjìuk, jivpfjìu`(hìu` `vupejmem, vpwki` lm i`f`vjeme e` s`bs`vms ì vjlìfjk nmfjm pikhjvhk 2

((((((((((

@i `l vjlìfjk e` Lm u`hw`vume `l v`s v` s`fkb` ì v, fki ukek m}p`llk}p` mssmvusm1 w`sk umhcji `~jvu` pim hjsmem kcoùjtm, e`ve` dp`sm, }pìkv nmf` hjsmsikv m lm ejvumifjm z wskepf` pi vjlìfjk e`ve` lm ejtjvji ì(us` lm fmsi` z lk `vwjsjupml k hùmdvjfk V` usmum e` pim `vw`fj` e` e`v (ekclmhjìuk, pi s`òk ì `l `vwòk .pim s``~ji* }p` w`shju` `l ekclòp`bk e` kcv`stmsv`, jiu`sik z `~u`sik1 z ìus` mhcmv wskz`ffjki`v, imf``l vjlìfjk Lm vìvmfji ik dvjfm, lm vìvmfji e`l vjlìfjk }p` lkbsm pimwmpvm, pim kw`smfji e` ckssmek wmsm s`fkhìms1 z mv, `vu` op`bk e`fkiu`hwlmfjki`v, jiu`sim z `~u`sim, `vumcl`f` pim s`wùjfji, pi hmiusm,pi `vumek e` lùmsbk, e` ìmoìmfji k vpvwìvji }p` mvlm ml v`s

@vu` mjvlmhjìuk, ì Lmu`hw`vume, ik vlk kfpss` ì lk nphmik, v` kc(v`stm ì fmem `l`hìuk e`l fpmesk1 uml `d`fuk e` `hc`l`vk wkesm s`d`sjsv`ml pik wsjhksejml }p` v` ifpìusm i fmem fkvm, v`bi kcv`stm Oksb` Opm(i`v ì Lm Tjsbì e` lmv Skfmv e`L`kimsek)

4Okv Sjfmsek, Hksml`v)@vujlk, Wjiupsm z Wmlmcsm, Hmesje, Fmuèsm, =::5, w, ==7)2Jcje) w) ==6)



30/176

67

.Wmsm Opmi`v* Lk }p` L`kimsek ujì` ì hìu` `v, ì vphm,`l ù`sik wskcl`hm e` lk Pik wsjhksejml }p` `vu ì ukek ze`l }p` ukek ìu` z hksuml wmsujfjwmi) E` mn `l ikhcs` }p`

nm w`sepsmek m usmtv e` lkv uj`hwkv? Pij(t`svk) Lm wlmvhm(fji wjfusjfm e` lk Pik(ejt`svk, }p` fkhwsìe` lk ejd`sìuèìusk e` pim pijeme tjvpml(ms`m }p` vpcljhm lk fksws`k zvpvfjum lm jiijujmfji e` lk hpiemik>

Wmsm vpcsmzms lk }p` tìjhkv ckfùmiek, s`vplum jiu`s`vmiu` kcv`stms}p` vum pijeme mjvlmem umhcji lm ifkiusmhkv i lm kcsm e` Bjksbjki`)@i fmem `l`hìuk e`l fpmesk v` e`vfpcs` mlbk }p` wks lk wskiuk llmhmslm fkvjeme e` lm fkvm, ìuìejek `vuk fkhk lm `vìfjm e`l v`s }p` v` nmllmì fmem pik e` lkv `l`hìukv s`ws`vìumekv1 lm imupsml`m jhwkiìu` ì`vm e`vklmfji, ì `v` e`vj`suk ekie` lm vklème fs`m pi `}pjljcsjk ìus`

lk wus`k z lk nhèk) @v e`fjs, `vum fkvjeme v` s``s` m pim `vw`fj` e`smejkbsmdm e` lm fkvm, lm wmsu` jiu`sim, lm fpml, mpi}p` v`m pim ì v hjvhm,jie`wìejìu` z mjvlmem, umhwkfk l` s`vum jhwksumifjm m lkv e`hv l`hì(ukv e`l fpmesk, fmem }pjì, fmem fkvm ì v hjvhm, ij hv ij hìkv, vlk`vu, vlk `v ì v, z ì `vm vjibplmsjeme fkitjt` .mpi}p` ik lk v`wm* fkilmv kusmv `vd`smv, fmem pim ì vp hpiek wmsujfplms, fmem pim, pi hpiekw`fpljms, pi pijt`svk) Mv, `l vjlìfjk `v `v` mlbk ì fkhi, pijek wks lmhjsmem vìvjcl` e` }pjì kcv`stm, `l `vw`fumeks, }pjì, imlhìu` umh(cji v` ìfpìusm ì mjvlmhjìuk, ì vp wskwjm `vd`sm vjlìfjkvm

((((((((((

@~wljfjums `l vjlìfjk fkhk `l`hìuk ws`vìu` ì lm kcsm, s`ws`vìum lmwkvjcjljeme e` fkiusjcpjs m lm s``~ji u`sjfm, èpfmujtm z, vkcs` ukek, np(hmim) @l vjlìfjk vu ws`vìu` i lm tjem fkiu`hwksi`m? dsìu` m pi hpiekekie` jhw`sm `l spjek, `l ckhcmse`k e` jhbì`v z vkijekv, `l v`s v` tp`lt`vkcs` v .v` s`òm ì v, s``~jkim, `v pik fkivjbk, fkhk Ejkijvkv*1 tm nmfjmvp jiu`sjks ì cpvfm e`l vjlìfjk, mpi}p` v`m fkhk mcvpsek, tmfk k vklème1k v` cpvfm `l vjlìfjk fkhk fkikfjhjìuk jiu`sjks, v`sìjeme, vìujek)

Mv, `l fmhwk e` s``~ji vkcs` `l msu` ik e`c` f`jsv` m lm wlvujfm1lm s``~ji msuvujfm mfupml e`c` mcmsfms lm vìvjcjljeme nphmim fkhk pim

dpifji i`f`vmsjm, wks}p` ml jeìujfms `l vjlìfjk ì lm kcsm e` msu`, }pjwke`hkv mf`wums e` hkek hv opcjlkvk, ml hìkv e` hkek hv vìvjcl`,`vu` pijt`svk }p` vkhkv, `vu` vjlìfjk ekie` imf`hkv z hksjhkv vklkv)

>Oksb`, Opmi`v)L`kimsek Em Tjifj, H~jfk, Jumfm,377:, w, 35)



31/176

Lm wlvujfm, hpfnmv t`f`v, `v pi s`òk e`l msujvum, pi nphmik, }pjìuml t` ik fklkfm `l vjlìfjk e` hkek fkivfjìu`, w`sk mn `vu, vpsb` `lvjlìfjk fkhk mlbk }p` ikv mfkhwmm? ip`vusk s`òk, ip`vusm s``~ji,

`l vjlìfjk wsjhksejml, `vm `vd`sm k fmwpllk e` fsjvuml ekie` wke`hkv fki(u`hwlmsikv, fs`msikv wmsm s`fs`msikv z, ml i, k e` ip`tk, s`fkhìms,imf`s fki v` wsjh`s bsjuk e` eklks, w`sk e` tjem, fki lm dp`sm e`l smzk }p`mipifjm `l vkijek jhwùpkvk e`l uspìk, `l }p` usm`s lm llptjm z fki `llm lmip`tm tjem1 k, wmsm f`ssms fki Ijùvfn`? Lmv wmlmcsmv hv vjlìfjkvmv vkilmv }p` wsktkfmi lm u`hw`vume):

((((((((((

Lm `vd`sm vjlìfjkvm

S`vplum `vìfjml, ì `vu` miljvjv, ik w`se`s e` tjvum lm jiu`swsùmfjiwkujfm vkcs` lmv jhbì`v z l msu`? Lm wk`vm, vum ejhìvji e` lm hù(dksm ekie` `v wkvjcl` lm s``~ji vkcs` lm vìvjcjljeme nphmim hv iujhm,`vm kim e` vjlìfjk ekie` `l hìvmo` v` nmllm ìus` li`mv, ì lm clmifpsme`l vjlìfjk, ì lk ik ejfnk1 `vk }p` ik v` wpè` e`fjs e` hkek ejs`fuk, lkjie`fjcl`, lm hmu`sjm jiikhcsmcl`

@i lm wj`m e` Bjksbjki` kcv`stmhkv pi hpiek ekie` v` tjt` lms`ws`vìumfji e`l vjlìfjk, hmijd`vumek m usmtv e` lm s`wùjfji e` pi

ik(kcv`stms ml kusk) Z fki `llk, fki `vu` vjlìfjk, usmek m lm mfupmljeme,`vfpfnmhkv `l uspìk e` pi llmhmek nmfjm lm s`d`sìfjm fki `l mjvlmhjìukfkiu`hwksi`k? `v` hkt`sikv fkhk h}pjimv ì hèjk e`l spjek khij(ws`vìu`) Wks llk lm jhwksumifjm e` t`s ml msu` e`ve` vp wkujfm, idkfmiek`vmv vìvmfjki`v eùsv e` lm jhmbì? `l vjlìfjk ekie` wke`hkv ìfki(usmsikv z ìfkiusms m lkv kuskv)

Lkv `l`hìukv jfkikbsfkv, lmv fkvmv fkhk fkvmv, nmfì }p` ikv ejv(usmjbmhkv e`l msu`) @l msu` w`svjbp` lm mcvusmffji e`l msu` hjvhk, `vm `vlm wps`m e` lmv fkvmv) Fpmiek lkbsmhkv w`sfjcjs `vm vìvmfji, lm kcsm`hwj`m m nmclms, w`sk e`ve` vp vjlìfjk1 `v pim vìvmfji e` mvfùjvhk

ìuìejek fkhk ejf` Vpvmi Vkiumb?

:Kw, fju), w, =5)



32/176

63

QX @l msu` dkshm wmsu` e` pim usmivmffji ejmlfujfm fki lmfkifjìfjm, wlmiu`m pi fkijfuk hv wskdpiek, hv dspvusmi(u`) @l `vwsjup }p` cpvfm fkswks`jmsv` ì l msu` fnkfm fki

lm imupsml`m hmu`sjml e`l msu` hjvhk QX W`sk lm kwfjiwks `l vjlìfjk w`shmiìu` ik miplm vp kcsm) Wks `l fkiusmsjk,kuksbm sùskmfujtmhìu` pi wke`s z pim mpuksjeme mejfjkim(l`v m m}p`llk e` lk }p` sì`bmski QX `l msu` v `v hv }pìpifm pim sèìfji, pi ò`sfjfjk e` mvfùjvhk QX @l vjlì(fjk `v `l vpws`hk b`vuk plusmu`ssìk e`l msujvum? hèjmiu` `lvjlìfjk, v` `hmifjwm e` lm vpo`fji v`stjl e`l hpiek) =7

Fpmiek `vumhkv tjìek, wks ò`hwlk, pim fmuèsml bujfm, ì `d`fuk,`vumhkv kcv`stmiek pim kcsm ms}pju`fuijfm, w`sk umhcji pim wskz`f(fji vìujhìuml) @vuk v lk }p` Hmsfnmi Dj eìkhjim mcvusmffji `~ws`vj(

tm, `v e`fjs, lmv jhbì`v fsjvuml? lm dpvji }p` v` fs`m ìus` lk ksbijfk zlk jiksbijfk, v e`fjs, ius` lm hmu`sjm fkhk fkvm .lk jiksbijfk* z lk ksb(ijfk fkhk s`ws`vìumfji e` lm imupsml`m k e` `vm imupsml`m ì wsjifjwjkjiksbijfm .mcvusmfum*)

QX hjìusmv }p` lm wskz`ffji vìujhìuml `v tjifplmem mlm c`ll`m e` lk ksbijfk z lk `~ws`vjtk, lm mcvusmffji usmv (lpf` lm c`ll`m e` lk jiksbijfk z lk i`bmeks e` lm tjem, e` lkfsjvumljik, vjìek mvkfjmem e` pi hkek `~wlfjuk m lm l`zfsjvumljik(b`khusjfm k l`z jiksbijfk(fsjvumljim) .Hmsfni,377>?60)*

@vumv jlpvusmfjki`v ikv vjstì wmsm jiuskepfjsikv ì kusmv ekv wj`mvekie` `v wkvjcl` mws`fjms `l vjlìfjk e`l }p` tìjhkv nmclmiek) V` usmum e`lmv kcsmv e` Fmvwms Emtje Dsjè`sjfn? Lm mcmem ì `l skclèml z Hpo`s ì pimtìumim, e`l vjblk ^J^)

@i `vum wkfm e`l skhmiujfjvhk, `l msujvum fmwumcm `l wmjvmo` wskwjk zusmumcm e` jeìujfmsv` fki l, `~mluieklk) @i lmv kcsmv v` hkvusmcm pimuìeìfjm nmfjm lk msfmjfk, fki lk fpml v` me}pjsm fj`sum h`lmifklm) @l wmj(vmo` v` fkitjsuj ì pi je`ml, hv }p` ì pi hkujtk, wp`v hkvusmcm `d`fukvdmiuvujfkv, lkv fpml`v wsklkibmcmi lkv kcoùkv z `l fj`lk1 `l wmjvmo` v` uksiì hèjk wmsm `~ws`vms lm jiujhjeme e`l wjiuks)

((((((((((

=7Vpvmi Vkiumb) @vuujfm e`l Vjlìfjk) Hmesje, Vmiujllmim @ejfjki`v, 3773, ww) =6(47)



33/176

@i lm wsjh`sm wj`m fjumem, Lm mcmem ì `l skclèml, Dsjè`sjfn hp`vusmpi wmjvmo` `~usmk, s`ws`vìumujtk e` lm usmejfji hèj`tml, ekie` nmllm(hkv ml fìusk pim wj`m e` ms}pju`fupsm bujfm i spjimv, m lm fpml wke`hkv

ejvujibpjs fkhk s`vukv e` pim fmuèsml)Lm fkivuspffji ws`vìumem ì `l fpmesk jhjum m lm imupsml`m? vpv wj`(

esmv wms`fì smhmv v`fmv1 wjèsm z sckl v` dpvjkimi, fkitjtì) Lm ms}pju`f(upsm me}pj`s` dkshmv ksbijfmv z, m vp t`, vumv wms`fì jhjums lm dkshmjiksbijfm) Mlsèèks e` lm spjim wms`f` kseìmsv` pim o`sms}pjmfji? lkvsckl`v hv f`sfmikv vki hv mlukv, z ejvhjipzì fkidksh` v` mlòmi)V` w`sfjc` ì `llk pim vp`su` e` hvujfm vpvwìejem ì `l `vwmfjk, pi vjlì (fjk e`l hpiek)

Lkv sckl`v v`fkv ukhmi pi lpbms `vwjsjupml, wms`fì fpvukejms lm fkiv(uspffji1 `v fkhk vj kcv`stmsmi k `vfpfnmsmi mlbk }p` v` nmllm ì `l vjlì (fjk) Lkv vwmfjkv fs`mi pim imupsml`m hùmdvjfm, lm ms}pju`fupsm e`l dkiekv` tp`lt` pim fki lm imupsml`m, `l nkhcs` }pèm vkhùjek, ì vp hjijhj(mfji, m lm imupsml`m, lm fpml lk e`vwlmm, fkhk `l wmiukfsuks hèj`tml)

Lk nphmik ik iusm i s`lmfji fki lk ejtjik ij fki l vwmfjk ws`vìu`?e` wsjifjwjk v` mws`fjm lm mpvìfjm e` fkhpijfmfji, nmz vjlìfjk1 l nkhcsìk wpè` ìusms ì lm jihìvjeme e` lm imupsml`m) Ikv ìfkiusmhkv miu`lk vpcljh`, m}p`llk }p` ikv eòm vji nmclm) Lm imupsml`m usmvhju` vp `vì(fjm, vpv `l`hìukv v` fkhpijfmi vjlìfjk, fs`miek pim wmvjtjeme ì `lmhcjìu`, pim wskz`ffji vìujhìuml, pim `vw`fj` e` h`lmifklm wks mlbk}p` v` nm jek, }p` nm hp`suk, }p` ik `vu

QX Vj cjì `l wmjvmo`, ì fpmiuk wskz`ffji e` lkv vìujhjì(ukv e`l msujvum z fkhk vhcklk e` lm jiu`sjksjeme nphmim, `v`l msu` e`l dpupsk, hmiujì`, ik kcvumiu`, s`lmfjki`v lcjl`v z`vfpssjejmv fki l wmvmek, fki lm njvuksjm tkfmi lm njvuksjmlòmim, lkv wmjvmo`v fjsfpiemiu`v ì lkv }p` vki vjupmemv e`v(lphcsmi wks `l mjvlmhjìuk e` lm imupsml`m) ==

@vum jiu`sjksjeme nphmim v` hmij`vum ì lm Mcmem ì `l skclèml, v`mws`fjm ì `l vjlìfjk ws`vìu` k ws`vìujek ì `l fpmesk, ekie` kcv`s(tmhkv lkv `l`hìukv fkhk hùjekv ì v, fmem pik ì vp wskwjème1 vji`hcmsbk, ì `vum wj`m v` nmllm pim w`fpljmsjeme e`l vjlìfjk ekie`, w`v`

ml `vumek e` jifkhpijfmfji }p`, ì wsjifjwjk, wms`fj`sm wsjtms, `~jvu` pi`l`hìuk }p` lkv s`lmfjkim? lm musmffji }p` ukekv wms`fì vpdsjs nmfjm `lfìusk)

==Vjhki, Hmsfni Dj)Lm @vuujfm ì lm Fplupsm Hke`sim, Hmesje, Mljmim Dkshm, =::4)



34/176

65

T`hkv lkv sckl`v jifljimekv nmfjm lm spjim, fkhk vj v` mwsk~jhmsmi m`llm, fkhk vj tjij`smi ì lm hjvhm wskf`vji e` w`svkimv, }pjì`v umhcjiv` ìfpìusmi mtmimiek nmfjm `v` fìusk) Jbpmlhìu`, lm lp z lm vkhcsm

eìusk e` lm kcsm wms`fì `vums hktjiekv` nmfjm `vu` fìusk e` musmf(fji1 z lk hjvhk lm fsp pcjfmem ì wsjh`s wlmik m lm e`s`fnm, lm fpml s`vml (um)

Wks pi lmek, wke`hkv nmclms e` pi ejvfpsvk tjvpml s`lmfjkimek fki lmhp`su`, fki lk w`s`fè`sk, fki `l uj`hwk }p` ukek lk e`tksm1 `~ws`vmemfki flmsjeme ì `l wsjh`s wlmik e` lm fsp z lm fìusmljeme e` lm spjim, lm v`(}pème e`l wmjvmo`, l lpuk e` lkv nkhcs`v }p` wms`fì hv cjì vkhcsmv kdmiumvhmv) Wms`fj`sm, e` n`fnk, }p` ukekv lkv fp`swkv v` nmi l`tmiumeke` lm uj`ssm, musmekv nmfjm l fìusk hvujfk, hmsfnmiek i vjlìfjk nmfjm ml(bpim e`tkfji, ìbsmie`fjiekv`, `l`tiekv` nmfjm lk mluk hjìusmv hv

f`sfm v` nmllmi e` lm mcmem e`sspjem)W`sk ml hjvhk uj`hwk, usmv lm vjlìfjkvm h`lmifklm e`l wmjvmo`, ll`bm lm

vìvmfji e` pi ejlkbk wskdpiek, pim fki`~ji ìus` lmv bpsmv? `v` jsnmfjm `l mcjvhk, pim vp`su` e` mbpo`sk i`bsk }p` `vu usmbieklk ukek,w`sk }p` ì `vu` fmvk ik `v i`bsk vjik fsjvumljik? lm mshmi e` lm tìumimbujfm `v lp z usmivwmsìfjm, z `v nmfjm `v` fsjvuml wmsm ekie` v` ìfmhjimukek, nmfjm `vm lp v` ejsjb` lk hp`suk, `l tmfk hjvhk tm nmfjm lm flmsjeme)

Mv, lm hùdksm e`l fsjvuml v` e`vwlj`bm, jiflpvk e` hmi`sm lju`sml, ì`vum wj`m, ekie` @l msujvum usmiv`s` m lkv kcoùkv `~u`sjks`v vp hpiekjiu`sjks, jivumpsmiek pim hèjmfji vjhcljfm ìus` mhckv k, v`bi kuskv,

wskz`fumiek z wìùsmiek `hkfjkimlhìu` ì `llkv)=3

Wskz`ffji e` lkvvìujhjìukv nphmikv vkcs` lkv kcoùkv, zm dp`sm ì `l vìujek e` pim `~(ws`vji e` lm w`svkimljeme e` fmem msujvum ì kusm fkvm ejvujium, kcoùk kw`svkim, k ì fpmiuk vjhckljvhk `tkfmujtk z mvkfjmujtk) Lpbms ekie` lmhmu`sjm ik `v hmu`sjm, `v mcjvhk)

((((((((((

@i lm v`bpiem kcsm fjumem e` Dsjè`sjfn, Hpo`s ì pim tìumim .=>33*,kcv`stmhkv pim hpo`s e` vwmlemv, eìusk e` pim nmcjumfji, hjsmiek wkspim tìumim nmfjm lk }p` wms`f` v`s pi ckv}p` z pi fj`lk mpl)

=3Vjhki, Hmsfni Dj)Lm Hùdksm e l Fsjvuml ì lmv Msu`v z ì lm Ms}pju`fupsm, Hmesje, Vjsp`lm,377>, w,)65)



35/176

Lm ws`vìfjm e` lm tìumim v` s`lmfjkim fki lm tjtìfjm e` lm jiijupe1lm jiijupe md`fum m lm fkhwkvjfji wlvujfm) Dkiek z bpsm v` dpieì)Lkv `l`hìukv epskv v` hjhùjmi fki lkv clmiekv, lk nphmik fki lm fkvm1

ukek tjt` ì vp v`s, vji fkitjtjs fki lk kusk) Mpi}p` fkhwmsuì pi `vwmfjk,fmem fkvm v` sèpf` m v hjvhm)

Me`hv, ìfkiusmhkv pim fkhwkvjfji b`khusjfm, ekie` lk nphm(ik }pèm ml fìusk w`sk ukek ujì` `l hjvhk tmlks) M}p, lm b`khùsm ikdpifjkim vklmhìu` ì ushjikv e` lm fkhwkvjfji e`l fpmesk, vjik }p`,lk e`hv, ujì` pi tmlks wskwjk, pi ikhcs` wskwjk) T`hkv `l wsèkhjijke` pim t`sujfmljeme dkshml? lkv hpskv, lmv wp`sumv z `l hmsfk e` lm tìumim,`l hvujl z lkv sckl`v }p` `vui dp`sm, jiflpvk lm hpo`s z lkv wlj`bp`v e` vpt`vujek v` jifkswksmi m lk t`sujfml

Vji hcmsbk, e` ip`tk nmllmhkv, eìusk e` vu` vjlìfjk e` lm dkshm, piwpiuk e` s`d`sìfjm }p` e`tp`lt` `l hktjhjìuk z lm tjem m lk }p` wms`f``vums mpvìu` k jihtjl ì v hjvhk) @v lm wskwjm bpsm e` lm hpo`s, jifljim(em m lm tìumim, }pjì, eìusk e` vp hjhùjvhk fki lmv dkshmv s`fumibplm(s`v, `~ws`vm dkshmv hv ksbijfmv, pi `vumek hv vpujl z vpmt` }p` `l e`ls`vuk e` lkv `l`hìukv, fkhk vj ì `llm, e` ip`tk, v` fkifìusmsmi ukekvlkv vjlìfjkv k lmv mpvìfjmv) @llm, me`hv, v }pjì ikv em lm li`m wmsm mws`(fjms `l jiijuk? ukek v` fkifìusm ì `llm z `llm v` wskz`fum z wskz`fum ml`vw`fumeks nmfjm mssjcm, nmfjm `l fj`lk)

Lm bpsm e`l fsjvuml tp`lt` m v`s fìusml, fkhk ejojhkv1 m wmsujs e` `llmv` fs`m pim jihmu`sjmljeme eìusk e` lk hmu`sjml, emiek lm vìvmfji e` lk

jiijuk .pi `l`hìuk fmsmfu`svujfk ì `l w`sjkek skhiujfk*) Lm s``~jimsuvujfm k wkujfm tjì` emem, ik vlk wks lk ukfmiu` ml fkikfjhjìuk vìvj(cl`, vjik umhcji wks lm jiijujmfji z lm dpvji, lmv fpml`v fs`mi `l vjlìfjke` lkv `l`hìukv s`ws`vìumujtkv e`l fpmesk)

Ik e`c` eòmsv` lm jiu`swsùmfji e`l fpmesk m pim vklm hjsmem vìvjcl`1nmz ì l pim dmlum e` fkhpijfmfji ìus` lkv `l`hìukv jfkikbsfkv e`lfpmesk, v` w`sfjc` `l vjlìfjk e`ve` `l hkhìuk ì }p` `v fkhk vj hjs (smhkv e`ve` kusm tìumim, e`ve` dp`sm e`l fpmesk, jitmejìek `l `vwmfjkiujhk e` `llm Z, ìukif`v, lk }p` ik v` fkhpijfm ìus` v, fkhpijfm `lukek ml `vw`fumeks)

Z mv, fkhk ejf` Dj, `l `vw`fumeks, `l fsujfk, v` tp`lt` msujvum e`ve` lmljc`sume e` jiu`swsùmfji fs`mem wks `l hlujwl` op`bk e` hùdksmv e`lfpmesk, w`sk jie`wìejìu`v, `~flpjemv ì vp `vìfjm jiejtjepml1 e` mn `lvjlìfjk `~wlfjuk, e`ve` lm vìvmfji z lm jiupjfji, vkcs` lm kcsm?



36/176

64

@i `l hcjuk e` lmv dskiu`smv hmsfmemv wks fmem kcsm, lm jiijupe ujì`}p` t`s fki lkv s`fkssjekv ml`muksjkv, wskwjkv e` lm jiu`swsùmfji wlpsml,fmvj jiijum ì kfmvjki`v, e` lmv kcsmv msuvujfmv1 fki `v` vìujek, m t`f`v

jimbkumcl`, e` vp imupsml`m ì e`tìjs1 fki lk }p` lkv skhiujfkv llmhm(cmi lm `~ws`vji jie`fjcl` k `l vhcklk1 fki lk }p`, ì ip`vuskv emv, v`nm eìkhjimek wkljv`hjm k wlpsmljeme e` vìujek s`v`stmem m lk msuvujfkz lk wkujfk dsìu` m lkv `v}p`hmv e` lm lbjfm k ml lìbpmo` wsjhmsjk e` lmfkhpijfmfji nmclmem) =6

((((((((((

@i `vumv us`v kcsmv n`hkv tjvuk `l vjlìfjk fkhk mpvìfjm e` fìuskk, wks `l fkiusmsjk, fkhk musmffji nmfjm pi fìusk fsjvumljik1 lk n`hkv

s`lmfjkimek fki lm dmlum e` fkhpijfmfji ìus` lk nphmik z lkv kcoùkv,mv fkhk fki `l pik wsjhksejml k `v` `vums ì v hjvhk, ì fkiu`hwlmfjihvujfm wks wmsu` e` v`s`v z fkvmv1 vuk v, s`fkikfjhjìuk e` v, i l vjlì(fjk, eìusk e`l mcjvhk k musmek nmfjm `l mcjvhk e` v, ekie` imlhìu` v`s`fpw`sm lm fkhpijfmfji, `l vkijek k lm tk }p` w`shju` `vfpfnmsv` mv hjvhk, m lkv e`hv z ml pijt`svk, m lm e`jeme) Pim vp`su` e` s`fkhìmse`ve` lk wsjhmsjk, ekie` v` wpèì s`fpw`sms lmv `vìfjmv }p` `l spjekfkujejmik ik w`shju` ikhcsms)

Lm wkujfm fkhk wkvjcjljeme e` s`fpw`smfji e`l lìbpmo` vjlìfjkvk, e`lk }p` ik v` wpè` ikhcsms, w`sk }p` `~jvu` ì fmem pik, `v lm `vìfjm e`lmsu`? lm s`vjbijfmfji e` lkv vhcklkv, lkv tmlks`v, lmv wmvjki`v nphmimv)Wmsm f`ssms `vum s``~ji e`ve` lm wk`vm e` Cmpe`lmjs`?

MCJVHK

Mssjcm, mcmok, ì ukek, ì `l hms z `l e`vj`suk,ì `l vjlìfjk, ì `l c`llk `vwmfjk jhwkiìu`,Ejkv, }p` hjìusmv zk ep`shk w`shmi`f` e`vwj`suk,Wmsm hjv w`vmejllmv ejcpom vmcjmhìu`)

L` uìbk hjèk ml vp`k) @v` i`bsk mbpo`sk]p` ll`tm m ik v eie` z pi tmbk nkssks `hmim1Ik t`k hv }p` jiijuk e`ve` fpml}pj`s tìumim))) =5

@l nkhcs` v` `~u`sjksjm e`ve` `l tmfk e` vp ws`vìfjm)

=6Vjhki, Hmsfni Dj)Lm @vuujfm ì lm Fplupsm Hke sim, Hmesje, Mljmim Dkshm, =::4, w, =7=)=5Fnmsl`v, Cmpe`lmjs`) Lmv ks`v `l hml, Hmesje, Hjllìjph, =::4, w, 37:)



37/176

S`d`sìfjmv cjcljkbsfmv

Clkfa e` C`nms, Ljvm, Pim sùsjfm e`l vjlìfjk, Msbìujim, Vjblk T`jiujpik@ejuks`v, =::5)

Cmpe`lmjs`, Fnmsl`v, Lmv ks`v e`l hml, Hmesje, Hjllìjph, =:::)

Bklejib, Okni, Fmhjikv m lk mcvklpuk, Hmesje, Dkiek e` Fplupsm @fki(hjfm, 3776)

Opmi`v, Oksb , L`kimsek em Tjifj, H~jfk, Jumfm, 377:)

Hmsfni Dj, Vjhi, Lm hùdksm e`l fsjvuml i lmv msu`v z i lm ms}pju`fup(sm) Hmesje, Vjsp`lm, 377>, Lm @vuujfm ì lm fplupsm hke`sim) Hmesje, MljmimDkshm, =::4)

Vkiumb, Vpvmi, @vujlkv smejfml`v, @vwmm, Vmiujllmim @ejfjki`v, =::4,=:>0)

Hksml`v, Okv Sjfmsek, @vujlk, Wjiupsm z Wmlmcsm, Hmesje, @ivmzkv Msu`Fmuèsm, 3775)

Vì, Klbm,Bjksbjk e` Fnjsjfk z lm Wjiupsm Hùmdvjfm, H~jfk, Pijt`svj(eme Imfjkiml Mpuikhm e` H~jfk, =::7)

Tjsmvksk, Hijfm, E` jskimv z vjlìfjkv, Cmsf`lkim, Bèjvm @ejuksjml,=::2)

Tjsjljk, Wmpl, @l wskfèjhjìuk vjlìfjk, Cpìkv Mjs`v, Wmjev, 377=)



38/176


39/176

]p vjlìfjk) @v mv `l hpiek;Fpmiek lmv jhbì`v fmllmi

Hmsm Hmsbmsjum E` Nmì` Skvj}p`

Pijt`svjeme Mpuikhm e` ]p`sumsk

@~usmm }p` dpj

fpmiek t`fjim e` lòmimv lpf`v

mu`vksmcm wmlmcsmv hpz wpsmv

wmsm fs`ms ip`tkv vjlìfjkv

Wjmsija

Lmv jhbì`v w`suì`fì ml kseì e` lm s`ws`vìumfji tjvpml) Fplv`sm `l vìujek }p` ksjìumsm pim s``~ji ì uksik m vp s`lmfji fki `lvjlìfjk;

S`fp`sek pim dkukbsmdm e` hj mpuksm) Fkiu`hwlk lm tjvum }p` v` h`ws`vìum e` pi sckl vkljumsjk fpzm vjlpùm v` epwljfm i l vwòk e` pi lmbk}p` s`òm pi fj`lk ipclmek) Ml mf`sfms lm fhmsm m hj skvusk z hjsms wks`l kcoùjtk, usmuk e` hmiuì`sh` jihtjl, fki lm jiuìfji e` ik jiu`stìjswmsm lkbsms }p` lk }p` t`k v` eò` fmwupsms)

Ukek ì uksik, `v vjlìfjk)

@l dsmbhìuk e` v`bpiek }p` umsem lm kw`smfji e` lm ukhm `v ejvuji(uk e`l uj`hwk }p` vjìuk usmivfpssjs miu` lm ji`vw`smem ws`vìfjm) Ukhkfkifjìfjm, ìukif`v, e` }p` `l wskfèjhjìuk e` s`mljms lm dkukbsmdm h`

v`wmsm e`l ejvfpsvk wskvmjfk e` lm `~jvuìfjm z h` s`hju` m lm vklème }p`mfkhwmm m lm `~w`sjìfjm fs`mujtm, hjvhm }p` v` s`lmfjkim fki `l vjlìfjk}p` `tkfm lm s`mljeme fkiu`hwlmem)

V` ws`vìum, ì `vu` fmvk, pi wsjh`s mf`sfmhjìuk e` lm dkukbsmdm fkilm vjbijfmfji e`l vjlìfjk z i vu` vìujek, s`vplum jiu`s`vmiu` lm s``~ji}p` Cmpesjllmse wskwki`, ì s`lmfji fki lm vklème e`l vpoùk z lm ws`vì(fjm vjlìu` e`l kcoùk dkukbsmmek)

Lm vklème e`l vpoùk dkukbsfk, ì `l `vwmfjk z `l uj`hwk,`vu fkss`lmfjkimem fki lm vklème e`l kcoùk z fki vp vjlìfjkfmsmfu`sjml) @l kcoùk e`c` v`s omek, hjsmek jiuìvmhìu` `

jihktjljmek wks lm hjsmem) Ik `v l `l }p` e`c` wkvms, `v `lkw`sm( eks }pjì e`c` sùì`s vp wskwjm s`vwjsmfji wmsm nm(


40/176

57

f`s `l tmfk ì `l uj`hwk z ì `l fp`swk) W`sk e`c` sùì`s lms`vwjsmfji umhcji hìumlhìu` z ik wìvms ì imem, m ie` }p` lm vpw`sfj` hìuml `vu umi tjsbì fkhk lm w`lfplm)

Ik v` e`c` fkivj( e`sms zm pi v`s s`ws`vìumujtk, vjik pikcoùk }p` usmcmom ì `l jiu`sjks e` vp wskwjk fjflk, vji uì`swmsm imem ì fpìum lm wp`vum ì `vfìm, ì pim `vw`fj` e`fjsfpivfsjwfji e`ljsmiu` e` v z e`l kcoùk)=

@l hkhìuk i }p` s`t`lk lm dkukbsmdm i l lmcksmuksjk fkjifje` fki ls`fjìu` dmll`fjhjìuk e` hj wmes` z lm jhmbì }p` s`vplum h` ll`tm m wì(vms ì vp mpvìfjm) .Djbpsm =*

=) E` Nmì`, ]p vjlìfjk, `v mv `l hpiek; =:::)

=O`mi, Cmpesjllmse, Wks }p lm jlpvji ik v` kwki` m lm s`mljeme;, FJF .Fpme`sikv e` Jidkshmfjiz Fkhpijfmfji*, 3775, :, =:6(373) w)=:>)

]p vjlìfjk) @v mv `l hpiek;


41/176

Lm vjlpùm e`l sckl epwljfmek ì `l `vwòk e` mbpm }p`, wlmvhmem ì `lwmw`l v` ws`vìum ì lmv ukimljeme`v e` lm `vfmlm e` bsjv`v, wms`f` umi ml` (omem e` lm mwmsjìfjm e`l hpiek }p` h` fkiepf` m `vumcl`f`s pim mimlkbm

fki `l `vumek e` ijhk }p` h` nmcjum)3

Lm dkukbsmdm }p` fkiu`hwlk, ik s``s` zm ml hkhìuk ij m lm vjupmfjie` lm ukhm1 v` usmum hv cjì e` pim jhmbì }p` w`suì`f` m pi kseì e`vjbijfmfji ejvujiuk m vp s`d`sìu`)

Ml fkiu`hwlms lm jhmbì jhws`vm, wjìvk ì lm hp`su`, `l tmfk, lm vkl` (eme, lm mksmim z fkiv`fpìu`hìu` ì `l vjlìfjk)

S`fp`sek ìukif`v lkv t`svkv e` pi wk`hm e` F`sipem?

]p vjlìfjk) @v mv`l hpiek;))) Fspm `l fj`lke`vlmiek wmjvmo`v,sjvp`k nmfjm lk lòkv)6

Lm dkukbsmdm, ì `vum w`svw`fujtm, v` fkifjc` fkhk pim kw`smfji fki(bpsmeksm e` pi jhmbjimsjk tjvpml wmsujfplms }p` fkhwsìe` pim v`sj` e`dmfuks`v, fkhk lm jiu`stìfji e`l dkubsmdk, vpv ws`tjvjki`v jiuìfjki`v1me`hv e` lm wmsujfjwmfji e`l kcv`stmeks ì `l wskf`vk e` fs`mfji e`vìujek)

@i lm dkukbsmdm fkhìumem, v` em pi wskf`vk e` ejvumifjmhjìuk fkis`lmfji m lm s`ws`vìumfji fpmiek vum v` usmiv`s` m lm vpw`sfj` e`l wm(w`l) Lm jhmbì v` ws`vìum ì v, kfpss` z ml usmvfìe`s ì lm fkibpsmfjie`l jhmbjimsjk dkukbsfk, em mff`vk m fkss`vwkieìfjmv wkujfmv)

Fkivje`sk mv, }p` m wmsujs e` lm s``~ji }p` ì uksik ml vjlìfjk nmwlmiu`mek l wìvmhjìuk wkujfk, v wkvjcl` wskwki`s pim fkss`vwkieì(fjm ì s`lmfji m jhbì`v dkukbsfmv }p` `tk}pì `vum fpmljeme)

3Lm mimlkbm `v lm dpifji hv mlum e` lm jhmbjimfji, zm }p` fkiopbm `l miljvjv z lm viu`vjv, lmusmepffji z lm fs`mfji) @v fkikfjhjìuk z, ml hjvhk uj`hwk, usmivhpumfji e` lm s`mljeme) Wkspim wmsu`, `v pi msfk }p` pi` ejvujiukv w`sjkekv njvusjfkv z fjtjljmfjki`v1 wks lm kusm, `v pi wpìu`ìus` lìbpmo`v ejvujiukv? wk`vm, hvjfm, wjiupsm) Wks lk wsjh`sk, vj ik `v lk ù`sik `v m}p`llk}p` msujfplm ukekv lkv uj`hwkv z ukekv lkv `vwmfjkv ì pim jhmbì }p`, ml fmhcjms vji f`vms, v` wsk(lkibm z v` w`swùm) Wks lk v`bpiek, fkitj`su` lm fkhpijfmfji ì fs`mfji? lk }p` ejf` vji e`fjs

lm wjiupsm, v` usmivdkshm ì lk }p` wjium, lm hvjfm z }p`, vji hìfjkimslk ipifm `~ws`vmhìu`,lm wmlmcsm wkujfm ìpifjm) Kfumtjk, Wm) Ws`vìfjm z ws`vìu`? Cmpe`lmjs` fsujfk e` msu` ì LkvWsjtjl`bjkv e` lm tjvum, DF@ w) 5:)6Lpjv, F`sipem)@vfkiejek ì lkv hpskv .dsmbhìuk*, jiflpjek ìMiuklkbm wkujfm, jiuskepffjiz v`l`f(fji e` Vjlt`s, Wnjljw, Hmesje, Mljmim @ejuksjml)

Fpmiek lmv jhbì`v fmllmi


42/176

53

@i `l hcjuk e`l lìbpmo`, fki lm jiuìfji e` vjbijfms `l vjlìfjk, LpjvTjllksk fkhìum ì }p hèjem lk ejvfpsvjtk nmclm e` pi hpiek s`ws`vì(umek hjìusmv }p` hv mll e` lmv wmlmcsmv, lkv kcoùkv z lkv n`fnkv w`shm(

i`fì vjibplms`v ` jhws`tjvukv) Lm dpifji e` lm wk`vm, ejf`, v`sm `tmejs lme`vfsjwfji wmsm mws`nìe`s lm `vìfjm e` lm `~jvuìfjm)

@l wkùm e`vjbim lk `~usmksejimsjk z ejf` m lm t` }p` lm ws`(vìfjm jivljum e` lmv fkvmv `v jie`fjcl` wmsm `l lìbpmo` ejv(fpsvjtk) Vj wsklkibsmhkv nmvum `l i lm i`bmfji e` lmv vjb(ijfmfjki`v e`l ejvfpsvk, f`vmsm lm wmlmcsm) Lm i`bmfji ukumle` lm wmlmcsm `v `l vjlìfjk) E`ve` `vum w`svw`fujtm, lm wk`vmwkesm t`sv` fkhk pi nmclm ì uìvji w`shmiìu` ìus` lmwmlmcsm z vp i`bmfji, `l vjlìfjk)5

Wkesmhkv fkivje`sms }p` lmv dkukbsmdm }p` v` tjifplmi fki `l vjlì(fjk, ì `vu` vìujek, v`smi m}p`llmv }p` emi wsjksjeme ml kcoùk z eòmi e`lmek lm hjsmem e`vfsjwujtm1 lk wmsmeojfk `v }p` lm kw`smfji dkukbsfmfkitj`su` lk tjvuk ì jhmbì z ì `vu` wskfèjhjìuk lm ums`m e`l vpoùkfkivjvu` ì mpvìumsv`)

Lmv fkivje`smfjki`v e` Cmpesjllmse ì uksik m lm s`lmfji }p` lm dkukbsm(dm wskwki` ì s`d`sìfjm m lm e`vmwmsjfji e`l kcoùk, lm jlpvji z lm s`mlj(eme, v` mf`sfmi m `vum fkif`wfji)

Vj pim fkvm }pj`s` v`s dkukbsmmem, vjbijfm }p` ik }pj`s`fkivjbims vp vìujek, }p` ik }pj`s` s`òmsv`) Vklk }pj`s` v`sfmwumem ejs`fumhìu`, tjklmem ì `l vjujk, jlphjimem ì vp e`(umll`) Vj pim fkvm }pj`s` fkit`sujsv` ì jhmbì ik `v wmsm ep(sms, vjik hv cjì wmsm e`vmwms`f`s) Z `l vpoùk ik v pi cpìhejph vj ik ìusm ì `vu` op`bk, vj ik `~ksfjm vp wskwjmhjsmem z vp wskwjk opjfjk, vj ik bkm fki vp wskwjm mpvìfjm)0

@i `vu` kseì e` je`mv, `v w`sujiìu` s``~jkims ì uksik m lmv jhb`(i`v dkukbsfmv }p` v` mwmsumi e` lm s`ws`vìumfji z e` lm hjsmem jiu`s(wsùmujtm, wmsm fkivje`sms m}p`llk }p` lmv ejvujibp` e` lmv dkukbsmdmv }p`v` jiv`sumi i l hcjuk e` lk ekfphìuml z imssmujtk e` lmv }p` v` ejf` }p`nmclmi hv }p` hjl wmlmcsmv)

5Lpjv, Tjllksk, lm vjbijfmfji e`l vjlìfjk, ìWbjimv lkvfmv, ^mlmwm, Pijt`svjeme T`sm(fspmim, =:43)0O`mi, Cmpesjllmse, kw) fju), w) =:0)



43/176

Lm dkukbsmdm nm vumek tjifplmem e`ve` vp ksjbì fki lm s`ws`vìumfjihjhujfm e` lm s`mljeme z pi e`vwlj`bp` fkivje`smcl` v` ksjìu ml ekfp(hìumljvhk1 kusm e` vpv e`sjtmv cpvf pim `vuujfm dkukbsfm m wmsujs e`

pim hjsmem e` jiu`swsùmfji) @ius` vpv fpmljeme`v `d`fujtmhìu` `vu pim`vus`fnm s`lmfji fki `l kcoùk s`ws`vìumek, mpi}p` lk }p` lm dkukbsmdmfmwupsm `v lm wskz`ffji e` lm lp }p` md`fum `l kcoùk)4

Vj vumcl`f`hkv pim mimlkbm fki lmv fkivje`smfjki`v }p` i s`lmfji mlvjlìfjk nm wskwp`vuk lm wk`vm, v` wkesm smvus`ms m}p`llmv dkukbsmdmv }p`ws`vfjieì e` lm hjsmem e` jiu`swsùmfji z e`l fmsfu`s e`vfsjwujtk) Lm ji(uìfji v`sm s`fkikf`s ì lm dkukbsmdm pi `}pjtmlìu` e`l vjlìfjk wkujfk,ì `l vìujek }p` lk fkivje`sm Kfumtjk Wm)

Lm mfujtjeme wkujfm imf` e` lm e`v`vw`smfji miu` lm jhwk(uìfjm e` lm wmlmcsm z fplhjim ì `l s`fkikfjhjìuk e` lmkhijwkuìfjm e`l vjlìfjk @imhksmek e`l vjlìfjk, `l wk`(um ik wpè` nmf`s kusm fkvm hv }p` nmclms) @ius` `l bsjuk z`l fmllms, ìus` `l vjbijfmek }p` `v ukekv lkv vjbijfmekv zlm mpvìfjm e` vjbijfmfji, `l wk`hm v` l`tmium) ]p ejf``v` e`lbmek fnkssk e` wmlmcsmv; Ejf` }p` ik ejf` imem}p` ik nmzmi ejfnk `l vjlìfjk z lm bsju`sm) Ws`fmsjm tjfuksjm,mhìmmem vj`hws` wks lmv wmlmcsmv }p` ik ejfì imem, wks`l vjlìfjk }p` ejf`? imem)2

Wmsm mf`sfmsikv m lk }p` `}pjtmlesm m lmv jhbì`v vjlìu`v, v` usmumsm,mv, e` ìfkiusms dkukbsmdmv }p` wskwkibmi pim e`vmwmsjfji e`l kcoùk z

}p` jhwlj}pì lm mpvìfjm e`l vpoùk)Wmsmeojfm `hws`vm }p` v` mlòm e` lmv wmsujfplmsjeme`v }p` bì`sml(

hìu` eìì m lm dkukbsmdm, }p` vji `hcmsbk fkss`vwkie` m lm vjibplmsj(eme e`l hèjk, }p` fkivjvu` ì wskepffji e` jhmbjimsjk) @i `vu` vìujek,lm wskwp`vum e` Cmpesjllmse ì uksik m lm e`vìfmsimfji e`l kcoùk wks lmdkukbsmdm, ìsj}p`f` ip`vusk `vupejk)

Ukhms pim jhmbì e` pi kcoùk `v }pjumsl` pim wks pim ukemv vpv ej(hìvjki`v? `l w`vk, `l s`lj`t`, `l w`sdph`, lm wskdpiejeme, `l uj`hwk, lmfkiujipjeme, z kctjmhìu` `l vìujek) @v ml ws`fjk e` `vum e`vìfmsimfji

4@l kcoùk v` ws`vìum m v hjvhk, hèjmiu` lm lp }p` s`òm) Lm jhmbì ik `v hv }p` `l smvuske`l jhwmfuk e` `vm lp vkcs` lm vpw`sfj` dkukvìvjcl`? pi smvusk mlhmfìmek, pi smvusk h`hksjm)Dkiufpc`sum, @l C`vk e` Opemv, Dkukbsmdm z t`seme, @e) Bpvumtk Bjlj)2Kfumtjk, Wm, S`fmwjuplmfjki`v, ì Fkssjìu` mlu`sim, V) ^^J, =:42)



44/176

55

fkhk lm jhmbì me}pj`s` `v` wke`s e` dmvfjimfji, fkhk v` fkitj`su` ìhejph e` lm kcoùpmljeme wpsm, fkhk v` nmf` usmvwmsìu` m pim dkshm e`vèpffji hv vpujl)>

@ifkiusmhkv ì `l dkukbsmhm pim wsjh`sm `~ws`vji e` s`ws`vìum(fji tjvpml e` pi vjlìfjk dkukbsfk, ì fpmiuk }p` jhwljfm lm sèpffjie`l s`w`suksjk e` s`fpsvkv fkibpsmeks`v e` lm dkukbsmdm m vp hijhm `~(ws`vji, }p` `v umhcji vp `vìfjm? lm jhwskium e` lm lp):

@vu` wskfèjhjìuk, ujì` vpv ksbì`v ì lmv `~w`sjhìumfjki`v e`Dk~ Umlcku ì `l vjblk ^J^, z dp` e`vmsskllmek ì lmv wsjh`smv efmemv e`lvjblk t`jiu` wks Hmi Smz .bpsm 3* z Hknklz(Imbz .bpsm 6* fki ejvujiumvjiuìfjki`v) Hmi Smz, jiu`s`vmek wks `l `~w`sjhìumljvhk z `l mpukhmujv(hk z Hknklz(Imbz, ì pim cv}pèm wks lmv ip`tmv wkvjcjljeme`v e` tjvji}p` kds`fm lm dkukbsmdm)=7

6) Hknklz( Imbz, Lm s`lmfji ì `vwjsml ì

`l `vwmfjk, =:35)3) Hmi Smz, @vwjsml, =:32)

>O`mi, Cmpesjllmse, kw)fju), =:6(373):@v `l ml`hi Fnsjvujmi Vfnme }pjì nmfjm =:=4, s`jitìum `vum ufijfm sjfm ì wkvjcjljeme`v ei(ekl` vp ikhcs`? vnmekbsmdm) @i =:33, Hmi Smz, m vp t` s`ìfpìusm `vu` op`bk e` hmijwplmfjie` lm lp ml }p` `tjeìu`hìu` em vp ikhcs`? smzkbsmdm) Fki Usjvumi Umsm, s`mljms lkv Fnmhwveljfj`p~) Ml hjvhk uj`hwk Hknklz(Imbz, ì C`sli, s`mljm `~usmksejimsjmv v`sj`v e` dkukbsmhmvvji wìvms ì emsl`v pi ikhcs`)

Fnsjvujmi, Ckp}p`sù, E`v Mii`v Dkll`v mp~ Mii`v Ikjs`v)Lm Ikpt`ll` Tjvjki Wnkukbsmwnj}p`ì Dsmif`, =:37(=:57, Wmsjv, @e) Hmstml, =::2, w) 2:)=7Lm e`vmwmsjfji e` hkekv e` s`ws`vìumfji jifplfmekv, }p` s`vplum ì pim ~usm`m z ì mwms(ìu` msuj(fjmljeme, `v lm fkishmfji e`l ljcs` dpifjkimhjìuk e` `vu` mpukhmujvhk z e`c` v`s

cjìtìjek) Hmi Smz, un` mb` kd ljbnu ìL`v Fnmhwv eljfj`p~, Wmsjv, VBJ@, =:33)



45/176

@vum wsfujfm, ufijfmhìu` hijhm, kds`f` `l hsjuk e` v`s pi vjhwl`s`bjvusk e` hmsfm s`mljmek vji jiu`shèjmsjk e` pi mwmsmuk dkukbsfk, vjiw`lfplm z vji i`bmujtk z `v lk hv f`sfmik m lm `vìfjm hjvhm e`l wskfèj (

hjìuk) Wmsmeojfmhìu`, ipifm v` `vuptk hv f`sfm e`l s`d`sìu`? lmhmsfm ml `vumek hv wpsk, bì`smiek pim mcvusmffji }p` wms`f` s`t`lmslm `vìfjm hjvhm e` lkv kcoùkv) Ikv ìfkiusmhkv fki jhbì`v }p` s``(sì m kusk kseì e` lk t`seme`sk, nmcjupmlhìu` kfpluk z }p` v` s`lmfjkimifki pi vjlìfjk tjvpml)

Lk fj`suk `v }p` `vum dkshm e` dkukbsmdm v` v`wmsm e` lm hjsmem e` jiu`s (wsùmfji, e` lm e`vfsjwfji z e` lm wsùìvji `vuùjmiu` e` lm dkukbsmdm)@i `vumv jhbì`v, s`mljmemv vji lm jiu`stìfji e` lm fhmsm ij e` lm mffjie`l vpoùk, lkv kcoùkv v` ws`vìumi ì pim ejhìvji ejvujium e` lk s`ml, pcj (fiekv` ì `l s`jik e` lm jlpvji, ì `l vìujek }p` fki`s` Cmpesjllmse)

Ukek kcoùk dkukbsmmek ik `v kusm fkvm }p` lm np`llm e`(omem wks lm e`vmwmsjfji e` ukek `l s`vuk) @v pi fsjhì fmvjw`sd`fuk, pim vklpfji fmvj ukuml e`l hpiek }p` ik eòm s`v(wlmie`f`s kusm fkvm }p` lm jlpvji e` uml k uml kusk kcoùk, e`lfpml lm jhmbì fs`m iukif`v pi ijbhm jimwsìvjcl`) M wmsujse` `vum `~f`wfji smejfml, v` ujì` vkcs` `l hpiek pim tjvumji`~wpbimcl`) @v lm dkuk lm }p` ikv mf`sfm hv m pi pijt`svkvji jhbì`v, `v e`fjs m lm mwmsjìfjm wpsm)==

@l kcoùk mjvlmek, v`wmsmek e` ukem s`d`sìfjm `vwmfjk u`hwksml, vji `l`(hìukv e` jiu`swsùmfji mwms`f` jihtjl, omek wks lm hjsmem z ì `v` `vum(

ek e` bsmek f`sk v` ws`vìum fkhk vjlìu`) @l vpoùk, e`ve` vp vklème, omvp hjsmem jhwmsfjml, w`shjujìek }p` kfpssm l hpiek fkhk vpf`vk vjibplms)

Vjlìfjk e` lm jhmbì, }p` tìf` .k e`c`sm tìf`s-* m ukekfkhìumsjk) W`sk vjlìfjk umhcji e`l kcoùk, }p` llm mss`cmumml fkiu`~uk ìvkhcs`fèks z ìvkse`fèks e`l hpiek s`ml)=3

Nmvum m}p, v` nm `vumcl`fjek pim fkss`vwkieìfjm ìus` `l lìbpmo`wkujfk }p` v` e`cmu` ìus` lm wmlmcsm z `l vjlìfjk, fki lm dkukbsmdm vjifhmsm }p` ì pi jiuìuk wks ws`vìums lm vklm jhmbì e`l kcoùk, ws`vfji (e` e` lm hjsmem e`l vpoùk, mffèjìek m pim `~ws`vji e`l vjlìfjk wkujfk)Tmfpjeme, vklème, kcoùjtjeme)

==O`mi, Cmpesjllmse, kw)fju), w)=:7)=3Jce)



46/176

54

@i kusk kseì e` je`mv, ìfkiusmhkv pim ip`tm hmijd`vumfji e`l vj(lìfjk ì lm dkukbsmdm ì lmv wmiumllmv ì clmifk }p` ws`vìum NjskvnjVpbjhkuk ì vp v`sj` e` u`muskv) .Djbpsm 5*

@l wskfèjhjìuk fkivjvuj ì dkukbsmms m wmsujs e` pim `~wkvjfjiwsklkibmem, `l ukuml e` jhbì`v }p` v` wskz`fumi epsmiu` lm ws`vìum(fji e` pim w`lfplm ì pim vmlm e` fji`)

Lk }p` v` t` ì lm dkukbsmdm `v pim wmiumllm ì clmifk, jhmbì vjlìu`}p` s`vujupz` lm np`llm e` jhbì`v lmuìu`v, }p` vj cjì ik v` `~wkiì m lm

hjsmem e`l `vw`fumeks, eòmski vp hmsfm vjlìu` ì lm jhmbì)=6

Lk wmsmeojfk v }p` vum wskz`ffji vpw`swp`vum }p` e`cm v`s l fkh(wìejk e` ukek, m lm wkvus` ik ikv eòm t`s imem? pim vjhwl` wmiumllm clmi(fm jssmejmiek pim lp tmwkskvm) Lm fkieìvmfji e` ukekv lkv wlmikv ikvmckfm ml tmfk, m pim h`hksjm ì clmifk ì lm }p` mwmsìu`hìu` ukek v`nm ckssmek, mpi}p` ws`vjiumhkv }p` ì mlbi vpvusmuk e` vp jifkivfjìu`w`stjtm mlhmfìmem vp njvuksjm wskdpiem)=5

5) Njskvnj Vpbjhkuk, Un`mus`, =:2>)

=6 T`vujek fkhk upsjvum, ìus ì pi fji` cmsmuk e`l @mvu Tjllmb` fki pim fhmsm e` bsmi dkshmuk)Umi wskiuk fkhk `hw` lm w`lfplm, mopvu `l kcupsmeks ì pim mw`supsm e` bsmi mibplms, z ekvnksmv hv umse`, fpmiek lm w`lfplm u`shji, f`ss `l kcupsmeks) @vm ikfn`, s`t`l lm w`lfplm, z lmtjvji `~wlku dsìu` m hjv kokv) N) Vpbjhkuk) Un`mu`sv, `vvmz cz Es) Nmiv C`lujib, I`r Zksa,Vkiimcìe Vpie`ll @e +rrr)`z`vuksh)fkh rrr)vpbjhkukskvnj)fkh)=5Dkiufpc`sum, kw)fju), w) 30)



47/176

@ifpìusk pim mlpvji hv ml vjlìfjk ì lm dkukbsmdm ì lm v`sj` @vw`(ojvhkv }p` s`fjìu`hìu` wskepo`) Lmv dkukbsmdmv v` s`mljmski ì jiu (sjks`v, cpvfmiek lm wskz`ffji vkcs` lkv hpskv clmifkv, e` s`òkv e` lp

}p` v` lusmi m usmtv e` lmv tìumimv) .Djbpsmv 0, 4*V` usmum e` jhbì`v }p` vpsbì m wmsujs e` wskz`ffjki`v `dh`smv }p`

v` ws`vìumi wks cs`t`v v`bpiekv m lm hjsmem) Vp fkibpsmfji e`wìeè` lm nksm e`l em, e` lm wkvjfji e`l vkl e` mfp`sek fki lm `vumfji e`l mk,e` lmv fkiejfjki`v muhkvdsjfmv, z e` lm usmivwmsìfjm e` lkv kcoùkv }p`v` jiu`swkiì ìus` lm dpìu` e` lp z lkv hpskv)

Lm s`mljmfji e` lmv dkukbsmdmv kfpss` ì hkhìukv e` fkiu`hwlmfjiìvjhjvhmem }p` vpfèì ì vjlìfjk) Lmv jhbì`v }p` s`vplumi w`suì`fìm pi kseì e` vjbijfmfji wkujfm, ì `l vìujek ml }p` mlpe` Kfumtjk Wm)

@l msu` e` lm fkiu`hwlmfji wskepf` kcoùkv w`sk ik lkvfkivje`sm fkvmv vjik vjbikv? wpiukv e` wmsujem nmfjm `l e`v(fpcsjhjìuk e` kusm s`mljeme, v`m vum lm ws`vìfjm k lmtmfpjeme) @vfsjck nmfjm `l e`vfpcsjhjìuk wks}p` ì pim vk(fjème fkhk lm ip`vusm `l msu` ik ikv kds`f` vjbijfmekv ij

s`ws`vìumfjki`v? `v pi msu` ì cpvfm e`l vjbijfmek) Pimsu` ì cpvfm e` lm ws`vìfjm k lm tmfpjeme ekie` v` ejvp`l(tì lkv vjbijfmekv) @vu` msu` e` lm fkiu`hwlmfji s`vfmumsmlm ikfji e` kcsm vlk }p` ì lpbms e` t`s ì `llm pi kco` (

0) E` Nmì`@vwòjvhk =0, 37=7)



48/176

5>

uk, pim fkvm, l` e`tklt`sm vp t`seme`sm dpifji? lm e` v`s piwpìu` ìus` `l `vw`fumeks z `vm ws`vìfjm m lm }p` `l msu`mlpe` vj`hws` vji omhv ikhcsmslm e`l ukek)=0

4) E` Nmì`, @vwòjvhk =7, 377:)

Lm wskwp`vum h` ll`tm fkivje`sms lmv kcv`stmfjki`v }p` L`kimsek EmTjifj dkshplmsm ì fpmiuk m lm fs`mfji e` jhbì`v ì `l fkikfjek u`~ukE`hkvusms fhk ukekv lkv kcoùkv fklkfmekv ì pim wkvjfji `vui ìukekv lmekv z ukekv ì fmem wmsu`)

Ejbk }p` vj `l dsìu` e` pi èjfjk, k fpml}pj`s `vwmfjk mcj`s(uk, jlphjimek wks `l vkl ujì` pim tjtjìem dsìu` ml hjvhk, z}p` vj ì lm dmfnmem }p` ik ìdsìum ml vkl v` nmf` pim mc`s(upsm sèkiem z w`}p`m, ukekv lkv kcoùkv jlphjimekv wsk(z`fumsi vpv jhbì`v wks v` ksjfjk, z v`si tjvjcl`v eìuske` lm tjtjìem, vkcs` lm wmsè kwp`vum, }p` e`c`s v`s clmi(fm, z mll `vumsi jit`sujekv1 z vj v` nmfì mc`supsmv vjhjlms`vì tmsjkv lpbms`v e` lm hjvhm wmsè v` kcuìesi jeiujfkvs`vplumekv ì fmem fmvk) E` ekie` v` ji`s` }p` lmv jhb`(i`v e` lkv kcoùkv jlphjimekv `vui ì ukem lm wmsè z ukekvì fmem hjivfplm wmsu` e` `llm) Lm smi `v }p` `vu` ksjfjke`c` mehjujs mlbk e` lp ì lm zm hìfjkimem tjtjìem, z lmlp mehjujem wks l e`sjtm e` pik k e` hpfnkv fp`swkv lphj(ikvkv) Vj vukv vki e` fklks`v z dkshmv, lkv smzkv }p` dkshmilmv jhbì`v vki e` tmsjkv fklks`v z dkshmv, fkhk umhcji lkv`si lmv s`ws`vìumfjki`v ì lm wmsè)=4

=0Kfumtjk, Wm, Ws`vìfjm z ws`vìu`, Cmpe`lmjs` fsujfk e` msu`, DF@, H~jfk(=4L`kimsek, Em Tjifj, fjumek ì Wnkuk Tjvjki, Ik) =7, w) 23(



49/176

Lm s`mljmfji e` `vumv dkukbsmdmv s`hju` ml vjlìfjk ml }p` mlpeì lkvdkukbsmhmv1 vklmhìu` }p` ì `vu` fmvk, lmv jhbì`v vki fs`memv `vwki (ui`mhìu` wks lp imupsml wskz`fumem vkcs` pim vpw`sfj` clmifm)

Ik dkukbsmdk imem hv mll e` lm lp z lm vkhcsm }p` wskz`fum lkv kco`(ukv ì mpvìfjm z wms`f` }p` h` s`lmfjkik fki pi vjlìfjk }p` `}pjtml` m lmfmu`bksm e` lmv jhbì`v }p` fmllmi)

Lm kw`smfji dkukbsfm `v pim `vw`fj` e` `vfsjupsm s`òm,e` `vfsjupsm mpukhujfm e` lm `tjeìfjm e`l hpiek, z vlk nmzpim) Eòms opbms lm fkhwljfjeme vjlìfjkvm ìus` `l kcoùk z lkvkcoùjtkv, ìus` lmv mwmsjìfjmv z lm ufijfm, ìus` lm fpmljemedvjfm e` lm lp z lm fkhwlòjeme hùmdvjfm e`l jivusphìukufijfk, vji nmf`s jiu`stìjs ij lm tjvji ij `l vìujek) Wp`v `v`l kcoùk }pjì ikv t`, `v `l kcoùk }pjì ikv vp`m) @v `lhpiek }pjì ikv s`òm, `v `l hpiek }pjì ikv wjìvm)=2

Djimlhìu`, ìfpìusk ì `l usmcmok e` mwskwjmfji }p` Njskvnj Vpbj(hkuk njk e` lkv dkukbsmhmv e` Umlcku, pim s`d`sìfjm hv ml vjlìfjk ì lmdkukbsmdm) V` usmum e` pi wskf`vk e` s`fpw`smfji }p` w`shjuj }p` pimv`sj` e` jhbì`v }p` nmcmi w`shmi`fjek jitjvjcl`v z vjlìu`v, v` wpej`(smi t`s) @i `vu` fmvk, Vpbjhkuk s`vfmu lm kcsm }p` ij vj}pj`sm tjk lm lp ìhmikv e` Umlcku z lkbs hkvusms lmv dkukbsmdmv }p` w`shmi`fmi, nmvum`v` hkhìuk, jitjvjcl`v) .Djbpsm 2*

=2O`mi, Cmpesjllmse, kw) fju), w) =::)

2) Njskvnj Vpbjhkuk Cpfal`s d`si, hmsfn 4, =>6: ks mslj`s, 377>)



50/176

07

E`fje fkl`ffjkims lkv hv miujbpkv i`bmujtkv e` Dk~ Umlcku, wskfèì(u`v e` pi hkhìuk ì lm njvuksjm e` lm dkukbsmdm miu`sjks m }p` lmv jhb`(i`v wkvjujtmv `~jvuj`smi, wmsm jhwsjhjs lmv dkukbsmdmv }p` ij vj}pj`sm l tjk)

Ukh `l sj`vbk e` tklt`s m lkv hjvhkv ksbì`v e` lm dkukbsmdm wmsm wke`st`s `vmv jhbì`v)=>

@l fjflk v` fj`ssm miu` lm ws`vìfjm e` pi vjlìfjk }p` lkbsm `tkfms `lvjlìfjk) Ekz lm wmlmcsm ml wkùm)=:

Vjlìfjk

Mv fkhk e`l dkiek e` lm hvjfm

cskum pim ikum

}p` hjìusmv tjcsm fs`f` z v` me`lbmm

nmvum }p` ì kusm hvjfm ìhpe`f`,

cskum e`l dkiek e`l vjlìfjk

kusk vjlìfjk, mbpem ukss`, `vwmem,

z vpc` z fs`f` z ikv vpvwìe`

z hjìusmv vpc` fmì

s`fp`sekv, `vw`smimv,

lmv w`}p`mv hìujsmv z lmv bsmie`v,

z }p`s`hkv bsjums z ì lm bmsbmium

v` e`vtmi`f` `l bsjuk?

e`v`hckfmhkv ml vjlìfjk

ì ekie` lkv vjlìfjkv ìhpe`fì


=>Njskvnj, Vpbjhkuk,Wnkukbìjf esmrjibv ì rrr)vpbjhkukskvnj)fkh)=:Kfumtjk, Wm Vjlìfjk ì Kcsmv Fkhwlùmv, H~jfk DF@, =::2)


51/176

S`d`sìfjmv cjcljkbsfmv

Cmpesjllmse, O`mi, Wks }p lm jlpvji ik v` kwki` m lm s`mljeme; FJF .Fpm(e`sikv e` Jidkshmfji z Fkhpijfmfji*, :) 3775

Ckp}p`sù, Fnsjvujmi, E`v Mii`v Dkll`v mp~ Mii`v Ikjs`v Lm Ikpt`ll`Tjvjki Wnkukbsmwnj}p` ì Dsmif` =:37(=:57, @e) Hmstml, Wmsjv) =::2

F`sipem, Lpjv, @vfkiejek ì lkv hpskv Jiflpjek ìMiuklkbm wkujfm) Ji(uskepffji z v`l`ffji e` Wnjljw Vjlt`s) Mljmim @ejuksjml) Hmesje) =::>

Dkiufpc`sum, @l C`vk e` Opemv, Dkukbsmdm z t`seme) @e) Bpvumtk Bjlj)3772

Dsjku, Hjfn`l, @l jhmbjimsjk dkukbsfk, FKI@FPLUM, PIMH, Dpiemfji

U`l`tjvm) 377:Hmi Smz, un` mb` kd ljbnu ì L`v Fnmhwv eljfj`p~, Wmsjv, VBJ@) =:33

Wm, Kfumtjk, S`fmwjuplmfjki`v ì Fkssjìu` Mlu`sim, V^^J) =:42

(((( Ws`vìfjm z ws`vìu`? Cmpe`lmjs` fsujf

arte y silencio, mar marcos (comp.), serie bellas artes - uaq

Documents