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TTT4160-1Mobile
CommunicationsProfessor Geir E. ien
IET, NTN
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!utline
Course Info an" bac#$roun"
Course %&llabus
'ireless (istor& an" Tren"s'ireless )ision for t*e +uture
Tec*nical C*allen$es
Current 'ireless %&stemsEmer$in$ 'ireless %&stems
%ectrum e$ulation
%tan"ar"iation
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Course Information/Peole
ecturer/
Prof. Geir E. ien, room C42, Ele#troblo## C. Tlf/ 2413.
Mail/ oieniet.ntnu.no.
Teac*in$ 5ssistants/
%bastien "e la et*ulle "e &*o7e, room C31b,Ele#troblo## C. Tlf/ 26288. Mail/ "ela#et*iet.ntnu.no.
C*an$mian 'an$, room C31b, Ele#troblo## C. Tlf/ 2680.Mail/ c*an$miaiet.ntnu.no.
mailto:delaketh@iet.ntnu.nomailto:delaketh@iet.ntnu.no -
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cont9"
Prere:uisites/ TTT41;3 Information t*eor&,co"in$ an" comression < TTT410 =i$italCommunications >or forei$n e:ui7alents?
e:uire" Te@tboo#/Wireless Communications, b& Prof.Andrea J.
Goldsmith>Cambri"$e ni7ersit& Press,a7ailable at Tair boo#store?
Class (omea$e/*tt/AABBB.iet.ntnu.noAcoursesAttt4160AN Bebsite not &et u"ate"...D
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Course ac#$roun"
T*is course is artl& base" on a course B*ic* *as been "e7eloe"an" tau$*t reeate"l& b& ProfessorAndrea Goldsmith>te@tboo#aut*or? at %tanfor" ni7ersit& in t*e ast "eca"e.
Presentation Bill be artl& base" on material from t*e %tanfor"course >cre"its to Prof.Homayoun Hashemifor some of t*esli"es?.
%ulements from locall& "e7eloe" course an" $uest lecturers.
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E@ercises/ !ne comulsor& mi"termF e@ercise, t*e rest 7oluntar& Mostl& Britten e@ercises, but ossibl& also some in Matlab later E@ercises Bill be assi$ne" "urin$ lectures, an" are "ue ne@t
Mon"a& before 1; am for t*ose B*o Bant t*eir ansBers c*ec#e"b& t*e T.5.
No e@ercise assi$ne" to"a&/ rst on Mon"a&, Hanuar& 13t*. (el from teac*in$ assistant Bill be $i7en in E4, Tues"a&s
16.13 - 1.00 >rst on Hanuar& 16t*?. E@ercise sessions >e@cet rst?/ Combination of re7ieB of last
Bee#9s e@ercise < *el Bit* t*e current Bee#9s.
E@am/ 'ritten e@am, 02.00 - 1.00, %atur"a&, Hune ;n",;008
Gra"in$/ 5 - + scale, base" on nal e@am onl&
Course Information,continue"
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TentativeCourse
%&llabus !7er7ieB of 'ireless Communications >C*. 1? A1-08 Pat* oss an" %*a"oBin$ >C*. ;? 13A1-08 %tatistical +a"in$ Mo"els >C*. ? ;;A1-08 Caacit& of 'ireless C*annels >C*. 4.1 - 4..1? ;2A1-08 =i$ital Mo"ulation an" its Performance >C*. 3C*. 2.1 - 2.4? 1;A-08 =i7ersit& >C*. 8.1 - 8.? 12A-08 %rea" %ectrum >C*. 1? ;6A-08 < 16A4-08 Cellular %&stems an" Infrastructure-ase" 'ireless NetBor#s >C*. 13? ;A4-08 T*e G%M %&stem >$uest lecture b& =r.Magne Pettersen, Telelan? 0A4-08
N!TE 1/ 5 more "etaile" s&llabus Bill be *an"e" out toBar"s t*e en" of t*ecourse.
N!TE ;/ Most of t*e rest of t*e boo# Bill be co7ere" b& t*e in-"et* mo"ule>s#all-emne? ommuni#asJons- o$ #o"in$steori for trK"lLse #analerF, fall;008.
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'ireless >Pre-?(istor& Pre-historic times: smoke signals, bonfres,lighthouses, torches1895: frst radio transmission (Marconi, sle o! "ight,18 mile distance#
1915: "ireless $oice transmission establishedbet%een &an 'rancisco and e% )ork19*5: +rthur larke(sci-f %riter# suggestsgeostationary satellites19*.: Public mobile tele/hon0 introduced in 5 2&
cities19*3: n$ention o! cellular conce/t (+44#1953: 'irst de/lo0ed communication satellite(&/utnik, &o$iet 2nion#19.6: 'irst de/lo0ed geostationar0 satellite (+&+#
1931: 'irst /acket-based radio net%ork (+7+4,2ni$ o! a%aii#
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'ireless (istor&,cont9"
+irst Mobile a"io Tele*one 12;4
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Pre-Cellular 'ireless
!ne *i$*l&-ele7ate", *i$*-oBere"antenna in a lar$e ser7ice area
%mall number of c*annels >feBusers?
5nalo$ transmission, ineicient
use of sectrum >no fre:uenc&reuse?
)er& loB caacit&, oBer-ineicient
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T*e Cellular Concet
asic
Princiles/+re:uenc& e-useCell %littin$
>+irst roose" b&D.H. Ringat ell
aboratories, NH,
%5 in 1248.?
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Cellular -Imlementation
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Cellular -Imlementation
NB: Not entirely wireless since
base stations are connected bywired network!
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e-use c*annels to ma@imiecaacit&
Geo$ra*ic re$ions are "i7i"e" into cells +re:uenciesAtimeslotsAco"es reusedat satiall& searate" locations. N! Co"channel inter#erence>betBeen same-color cells beloB?. ase stationsAMT%!s >Mobile Tele*one %Bitc*in$ !ices? coor"inate hando$ and controlfunctions %*rin#in$ cell sie increases caacit& - but also netBor#in$ bur"en..
BASE
STATION
MTSO
ll l *
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Cellular P*oneNetBor#s
%%
MT%!
P%TN
MT%!
%
San Francisco
New YorkInternet
PSTN: Public Service
Telephone Network
* i l
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T*e 'irelesse7olution
Cellular is t*e fastest $roBin$ sector of communication in"ustr&>e@onential $roBt* since 12;, Bit* o7er ; billion usersBorl"Bi"e to"a&?
Mo"ern-"a& $enerationsF of Bireless >re-cellular/ 0G?/
+irst Generation>1G - e@. NMT, ca. 12; - ?/ 5nalo$ ;3 or 0 ( +M,
7oice onl&, mostl& 7e*icular communications. %econ" Generation>;G - e@. G%M, ca. 122 - ?/ NarroBban" T=M5 an"
C=M5, 7oice an" loB bit-rate "ata, ortable units.
;.3G - ;.83G/ En*ancements to ;G netBor# for increase" "atatransmission caabilities >e@. GP% < E=GE, ca. ;000 - ?.
T*ir" Generation>G - MT%AIMT-;000, ca. ;00; - ?/ 'i"eban" T=M5an" C=M5, 7oice an" *i$* bit-rate "ata, ortable units
4t* Generation >4GAG, ca. ;010 - ?/ ... (etero$eneous netBor# ofse7eral interactin$ s&stemsAnetBor#s, not one "e"icate" netBor#O"i7erse, a"7ance", a"ati7e air interfaces, rotocols, an" resourceallocation mec*anismsO multitu"e of ser7ices inclu"in$ *i$*-caacit&multime"ia?
l" l
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'orl" Telecom%tatistics
Crosso7er *aene" in Ma& ;00;...D
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%ubscribers b& Tec*nolo$&- as of Hune ;006
;.41 illion Cellular Customers 'orl"Bi"e
G%MAMT% totals ;. of t*is >G%M "ominates?
(PD: Personal Diital ellular"
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=istribution as of Hune;006
G%M G * 122
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G%M GroBt* - 122 toHune ;006
E i i
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E@citin$=e7eloments
Internet an" lato use e@lo"in$
'ireless 5Ns an" P5Ns $roBin$ rai"l&
(u$e cell *one oularit& Borl"Bi"eEmer$in$ s&stems suc* as luetoot*,
', Qi$bee, an" 'iM5R oenin$ neB"oors
Militar& an" securit& Bireless nee"s Imortant inter"iscilinar& alications
%ensor netBor#s
N # >T*
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NetBor#s >T*e'ireless )ision?
'ireless InternetaccessNt* $eneration
Cellular'ireless 5" (ocNetBor#s%ensor NetBor#s'irelessEntertainment
%mart(omesA%aces5utomate"(i$*Ba&s5ll t*is an" moreS
Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices
(ar" =ela& Constra
(ar" Ener$& Constr
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=esi$n C*allen$es
T*e Bireless c*annel is a "iicult an" caacit&-limite" broa"cast communications me"iumD
Traic atterns, user locations, an" netBor#con"itions are constantl& c*an$in$...
Traic is nonstationar&, bot* in sace an" intime
Ener$& an" "ela& constraints c*an$e "esi$nrinciles across all la&ers of t*e rotocolstac# >oints toBar"s cross"layer design%
E l ti f C t
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E7olution of Current%&stems
'ireless s&stems to"a&;G < ;.3G Cellular/ 0-80 bAs.'5Ns/ 10 MbAs.
Ne@t Generation;.83G < G Cellular/ 00 bAs.'5Ns/ 80 MbAs.
Tec*nolo$& En*ancements(ar"Bare/etter batteries. etter circuitsArocessors.
Co-otimiation Bit* transmission sc*emes.
in#/5ntennas, mo"ulation, co"in$, a"ati7it&, =%P,'.NetBor#/=&namic resource allocation. Mobilit&
suort.
G IT " l "
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G/ IT-"e7eloe",MT%AIMT-;000
Satellite
Macrocell Microcell
Urban In-Building
Picocell
Global
Suburban
Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
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+uture Generations
Rate
Mobility
2G
3G
4G
802.11b WLAN
2G Cellular
Other Tradeo!"
Rate #!. Co#era$e
Rate #!. %elay
Rate #!. Co!t Rate #!. &'er$y
Still" (u'da)e'tal %e!i$' *rea+throu$h! Needed
C t 'i l
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Current 'ireless%&stems
Cellular %&stems
'ireless 5Ns >0;.11aAbA$, 'i-+i? %atellite %&stems
Pa$in$ %&stems
luetoot*
ltraBi"eban" ra"ios >'?
Qi$beeA0;.13.4 ra"ios
'iM5R >0;.16?
'i l l 5
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'ireless ocal 5reaNetBor#s >'5Ns?
'5Ns connect localF comuters
>100 m ran$e?rea#s "ata into ac#etsC*annel access is s*are" >ran"om
access? -
01011011
,'ter'et
A--e!!
oi't
0101 1011
'i l 5N %t " "
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'ireless 5N %tan"ar"s>'i-+i?
0;.11b >Current Generation?%tan"ar" for ;.4G( I%M ban" >bB 0 M(?+re:uenc& *oe" srea" sectrum1.6-10 Mbs, 300 ft ran$e
0;.11a >Emer$in$ Generation?%tan"ar" for 3G( NII ban" >bB 00 M(?!+=M Bit* time "i7ision;0-80 Mbs, 7ariable ran$e%imilar to (ier5N in Euroe
0;.11$ >NeB %tan"ar"?%tan"ar" in bot* ;.4 G( an" 3 G( ban"s!+=M >multicarrier mo"ulation?%ee"s u to 34 Mbs
,' utureall WLAN
-ard! /ill
ha#e all 3
!ta'dard!...
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%atellite %&stems
Co7er 7er& lar$e areas
=ierent orbit *ei$*tsGE!s >2000 m? 7ia ME!s to E!s >;000 m?Tra"e-o betBeen co7era$e, rate, an" oBer bu"$etD
!timie" for one"&ay transmission!a"io >e.$. =5? an" mo7ie >%atT)? 'roadcasting
Most tBo-Ba& s&stems stru$$lin$ or ban#rut...>Too? e@ensi7e alternati7e to terrestrial s&stems
>ut/ a feB ambitious s&stems on t*e *orion?
P i % t
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Pa$in$ %&stems>PersonsL#?
roa" co7era$e for >7er&? s*ort
messa$in$Messa$e broa"cast from all base
stations%imle terminals
!timie" for 1-Ba& transmission
5nsBer-bac# is *ar"(verta)en 'y cellular
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8C32810.61-Cimini-7/98
luetoot*
Cable relacementF + tec*nolo$& >loB
cost?
%*ort ran$e >10 m, e@ten"able to 100 m?
;.4 G( I%M ban" >croB"e"D?
1 =ata >800 bs? < 7oice c*annels
'i"el& suorte" b& telecommunications,PC, an" consumer electronics comanies
+eB alications be&on" cable relacementD
lt 'i" b " "i
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ltra'i"eban" a"io>'?
*m+ulsera"io/ sen"s ulses of tens of icosecon"s >10 -1;?
to nanosecon"s >10-2? - "ut& c&cle of onl& a fraction of a
ercent
ses a lot of ban"Bi"t* >or"er of G(?
oB robabilit& of "etection b& ot*ers < benecial
interference roerties/ loB transmit oBer >"ensit&?
srea" o7er Bi"e ban"Bi"t*
T*is also results in short range.
ut / E@cellent ositionin$ >ran$in$? caabilit& < otential
of *i$* "ata rates
Multiat* *i$*l& resol7able/ bot* $oo" an" ba" Can use e.$. !+=M or e:ualiation to $et aroun" multiat*
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'*& is ' interestin$
ni:ue ocation an" Positionin$ roerties1 cm accurac& ossible
oB PoBer CM!% transmitters100 times loBer t*an luetoot* for same ran$eA"ata
rate
)er& *i$* "ata rates ossible >alt*ou$* lo&s+ectral e$iciency? - 300 Mbs at 10 feet ran$e un"ercurrent re$ulations
8.3 G* of free sectrumF in t*e .%.
+CC >+e"eral Communications Commission? recentl& le$alie"' for commercial use in t*e %%ectrum allocation o7erla&s e@istin$ users, but alloBe" oBer
le7el is 7er& loB, to minimie interference
Moore9s aB a"ioF=ata rate scales Bit* t*e s*orter ulse Bi"t*s ma"e ossible Bit*
e7er faster CM!% circuits
IEEE 0; 13 4AQi$ee
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IEEE 0;.13.4AQi$eera"ios
oB-ate 'P5N >'ireless Personal 5rea NetBor#? - forcommunications U 0 meters.
=ata rates of ;0, 40, ;30 #bs
%tar toolo$& or eer-to-eer oeration, u to ;33"e7icesAno"es er netBor#
%uort for loB-latenc& "e7ices
C%M5-C5 >carrier sense multile access Bit* collisiona7oi"ance? c*annel access
)er& loB oBer consumtion/ tar$ets sensor net&or)s>batter&-"ri7en no"es, lifetime ma@imiation?
+re:uenc& of oeration in I%M ban"s
Interoerabilit& for MicroBa7e
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Interoerabilit& for MicroBa7e
5ccess
%tan"ar"s-base" >P(V la&er/ IEEE 0;.16 'ireless M5N famil&AET%I(ierM5N? tec*nolo$&, enablin$ "eli7er& of Flast mileF >out"oor?
Bireless broa"ban" access, as an alternati7e to cable an" =% >M5N WMetroolitan 5rea NetBor#?. %e7eral ban"s ossible.
!+=M-base" a"ati7e mo"ulation, ;36 subc*annels. T=M>5?-base".
5ntenna "i7ersit&AMIM! caabilit&. 5"7ance" co"in$ < (5X. +i@e", noma"ic, ortable, an" mobile Bireless broa"ban" connecti7it&
Bit*out t*e nee" for "irect line-of-si$*t >!%? to base station.
In a t&ical cell ra"ius "elo&ment of to 10 #ms, e@ecte" to "eli7ercaacities of u to 40 Mbs er c*annel, for @e" an" ortable access.
Mobile netBor# "elo&ments are e@ecte" to ro7i"e u to 13 Mbs of
caacit& Bit*in a t&ical cell ra"ius "elo&ment of u to #ms. 'iM5R tec*nolo$& alrea"& *as been incororate" in some noteboo#
comuters an" P=5s. Potentiall& imortant art of 4G
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=ata rate
#$ kbits%sec
#$$ kbits%sec
# &bit%sec
#$ &bit%sec
#$$ &bit%sec
$ ') * ')#') + ') , ')- ') . ')
/$*0##a
12B3iBee
Bluetooth
3iBee
/$*0##b
/$*0##
+'
12B
4re5uencies occupied
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an$e
# 6
#$ 6
#$$ 6
# k6
#$ k6
$ ') * ')#') + ') , ')- ') . ')
/$*0##a
12B
3iBee Bluetooth3iBee
/$*0##b7
+'
12B
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PoBer =issiation
# 62
#$ 62
#$$ 62
# 2
#$ 2
$ ') * ')#') + ') , ')- ') . ')
/$*0##a
12B
12B
3iBee
Bluetooth
3iBee
/$*0##b+'
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Emer$in$ %&stems
5" *oc Bireless netBor#s
%ensor netBor#s
=istribute" control netBor#s
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5"-(oc NetBor#s
Peer"to"+eer communications. No bac#bone infrastructure >no base stations?.
I.e. Trul& BirelessFD outin$ can be multiho+. Toolo$& is dynamicin timeO netBor#s sel#"organi,e. No centralie" cooor"ination. +ull& connecte", e7en Bit* "ierent lin# %INs >si$nal-
to-interference lus noise ratios?
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=esi$n Issues
5"-*oc netBor#s ro7i"e a Ye@ible netBor#infrastructure for man& emer$in$ alications.
T*e caacit& of suc* netBor#s is *oBe7er &et
$enerall& un#noBn >*ot researc* toic?.
Transmission, access, an" routin$ strate$ies fora"-*oc netBor#s are $enerall& also still a"-*oc...
Cross"layer designcritical an" 7er& c*allen$in$.
-nergy constraintsimose interestin$ "esi$ntra"eos for communication an" netBor#in$>no"es t&icall& batter&-"ri7en?.
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-nergy is the drivingconstraint
No"es t&icall& oBere" b& nonrechargea'le batteries.=ata >sensor measurements? YoB to one centralie"
location >sin# no"e, "ata fusion center?.oB er-no"e rates - but u to 100,000 no"es.%ensor "ata *i$*l& correlate" in time an" sace.No"es can coo+erate in transmission, recetion,
comression, an" si$nal rocessin$.
Ener$& Constraine"
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Ener$&-Constraine"No"es
Eac* no"e can onl& sen" a nite number of bits.Transmit ener$& minimie" b& ma@imiin$ bit timeCircuit ener$& consumtion increases Bit* bit time Intro"uces a delay versus energy tradeo$for eac* bitD
%*ort-ran$e netBor#s must consi"er transmit,circuit, an" rocessin$ ener$& - Jointl&.Most so*isticate" transmission tec*ni:ues not
necessaril& most ener$&-eicientD%lee mo"es sa7e ener$& - but comlicate netBor#in$.
C*an$es e7er&t*in$ about t*e netBor# "esi$n/it allocation must be otimie" across all rotocols.=ela& 7s. t*rou$*ut 7s. no"eAnetBor# lifetime
tra"eos.!timiation of no"e cooeration.
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%ectrum e$ulation %ectrum is a limite" natural resource use" b& man&.
T*e &orld&idera"io sectrum is controlle" b& IT-
>International Telecommunications nion? In-uro+e, b& ET%I >Euroean Telecommunications
%tan"ar"iation Institute?. In t*e /, b& +CC >+e"eral Communications CommissionO
commercial? an" !%M >!ice of %ectral Mana$ementO"efense?.
InNor&ay, b& Post- o$ teletils&net >PT?.
%ectrum can be auctione", ai" @e" rice for, or $i7en
aBa&F >unlicense" ban"s?.
%ome sectrum t&icall& set asi"e for uni7ersal use.
Re$ulatio' althou$h 'e-e!!ary -a' al!o !tu't i''o#atio' -au!e e-o'o)i-
di!a!ter! a'd delay !y!te) rollout... -. MTS !e-tru) au-tio'! i' &uroe
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%tan"ar"s Interactin$ s&stems re:uire stan"ar"iation >comatibilit&,
interoerabilit&?
T&icall&/ Comanies Bant t*eir oBn s&stems a"ote" asstan"ar"D5lternati7el&/ tr& for "e-factoF stan"ar"s
'orl"Bi"e stan"ar"s "etermine" b& IT-T >InternationalTelecommunications nion?
In Euroe, b& ET%I >Euroean Telecommunications%tan"ar"iation Institute?
In t*e % b& TI5 >Telecommunications In"ustr& 5ssociation? IEEE stan"ar"s often a"ote" >also Borl"Bi"e? Process frau$*t Bit* ineiciencies an" interest conYicts...
Sta'dard! or -urre't !y!te)! are !u))ari5ed i' Ae'di6 % i' the
te6tboo+.
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Main Points T*e Bireless 7ision for t*e future encomasses man& e@citin$
s&stems an" alications
Tec*nical c*allen$es transcen" across all la&ers of t*e s&stem"esi$n.
Cross"layer design is emer$in$ as a #e& t*eme in Bireless.
E@istin$ an" emer$in$ s&stems ro7i"e e@cellent :ualit& forcertain alications, but oor interoerabilit&.
%tan"ar"s an" sectral allocation *ea7il& imact t*e
e7olution of Bireless tec*nolo$&.
T*is course Bill *oBe7er focus on 'asic technology issuesrelate" to an" rele7ant for current and u+coming &irelesssystems.
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