revista pensamiento penal - castigos irracionales: leyes de … · 2021. 8. 1. · colectivo de...

Colectivo de Estudios Drogas y DerechoInforme Regional 2017

Sergio ChaparroCatalina Pérez Correa

Coletta Youngers

CASTIGOS IRRACIONALES:Leyes de Drogas y Encarcelamiento

en América Latina

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Raúl Alejandro Corda | ArgentinaIntercambios A.C.

Jorge Vicente Paladines | EcuadorDefensor Público Regional

Catalina Pérez Correa | MéxicoCIDE

Jérôme Mangelinckx | PerúCIDDH

Ricardo Soberón Garrido | PerúCIDDH

Gianella Bardazano | UruguayIELSUR

Coletta Youngers | Estados UnidosWOLA

Pien Metaal | Países BajosTNI

Gloria Rose Marie de Achá | BoliviaAsociación Acción Andina

Luciana Boiteux | BrasilUniversidad Federal de Rio de Janeiro/

LADIH/UFRJ

João Pedro Padua | BrasilUniversidad Federal Fluminense

Rodrigo Uprimny Yepes | ColombiaDejusticia

Sergio Chaparro | ColombiaDejusticia

Luis Felipe Cruz | ColombiaDejusticia

Ernesto Cortés | Costa RicaACEID

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Recomendaciones

Reformas Legales:

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SOBRE EL CEDD

Resumen Ejecutivo

Introducción

La cárcel como primera respuesta

Condiciones carcelarias en las Américas y derechos fundamentales

Encarcelamiento por delitos de drogas

Los vicios de la política de drogas en el proceso penal

Criminalización primaria

Criminalización secundaria (punición en la etapa judicial)

Criminalización terciaria: delitos de drogas y obligatoriedad de la cárcel

El encarcelamiento por drogas: una de las principales causas de la crisis

penitenciaria

La política de encarcelamiento en cifras

¿Quiénes son las personas encarceladas por delitos de drogas?

Pobreza y oportunidades en la ilegalidad: persecución y encarcelamiento de los

más débiles

Delitos y sustancias de las personas privadas de la libertad

Usuarios de drogas: criminalización y encarcelamiento

Poblaciones específicas

Mujeres

Mujeres con hijos en prisión

Jóvenes y adolescentes

Extranjeros

Otras poblaciones

Conclusiones y Recomendaciones

Bibliografía

ÍNDICE

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SOBRE EL CEDD

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.3! L>S04B9! E97439! ,96! BT0B1,16! 6;3! ,=89016!:;3:1! 1V4671! 6;K01D;K,9B4R3F! 16B961U! :1!01B=06;6! ?! B;3:4B4;316! 1V701>96! :1!54;,13B49#! E9! I9,79! :1! C484131F! :1! 98=9!D;79K,1F! 1361016! KT64B;6! ?! 16D9B4;6!6=I4B413716!B;3704K=?13!9!Y=1!1V4679!=39!9,79!D0159,13B49! :1! 13I10>1:9:16! B;37984;696!Y=1!D;313!13!04168;!,9!69,=:!:1!,;6!437103;6F!:1! 6=6! I9>4,49016! ?! :1! ,;6! 1>D,19:;6! :1! ,;6!B1370;6! :1! 01B,=64R3#! .,! =6;! :1! ,96! BT0B1,16!D909!9713:10!1,!D0;K,1>9!:1!,96!:0;896F!,1A;6!:1!D0;71810! ,9!69,=:F! ,9!5=,3109#!/46>43=40!1,!=6;! M;! 9K=6;N! :1! 1679! C1009>41379! D139,!9?=:90@9! 9! >1A;090! ,96! B;3:4B4;316! B90B1Z,90496F!9,!,4K1090!,;6!01B=06;6!Y=1!1V46713#!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!R E S U

E J E C U

T I V O

RESUMEN EJECUTIVO

!"#$%&#'!! "!

E9! 16748>974U9B4R3! ?! ,9! BT0B1,! 9I1B793! :1!I;0>9! :4674379! 9! ,96! D106;396! 01B,=4:96! D;0!:1,47;6!:1!:0;896!?!9!6=6!I9>4,496F!:1!9B=10:;!9!B047104;6!B;>;!1,!61V;F! ,9! 4:1374:9:!61V=9,F!,9! B;3:4B4R3! S734B9! ?! ,9! 647=9B4R3!6;B4;1B;3R>4B9#! E9! BT0B1,F! D;0! 1A1>D,;F!74131! 4>D9B7;6! :4I1013B49,16! ?! :16D0;D;0ZB4;39:;6! 6;K01! ,96! >=A1016#! L=3Y=1! 1,!32>10;! 7;79,! :1! >=A1016! 13! ,96! BT0B1,16! 16!>=?! 43I104;0! 9! ,9! D;K,9B4R3! >96B=,439F! ,;6!3451,16! :1! 13B90B1,9>4137;! :1! ,96! >=A1016!D;0!:1,47;6!:1!:0;896!167T3!9=>13793:;!9!=3!047>;! 9,90>9371! ?F! 813109,>1371F! 6;3!D106;396! Y=1! C93! ;B=D9:;! ,;6! 0938;6! >T6!K9A;6!:1!,9!B9:139!:1,!318;B4;!:1!,96!:0;896#!E9! 8093! >9?;0@9! :1! 16796! >=A1016! 741313!D;B9! 1:=B9B4R3! ?! 54513! 13! B;3:4B4;316! :1!D;K01U9[! >=BC96! 6;3! >9:016! 6;,71096#! .,!13B90B1,9>4137;! :1! >=A1016! >9:016! ?!B=4:9:;096! 13! D9074B=,90F! D=1:1! 71310!B;361B=13B496! :159679:;096! D909! 6=6!I9>4,496#!\;0!;709!D9071F! ,96!:46B04>439B4;316!Y=1!6=I013!D106;396!D107131B413716!9!80=D;6!D;K,9B4;39,16! 709:4B4;39,>1371! >908439:;6!D;0! I=109! :1! ,9! D0464R3F! 6=1,13! 7096,9:9061! ?!1V9B10K9061!:1370;!:1!1,,9#!!

-;3! 016D1B7;! 9! ,;6],96! AR51316! ?! ,;6],96!9:;,16B13716! 435;,=B09:;6! 13! :1,47;6! :1!:0;896F! D161! 9! Y=1! 6;3! D0;B169:;6! 13!64671>96! D139,16! :4I1013716F! 6=1,13! 71310!B909B710@674B96! ?! D0;K,1>96! B;>=316! 9,!64671>9! :1! 9:=,7;6#! ^39! :1! 1,,96! 16! Y=1! 34!9:;,16B13716!34! AR51316!6=1,13!D107131B10!9!,;6! 3451,16! :1! ,4:109U8;! :1! ,96! >9I496!390B;709I4B93716F! 643;! 610! D9071! :1! ,;6!16,9K;316! 011>D,9U9K,16! :1,! 318;B4;#! W43!1>K908;F!9!D1690!:1!169!D9074B4D9B4R3!>13;0!61! 13B=137093! 13701! ,;6! 80=D;6! Y=1! >T6!D9:1B13!,;6!4>D9B7;6!:1!,9!B9089!D=347459!:1!,96!D;,@74B96!:1!:0;896#!O9>K4S3!61!;K61059!,9!

9=613B49!:1,!.679:;!13!>971049!D015137459!?!,9! I9,79! :1! D;64K4,4:9:16! :1! 9BB16;! 9!70979>4137;! ?! 01C9K4,479B4R3! :1,! =6;! :1!:0;896!D909!9Y=1,,;6! AR51316!?!9:;,16B13716!Y=1F! :1K4:;! 9,! B;36=>;! 018=,90F! 61!>93741313!13!1,!B@0B=,;!:1,4B745;#!!.671!:;B=>137;!61X9,9F!9!D90740!:1!154:13B49!1>D@04B9F! ,9! B04646! D134713B49049! 1V4671371! 13!L>S04B9! E97439F! :10459:9! :1! ,;6! 1I1B7;6!9:5106;6! Y=1! ,96! 9B7=9,16! ,1?16! :1! :0;896!C93! 7134:;! 6;K01! ,9! 647=9B4R3! D134713B49049!:1! B9:9! D9@6#! .,! :;B=>137;! >=16709F!9:1>T6F! Y=1! ,9! 9D,4B9B4R3! :1! ,9! D;,@74B9! :1!:0;896! <?! 6=6! 1I1B7;6! 3189745;6<! 3;! 6;3!01D9074:;6!:1!48=9,!I;0>9!13!,9!6;B41:9:!643;!Y=1! D10A=:4B93! 9! B4107;6! 61B7;016! Y=1! ?9! 61!13B;3709K93! 13! =39! 647=9B4R3! :1!5=,3109K4,4:9:! 6;B49,#! ! L371! 1679! 019,4:9:F! ?!7;>93:;! 13! B=1379! 1,! 709K9A;! :1! ,;6!43I;0>16!43:454:=9,16!:1,!-.//F!61!D0;D;313!,96! 648=413716! 01B;>13:9B4;316! :1! D;,@74B9!D2K,4B9F! ,96! B=9,16! 741313! D;0! ;KA17;! ,;8090!=39!D;,@74B9!:1!:0;896!>T6!A=679F!016D17=;69!:1!,;6!:101BC;6!I=3:9>1379,16!?!13I;B9:9!9!D0;71810! ,9! 69,=:! D2K,4B9! :1! ,96! 6;B41:9:16!,9743;9>104B9396#!

Recomendaciones

Reformas Legales:

LA=6790! ,9! 01D=1679! D139,! D909! Y=1! 619!D0;D;0B4;39,! 9,! :9X;!;B964;39:;! ?! 01I;0>90!,96! ,1?16! :1! :0;896! D909! :467438=40! 13701!:1,47;6!:1!>13;0F!>1:49!?!9,79!16B9,9[!13701!3451,16!:1!,4:109U8;!13!,96!01:16!B04>439,16F!?!13701!:1,47;6!54;,137;6!?!3;!54;,137;6#!

W=D04>40! ,96! D1396! >@34>96! ;K,4897;0496F!154790! ,9! :1713B4R3!D015137459!13!1,! B96;!:1!

4 RESUMEN EJECUTIVO

!"#$%&#'!! "!

:1,47;6! :1! :0;896! >13;016! ?! D10>4740! 1,!9BB16;!9! ,;6!K131I4B4;6!D0;B169,16F! 96@! B;>;!9!,96!;D;07=34:9:16!:1!D1396!9,7103974596#!!

-;364:1090! ,9! 9D,4B9B4R3! :1! 9>3467@96!16D1B49,16! M43:=,7;6NF! D909! ,96! D106;396!613713B49:96!D;0!:1,47;6!>13;016!:1!:0;896F!D;0! :1,47;6! 3;! 54;,137;6F! 96@! B;>;! D909!D106;396! 643! 9371B1:13716! D139,16! ;!613713B49:96!6;,9>1371!D;0!:1,47;6!>13;016!:1!:0;896#!

\0;>;510! 1,! 1679K,1B4>4137;! :1! >10B9:;6!,189,16! ?! 018=,9:;6! :1! B9339K46F! 43B,=?13:;!B,=K16! :1! B9339K46F! ?! 1VD,;090! ;DB4;316! :1!9BB16;! 018=,9:;! D909! ;7096! 6=6793B496!:1B,909:96!4,@B4796#!!

Uso de drogas y la ley:

/16B04>439,4U90! 1,! B;36=>;! :1! :0;896! ?!:171310!7;:9!B,961!:1!D1061B=B4R3!B;3709!,;6!B;36=>4:;016F! 43B,=?13:;! ,9! D;6164R3F!641>K09F! B=,745;! ?! B;>D09#! .6! :1B40F! 61!01B;>413:9! 69B90! :1,! :101BC;! D139,! 7;:96!,96!B;3:=B796!31B1690496!D909!,,1590!9!B9K;!1,!B;36=>;F! 96@! B;>;! :1A90! :1! =690! 9! ,;6!B=10D;6! :1! D;,4B@96! M=! ;7096! 436793B496!618=04:9:N! B;>;! D04>1096! 436747=B4;316! :1!9B10B9>4137;!9!,;6!B;36=>4:;016#!!

^690!=>K09,16!D909!I4A90!B9374:9:16!>@34>96F!K969:96! 13! 9713B4R3! 9! ,96! D0TB74B96! :1! ,;6!B;36=>4:;016F!D;0!:1K9A;!:1!,96!B=9,16!3;!61!D=1:9! 1679K,1B10! 9B7454:9:! :1! B;>10B4;F!D10;! 643! D10>4740! Y=1! D;0! 13B4>9! :1! :4BC96!B9374:9:16! ,96! D106;396! D=1:93! 610!693B4;39:96! D;0! :46704K=B4R3! ?! 70TI4B;#! .3!7;:;6!,;6!B96;6F!1,!.679:;!:1K1!D0;K90!Y=1!,9!43713B4R3! :1! ,9! D;6164R3! 16! ,9! 51379! ;!:46704K=B4R3! B;>;! B;3:4B4R3! D909! 693B4;390!:4BC9!B;3:=B79#!!

HI01B10!61054B4;6!:1!70979>4137;!5;,=37904;!?!8097=47;! 9! ,96! D106;396! Y=1! D01613793! =6;!D0;K,1>T74B;! :1! :0;896F! 7937;! B=93:;!B;>1713!;70;6!:1,47;6!B;>;!B=93:;!3;#!.671!70979>4137;! 3;! :1K1! 16790! 6=A17;! 9! ,9!9>139U9!:1!=39!693B4R3!D139,!;!4371039B4R3!B;>D=,6459#! /4BC;6! 70979>4137;6! :1K13!!6=671379061! 13! 154:13B49! B4137@I4B9F! ! B;3! =3!13I;Y=1!:1!01:=BB4R3!:1!:9X;6F!?!:1K13!610!,,159:;6!D;0!D0;I164;39,16!:1!,9!69,=:F!3;!D;0!A=1B16!D139,16#!!

Mujeres y encarcelamiento:

_1:=B40! 64834I4B97459>1371! ,;6! 3451,16! :1!13B90B1,9>4137;! :1! >=A1016F! ?9! 619! D;0!>1:4;! :1! ,9! 9D,4B9B4R3! :1,! D043B4D4;! :1!D0;D;0B4;39,4:9:! ;! D;0! ,9! 9:;DB4R3! :1!9,7103974596! :4I1013716! 9,! 13B90B1,9>4137;F!7937;! 13! 6=6747=B4R3! :1,! =6;! :1! ,9! D0464R3!D015137459F! B;>;!13! 1,! B=>D,4>4137;!:1! ,96!613713B496#!

Q;! 13B90B1,90! 9! ,96! >=A1016! 1>K909U9:96! ?!>9:016!:1!>13;016!:1!1:9:!B;3:139:96!D;0!:1,47;6!:1!:0;896!3;!54;,137;6#!.3!1,!B96;!:1!16796! >=A1016F! :1K1! B;364:109061! ,9! 9D,4B9ZB4R3!:1!9,7103974596!9,!13B90B1,9>4137;#!

L618=090! Y=1! ,;6! ;D109:;016! :1! A=674B49!713893! ,9! I,1V4K4,4:9:! :1! 7;>90! 13! B=1379F!:=09371! 1,! D0;B16;! ?! :1710>439B4R3! :1! ,9!613713B49F! ,;6! I9B7;016!:1!5=,3109K4,4:9:!?! 64!,9!9B=69:9!74131!:1D13:413716#!!

Jóvenes y adolescentes:

P>D,1>13790! D;,@74B96! D2K,4B96! 4371809,16!:40484:96!9!,;6!?!,96!AR51316!?!9:;,16B13716F!?!9593U90!C9B49!=3! B9>K4;!:1,! 9B7=9,! 13I;Y=1!16748>974U9:;0! ?! :1! B04>439,4U9B4R3! Y=1!1V4671!6;K01!1,,;6#!

5RESUMEN EJECUTIVO

!"#$%&#'!! "!

LD,4B90F! 13! ,;6! B96;6! :1! AR51316F! ,;6!K131I4B4;6!?! ,96!9,7103974596!Y=1! ,96! ,1?16!:1!1A1B=B4R3!:1!D1396F!:1!,;6!:4I1013716!D9@616F!1679K,1B13!D909!169!I093A9!179049#!!-=>D,40! B;3! ,96! ,1?16! Y=1! 1679K,1B13! ,;6!64671>96!:1!`=674B49!\139,!D909!L:;,16B13716F!,;6! B=9,16! 018=,93! ,9! 016D=1679! 167979,! D909!:1,47;6! B;>174:;6! D;0! D106;396!>13;016! :1!('!9X;6F!?!Y=1!1679K,1B13!Y=1!,9!D0459B4R3!:1!,9! ,4K1079:!:1! ,;6!9:;,16B13716!:1K1!610!6;,;!=39! 1VB1DB4R3[! 9:1>T6F! 61! :1K1! B;364:1090!Y=1!,96!>1A;016!693B4;316!13!167;6!B96;6!6;3!9Y=1,,96! Y=1! 3;! 4>D,4B93! 13B4100;F! 79,16!B;>;! ,9! ,4K1079:! 964674:9! ;! ,9! D01679B4R3! :1!61054B4;6! 9! ,9! B;>=34:9:F! 96@! B;>;! ,;6!:45106;6! 01B=06;6! Y=1! ,96! ,1?16! 1679K,1B13!D909!016;,510!,;6!B96;6!I=109!:1!,9!5@9!A=:4B49,F!?! 9! 7095S6! :1! ,9! A=674B49! 01679=097459#! L64Z>46>;F! :1K13! 9B;079061! ,96! D1396! >TV4>96!D909!:1,47;6!B;>174:;6!D;0!>13;016!:1!1:9:F!?!:1!1679!>93109!3;!1VB1:10!,;6!1679K,1B4:;6!13!43670=>137;6!4371039B4;39,16#!!

!!!!!!!

/;790! :1! 01B=06;6! 6=I4B413716! 9! ,;6! 64671>96!:1!`=674B49!\139,!D909!L:;,16B13716F!9! I43!:1!Y=1! I=3B4;313!:1! I;0>9! 16D1B49,4U9:9F! A=679!?! 1I4B41371F! 648=413:;! ,;! 1679K,1B4:;! D;0! ,9!-;3513B4R3! 6;K01! ,;6! /101BC;6! :1,! Q4X;! ?!;70;6! 167T3:9016! 4371039B4;39,16! 6;K01! ,9!>971049#!!Alternativas al encarcelamiento:

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

\0;>;510! ,96! 01I;0>96! 31B1690496! D909!D10>4740! Y=1! ;I136;016! :1! :1,47;6! >13;016!:1!:0;896!3;!54;,137;6!6193!:10459:;6!9!=39!01:! D2K,4B9! :1! 9D;?;! D909! D0151340!4371809,>1371! ,9! 0143B4:13B49F! 13! 51U! :1! 610!13549:;6! 9! D0464R3F! 9713:413:;! 96@! ,;6!I9B7;016! 6;B4;1B;3R>4B;6! Y=1! ,,1590;3! 9! ,9!B;>464R3!:1!16796!B;3:=B796#!!

RESUMEN EJECUTIVO6

Fotografía: Matías Torres. Fotógrafo de la Unidad de Comunicaciones, Gendarmería de Chile.

!"#$%&#'!! "!

Elaboración y Evaluación de Políticas de Drogas:

a909374U90! ?! 9>D,490! ,9! D9074B4D9B4R3! 13! 1,!:461X;F! 4>D,1>1379B4R3! ?! 159,=9B4R3! :1! ,96!D;,@74B96! :1! :0;896! :1! ,9! 6;B41:9:! B454,! ?F!16D1B49,>1371F! :1! ,;6! ?! ,96! =6=904;6! :1!:0;896! 13B90B1,9:96F! :1! ,96! >=A1016F!D106;396! EabOF! 43:@81396F! 9I0;6! ?! ;70;6!61B7;016! :1! ,9! D;K,9B4R3! Y=1! 167T3! 13!647=9B4;316!:1!5=,3109K4,4:9:!?!Y=1!C93!64:;!4>D9B79:;6! :16D0;D;0B4;39,>1371! D;0! ,96!D;,@74B96!:1!:0;896#!

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RESUMEN EJECUTIVO 7

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8 CASTIGOS IRRACIONALES

Introducción !

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9CASTIGOS IRRACIONALES

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CASTIGOS IRRACIONALES10

Fotografía: Oficina de Prensa y Comunicación. Ministerio de Justicia y Paz de Costa Rica.

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CASTIGOS IRRACIONALES 11

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Fuente: Tasas globales de encarcelamiento por continente tomadas de Coyle, Fair, Jacobson & Walmsley (2016, p. 18). Tasas por países basadas en ICPS. World Prison Brief. Junio de 2016.

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Fotografía: Programa Libertas. Cárcel de Varones de San Sebastián. Departamento de Cochabamba, Bolivia. Celdas construidas improvisadamente sobre el techo de la prisión por motivos de hacinamiento.

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Encarcelamiento por delitos de drogas!

Los vicios de la política de drogas en el proceso penal !

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Criminalización primaria !

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Fotografía: Mauro Tomasini

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Criminalización secundaria (punición en la etapa judicial) !

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Criminalización terciaria: delitos de drogas y obligatoriedad de la cárcel !

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El encarcelamiento por drogas: una de las principales causas de la crisis penitenciaria !

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La política de encarcelamiento en cifras !

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Fotografía: Mauro Tomasini

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País Consumo Posesión Regulación (síntesis)

Argentina No Sí

La posesión o tenencia simple y la tenencia con fines están tipificadas como delito. El artículo 14 de la Ley 23.737 tipifica la posesión para consumo como delito. Sin embargo, la Corte Suprema declaró la inconstitucionalidad del segundo párrafo del artículo 14 siempre que "se realice en condiciones tales que no traigan aparejado un peligro concreto o un daño a derechos o bienes de terceros". (Véase Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación Argentina, Fallo Arriola -A. 891. XLIV-).

Bolivia No Sí

La posesión para consumo es delito de acuerdo con el artículo 49 de la Ley 1008, sancionable con tratamiento forzoso. Sin embargo, en la práctica esta disposición no se aplica. En caso de que un examen médico determine que la persona aprehendida porta más de lo necesario para su consumo personal e inmediato, debe ser procesada por tráfico de drogas.

Brasil No Sí

La posesión para consumo y la posesión simple están tipificadas como delito. El artículo 28 de la Ley 11.343/06, señala que el juez determina cuando la sustancia se considera para consumo personal tomando en cuenta, entre otras cosas, la “naturaleza” de la sustancia, la cantidad y los antecedentes de la persona. Las sanciones para posesión por consumo no incluyen penas privativas de libertad. Artículo 33 de la Ley 11.343/06

Colombia No Sí

El consumo está prohibido constitucionalmente, pero la Corte Suprema de Justicia ha sostenido, con base en la doctrina de la dosis de aprovisionamiento, que el porte para consumo no está penalizado, incluso si sobrepasa la dosis personal (Ver Corte Constitucional de Colombia, Sentencia C 221). Sin embargo, la posesión simple sí está tipificada como delito24.

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Argentina No Sí

Bolivia No Sí

Brasil No Sí

Colombia No Sí

El consumo está prohibido constitucionalmente, pero la Corte Suprema de Justicia ha sostenido, con base en la doctrina de la dosis de aprovisionamiento, que el porte para consumo no está penalizado, incluso si sobrepasa la dosis personal (ver Corte Constitucional de Colombia, Sentencia C 221). Sin embargo, la posesión simple sí está tipificada como delito24.

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Costa Rica No No

Ni la posesión para consumo ni la posesión simple son delito. La posesión sólo es delito si se determina que la intención de la persona es para que "distribuya, comercie, suministre, fabrique, elabore, refine, transforme, extraiga, prepare, cultive, produzca, transporte, almacene o venda las drogas, las sustancias o los productos referidos en esta Ley, o cultive las plantas de las que se obtienen tales sustancias o productos" (Artículo 58 de la Ley 8204). La posesión está tipifica y sancionada tratándose de semillas “con capacidad germinadora u otros productos naturales para producir las referidas drogas." (Ley 8204 en el Artículo 58).

Ecuador No Sí

La posesión simple y para uso están tipificadas como delito, pero cuando la posesión es para consumo no es sancionada (artículo 220 del Código Orgánico integral Penal). La posesión simple se materializa por encima de los umbrales25.

México No Sí

La posesión para consumo personal es un delito, pero no se procede penalmente, siempre que no se exceda de los umbrales máximos establecidos por la Ley General de Salud (artículo 479), no sea en lugares como escuelas o cárceles y se trate de alguna de las sustancias contempladas en la LGS. La posesión simple es delito26.

Perú No Sí La posesión para consumo no es punible siempre que no exceda los umbrales de cantidad permitidos o se encuentre en posesión de dos o más tipos de sustancias. Por encima de los umbrales es punible.

Uruguay No Sí

La posesión para consumo no es delito. El juez, de acuerdo a las “reglas de la sana crítica”, decide cuando una sustancia será destinada a consumo personal. En el caso del cannabis, se entiende para consumo hasta 40 gr de marihuana o seis plantas (Artículo 7, Ley 19.172). La posesión simple es delito, salvo que se cuente con autorización legal del artículo 5 de la Ley 19.172.

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En términos normativos, la posesión o tenencia suele distinguirse entre a) la posesión con fines de distribución (que puede ser comercial o gratuita) y b) la posesión que no se realiza con esos fines. Esta última, a su vez, se distingue entre aquella que se presume que es para consumo estrictamente personal (conocida como posesión para consumo) y la posesión que, sin exigir que tenga fines de distribución, no es tolerada. Este último tipo de posesión es conocida como posesión simple (Pérez Correa et al, 2015).

Las conductas relacionadas con drogas pueden estar reguladas de tres posibles formas: a) la conducta está tipificada como delito y es sancionada, b) está tipificada como delito pero no es sancionada y, c) no está ni tipificada ni penalizada. El tráfico, comercio, siembra y distribución son regulados de la primera forma, pues se consideran delitos y, por lo tanto, son sancionados. El consumo, en cambio, suele caer en la tercera de estas tres categorías: ni es delito ni está sancionado. Los distintos tipos de posesión, por el contrario, suelen oscilar entre la primera y segunda forma de regulación, dependiendo de cada

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Costa Rica No No

Ni la posesión para consumo ni la posesión simple son delito. La posesión sólo es delito si se determina que la intención de la persona es para que "distribuya, comercie, suministre, fabrique, elabore, refine, transforme, extraiga, prepare, cultive, produzca, transporte, almacene o venda las drogas, las sustancias o los productos referidos en esta Ley, o cultive las plantas de las que se obtienen tales sustancias o productos" (Artículo 58 de la Ley 8204). La posesión está tipifica y sancionada tratándose de semillas “con capacidad germinadora u otros productos naturales para producir las referidas drogas." (Ley 8204 en el Artículo 58).

Ecuador No Sí

La posesión simple y para uso están tipificadas como delito, pero cuando la posesión es para consumo no es sancionada (artículo 220 del Código Orgánico integral Penal). La posesión simple se materializa por encima de los umbrales25.

México No Sí

La posesión para consumo personal es un delito, pero no se procede penalmente, siempre que no se exceda de los umbrales máximos establecidos por la Ley General de Salud (artículo 479), no sea en lugares como escuelas o cárceles y se trate de alguna de las sustancias contempladas en la LGS. La posesión simple es delito26.

Perú No Sí La posesión para consumo no es punible siempre que no exceda los umbrales de cantidad permitidos o se encuentre en posesión de dos o más tipos de sustancias. Por encima de los umbrales es punible.

Uruguay No Sí

La posesión para consumo no es delito. El juez, de acuerdo a las “reglas de la sana crítica”, decide cuando una sustancia será destinada a consumo personal. En el caso del cannabis, se entiende para consumo hasta 40 gr de marihuana o seis plantas (Artículo 7, Ley 19.172). La posesión simple es delito, salvo que se cuente con autorización legal del artículo 5 de la Ley 19.172.

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Argentina No Sí

Bolivia No Sí

Brasil No Sí

Colombia No Sí

El consumo está prohibido constitucionalmente, pero la Corte Suprema de Justicia ha sostenido, con base en la doctrina de la dosis de aprovisionamiento, que el porte para consumo no está penalizado, incluso si sobrepasa la dosis personal (Ver Corte Constitucional de Colombia, Sentencia C 221). Sin embargo, la posesión simple sí está tipificada como delito24.

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Fotografía: César Acuña. Prisión en Ecuador.

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Fotografía: Programa Libertas. Cárcel de Varones de San Sebastián. Departamento de Cochabamba. Bolivia. Festejo de Navidad de 2016, dirigido niños que visitan a sus padres en dicha celebración.

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Poblaciones específicas !

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P3B,=6;! B=93:;! 6=6! I9>4,49016! 6;3!13B90B1,9:;6F! ,96!>=A1016!741313!Y=1!96=>40!590496! 016D;369K4,4:9:16! 13! 6=! B=4:9:;! Y=1!01D10B=713!13! 6=6!54:96F! ,;! B=9,! B;3541071! ,9!693B4R3! D139,! 13! =3! B96748;! 3;! 6R,;! B;3709!,;6! 43:454:=;6F! 643;! B;3709! ,96! I9>4,496! ?F! 13!D9074B=,90F!B;3709!,96!>9:016F!C4A96!?!16D;696!:1!,;6!437103;6!M\S01U!-;0019F!%$()N#!L371!,96!B9013B496!:1! ,;6!64671>96!D134713B4904;6F!6;3!1,,96!Y=41316!>93741313!9! ,;6!?! ,96! 43710396F!Y=41316!,96!5464793!590496!51B16!D;0!61>939!?!Y=41316!,96!543B=,93!B;3!1,!1V7104;0#!O9>K4S3!:1K13!96=>40!,;6!B;67;6!:1!6=!:1I1369!,189,F!D=16! 13! 64671>96! D134713B4904;6! B;00=D7;6!709K9A93!D909!D9890!,;6!6;K;03;6F!?!D909!Y=1!6=6! I9>4,49016! D=1:93! 9BB1:10! 9! K41316!KT64B;6!B;>;!98=9F!B;>4:9!;!>1:4B9>137;6#!L:1>T6F! 1,! 16748>9! Y=1! 813109! 1,!13B90B1,9>4137;! :1! =3! I9>4,490! 4>D,4B9! =39!9I1B79B4R3! 31897459! 9! 6=6! 01,9B4;316!

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Número de encarcelados

por drogas (hombres y mujeres)

% encarcelados por drogas en relación

al total

% Aumento población

en prisión por drogas

Número de mujeres

encarceladas por delitos de drogas

% Mujeres encarceladas por

drogas en relación al total de mujeres

% Aumento población carcelaria

de mujeres por drogas36

ARG37 6,979 (2013) 10.88%

113.35% (2002/2013)

51338 (dic/2012)

65%39 (dic/2012)

271%(1989/2008)

BOL40 3,939 (2013) 27.32%

- 17%(2000/2013) 82741 48%42 114.38%

(2003/2013)

BRA43 146,276 (jun/2013)

25.94% (jun/2013)

344.87%(2005/2013)

289.2%(2000/2015)

16,489 (jun/2013)

60.63% (jun/2013)

290% (2005/2013)

COL44 23,141 (2014)

21% (2014)

3,830(2014)

45%(2014)

211% (2000/2014)

CR45 4,645 (dic/2011)

26.4% (dic/2011)

225.52% (2006/2011)

944 (dic/2011)

75.46%(dic/2011)

189.18% (2006/2011)

MEX47 26,098(2013)

10% (2013)

19% (2011/2013)

Federales1,547(2014)Locales

528 (2013)

44.8%(ago/2014)

14.2%(mayo/2013)

2.3%(2011/2013)

ECU46 4,156(2015)

17% (2015) 709 43%

50%(2008/2014)

35% (2008/2014)PER48 19,329

(jul/2014)27%

(jul/2014)2,679

(jul/2014)60.6%

(jul/2014)

URU49 1,265(2013)

12.9%(2013) 205

24%(2013)

36El aumento se calcula sobre el número absoluto de mujeres encarceladas.37SNEEP, Informe anual de la República Argentina. Estos datos son de las cárceles federales.38www.oas.org/es/cim/docs/WomenDrugsAmericas-ES.pdf>, cálculo hecho con datos de la p. 34.39Idem.40Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)41http://www.oas.org/es/cim/docs/WomenDrugsAmericas-ES.pdf42Idem.43DEPEN, Departamento Penitenciario Nacional, Brasil.44Instituto Nacional Penitenciario y Carcelario – INPEC. Diciembre de 2014.45Cálculo hecho a partir de los datos del Observatorio de la Violencia del Ministerio de Justicia y Paz http://sisvi.mj.go.cr/-SISVI/46Ministerio de Justicia del Ecuador.47Conforme a los datos del Censo Nacional de Gobierno, Seguridad Pública y Sistemas Penitenciarios Estatales, a diciembre de 2014, 252mil personas estaban privadas de la libertad por delitos del fuero común (239,667 hombres –el 95.1%- y 12,233 mujeres –el 4.8%-), de las cuales 11,488 (4.5%) lo estaban por narcomenudeo (10,614 hombres –el 92.3%- y 874 mujeres –el 7.6%-). En el fuero federal había privadas de la libertad 35,679 personas (33,000 hombres –el 92.4%- y 2,679 mujeres -el 7.5%-), de las cuales 13,794 (38.6%) lo estaban por delitos contra la salud (12,581 hombres –el 91.2%- y 1,213 mujeres –el 8.7%-). Esto quiere decir que 25,282 personas estaban presas por delitos de drogas (8.7% del total). De ellas 2,087 eran mujeres (el 8.2% del total). Sin embargo las mujeres detenidas por drogas representaban el 13.9% de las mujeres encarceladas (aunque en el fuero federal representaban el 45% del total y en el común el 7%). Disponible en: http://www.inegi.org.mx/lib/olap/consulta/general_ver4/MDXQueryDatos.asp?c=. 48INPEC, Informe Estadístico (Julio 2014).49Informes de Actuación y Evaluación del Sistema Penitenciario Nacional. Poder Legislativo. Comisionado Parlamentario.

Fuente: Botieux (2015, p.3).

Cuadro 3. Indicadores de encarcelamiento femenino por delitos de drogas en los nueve países estudiados de América Latina.

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• W10540! :1! D;079:;096! D909! 1,! 70TI4B;!4371039B4;39,F! 437103;F! ;! D909! 43801690!:0;896!9!,96!BT0B1,16#!

• W10! 513:1:;096! 13! D1Y=1X9! 16B9,9F!B=,7459:;096F!;!D0;B169:;096#!

• _19,4U90! ,9K;016! :1! 9D;?;! :;>S674B;F!B;>;! ,9! D01D909B4R3! :1! 9,4>137;6! ;! ,9!,4>D41U9! D909! 80=D;6! :1! :1,43B=13B49!;08934U9:9#!

• h=3840! B;>;! ;D1090496! :1! ;709! B,961! :1!790196! :1! K9A;! 3451,! 79,16! B;>;!9,>9B139>4137;! :1! 6=6793B496! 4,@B4796F!70936>464R3! :1! 43I;0>9B4R3! ;! I=3B4;316!:1!43710>1:49B4R3#!

• W10! =6=90496! :1! :0;896! Y=1! D;0793!D1Y=1X96! B9374:9:16! :1! 6=6793B496!4,@B4796F! 9!D1690!:1!Y=1!13! ,9!>9?;0@9!:1!,;6! D9@616! :1! ,9! 0184R3! 1,! =6;! 3;! 167T!D139,4U9:;!MJHEL!!"#$%&!%$(&N#!!!

c=BC96!:1!16796!>=A1016!B01B13!13!137;03;6!D0;D4B4;6! D909! 1,! 435;,=B09>4137;! 13!9B7454:9:16! 4,@B4796! ?! 3;! B=13793! B;3! ,;6!>1:4;6! ;! 1,! B9D479,! 6;B49,! D909! 8131090!9,7103974596#!L371!1679!647=9B4R3F!,96!01:16!:1!70TI4B;! C93! ;D79:;! D;0! 6=6747=40F! :1! I;0>9!B01B41371F! 9! Y=41316! B913! B9D7=09:;6!:16900;,,93:;! 9B7454:9:16! :1! K9A;! 3451,! D;0!>=A1016!13!647=9B4R3!:1!31B164:9:F!,;!B=9,!C9!,,159:;! 9! C9K,90! :1! =39! I1>434U9B4R3! :1! ,;6!:1,47;6!:1!:0;896!Y=1!713:0@9!01,9B4R3!:401B79!B;3! ,9!I1>434U9B4R3!?! ,9!B04>439,4U9B4R3!:1! ,9!D;K01U9! M-94B1:;F! %$()N#! .,! >T6! 01B41371!167=:4;! :1! JHELF! P/\-F! /1A=674B49! d! -Pc!M%$(&N!9I40>9!Y=1!>=BC96!:1!,96!>=A1016!!

435;,=B09:96!13!:1,47;6!:1!:0;896!01B;3;B13!C9K1061!435;,=B09:;!D;0!6=!D0;D49!5;,=379:!?!610! B;36B413716! :1! ,;6! 04168;6! Y=1! 1679K93!B;00413:;#! W43! 1>K908;F! B;3! 01,97459!I01B=13B49F! 61! D0161379! ,9! B;9BB4R3! :1!1V709X;6F! :1! ,9! D901A9! ;! :1! =3! I9>4,490! D909!435;,=B09061F! D;0! ,;! Y=1! 1,! 43I;0>1! 79>K4S3!9D=379! 9! Y=1! 9,8=396! :1! 16796! >=A1016!I=10;3!1389X9:96F!?!3;!713@93!B;3;B4>4137;!:1! ,;! Y=1! 1679K93! C9B413:;! ;! :16B;3;B@93!,;6! 04168;6! Y=1! 1679K93! 7;>93:;#! P3B,=6;F!9,8=396! >934I416793! C9K10! 01B4K4:;!9>139U96! D;0! >41>K0;6! :1! ,96!;08934U9B4;316! B04>439,16F! D909! ;K,4890,96! 9!019,4U90! ,9! B;3:=B79! D;0! ,9! Y=1! I=10;3!693B4;39:96#! .67;6! I9B7;016F! 3;! 6=1,13! 610!7134:;6! 13! B=1379! 9,! :4B790! 613713B49F! ,96!B=9,16! 016=,793! 1VB16459>1371! ,90896! ?!:16D0;D;0B4;39:96! MJHEL!!"# $%&! %$(&F! D#! 'Z("N#!!

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B;3709! ,9! O;07=09! :1! ,9! -;>464R3! \0;543B49,!D;0!,9!c1>;049F!%$("F!D#!('"N#!!

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Fotografía: César Acuña. Prisión de Máxima seguridad en Latacunga, Ecuador.

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Otras poblaciones !

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E9! 6;K01! D139,4U9B4R3! D909! B0@>1316!01,9B4;39:;6!B;3!:0;896!3;!C9!7134:;!343823!4>D9B7;! 13! ,9! 01:=BB4R3! :1! ,9! D0;:=BB4R3F!70TI4B;!;!=6;!:1!:0;896!B;364:109:96! 4,@B4796#!L,! B;370904;F! Y=41316! 6;3! 13549:;6! 9! D0464R3!6=1,13!610!,;6!9B7;016!>13;016!:1,!70TI4B;!:1!:0;896F!I=384K,16!?!96;B49:;6!9!1B;3;>@96!:1!6=K646713B49! =! ;7096! B;3:4B4;316! :1!5=,3109K4,4:9:#! O9>D;B;! C9! B;3704K=4:;! 9!>1A;090! ,9! 69,=:! D2K,4B9! ;! 43:454:=9,#! E96!BT0B1,16! 13! L>S04B9! E97439! 6;3! ,=89016!:;3:1! 1V4671! 6;K01D;K,9B4R3F! 16B9616! :1!01B=06;6! ?! B;3:4B4;316! 1V701>96! :1!54;,13B49#! E9! I9,79! :1! C484131F! :1! 98=9!D;79K,1F! 1361016! KT64B;6! ?! 16D9B4;6!6=I4B413716!B;3704K=?13!9!Y=1!1V4679!=39!9,79!D0159,13B49! :1! 13I10>1:9:16! B;37984;696!Y=1!D;313!13!04168;!,9!69,=:!:1!,;6!437103;6F!:1! 6=6! I9>4,49016! ?! :1! ,;6! 1>D,19:;6! :1! ,;6!B1370;6! :1! 01B,=64R3#! .,! =6;! :1! ,96! BT0B1,16!D909!9713:10!1,!D0;K,1>9!:1!,96!:0;896F!,1A;6!:1!D0;71810! ,9!69,=:F! ,9!5=,3109#!/46>43=40!1,!=6;! M;! 9K=6;N! :1! 1679! C1009>41379! D139,!9?=:90@9! 9! >1A;090! ,96! B;3:4B4;316!

L U S I O

N E S Y R

63CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES

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E9! 16748>974U9B4R3! ?! ,9! BT0B1,! 9I1B793! :1!I;0>9! :4674379! 9! ,96! D106;396! 01B,=4:96! D;0!:1,47;6!:1!:0;896!?!9!6=6!I9>4,496F!:1!9B=10:;!9!B047104;6!B;>;!1,!61V;F! ,9! 4:1374:9:!61V=9,F!,9! B;3:4B4R3! S734B9! ?! ,9! 647=9B4R3!6;B4;1B;3R>4B9#! E9! BT0B1,F! D;0! 1A1>D,;F!74131! 4>D9B7;6! :4I1013B49,16! ?! :16D0;ZD;0B4;39:;6! 6;K01! ,96! >=A1016#! L=3Y=1! 1,!32>10;! 7;79,! :1! >=A1016! 13! ,96! BT0B1,16! 16!>=?! 43I104;0! 9! ,9! D;K,9B4R3! >96B=,439F! ,;6!3451,16! :1! 13B90B1,9>4137;! :1! ,96! >=A1016!D;0!:1,47;6!:1!:0;896!167T3!9=>13793:;!9!=3!047>;!9,90>9371!?F!813109,>1371F!;B=D93!,;6!0938;6! >T6! K9A;6! :1! ,9! B9:139! :1,! 318;B4;!:1! ,96! :0;896#! E9! 8093! >9?;0@9! :1! 16796!>=A1016! 741313! D;B9! 1:=B9B4R3! ?! 54513! 13!B;3:4B4;316!:1!D;K01U9[!>=BC96!6;3!>9:016!6;,71096#! .,! 13B90B1,9>4137;! :1! >=A1016!>9:016! ?! B=4:9:;096! 13! D9074B=,90F! D=1:1!71310! B;361B=13B496! :159679:;096! D909! 6=6!I9>4,496#! \;0!;709!D9071F! ,96!:46B04>439B4;316!Y=1!6=I013!D106;396!D107131B413716!9!80=D;6!D;K,9B4;39,16! 709:4B4;39,>1371! >908439:;6!D;0! I=109! :1! ,9! D0464R3F! 6=1,13! 7096,9:9061! ?!1V9B10K9061!:1370;!:1!1,,9#!!

E96!>=A1016! 1V7093A1096F! Y=1! 9!>13=:;! 6;3!D0459:96! :1! 6=! ,4K1079:! D;0! 610! eB;001;6!C=>93;6fF! D=16! ,,1593! :0;896! D909! ;709!D106;39! ;! =39! 01:! B04>439,F! 13I013793! =39!647=9B4R3! D9074B=,90>1371! 80951! :1K4:;! 9! ,9!:4I4B=,79:! B;3! 1,! 4:4;>9! ?! D909! >9371310!B;379B7;! B;3! 6=6! I9>4,496F! ?! 71310! 9BB16;! 9!=39!:1I1369!D139,!1I1B7459#!.3!,;6!D9@616!Y=1!,;! D10>4713F! ,;6! 70T>4716! :1! 01D97049B4R3!6=1,13!610!,137;6!?!138;00;6;6#!

-;3! 016D1B7;! 9! ,;6],96! AR51316! ?! ,;6],96!9:;,16B13716! 435;,=B09:;6!13!:0;896F!D161!9!Y=1! 6;3! D0;B169:;6! 13! 64671>96! D139,16!:4I1013716F! 6=1,13! 71310! B909B710@674B96! ?!D0;K,1>96! B;>=316! 9,! 64671>9! :1! 9:=,7;6#!^39! :1! 1,,96! 16! Y=1! 34! 9:;,16B13716! 34!AR51316! 6=1,13! D107131B10! 9! ,;6! 3451,16! :1!,4:109U8;!:1!,96!>9I496!390B;709I4B93716F!643;!610! D9071! :1! ,;6! 16,9K;316! >T6! :SK4,16! ?!011>D,9U9K,16! :1,! 318;B4;#! W43! 1>K908;F! 9!D1690! :1! 169! D9074B4D9B4R3! >13;0! 61!13B=137093! 13701! ,;6! 80=D;6! Y=1! >T6!D9:1B13!,;6!4>D9B7;6!:1!,9!B9089!D=347459!:1!,96!D;,@74B96!:1!:0;896#!O9>K4S3!61!;K61059!,9!9=613B49!:1,!.679:;!13!>971049!D015137459!?!,9! I9,79! :1! D;64K4,4:9:16! :1! 9BB16;! 9!70979>4137;! ?! 01C9K4,479B4R3! :1,! =6;! :1!:0;896!D909!9Y=1,,;6! AR51316!?!9:;,16B13716!Y=1F! :1K4:;! 9,! B;36=>;! 018=,90F! 61!>93741313!13!1,!B@0B=,;!:1,4B745;#!!.3! B;3B,=64R3F! 13! 7;:;6! ,;6! D9@616!167=:49:;6F! ,96! 435167489B4;316! :1,! -.//!>=167093! =3! 8093! 32>10;! :1! D106;396!13B90B1,9:96!D;0!:1,47;6!:1!:0;896!>13;016!?! 3;! 54;,137;6F! Y=41316! 3;! :1K10@93! 16790!D0459:;6!:1!6=!,4K1079:#!E9!BT0B1,!:1K10@9!610!=3! 01B=06;! :1! .%")2$# 1$")7[! 643! 1>K908;F!9C;09!,9!BT0B1,!16!,9!D043B4D9,!C1009>41379!13!1,! B;370;,! :1! :0;896! 13! ,96! 39B4;316! :1!L>S04B9#!!

.6! 31B16904;! 09B4;39,4U90! 1,! =6;! :1,! :101BC;!D139,!?!:1!,9!BT0B1,!13!1,!>90B;!:1!,9!D;,@74B9!:1!:0;896#!\;0!79,!09UR3F!13!,;!01I101371!9!,96!B;3:=B796! 01,9B4;39:96! B;3! 1,! B;36=>;! :1!:0;896F!B;364:109>;6!D04;047904;!?!31B16904;F!13! ,@319! B;3! ;7096! 5;B16! 13! 1,! :1K971F!6=6747=40! ,9! 016D=1679! D139,! D;0! =3! 13I;Y=1!>T6!9>D,4;!:1!:16900;,,;!C=>93;!?!:1!69,=:!D2K,4B9F!!Y=1!D10>479!9593U90!C9B49!016D=16Z

CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES64

!"#$%&#'!! "!

796! >T6! C=>9396! ?! 1I1B74596! I01371! 9! ,9!B01B41371!543B=,9B4R3!:1!,96!D106;396!B;3!,;6!>10B9:;6! 4,189,16! :1! :0;896#! .3! D9074B=,90F!B;364:109>;6! 43:46D1369K,1! Y=1! 61! 019,4B1!=39!:16D139,4U9B4R3!1I1B7459!:1,!B;36=>;!:1!6=6793B496! 4,@B4796#! .,,;! 4>D,4B9F! 3;! 6R,;!8909374U90!1,!9BB16;!9!,96!:0;896!Y=1!C;?!6;3!B;364:109:96! 4,189,16! <:1! >;:;! Y=1! 61!01:=UB93! ,;6! :9X;6! Y=1! D=1:1! B9=690! 7937;!1,! 9K=6;! :1! :0;896! B;>;! ,96! D;,@74B96!54813716<F! 643;! 79>K4S3! ,9! :16D139,4U9B4R3!:1! ,9! D;6164R3! D909! B;36=>;#! h01371! 9! ,;6!1I1B7;6! :9X43;6! Y=1! ;B964;39! 1,! =6;! :1,!:101BC;! D139,! ?! ,96! BT0B1,16F! ,9!:16D139,4U9B4R3! 1I1B7459! :1,! B;36=>;! ?! :1!,;6! B;36=>4:;016! 16! ,9! ;DB4R3! >T6! S74B9#!L:1>T6F! 1,,;! 9?=:90@9! 9! 016;,510! ,9! B04646! :1!6;K01D;K,9B4R3! M?! ;70;6! D0;K,1>96!:10459:;6N! Y=1! 9709541693! ,;6! 64671>96!D134713B4904;6!13!L>S04B9#!!

.671!:;B=>137;! 61X9,9! <B;3!:97;6<! ,9! B04646!D134713B49049! 1V4671371! 13! L>S04B9! E97439! ?!,;6!1I1B7;6!9:5106;6!Y=1!,96!9B7=9,16!,1?16!:1!:0;896! C93! 7134:;! 6;K01! ,9! 647=9B4R3!D134713B49049! 39B4;39,#! .,! :;B=>137;!>=16709F! 9:1>T6F! Y=1! ,9! 9D,4B9B4R3! :1! ,9!D;,@74B9! :1!:0;896! <?! 6=6! 1I1B7;6! 3189745;6<3;! 6;3! 01D9074:;6! :1! 48=9,! I;0>9! 13! ,9!6;B41:9:F! 643;! Y=1! D10A=:4B93! 9! B4107;6!61B7;016! Y=1! ?9! 61! 13B;3709K93! 13! =39!647=9B4R3!:1!5=,3109K4,4:9:!6;B49,#! !L371!1679!019,4:9:F!?! 7;>93:;!13!B=1379!1,! 709K9A;!:1!,;6! 43I;0>16! 43:454:=9,16! :1,! -.//F! 61!D0;D;313!,96!648=413716!01B;>13:9B4;316!:1!D;,@74B9!D2K,4B9F! ,96! B=9,16! 741313!D;0!;KA17;!,;8090! =39! D;,@74B9! :1! :0;896! >T6! A=679F!016D17=;69!:1!,;6!:101BC;6!I=3:9>1379,16!?!13I;B9:9! 9! D0;71810! ,9! 69,=:! D2K,4B9! :1! ,96!6;B41:9:16!,9743;9>104B9396#!

Recomendaciones

Reformas Legales:

LA=6790! ,9! 01D=1679! D139,! D909! Y=1! 619!D0;D;0B4;39,! 9,! :9X;!;B964;39:;! ?! 01I;0>90!,96! ,1?16! :1! :0;896! D909! :467438=40! 13701!:1,47;6!:1!>13;0F!>1:49!?!9,79!16B9,9[!13701!3451,16!:1!,4:109U8;!13!,96!01:16!B04>439,16F!?!13701!:1,47;6!54;,137;6!?!3;!54;,137;6#!

W=D04>40! ,96! D1396! >@34>96! ;K,4897;0496F!154790! ,9! :1713B4R3!D015137459!13!1,! B96;!:1!:1,47;6! :1! :0;896! >13;016! ?! D10>4740! 1,!9BB16;!9! ,;6!K131I4B4;6!D0;B169,16F! 96@! B;>;!9!,96!;D;07=34:9:16!:1!D1396!9,7103974596#!!

-;364:1090! ,9! 9D,4B9B4R3! :1! 9>3467@96!16D1B49,16! M43:=,7;6NF! D909! ,96! D106;396!613713B49:96!D;0!:1,47;6!>13;016!:1!:0;896F!D;0! :1,47;6! 3;! 54;,137;6F! 96@! B;>;! D909!D106;396! 643! 9371B1:13716! D139,16! ;!613713B49:96!6;,9>1371!D;0!:1,47;6!>13;016!:1!:0;896#!

\0;>;510! 1,! 1679K,1B4>4137;! :1! >10B9:;6!,189,16! ?! 018=,9:;6! :1! B9339K46F! 43B,=?13:;!B,=K16! :1! B9339K46F! ?! 1VD,;090! ;DB4;316! :1!9BB16;! 018=,9:;! D909! ;7096! 6=6793B496!:1B,909:96!4,@B4796#!!

CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES

!"#$%&#'!! "!

Uso de drogas y la ley:

/16B04>439,4U90! 1,! B;36=>;! :1! :0;896! ?!:171310!7;:9!B,961!:1!D1061B=B4R3!B;3709!,;6!B;36=>4:;016F! 43B,=?13:;! ,9! D;6164R3F!641>K09F! B=,745;! ?! B;>D09#! .6! :1B40F! 61!01B;>413:9! 69B90! :1,! :101BC;! D139,! 7;:96!,96!B;3:=B796!31B1690496!D909!,,1590!9!B9K;!1,!B;36=>;F! 96@! B;>;! :1A90! :1! =690! 9! ,;6!B=10D;6! :1! D;,4B@96! M=! ;7096! 436793B496!618=04:9:N! B;>;! D04>1096! 436747=B4;316! :1!9B10B9>4137;!9!,;6!B;36=>4:;016#!!

^690!=>K09,16!D909!I4A90!B9374:9:16!>@34>96F!K969:96! 13! 9713B4R3! 9! ,96! D0TB74B96! :1! ,;6!B;36=>4:;016F!D;0!:1K9A;!:1!,96!B=9,16!3;!61!D=1:9! 1679K,1B10! 9B7454:9:! :1! B;>10B4;F!D10;! 643! D10>4740! Y=1! D;0! 13B4>9! :1! :4BC96!B9374:9:16! ,96! D106;396! D=1:93! 610!693B4;39:96! D;0! :46704K=B4R3! ?! 70TI4B;#! .3!7;:;6!,;6!B96;6F!1,!.679:;!:1K1!D0;K90!Y=1!,9!43713B4R3! :1! ,9! D;6164R3! 16! ,9! 51379! ;!:46704K=B4R3! B;>;! B;3:4B4R3! D909! 693B4;390!:4BC9!B;3:=B79#!!

HI01B10!61054B4;6!:1!70979>4137;!5;,=37904;!?!8097=47;! 9! ,96! D106;396! Y=1! D01613793! =6;!D0;K,1>T74B;! :1! :0;896F! 7937;! B=93:;!B;>1713!;70;6!:1,47;6!B;>;!B=93:;!3;#!.671!70979>4137;! 3;! :1K1! 16790! 6=A17;! 9! ,9!9>139U9!:1!=39!693B4R3!D139,!;!4371039B4R3!B;>D=,6459#! /4BC;6! 70979>4137;6! :1K13!6=671379061! 13! 154:13B49! B4137@I4B9F! B;3! =3!13I;Y=1!:1!01:=BB4R3!:1!:9X;6F!?!:1K13!610!,,159:;6!D;0!D0;I164;39,16!:1!,9!69,=:F!3;!D;0!A=1B16!D139,16#!!

Mujeres y encarcelamiento:

_1:=B40! 64834I4B97459>1371! ,;6! 3451,16! :1!13B90B1,9>4137;! :1! >=A1016F! ?9! 619! D;0!>1:4;! :1! ,9! 9D,4B9B4R3! :1,! D043B4D4;! :1!

D0;D;0B4;39,4:9:! ;! D;0! ,9! 9:;DB4R3! :1!9,7103974596! :4I1013716! 9,! 13B90B1,9>4137;F!7937;! 13! 6=6747=B4R3! :1,! =6;! :1! ,9! D0464R3!D015137459F! B;>;!13! 1,! B=>D,4>4137;!:1! ,96!613713B496#!

Q;! 13B90B1,90! 9! ,96! >=A1016! 1>K909U9:96! ?!>9:016!:1!>13;016!:1!1:9:!B;3:139:96!D;0!:1,47;6!:1!:0;896!3;!54;,137;6#!.3!1,!B96;!:1!16796! >=A1016F! :1K1! B;364:109061! ,9!9D,4B9B4R3! :1! 9,7103974596! 9,! 13B90B1,9Z>4137;#!

L618=090! Y=1! ,;6! ;D109:;016! :1! A=674B49!713893! ,9! I,1V4K4,4:9:! :1! 7;>90! 13! B=1379F!:=09371! 1,! D0;B16;! ?! :1710>439B4R3! :1! ,9!613713B49F! ,;6! I9B7;016!:1!5=,3109K4,4:9:!?! 64!,9!9B=69:9!74131!:1D13:413716#!!

Jóvenes y adolescentes:

P>D,1>13790! D;,@74B96! D2K,4B96! 4371809,16!:40484:96!9!,;6!?!,96!AR51316!?!9:;,16B13716F!?!9593U90!C9B49!=3! B9>K4;!:1,! 9B7=9,! 13I;Y=1!16748>974U9:;0! ?! :1! B04>439,4U9B4R3! Y=1!1V4671!6;K01!1,,;6#!!LD,4B90F! 13! ,;6! B96;6! :1! AR51316F! ,;6!K131I4B4;6!?! ,96!9,7103974596!Y=1! ,96! ,1?16!:1!1A1B=B4R3!:1!D1396F!:1!,;6!:4I1013716!D9@616F!1679K,1B13!D909!169!I093A9!179049#!!-=>D,40! B;3! ,96! ,1?16! Y=1! 1679K,1B13! ,;6!64671>96!:1!`=674B49!\139,!D909!L:;,16B13716F!,;6! B=9,16! 018=,93! ,9! 016D=1679! 167979,! D909!:1,47;6! B;>174:;6! D;0! D106;396!>13;016! :1!('!9X;6F!?!Y=1!1679K,1B13!Y=1!,9!D0459B4R3!:1!,9! ,4K1079:!:1! ,;6!9:;,16B13716!:1K1!610!6R,;!=39! 1VB1DB4R3[! 9:1>T6F! 61! :1K1! B;364:1090!Y=1!,96!>1A;016!693B4;316!13!167;6!B96;6!6;3!9Y=1,,96! Y=1! 3;! 4>D,4B93! 13B4100;F! 79,16!B;>;! ,9! ,4K1079:! 964674:9! ;! ,9! D01679B4R3! :1!

CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES66

!"#$%&#'!! "!

61054B4;6! 9! ,9! B;>=34:9:F! 96@! B;>;! ,;6!:45106;6! 01B=06;6! Y=1! ,96! ,1?16! 1679K,1B13!D909!016;,510!,;6!B96;6!I=109!:1!,9!5@9!A=:4B49,F!?! 9! 7095S6! :1! ,9! A=674B49! 01679=097459#!L64>46>;F! :1K13! 9B;079061! ,96! D1396!>TV4>96! D909! :1,47;6! B;>174:;6! D;0!>13;016! :1! 1:9:F! ?! :1! 1679! >93109! 3;!1VB1:10! ,;6! 1679K,1B4:;6! 13! 43670=>137;6!4371039B4;39,16#!!/;790! :1! 01B=06;6! 6=I4B413716! 9! ,;6! 64671>96!:1!`=674B49!\139,!D909!L:;,16B13716F!9! I43!:1!Y=1! I=3B4;313!:1! I;0>9! 16D1B49,4U9:9F! A=679!?! 1I4B41371F! 648=413:;! ,;! 1679K,1B4:;! D;0! ,9!-;3513B4R3! 6;K01! ,;6! /101BC;6! :1,! Q4X;! ?!;70;6! 167T3:9016! 4371039B4;39,16! 6;K01! ,9!>971049#!!Alternativas al encarcelamiento:

_19,4U90! ,96! 01I;0>96! 31B1690496! D909!4>D,1>13790!9,7103974596!9,!13B90B1,9>4137;!B;3! 16704B7;! 9D18;! 9! ,;6! :101BC;6! :1! ,96!D106;396! 435;,=B09:96! 13! ,9! B;>464R3! :1!B;3:=B796! 01,9B4;39:96! B;3! :0;896F!D907413:;!:1!=3!:4983R674B;!9:1B=9:;!6;K01!B=T,16! 610@93! ,96! >1:4:96! Y=1! D10>47410;3!;D74>4U90! ,;6! 01B=06;6! :46D;34K,16! 13! B9:9!D9@6F! ?! B;3! 1,,;! 01:=B40! 1,! C9B439>4137;!B90B1,904;F! 96@! B;>;! ,9! 0143B4:13B49! 13! ,9!B;>464R3!:1!:1,47;6#!!

L618=090F! 13! ,9! >1:4:9! :1! ,;! D;64K,1F! 1,!:165@;! 93716! :1! Y=1! ,;6! B96;6! 137013! 13! 1,!64671>9! D139,F! ,;! B=9,! D=1:1! D10>4740! =3!>1A;0! =6;! :1! ,;6! 01B=06;6! :1,! .679:;! ?!>9?;016! ;D;07=34:9:16! :1! K41316790! ?!1>D,1;!D909!Y=41316!61!13B=137093!13!16796!647=9B4;316#!!

\0;>;510! ,96! 01I;0>96! 31B1690496! D909!D10>4740! Y=1! ;I136;016! :1! :1,47;6! >13;016!:1!:0;896!3;!54;,137;6!6193!:10459:;6!9!=39!01:! D2K,4B9! :1! 9D;?;! D909! D0151340!4371809,>1371! ,9! 0143B4:13B49F! 13! 51U! :1! 610!13549:;6! 9! D0464R3F! 9713:413:;! 96@! ,;6!I9B7;016! 6;B4;1B;3R>4B;6! Y=1! ,,1590;3! 9! ,9!B;>464R3!:1!16796!B;3:=B796#!!

Elaboración y Evaluación de Políticas de Drogas:

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67CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES

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F Í A

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BIBLIOGRAFÍA72

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BIBLIOGRAFÍA 73

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BIBLIOGRAFÍA 75

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