personality presentation blac kboard (2)
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PERSONALITY
Objective of the present session:
To understand individual differences and their
importance in understanding behavior. To be able to understand the basic concepts of
personality theories
Explain how personality is measured
Identify several personality characteristics and their
influences on behavior using case study and otherexercises.
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Individual differences and OB
The way in which factor such as skills,abilities, personalities, perceptions, attitudes,values and ethics differ from one individual to
another
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Variables Influencing Individual Behavior
The person The environment
Skills and abilities Organization
Personality Work Group
Perception Job
Attitudes Personal LifeValues
Ethics
Behaviour
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Individual differences and OB
In order to understand human behavior, wemust know something about the personand something about the situation.
Personality is one such important andfascinating individual difference tounderstand human behavior.
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Personality
Personality refers to the psychologicalqualities that influence an individualscharacteristic behavior patterns in a
broadly distinctive and consistent manner,across different situation and time
The sum total of ways in which anindividual reacts and interacts with others
Striking and habitual features of a personsbehavior
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Personality Theories
Four major theories-
1.Trait theory2.Psychodynamic theory
3.Humanistic theory
4.The integrative approach
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Personality Theories
Trait Theory: Personality traits are enduring characteristics that
describe an individuals behavior
Consistently found dimensions of thinking, behaviorand feeling
Allow individuals to be placed in a continuum withrespect to different traits (e.g., introversion-extraversion, neuroticism-emotional stability)
A trait is a temporally stable, cross situationalindividual difference.
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Trait Theory-Sixteen Primary
Personality Traits
Reserved VS
Less intelligent
Affected by feelings
Submissive
Serious
Expedient
Timid
Tough-minded
Trusting
Practical
Forthright
Self-assured
Conservative
Group-dependent
Uncontrolled
Relaxed
OutgoingMore intelligentEmotionally stableDominantHappy-go-luckyConscientiousVenturesomeSensitiveSuspiciousImaginativeShrewdApprehensiveExperimentingSelf-sufficientControlledTense
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Personality Type Approach
Myers-Briggs
MBTI: One of the most widely used personalityframeworks that taps four characteristics andclassifies people into one of 16 personality types.
A person has: primary and second choice auxiliary Introvert (I) or Extravert (E) Sensing (S) or Intuition (N) Thinking (T) or Feeling (F) Perceiving (P) or Judging (J)
Hence there are 2x2x2x2=16 different MBTI personality types, asshown
ENTP ENFP ESTP ESFP ENTJ ENFJ ESTJ ESFJ INTP INFP ISTP ISFP INTJ INFJ ISTJ ISFJ
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Trait Theory-The Big Five Model
Classifications:Extraversion
Emotional Stability
Openness to Experience
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
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Personality Theories
Psychodynamic theory:The personality theory that emphasizes theunconscious determinants of behavior
Freuds concept ofId, Ego and Superego
Id. The most primitive element, the source of drivesand impulses operating in uncensored manner.
Superego. The conscience self containing values andshould and should-not of personality.
Ego. The reality principle, manages the conflictbetween Id and Superego.
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Personality Theories
Humanistic theory:
Focuses on individual growth and improvement.
It is distinctly people centered and also emphasizesthe individuals view of world.
It contributes an understanding of the self topersonality theory and contends that the Self
concept is the most important part of anindividuals personality (concept ofReal selfandIdeal self).
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Personality Theories
Integrative approach:
Personality is described as a composite of theindividuals psychological processes.
Personality disposition include emotions, cognitions,attitudes, expectancies, and fantasies.
(Dispositions-tendencies of individuals to respond tosituations in consistent ways. Influenced by bothgenetics and experiences, dispositions can be
modified). Integrative approach focuses on both person
(dispositions) and situational variables as combinedpredictors of behavior.
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Major Personality Attributes
Influencing OB
Locus of Control
Machiavellianism
Self-Esteem Self-Monitoring
Risk Taking
Type A and Type B Personalities
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Locus of Control
The degree to which people believethey are in control of their own fate
Internals
Individuals who believe that they controlwhat happens to them
Externals
Individuals who believe that whathappens to them is controlled by outsideforces such as luck or chance
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Machiavellianism
Degree to which an individual ispragmatic, maintains emotionaldistance, and believes that ends can
justify means
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Self-Esteem
Individuals degree of liking ordisliking of themselves
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Self-Monitoring
A personality trait that measures anindividuals ability to adjustbehaviour to external situationalfactors
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Risk-Taking
Refers to a persons willingness totake chances or risks
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Type A Personality
Always moving, walking, and eatingrapidly.
Feel impatient with the rate at which
most events take place. Strive to think or do two or more things
at once.
Cannot cope with leisure time.
Are obsessed with numbers, measuringtheir success in terms of how many orhow much of everything they acquire.
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Type B Personality
Never suffer from a sense of timeurgency with its accompanyingimpatience.
Feel no need to display or discusseither their achievements oraccomplishments unless such exposureis demanded by the situation.
Play for fun and relaxation, rather thanto exhibit their superiority at any cost.
Can relax without guilt.
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Measurement
Assessments can be structured orunstructured
Structured - long list of questions answered by theperson.
e.g. MMPI - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory - 550 questions directed at 10 scales(subtests) each measuring a different aspect of
personality
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MMPI
Examples
Depression -I often feel that life is not worthliving
Paranoia -Several people are following me
everywhere Schizophrenia -I seem to hear things that
other people cannot hear
Psychopathic deviance -I often was in troublein school although I did not understand for what
reasons. I sometimes gossip with other people
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Measurement
Unstructured personality measurement
e.g. Projective techniques - present ambiguous
stimulus and individual will project some kind ofstructure that reflects underlying psychological
characteristics. Some of them are,
Free association
Rorschach Inkblot tests
Thematic Apperception Test
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Exercise
Five Factor Test
http://www2.wmin.ac.uk/~buchant/wwwffi
Case discussion: Daniel Rothstein
Group exercise:
Break off into groups of 5 or 6
Identify personality characteristics of businessentrepreneurs
Identify personality characteristics that hinder highperformance and justify.
http://www2.wmin.ac.uk/~buchant/wwwffihttp://www2.wmin.ac.uk/~buchant/wwwffi
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