8/9/2019 Apuntes histricos sobre la obligacin del documental

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8/9/2019 Apuntes histricos sobre la obligacin del documental

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kl rmpmkmimk ac nkml `m ehiihk T+++W# ca rmci}ca `li}gmkpac my# ilk g}ifl# ca q}m mjmim

gy e}mza raa }k iagohl mk ca ylihm`a`/ &_aohnm# 1868# r+=(+

Ac ganmk `m q}m y} ilkimrpl yhna yhk mypa ilgrcmpagmkpm `mehkh`l# mc rarmc `mc

`li}gmkpac ilgl }ka mvrmhmkiha `m mrmymkpaihk rl mvimcmkiha rhgl`hac `m ca fhyplha

f}gaka `mkpl `mc iagrl `m ca Ilg}khiaihk A}`hluhy}ac my mvr}mypl rl Ohcc Khiflcy `m}k gl`l ehclyehil'akplrlcnhil q}m cl j}yphehia gy acc `m }k mnhypl a pauy `m cly

gm`hly: /Mc `li}gmkpac ilgl ilkimrpl l riphia kl li}ra }k pmhplhl ehjl+ Kl gluhchza }k

hkumkpahl ehkhpl `m pikhiay# kl aol`a }k kgml mypaocmih`l `m pmgay x kl a`lrpa }ka

pavlklga ilklih`a mk `mpaccm `m elgay# myphcly l gl`ach`a`my+ Mc rlrhl pghkl#

`li}gmkpac# `mom ilkyp}hym `m }k gl`l g}x yhghca ac g}k`l q}m ilklimgly x

ilgraphgly+ Ca riphia `li}gmkpac my mc c}na `m lrlyhihk x `m iagohl/ &Khiflcy# 188>#

r+0?(+ X mym c}na `m lrlyhihk x `m iagohl ac q}m ac}`m mypm a}pl ym e}k`agmkpa mk mc kmvl

q}m# ilgl ilkymi}mkiha x ilgl ia}ya# mc `li}gmkpac n}a`a ilk mc g}k`l fhyphil# ac r}kpl

`m kl ycl mypa hgrchia`l mk pakyelgaihlkmy `mihyhuay yhkl a`mgy ilkpho}h a ca

elgaihk `m ca gmglha ilcmiphua+ /Mc mypap}y `mc ihkm `li}gmkpac ilglr}moa `mc g}k`l

cmnhphga y} }phchzaihk ilgl e}mkpm `m ilklihghmkpl/ &Khiflcy# 188># r+10(+

Pl`l cl akpmhl yhnkhehia pagohk q}m lpa `m y}y raphi}cah`a`my hgrlpakpmy my ca `m

ym mc gy mvrcihpagmkpm rlcphil `m cly q}m ilgrlkmk cly gl`mcly a}`hluhy}acmy+ Y}y

hgnmkmy ym oayak mk glphuly m hkpmkihlkmy gy myrlkyaocmy mk mc ylihac# a`mgy `m g}ifay

umimy ym hkklua`lay mk mc ayrmipl elgac+ @m y} fhyplha# x pac ilgl ym mvrlkm gy

a`mcakpm# q}m`a my}mcpa }ka ehkach`a` ylihac q}m cl fa fmifl hkmuhpaocm m hmyhyphocm x q}m#

hkic}yl# cl fa rmehca`l a rmya `m pl`ay cay ihi}kypakihay x gmiakhygly pakpl `m cay rlcphiay

lehihacmy ilgl `m cay ayehvhakpmy mypapmnhay milkghiay m hk`}yphacmy+

?+ Rlpmkiha machypa

Ilgraak`l y} iaraih`a` `m hkpmrmpaihk x `m ilgrmkyhk emkpm ac myrmipi}cl x

ca ehiihk# Khiflcy mvrchia: /Mc `li}gmkpac# ilgl lply `hyi}yly `m cl mac# ilkymua }ka

myrlkyaohch`a` myh`}ac `m `myihoh m hkpmrmpa mc g}k`l `m ca mvrmhmkiha ilcmiphua# }ka

myrlkyaohch`a` q}m mk gl`l acn}kl my }ka i}myphk gmkl/ &Khiflcy# 188># r+02(+ E}m acnl

q}m y}rl um x pmlhza# gmjl q}m ka`hm# mc nak @zhna Umplu# raa q}hmk ycl mc mnhypl

r}l x a`hiac `m ca uh`a ma iaraz `m j}yphehia ca mvhypmkiha `mc ihkm gm`hakpm ca ilkyp}iihk

a}pkphia `m }ka mach`a` ylihac+

Rml# mk pghkly hk`}yphacgmkpm i}akphpaphuly# Umplu x pl`ly y}y `hyir}cly e}mlkaaya`ly rl mc gmia`l `m ca ehiihk# q}m fa yh`l mc `m Flccx~ll` mk raphi}ca+ _my}cp

kmimyahl# uahay `ia`ay `myr}y# mc y}nhghmkpl `m ca pmiklclna chnma raa ilkpamypa rl

umz rhgma cly mypmmlphrly i}cp}acmy hgr}myply rl mypm emkgmkl mk `mphgmkpl `m ca

uhyhk ilgrcmja x mkhq}mim`la `mc g}k`l# r}my ca ehiihk# ilk y} myp}ip}a ia}yac x y}

ilfmmkiha hkpmka# rcakpma }k }khumyl eihcgmkpm ayhghcaocm# ghmkpay q}m ca myp}ip}a

ghyga `mc `li}gmkpac my y} ilkpmkh`l# ccmkl `m ilkpa`hiihlkmy x `m iaoly y}mcply# `m gl`l

q}m r}m`m lemim ca rlyhohch`a` `m ilkic}yhlkmy gy aohmpay ylom }ka `mpmghka`a mach`a`+

/Mc mypap}y `mc Lpl ilgl rlxmiihk l eaohiaihk# y}rlkm q}m ca ehiihk icyhia

phmkm }ka mklgm `hehi}cpa` raa mrmymkpa lpay i}cp}ay e}ma `m y} e}kihk `mkpl

`m }k yhypmga `m lrlyhihk m h`mkph`a`+ Cl q}m yhn}m yhk ym mrmymkpaocm my ca

`hemmkiha `mc Lpl+ Mc Lpl &g}jm# kaphul# ghkla( aa umz e}kihlka ilgl

raphihrakpm x ima`l `m }k yhypmga `m yhnkhehia`ly# hkic}xmk`l ca myp}ip}a kaaphua

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8/9/2019 Apuntes histricos sobre la obligacin del documental

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rl i}myphlkmy `m gmia`l i}cp}ac lrpaa rl ca ymn}k`a x mgrmzaa a ilkumphym mk }ka

hk`}ypha cl y}ehihmkpmgmkpm rl`mlya ilgl raa `mja mk ymn}k`l x iayh cphgl pghkl mc

rarmc `mc ihkm ilgl gm`hl `m ilg}khiaihk ylihac x# `mkpl `m mypa e}kihk# mc c}na `mc

`li}gmkpac+

Ca rmyhypmkiha acpmka `mc `li}gmkpac lom`mim faypa k}myply `ay a ihi}kypakihayfhyphiay q}m cl `mpmghkak x cl u}mcumk hgrmyihk`hocm+ Mc machygl `li}gmkpac ilgmkz

ilk cly hkhihly `mc ihkm mk cly mrlpajmy `m uhajmy x klphihay `m C}ghm# gy a`mcakpm ym

ilkuhph mk }k rcak mypphil x rlcphil `m aip}aihk ilk @zhna Umplu# _lomp Ecafmpx x ca

myi}mca ohpkhia `li}gmkpac oajl mc gak`l `m Jlfk Nhmylk4 yhuh ilgl aga hkelgaphua

x rlcphia mk rmhl`ly ym n}ma# e}m mplga`l rl mc Kmlmachygl hpachakl x# mk ckmay g}x

nmkmacmy# myp mk ca oaym `m cay ilkparlr}mypay `m cly k}muly ihkmy rlchema`ly mk cly 52#

a`mgy `m mknlya }ka o}mka eakja `m rl`}iihk a}`hluhy}ac hk`mrmk`hmkpm a cl canl x

akifl `mc g}k`l mk cay cphgay `ia`ay+++

Y} mehiaiha ilgl ua raa }ka ilg}khiaihk ylihac a}pkphia# ay ilgl ca mvrclaihk

`m y} hchghpa`a rlphia fak rlumkh`l ylom pl`l `m ca riphia q}m ylom c fak mjmih`l`hyphkply n}rly ac ganmk `m cly }phchpahygly hkyphp}ihlkacmy l `m cay mvrclpaihlkmy

gmiakphcmy+ A}kq}m `}akpm cay n}may x cay `hipa`}ay mc `li}gmkpac fa yh`l }k rhgm

hkyp}gmkpl `m rlranak`a &x a}kq}m gy a`mcakpm ca pmcmuhyhk cl faxa `lgmyphia`l ilk

}ka agrcha naga `m rl`}iply mkpaohchza`ly(# cly rmhl`ly `m rlyn}ma fak my}cpa`l

`mihyhuly x cly iarp}cly gy iphily `m `hyphkply mkplkly fak yh`l mc pmhplhl ephc raa

`myi}ohcl x mgrcmacl ilgl ca khia fmaghmkpa rl ca q}m faypa mc glgmkpl iaom

memhym# mk acn}kly iayly# a cly gm`ha ilgl umfi}cly ylihacmy `m ilg}khiaihk+

0+ Akplrlclna x uakn}a`haCa ymn}k`a x pmima `ia`a `mc yhncl VV e}mlk `mpmghkakpmy raa rmehca# g}x mk

cay akprl`ay `mc gmia`l ihkmgaplnehil# ca rlpmkiha `mc `li}gmkpac ilgl }ka mvrmyhk

aohmpa x mk e}kihk `m mvhnmkihay ylihl'fhyphiay# rl }k ca`l# x ilgl c}na `m

mvrmhgmkpaihk rlphia x elgac# rl lpl+ Raa ca mulc}ihk mypphia `mc ihkm# my mc

iaka`hmkym _lomp Ecafmpx q}hmk cmuakp ca `hnkh`a` x iaraih`a` rlphia `mc nkml a az `m

Kaklld `mc Klpm# rmci}ca hkhiha`a mk 181= x pmghka`a mk 18??+ @my`m mc r}kpl `m uhypa

myphcyphil# ym papaoa `m ca rhgma loa mnhypac q}m# a `hemmkiha `m cly ihmkply `m

`li}gmkpacmy rhlkmly# /glypaoa ca uh`a mac `m }ka elga q}m hoa gy acc `m ca

rmymkpaihk eangmkpa`a `m }k klphihahl/ &_aohnm# 1868# r+ 19(+

Cly ehcgmy `m Ecafmpx mecmjaoak ca hganmk q}m pmkak `m y ghygly cly kaphuly `mc

rlcl klpm# rlyhohch`a` i}xl uacl y}rhmlk um akpmy q}m ka`hm uahly akplrclnly q}m#

hkyrha`ly mk mc paoajl `m mypm a}pl# ym }khmlk a ia}yay ramih`ay# ylom ca pmla

hk`hyi}phocm `m q}m /ca hganmk q}m ym elja `m y ghygl }k r}mocl ilkyphp}xm }k ayrmipl

e}k`agmkpac `m y} i}cp}a q}m `mom mnhypaym/ &Oakl}~# 1885# r+ 05(+ Cl ylrmk`mkpm `m

Kaklld my q}m ym faxa hgr}mypl a cly n}yply `m }k rochil x `m }k gmia`l xa

ilk`hihlka`ly# raa pac `ia`a# oajl mc gl`mcl `m ehiihk x kaaphul nheehpfhakl+

Ca loa ecafmphaka `mulcuh ac nkml `li}gmkpac y} cmnhphgh`a`# ac r}kpl `m faomym

ehcpa`l ilgl }k rl`}ipl rlyhocm `m arlxl hkyphp}ihlkac+ Rml cay ihi}kypakihay# fhyphiay m

hk`}yphacmy# ymn}hak rl`}ihmk`l }ka ec}ip}aihk rmgakmkpm q}m }ka x lpa umz clgakpmk`ak ac ganmk `mc gmia`l ecghil+ Yhk mgoanl# ymk `mklghka`lmy

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kmimyahagmkpm ilg}kmy: q}m mc mjmihihl `li}gmkpac ym gakp}uhma &x gakpmkna( capmkpm mk

n}rly l ihkmgaplnaeay acpmkaphuay# q}m ca iphia x ca fhyplha faxak pmghkak`l uacla`l x

`hu}cna`l y} iapmnla x q}m# ehkacgmkpm# ca mvrclyhk `m y}y memiply ylihacmy cl faxa fmifl

yacpa `m gl`l hkilkpmkhocm x ia`a umz ilk gy mhpmaihk faiha cly nak`my gm`hly `m

`he}yhk+

Ghmkpay ym aiaoaoa ca ehmom liayhlka`a rl cay mvrclaihlkmy `m Ecafmpx# aramia mc

machygl yluhphil# e}pl `m ca hgrcakpaihk `mc rhgm yhypmga ylihachypa `m ca fhyplha

ilkpmgrlkma+ Ca Myi}mca Yluhphia ym `my`m mkplkimy }k r}kpl `m memmkiha lochnaplhl

raa mc machygl a}`hluhy}ac `m pl`ly cly phmgrly+ Mc mnhypl `li}gmkpac q}m`a pmlhza`l x

memk`a`l naihay a @zhna Umplu }k arayhlka`l `m ca uh`a mac x y} pmla `mc Ihkm'Ljl#

ymnk ca i}ac# ca mvhypmkiha x mc rarmc `m }ka igaa ycl j}yphehiak y} mvhypmkiha ilk ca

iarpaihk `m ca uh`a `hmipa# ghmkpay q}m mc apm `mc glkpajm `mom ilkpho}h a ca ilkyp}iihk

`m }k }khumyl `m mcaihlkmy plpacmy a raph `m myay eaiihlkmy `m mach`a`+

Rlcphiagmkpm# ca pmyhy `m Umplu `memk`a q}m mc ihkm rlcmpahl `moa oayaym mk ca

um`a` x rmymkpa eangmkply `m ca uh`a aip}ac m}kh`ly ilk }k ymkph`l+ Ylom ca oaym `m }ke}k`agmkpl ylihac x f}gakhypa# mc nkml q}m`aoa hgrchia`l y}ypakihacgmkpm mk }ka e}kihk

ylihac q}m `mrmk`m `m ca raphihraihk `m pl`ay cay rmylkay+ @m mypa elga# mc gamypl

yluhphil fhzl q}m mc ehcg `li}gmkpac li}raa `}akpm }k glgmkpl mc c}na imkpac mk ca

fhyplha `mc ihkmgapnael+ Glgmkpl omum# rml hkec}xmkpm `m gl`l `mehkhphul mk g}ifly

lply ima`lmy# pakpl `m y} rlia ilgl `m rmhl`ly rlypmhlmy `mc ihkm faypa k}myply `ay+

Ca agrchp}` x rlyhohch`a`my mypphiay `mc mjmihihl `li}gmkpac q}m`alk myrmihacgmkpm

gaia`ay mk ca M}lra `m cly aly ?2# naihay ac paoajl `m lply uakn}a`hypay# rlumkhmkpmy

`m ca gyhia x `m ca rhkp}a+ Yhnkhehia q}m# ac phmgrl `m ym mc machygl mc gm`hl rl

mvimcmkiha `m }ka mypapmnha h`mlcnhia raa ilkyp}h }k k}mul flgom x }ka k}mua

ilkimrihk ylihac `mc g}k`l# cay mvrmhmkihay `m }ka mypphia rcyphia'mulc}ihlkaha ccmnalka mkilkpa mk mc nkml y}y gmjlmy rlyhohch`a`my `m archiaihk+ Mc iayl mgocmgphil cl

ilkyphp}xm mc acmgk ^acpfm _}ppgakk# x mk myrmihac y} Omck# yhkelka `m }ka nak ih}`a`

&18?>(# `li}gmkpac `m hpgly uhy}acmy# hkyrha`ly mk mc aoypaiihlkhygl nmlgphil# q}m

mnhypaoak x l`mkaoak ca mach`a` `hmipa x akghia `m ca rlyn}ma nmgaka+

=+ Rlranak`a x gl`mkh`a`

Ca Myi}mca Ohpkhia `m `li}gmkpacmy r}`l ym ca gy ilkypakpm faypa mc ilghmkzl `m

ca Ymn}k`a N}ma G}k`hac# x p}ul ilgl uacl rhkihrac mc `m mumca ca `hnkh`a` `mc r}mocll`hkahl x y} paoajl+ @m mypa ilhmkpm yac` mc cmnmk`ahl Jlfk Nhmylk# myiliy mghna`l

a cly Mypa`ly ]kh`ly+ Apa`l rl ca mcmuakiha ylihac `mc ihkm }yl# faiha ehkacmy `m cly ?2

cln `myalcca }k paoajl `m `li}gmkpachygl ylihac# oaya`l mk mc rhkihrhl `m q}m cly ljly

`mc ih}`a`akl `momk imkpaym mk y} rlrha fhyplha x mk y} ilph`hakh`a`+ Raa mccl eliachz y}y

loay mk cl }oakl'ylihac x mk cl hk`}yphac+

Rml e}m mc klpmagmhiakl Ram Clmkpz q}hmk# ac `lghka mc hgrmhl mk mvrakyhk `m

cly `li}gmkpacmy a cl canl `m cly aly 92# pmghk y}rcakpak`l a Nhmylk oajl ca

a`ghkhypaihk _llymumcp x elgak`l rapm `m cay Chnay `m Ihkmgaplnaea x Elplnaea `m

cly Mypa`ly ]kh`ly+ Cly memiply ylihl'milkghily q}m pajl ca ihyhy `m 18?8 q}m`alk

mecmja`ly mk ca loa `li}gmkpac `m rlpmypa ylihac `hhnh`a rl Clmkpz+ Ym papaoa `m ehcgmyahmyna`ly# kl ycl rl`}ih`ly ac ganmk `m Flccx~ll`# yhkl rmchnlyly a cly ljly `mc

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I`hnl Faxy# mgrma`l mk ca hganmk r}cia x ryrma `mc ray+ Mkpm cly `li}gmkpacmy gy

hgrlpakpmy `m Clmkpz `mypaiaMc _l &1890(# q}m a rmya `m cay rmyhlkmy `mc yhypmga p}ul

ilgl memipl a`ghkhypaphul ca ilkyh`maihk# rl rapm `mc Km~ @mac# `mc ilkplc `m cay

hk}k`aihlkmy# `mc arlumifaghmkpl fh`lmciphil# `m ca ilkymuaihk `m cly y}mcly x `m ca

mcmiphehiaihk }ac+ Lpl nak m hkec}xmkpm `li}gmkpac my Ca Ih}`a`&1898(# }ka

mrmymkpaihk `m ca ihyhy }oaka# machza`l ilk igaay li}cpay x ilk }k gaxl `hkaghygl+

Ca Ymn}k`a N}ma G}k`hac `mj r}moay ilkp}k`mkpmy `m ca hkih`mkiha rlcphia `mc

`li}gmkpac+ Ilk ca rmyrmiphua `m cly aly mc `li}gmkpachygl ochil mgrmz a i}grch y}

e}kihk `m mnhypl fhyphil rl y ylcl# gy acc `m ca ehkach`a` q}m y} hkelgaihk f}ohma

ilkccmua`l mk acnk glgmkpl+ Mk mc iayl myrmiehil `m o}mka rapm `mc mnhypl m}lrml `m ca

Ymn}k`a N}ma G}k`hac# pacmy pmyphglkhly yhuhmlk ka`a gmkly q}m raa `mk}kiha# aly

gy pa`m# cly igmkmy mjmi}pa`ly rl cly kazhy# q}hmkmy pagohk rl y} rapm faoak iarpa`l

ghk}ihlyagmkpm acn}kay `m y}y plp}ay x aymyhkaply gy flllyly+

Iayly ilgl mc gmkihlka`l ilkpho}xmlk a ca a`lrihk `mc `li}gmkpac mk y} rarmc `m

pmyphnl hme}paocm x phc raa ca mulc}ihk ylihac# rlcphia `m ca fhyplha ilkpmgrlkma+ Camumcaihk gy ylrmk`mkpm `m mypa ua q}m` `micaa`a ilk loay pak mypmgmim`lay x

rlphiay ilgl Klifm x Khmoca &Acahk _mykahy# 18==(# ymnk _aohnm# /q}hz mc `li}gmkpl

q}m `myihom ilk gaxl e}mza ca iaraih`a` q}m phmkm mc flgom raa `myp}h a y}y

ymgmjakpmy/ &_aohnm# 1868# r+16(+

Raa ca ymn}k`a rlyn}ma m}lrma# mc `li}gmkpachygl xa faoa `mja`l y} f}mcca

hgolaocm mk ca fhyplha `mc ihkm# rl y} i}ach`a` `m pmyphglkhl ylihac m fhyphil x rl ca

hkec}mkiha x memiply `m y}y ilkpmkh`ly+ Cly q}m fak yh`l x yhn}mk yhmk`l cly gluhghmkply gy

payimk`mkpmy x mulc}ihlka`ly `m ca fhyplha `mc ihkm mc _machygl Yluhphil# mc _machygl

Rlphil eakiy# mc Kmlmachygl Hpachakl# y} cmna`l rlypmhl mk acn}kly `m clyK}muly Ihkmy

`mc g}k`l x# mk nmkmac# mc ccaga`l ihkm gl`mkl p}uhmlk ilgl memmkiha }ka ilkyhypmkihamachypa `mhua`a `m ca hganmk `li}gmkpac+

Y}rma`a ca fmnmglka x `mrmk`mkiha aoylc}pa `mc ylrlpm `m imc}clh`m# `my`m ehkacmy

`m cly aly ymymkpa mc u`ml ym hgrlk` ilgl hkyp}gmkpl `m rhgm l`mk raa ca

rl`}iihk `li}gmkpac# mk cl q}m ym h`mkphehia ilgl mc rhgm nak rayl faiha ca

`mgliaphzaihk `m cly iakacmy `m `he}yhk+ Ilgl ilkymi}mkiha `mc yacpl pmiklcnhil# ca

mvrakyhk `mc nkml ym rlxmipa mk `ly emkpmy riphiagmkpm akpankhily: ca

fhrmrl`}iihk mypak`ahza`a `mc gmia`l pmcmuhyhul myrmihacgmkpm `m cly Mypa`ly ]kh`ly'

x# rl lpl ca`l# ca rl`}iihk hk`mrmk`hmkpm lhnhka`a mk `hyphkply ymiplmy

ilkpahkelgaphuly + A gm`hakl x canl rcazl# cly memiply `m mypa mulc}ihk ym gakhemypak

mk ca iapayhy ylihac# ca ilkelkpaihk fhyphia `mc rl`m# ca `mk}kiha mk plkl a cagakhr}caihk `m cly gm`hly# mc y}nhghmkpl `m gcphrcmy hkilkmy `m rl`}iihk rmhehia a

khumc g}k`hac# ca `mgak`a x mc mihicajm `mc `li}gmkpac rl memipl `m k}muly yhypmgay `m

pakyghyhk# x ca aimkp}aihk `m ifakpajmy x ilkplcmy rl rapm `m cay pakykaihlkacmy

p}pmcamy `m cly gm`hly `m ilg}khiaihk &?(+

_milh`l mc rhgm c}ypl `mc rmymkpm yhncl# ca mulc}ihk `hnhpac ym fa pakyelga`l

mk }ka e}mza rl`mlya q}m nmkma }ka ymn}k`a m`a` `m ll raa mc `li}gmkpac+ Ilgl mk

khknk lpl glgmkpl `m ca paxmiplha a}`hluhy}ac# mk ghcmy `m iayly ylk y}y rlpanlkhypay

ylihacmy cly rlrhly `hmiplmy+ Ilgl mk khknk lpl glgmkpl# rl cl pakpl# ca ilkyp}iihk x

ca hganmk `m ca Fhyplha my rlyhocm a pauy `m }ka raphihraihk g}ifl gy gcphrcm x

`mih`h`agmkpm mkhq}mim`la+ Rlq}m# ilgl ohmk cl mvrmya Uyq}mz Gmk`mc:

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yh fmgly mkpa`l mk ca cakza`ma `m }ka mulc}ihk i}achpaphua raa ca fhyplha `m ca

f}gakh`a` &ca mulc}ihk ohl'pmikl'ilg}khiaihlkac(4 yh mc rl`m `m ca ilg}khiaihk my

y}rmhl# mk ca aip}ach`a`# a i}acq}hm lpl rl`m# mc rvhgl ayacpl kl cl ym a khkn}ka

Oayphcca l a khknk Racaihl `m Hkuhmkl# yhkl a mym ghypmhlyl m`}ipl mk mc q}m mc rl`m

gm`hphil ym mgolyia+ X mccl ym faim# a`mgy# `my`m cly rlrhly gm`hly# mypaocmihmk`l

k}muly uki}cly ilk k}mypl mkplkl+ @m mccl `mrmk`m }k e}p}l gkhgagmkpm

`mgliphil+ @m mccl `mrmk`m }k e}p}l gkhgagmkpm f}gakl/ &Uyq}mz Gmk`mc#1888# r+ 1==(+

Ohochlnaea ihpa`a

Oakl}~# M+Mc @li}gmkpac+ Fhyplha x Myphcl+ Nm`hya+ Oaimclka# 1885+

Imohk Fmmly# G+ Nkmly Hkelgaphuly A}`hluhy}acmy+ _a`hl# Pmcmuhyhk# Rmhl`hyglNehil# Ihkm x U`ml+ Ihmkiha x @hypho}ihk# Y+A+ Ga`h`# 188?+

N}omk# _+Fhyplha mc Ihkm+ Q}hkpa M`hihk+ C}gmk+ Oaimclka# 1886+

Khiflcy# o+ Ca mrmymkpaihk `m ca mach`a`+ I}myphlkmy x ilkimrply ylom mc `li}gmkpac+

Rah`y+ Oaimclka# 188>+

_aohnm# G+@hmiihk `m @li}gmkpacmy+ Gak}ac Rlemyhlkac K 90+ HL_PU+ Ga`h`# 1868+

Uyq}mz Gm`mc# G+ A+ /Cly gm`hly `m ilg}khiaihk x ca ilkyp}iihk ylihac `m ca mach`a`#

mk /Ca `mgliaphzaihk `m cly gm`hly+ Rhgma M`hihk+ MGA'_PU , @hr}paihk `m Ymuhcca 'hGM@MA+ &Aylihaihk Hkumyphnaihk `m Gm`hly(+ Ymuhcca# 1888+

Klpay

&1( Mypphiagmkpm faocak`l# ca mulc}ihk `mc ihkm ilkpmgrlkml 'faiha }ka gaxl iaraih`a` `m mrmymkpaihk

mvrmyhua' ym apho}xm mk nak gm`h`a a ca e}yhk mkpm ca ehiihk x mc machygl# `mhua`a `m gluhghmkply q}m#

ilgl mc Kmlmachygl# p}uhmlk ilgl oaym ca mvrmhmkiha x ca e}mza `li}gmkpac+

&?( Myply pmgay ym aol`ak mk }k ymn}k`l iarp}cl# j}kpl ilk mc raklaga aip}ac `m ca rl`}iihk `li}gmkpacilk ca mvrclyhk `hnhpac+