apuntes de inglÉs ii
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OBJETIVOS GENERALES DE LA ASIGNATURA
AL FINALIZAR ESTE SEMESTRE EL ALUMNO:
ADQUIRIR UN VOCABULARIO Y ESTRUCTURAS GRAMATICALES TANTO DEL
TIEMPO SIMPLE COMO DE ALGUNOS TIEMPOS COMPUESTOS
USAR CORRECTAMENTE EN FORMA ORAL Y ESCRITA LOS TIEMPOS PASADO
SIMPLE Y LOS PASADOS Y PRESENTES EN SU MODALIDAD DE PROGRESIVOS
CON LOS CONOCIMIENTOS PREVIOS Y LOS NUEVOS QUE ADQUIRIR, ESTAR EN
POSIBILIDADES DE REALIZAR TRADUCCIONES DE TEXTOS COTIDIANOS
UNIDAD I
PRESENT CONTINOUS
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
PAST TENSE OF BE
AUXILIARY COULD
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS
UNIDAD II
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
COUNT AND NON COUNT NOUNS
SOME AND ANY
HOW MUCH / HOW MANY
A LOT OF
TERCERA UNIDAD
OBJECT PRONOUNS
IRREGULAR NOUNS
USED TO
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1. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Subject be Base verb + ing Examples
I am working Im working in this factory.
You are buying Youre buying a new hat.
He, She, It is playing Hes/ shes/ its playing soccerWe are eating We re eating hamburger
They are building Theyre building that house
For most verbs, adding to the base: eating, studying.
For one-syllable verbs ending in consonant + vowel + consonant, double the final consonant
And adding: shopping, planning.
For verbs ending in consonant + e, drop the e and add
ing: Taking. You can make a contraction with the subject and a form ofbe.
Im wearing new shoes. Hes studying math. Were cleaning the classroom
A Fill in the missing part of each sentence.
EXAMPLES: It s raining today.
I am going to the mall.
1. You _____ going to the mall with me.2. Mary isnt work _____ today.
3. She _____ cooking in this moment.
4. Im wear_____ my raincoat.
5. We _____ drinking water.
6. Frank and John _______ shopping today.
7. She ________ read____ the newspaper.
8. They _______ dance______ in the party.
9. Peter Pan ______ (neg.) flying.
10. The teachers _______talk_____ with the parents.
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B Use the words to write a sentence in the present continuous
EXAMPLE: many people / shop / today Many people are shopping today
1. Luis / look / for new summer clothes ________________________________
2. I / sandals / buy _________________________________
3. Three men / sit / on a bench _________________________________
4. We / eat / at the mall today __________________________________
5. We / take / the bus home __________________________________
6. The children / talk / to their friends ___________________________________
Negative form with present continuous
Subject be + not Base verb + ing Examples
I am not reading Im not reading a book
You are not studying You arent studying English
He, she, it is not living She isnt living in Guadalajara
He isnt living in this home
We are not cutting We arent cutting the grass
They are not fixing They arent fixing their car
A Make negative sentences with present continuous. Use contractions.
EXAMPLE: Mario is reading the book Mario isnt reading the book
1. My friends are not playing basket ball ________________________________
2. I am not working in this factory _________________________________
3. We are not studying in this school __________________________________
4. The dog is not playing with the ball __________________________________
5. It is not working very well __________________________________
Wh questions with present continuous
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Wh words be Subject Base verb + ing Examples
Who am I taking Who am I taking to the mall?
Where are you living Where are you living now?
What is he, she, it wearing What is he, she, it wearing?
When are we buying When are we buying new clothes?
Why are they shopping Why are they shopping today?
A Find the mistake in each sentence and correct it
EXAMPLES: Why are she buying a new dress? Is____
What are you look for? Looking_
1. Where is we going today? _____________
2. Who is your sister go to the mall with? __________
3. Why are he using a coupon? _____________
4. Why is you reading the letter? ____________
5. What are you wear with your new skirt? ______________
6. How much is I saving? _____________
B Unscramble the words to form questions
Example: today / is / today / Laura / where / going Where is going Laura today?
1. Going / is / she / how / today to the mall _________________________________
2. The children / wearing / are / what __________________________________
3. With you / taking / who / are / you _____________________________________
4. Why wearing Franco isnt sandals ______________________________________
5. Reading / you / are / what _____________________________________
SHORT ANSWERS WITH PRESENT CONTINUOUS
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Example: Are your sons working with you in this store? Yes, they are working.
1. Is he saving 10 dollars with the coupon? (no) ____________________________
2. Are the students studying the chapter one? (yes) _________________________
3. Am I playing soccer with you this Friday?(no) ____________________________
4. Is my mom writing that letter? (yes) ____________________________________
5. Is your brother painting his room? (yes) _________________________________
2. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
A. 1. Notice the position of words like always and compare their meanings
SINGLE WORD
ADVERB OF MAIN
FREQUENCY VERB
John
Mary
Bob
Bill
Alice
Tom
always
usually
often
sometimes
seldom
never
studies
studies
studies
studies
studies
studies
at night
at night
at night
at night
at night
at night
Always --------------- 100% --------------- all of the time
Usually --------------- 75% --------------- most of the time
Often --------------- 50% -------------- much of the time
Sometimes ------------- 25% --------------- some of the timeSeldom -------------- 10% --------------- almost never
Never -------------- 0% --------------- not at any time
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COMMENTS
Adverbs like always (single-word adverbs of frequency) come before the main
verb of a sentences. (See section B. 2 for sentences with it)
NOTE: Some of these adverbs are also used in other position as in the sentence
Sometime / study at night
Exercise 1. Substitute a word like always for the multi-word adverbials of frequency
Mary drinks milk all of the time MARY ALWAYS DRINKS MILK
John drinks milk most of the time JOHN USUALLY DRINKS MILK
1. John drinks coffee some of the time ____________________________________
2. He almost never drinks tea _____________________________________
3. Mr Smith almost never drinks coffee _____________________________________
4. Mrs. Smith drinks coffee much of the time _____________________________________
5. She drinks water most of the time _____________________________________
6. Mr. Miller has coffee at 10 A. M. all of the time __________________________________
7. She has lunch in the morning most of the time __________________________________8. John eats in restaurants all the time _____________________________________
9. She eats at home most of the time _____________________________________
10. We read in the school all the time. ___________________________________.
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Compare the position of always
Previous pattern:
MAIN VERB
John always studies at night
New pattern: BE
COMMENT
Adverbs like always (single-word adverbs of frequency) come after forms of be (am, is, are)
Exercise 2. Substitute a word like always for the multi-word adverbials of frequency
John is busy all of the time JOHN IS ALWAYS BUSY
Mr. Alien is busy most of the time MR. ANDERSON IS USUALLY BUSY
1. Mrs. Taylor is busy much of the time ___________________________________________
2. She is tired some of the time __________________________________________________
3. Mr. Wilson is almost never tired ________________________________________________
4. Mr. Miller is thirsty most of the time _____________________________________________
5. He is hungry some of the time _________________________________________________
6. John is hungry much of the time _______________________________________________
7. He is almost never in the room ________________________________________________
8. Mr. Taylor is at home some of the time __________________________________________
9. He is almost never wrong _____________________________________________________
10. They are almost never sad ___________________________________________________
Mary Is always busy
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PRESENT TENSE TO BE
Letsremember the present tense of to be = (am, is, are)
Ex: Affirmative: I am a doctor. My brother is in the garage. They are my brothers. We are good
friends.
Negative: She isnt a nurse. My parents are sick. Im not student. We arent brothers.
Question: Are you in this school? Is the baby in the living room? Am I a teacher?
SHORT ANSWER
Are you classmates? R= No, we arent. Yes, we are.
Is Mrs. Wilson your mom? No, she isnt. Yes, she is.
Are you a good student? No, I am not. Yes, I am.
We He
Are You Is She Am I
They It
3. PAST TENSE TO BE
Now the past tense of tobe is going to have only two ways in its structure. Was to singular and
were to plural forms.
I You
Was He Were We
She They
It
Affirmative
Lets see: Mr. Anderson was my boss last year.My classmates were a little nervous in their test.
The kids were the first in the race.
I was with my cousins in the park by the morning.
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Negative
They werent in the party last Sunday.
Mr. Wilson wasnt my teacher last semester.
He wasnt in this group last semester.
Question SHORT ANWERS
Were you in Ixtapa last vacation? Yes, I was. No, I wasnt.
Was Salvador Cabaas a good soccer player? Yes, he was. No, he wasnt.
Was she here a few minutes ago? Yes, she was. No, she wasnt.
A MAKE AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES WITH PAST
TENSE OF BE
EXAMPLE: I WAS A LITTLE NERVOUS IN MY TEST THEY WERE MY FRIENDS
1. The kids ________ all afternoon with us.
2. Frank ________ our classmate last semester.
3. Doctors __________ in a meeting five minutes ago. (Negative)
4. She _________ tired when the race finished. (Negative)
5. _______ you in the hospital?
6. _______ your dad a good student when he was in the school?
B Use the words to write the past tense of Be
EXAMPLE: Yesterday I / be / tired during the day Yesterday I was tired during the day
1. You / be / sick last week ___________________________________
2. This morning John / be / nervous ___________________________________
3. Mr. Wilson / be / in the hospital in June__________________________________
4. We / be / very healthy ___________________________________
5. Be / the children / very / in the party / happy _______________________________
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4. COULD
This word can be a verb and auxiliary too. If this word is a verb, it would be the past tense of
Can. But if this word is auxiliary, it has a different meaning.
I couldnt go at school last Monday because I didnt feel very well. I had a headache.
N.B. You cant say I did could The correct form is I couldntCOULD = Auxiliary
We could help you with your homework; however, we are too busy.
If you bring the painting today I could begin to paint the kitchen this morning.
We could give you a candy if you finish your homework on time.
Could is very common used at the beginning of a question for requests.
Look at examples:
A: Could you tell me the time? A: Could you show me a suit?
B: Yes, of course. Its two oclock. B: Sure. How about this?
A: Could I have some cookies? A: Could I have a bag of chips?
B: Yes, here you are. B: Sure, no problem.
A: Could you help me with my report? A: Could you lend some money?
B: Im sorry. I have to leave right now. B: Oh, sorry. Thats all I have.
ORAL PRACTICE: Use Could
What could you do when you were a child that you cant do now?
What did you want to do yesterday or last week but you couldnt do it? Why couldnt do it?
A Make the following request using the words given.
A) Soda / traer B) Cookies / tomar C) Dinero / prestar D) Tarea / ayudar
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UNIT TWO
1. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Present tense
Past tense Future Tense
EXPRESSING PAST TIME: The simple past
E.g. Mary walked downtown yesterday
I slept for eight hours last night
Bob stayed home yesterday morning Our plane arrived on time
I ate breakfast this morning
PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE
Work worked Worked
Dance danced Danced
Play played played
Study studied studied
Stop stopped Stopped
Begin began Begun
Cut cut Cut
Eat ate eaten
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SIMPLE PAST TENSE (REGULAR VERBS)
The past tense form of regular verbs is the same for all persons
For most verbs ending in a consonant, added: worked
If the base ends in a vowel, addd: lived
If the base ends in a vowel + y, do not change the y: stayed
For a one-syllable verb ending in consonant + vowel + consonant, double the final
consonant and added: stop = stopped
HOW TO USE YOUR DICCTIONARY
N.B. How do you know if a verb in my class is regular or irregular verb?
There are three forms (affirmative, negative and question statements)
AFFIRMATIVE
My brothers knew my new friends.
We painted our classroom last week.
George gave me this watch.
SUBJ. + VERB IN PAST TENSE + COMPLEMENT
(Noun/pron) (Regular or irregular verbs)
PRACTICE: SS will check your list of the verbs and make different kind of sentences using
them. For example: Yesterday I watched a war movie. What about you? Then each S sayssome sentences in past tense and when he/she finishes, ask to another classmate the same
question What about you?
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NEGATIVE FORM
We use did to make negative sentences. This word is called auxiliary; however, it
sometimes is a verb.
SUBJ + AUX. + NOT + VERB IN PRESENT + COMPLEMENT
Did not = didnt
E.g.
I did my homework with my friend John.
They didnt bring their homework.
She didnt finish to study the chapter one.
Mr. Wilson didnt buy notebooks, he bought some pencils.
Our classmates didnt come at school last Friday.
Ask the student make different negative sentences using their list of the verbs. (Oral
practice)
QUESTION
Did you live in Queretaro city last year?
Did Peter bring the homework?
Question words AUX + SUBJ + VERB IN PRESENT + COMPLEMENT?
E.G
Where did you put the keys?
When did the letters arrive?
Why did he break the window?
What did Mary do yesterday by the afternoon?
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ORAL PRACTICE
Teacher asks some questions so they have to answer them using the past tense or can make a
question, too.
A COMPLETE EACH SENTENCES WITH THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF THE VERB IN
PARENTHESES
EXAMPLE: Last week, Alex exercised every day. (exercised)
1. (Jugar) He also _________________ tennis on Saturday.
2. (cocinar) My mom _________________ all week.
3. (necesitar) We __________________ to get the homework yesterday.
4. (solicitor, pedir) The children ________________ to go to the cinema with their friends.
5. (permanecer) They _______________ here until 5:00.
6. (visitar) I __________________ many interesting places last year
Simple past tense of irregular verbs
An irregular verb can change in all its forms, in one alone or in no one.
PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE MEANING
SIT SAT SAT
BREAK BROKE BROKEN
DRINK DRANK DRUNK
HURT HURT HURT
PUT PUT PUT
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B COMPLETE EACH SENTENCES WITH THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF THE VERB
IN PARENTHESES
EXAMPLE: (break) I broke my arm last Saturday.
1. (Traer) My parents ________________ us many gifts.
2. (Construir) They _________________ these houses.
3. (Barrer) My sister _______________ the kitchen five minutes ago.
4. (Enviar) Mss Wilson _________________ the invitations two days ago.
5. (Costar) The TV _________________ 400 dollars.
6. (Comer) The children ______________ pizza.
7. (Olvidar) We _________________ the keys.
8. (Dibujar) I ________________ a horse.
9. (Venir) Mr and Mrs Garcia _______________ a trip to Hawaii.
10. (Perder) She _______________ her cell phone yesterday.
11. (Volar) The doves ______________ toward north.
12. (Hacer) I ____________ the homework last night.
13. (Leer) My dad ______________ the report.
2. COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS
A) COUNT NOUNS: are nouns that can be counted. They have a singular and
plural form. A restaurant, two restaurants; one orange, six oranges, one
pancake, three pancakes.
B) NON-COUNTS NOUNS: cannot be counted. They only have a singular form.
They are nouns from one of the following groups.
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Nouns with no individual/single parts: milk, soup, meat, butter, jelly, etc..
Nouns with parts that are too small to count: rice, sugar, corn, flour, etc
Nouns that mean a group of things: food, money, clothing, etc
Nouns that are ideas: nutrition, health, time, work, education, etc
COUNT Chairs They have a plural form: s or es
NOUN Two chairs
Three chairs
Some chairs
Several chairs
A lot of chairs
Many chairs
A few chairs
NONCOUNT Fruit
Milk
They dont have a plural form
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SOME COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS
WHOLE GROUPS MADE UP OF INDIVIDUAL PARTS
A. Clothing B. Homework F. Grammar
Equipment Housework Slang
Food Work Vocabulary
Fruit
Furniture C. Advice G. Corn, Pepper
Garbage Information Sand, Rice
Hardware Dirty Salt
Jewelry D. History Sugar
Machinery Literature Dust
Mail Music Water
Money Poetry Flour
Cash Grass
Change Hair
Postage E. English, Arabic, Chinese etc
Scenery (names of languages)
Stuff
Traffic
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EXERCISE
A. Label each word as count or noun count
Example: Water: non-count
1. Vegetable:_____________________ 7. Sugar: _______________________
2. Spaghetti: _____________________ 8. Cookies: ______________________
3. Onion: ________________________ 9. Water: ________________________
4. Jars: _________________________ 10. Apple: ________________________
5. Beef: _________________________ 11. Potatoes: _____________________
6. Donut: ________________________ 12. Drinks: _______________________
B. Circle the correct form of the underline word.
EXAMPLE: Bread is made from flour / flours.
1. I need to buy three pizza / pizzas.
2. Do you want water / waters with your meal?
3. Paty is making soup / soups.
4. You are making sandwich / sandwinches for 20 people.
5. Silvia always eats tomato / tomatoes with her dinner.
6. Ill have two baked potato / potatoes, please
COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS WITH UNITS OF MEASURE
Container Measurement unit
Carton(s) of ice cream
Bottle(s) of oil
Jar(s) of pickles
Box(es) of ceral
Bag(s) of flour
Can(s) of soup
Quarts(s)of orange juice
Gallon(s) of milk
Pound(s) of ham
Loaf (loaves) of bread
Piece(s) of cake
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A. Circle the letter of the most appropriate container, measurement, or unit.
Example: Rosa is buying a ____ of rice. a. gallon b. pound
1. I need two ____ of bread. a. loaves b quarts
2. They have many ____ of cereal in this aisle. a. bottles b cans
3. Shes buying four _____ of soup. a. bottles b. cans b bottles
4. Mary needs a ____ of ground beef. a. pound b box
5. Mario is buying a _____ vanilla ice cream. a. loaf b carton
6. We are buying one ____ of flour. a. bag b cans
B Complete the shopping list with an appropriate container, measurement, or unit.
Shopping List
Five pounds of potatoes.
One ___________________ of jelly.
Two ___________________ of bread
One ___________________ of orange juice
A _____________________ of vanilla ice cream
Three __________________ of ground beef
Two ___________________ of sugar
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3. HOW MUCH HOW MANY
How much and How Many are used for questions referring to quantities. How Much is
used before uncount nouns; How many is used before count nouns. When we ask for
prices, we use How Much with the verb Be.
EXERCISE
1. How much milk is there?
A) Milk E) Rice
B) Money F) Beer
C) Cake G) Juice
D) Fruit
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2. Look at the pictures and answer the questions
a. How much milk is there in the carton? __________________________________
b. How much money is there in the wallet? ________________________________
c. How much cake is there? ____________________________________________
d. How much fruit is there in the bowl? ____________________________________
e. How much rice is there in the sack? __________________________________
f. How much beer is there in the bottle? __________________________________
g. How much orange juice is there in the glass? ____________________________
3. How many oranges do you want?
Sara is at the grocery store. Shes buying some things for a picnic.
Read and practice the dialogue
Sara: Excuse me
Clerk: Yes, may I help you?
Sara: Yes, I want a quarter of orange juice, please.
Clerk: Here you are. Anything else?
Sara: Yes, give me some cheese, please.
Clerk: How much do you need?
Sara: Half a pound. And can I have some oranges, please?
Clerk: How many do you want?
Sara: A dozen please.
Read each question using: how much or how many
1. ______________________ meals do you have every day? I have three meals.
2. ______________________ milk do you drink every day? I drink two glasses.
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3. ______________________ coffee do Americans drink? They drink a lot of coffee.
4. ______________________ hours does he work every day? He works 8 hours every day.
5. _____________________ paper is there on the teachers desk? There is a little paper.
6. _____________________ cars do the Tailors have? They have two cars.
7. _____________________ hamburgers can you eat? I can eat four.
8. _____________________ flour do you need to make a cake? I need one pound.
4. SOME / ANY
Some / any
COUNT (PLURAL) NON- COUNT
Affirmative I eat some vegetables every day. I often eat some rice for dinner
Negative I dont eat any cookies. I dont eat any rice.
Question Do you have any cookies? Do you have any rice?
Dou you want some cookies? Do you want some rice?
N.B. In questions that are offers, use some
EXERCISE
A. Complete the sentences with some or any
EXAMPLE: I want some soup for dinner.
1. My sister wants _____________ potatoes.
2. He doesnt have _____________ beef today
3. Does she eat _____________ sweets?
4. Do you want ____________ coffee?
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5. We need _______________ apples.
6. We dont eat ______________ pizza.
B. Circle the correct sentences.
EXAMPLE: Silvia needs any bread from the supermarket. Silvia needs some bred from the supermarket.
1. She needs some green beans, too. / She needs any green beans, too.
2. She doesnt need some carrots. / She doesnt need any carrots.
3. Mario wants any rice. / Mario wants some rice.
4. He didnt buy any onions. / He didnt buy some onions.
5. They need some fish for the restaurant. / They need any fish for the restaurant.
6. Do you wish some ice cream now? / Do you wish any ice cream now?
READ AND PRACTICE
John: Excuse me, Miss. I`m your new neighbor
I just moved in. My name is Peter.
Woman: Oh yes.
John: Say, are there any grocery stores around here?
Woman: Yes, there are some on the next block.
John: Ok. And is there a bank near here?Woman: Well, I think there is one across from the shopping center.
John: Thanks. Lady
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4. A LOT OF
A lot ofis used with plural count nouns and non-counts nouns, especially in affirmative statements
A Answer the following questions using a lot of
Does she buy much meat? Yes, she buys a lot of meat.
Do you eat many vegetables? _______________________________
Do you drink much coffee? _________________________________
Does your dad have much money? ____________________________
Does Frank read many books? _______________________________ Do they eat many hamburgers? ______________________________
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UNIT III
1. Object pronouns
2. Irregular nouns3. Used to
OBJECT PRONOUNS
SUBJECT
PRONOUNS
MEANING OBJECT
PRONOUNS
MEANING
I Yo Me Mi, me.migo
You T You T, ti, te, -tigo
He l Him A l, le, lo, la
He Ella Her A ella, le, la
It Eso, esto It Le, lo, la, esto, eso
They Ellos (as) Them Ellos (as), los, las
We Nosotros (as) Us A nosotros (as), nos
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Subject pronouns can be used when they substitute a noun, a thing or a person.
Ex. Luis is in the room = He is in the room
The house is big = It is big
Lupita is very intelligent = She is very intelligent
The boys are playing = Theyre playing
Object pronouns can be used when they are direct object or indirect object.
Ex: They gave flowers to her = Ellos le regalaron flores a ella.
D. O. I. O.
Ellos le regalaron flores = They gave her flowers
D.O. I.O.
A direct object is a person or thing who receives the action of a verb directly.
An indirect object is a person or thing who receives the action of a verb indirectly
Usually when some word is a direct object, you have to write it immediately after main verb, isnt
necessary the preposition; however, if it is indirect object it is at the end followed often by the
proposition to orfor
Ex: Im giving these flowers to my sister = Im giving them to her.
Im sending this boy to her mother = Im sending him to her.
Im buying a present for my brother = Im buying it for him.
EXAMPLES
John explained the question. = John explained it
They asked Mary. = They asked her.
The boys help the girls. = The boys helped them.
Who read the book? We read it.
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A CONVERSATION:
Paul: Do you like Jazz, Carlos?
Carlos: No, I dont like it very much. Do you?
Paul: Its ok. What kind of music do you like?
Carlos: Well, I like rock.
Paul: Whats your favorite group?
Carlos: Foreigner. How about you? Do you like them?
Paul: No, I dont.
When you use phrasal verbs you have much be careful, sometimes you can write it immediately
after the main verb; however, it can be wrote at the end of the sentences.
Ex: Take off your shoes = Take them off
Quitate tus zapatos. = Quittelos
He closed down his shop = He closed it down.
l clausur su tienda = El la clausur.
EXERCISE I
1. Im showing ____. = Yo te enseo la casa.
2. She has brought ________. = Ella me ha trado regalos.
3. We are lending ______our car. = Nosotros te prestamos nuestro carro.
4. She has bought ____________ . = Ella lo ha comprado. (el anillo)
5. Take _____ off. = Quittelos. (los zapatos)
6. You have sold ______ this picture. = T me has vendido este cuadro.
7. He has given ______ this book. = El nos ha regalado este libro.
8. We have brought it to ___________ . = Nosotros te lo hemos trado.
9. You didnt say ___________ . T no me lo dijiste.
10. Buy _______ the newspaper. = Cmprame el peridico.
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EXERCISE II
A: Do you like disco music?
B: Yes, I like _____ very much.
A: Whats your favorite singer?
B: Bill Joel! I really like _____.
B: Bill Joel! I really dont like _______.
A: Do you like Madona?
B: No, I dont like _____ very much. But I like Whitney Houston. Do you?
A: Yes I like _____ very much.
B: What do you think of the Beatles?
A: Well, I like ________ very much.
B: Really? I like _________ a lot, too.EXERCISE III
1. I study my lesson every day. =
2. Mary knows John very well. =
3. I study with my friends. =
4. Answer the telephone, please. =
5. Frank washes the car on Sundays. =
6. Laura helps her mother every day. =
7. Benjamin does his homework by the afternoon. =
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2. IRREGULAR NOUNS
Lets remember that if you want to make the plural form of a noun you needed to add ans or es.
EXAMPLE: JOHN BOUGHT SOME DISHES
I CLEANED FIVE WINDOWS
There are some irregular nouns you will have to lean them of memory
SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING (BOTH)
Child Children
Woman Women
Man Men
Foot Feet
Tooth Teeth
Deer Deer
Mouse Mice
Sock Sox
Goose Geese
Dozen Dozen
EXERCISE
1. We need five ___________________ of sugar. Sacos
2. I saw ten ___________________. Nios
3. She washed a lot of _________________ today. Platos
4. There are three _________________ in the room. Ratones5. There are 12 ______________ and 7 _________________ in the office.
Hombres mujeres
6 I have two _____________ .Pies
7 He give me two _______________ . Duraznos
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3 USED TO
Used to + base form vs. be used to + gerund
EXAMPLES EXPLANATION
I used to work for Sony Company
We used to visit our cousins each vacation
My dad used to sleep after the dinner
He used to study by the afternoons
Used to + base form describes a repeatedaction in the past tense or situation that existedin the past.
I am used to working with computers
My friends is used to playing soccer eachSunday
Were used to eating in this restaurant
Be used to + gerund describes an action or asituation that has become Continuous
A Circle past if the sentences talks about a situation in the past, and
Continuous ifIt talks about a situation that has become Continuous.
EXAMPLE: I am used to taking the bus to work. Past Continuous
1. My mother used to be a nurse. Past Continuous
2. She is used to taking care of people. Past Continuous
3. She used to work in a large hospital. Past Continuous
4. My father used to work as a security guard. Past Continuous
5. He used to work the night shift. Past Continuous
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B Complete each sentences using either the base or the gerund form of the
Verb in parentheses.
1. (Trabajar) I used to ________________ lunch with my classmates.
2. (Despertar) We used to ______________ at 7:00. Now I work at home
3. (Despertar) I am used to _______________ at 7:00 that I cant sleep later.
4. (Tomar) She used to __________ the subway every morning. Now I never take the subway
5. (Oir) They used to _______________ sing the birds by the mornings.
Principal Parts of common Irregular verbs
Present Past Past Part. Spanish
Arise Arose Arisen
Awake Awoke Awoken
Be(am,are,is) Was-were Been
Bear Bore Born
Beat Beat Beaten
Become Became Become
Begin Began Begun
Bet Bet Bet
Bite Bit Bitten
Blow Blew Blown
Bring Brought Brought
Build Built Built
Buy Bought Bought
Catch Caught Caught
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Choose Chose Chosen
Come Came Come
Cost Cost Cost
Cut Cut Cut
Deal Deaalt Dealt
Dig Dug Dug
Do Did Done
Draw Drew Drawn
Drink Drank Drunk
Drive Drove Driven
Eat Ate Eaten
Fall Fell Fallen
Feel Felt Felt
Fight Fought Fought
Find Found Found
Fly Flew Flown
Forget Forgot Forgotten
Forgive Forgave Forgiven
Freeze Froze Frozen
Get Got Gotten
Give Gave Given
Go Went Gone
Grow Grew Grown
Hang Hung Hung
Have Had Had
Hear Heard Heard
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Hide Hid Hidden
Hit Hit Hit
Hold Held Held
Hurt Hurt Hurt
Keep Kept Kept
Know Knew Known
Lead Led Led
Leave Left Left
Lend Lent Lent
Let Let Let
Light Lit Lit
Lose Lost Lost
Make Made Made
Mean Meant Meant
Meet Met Met
Pay Paid Paid
Put Put Put
Put on Put on Put on
Quit Quit Quit
Read Read Read
Ride Rode Ridden
Ring Rang Rung
Run Ran Run
Say Said Said
See Saw Seen
Seek Sought Sought
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Sell Sold Sold
Send Sent Sent
Set Set Set
Shake Shook Shaken
Shine Shone Shone
Shoot Shot Shot
Shut Shut Shut
Sing Sang Sung
Sit Sat Sat
Sleep Slept
Speak Spoke
Spend Spent
Spread Spread
Stand Stood
Steal Stolen
Strike Struck/Striken
Swear Sworn
Sweep Swept
Swim Swum
Take Taken
Teach Taught
Tell Told
Think Thought
Throw Thrown
Understand Understood
Wake Woken
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Wear Worn
Weep Wept
Win Won
Write Written
PAST TENSE OF REGULAR VERBS
Present Past Spanish
Accept Accepted
Address Addressed
Admire Admired
Admit Admitted
Adore Adored
Advise Advise
Answer Answered
Apply Applied
Appreciate Appreciate
Arrive ArrivedAsk Asked
Bake Baked
Believe Believed
Belong Belonged
Borrow Borrowed
Brush Brushed
Call Called
Carry Carried
Change Changed
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Clean Cleaned
Close Closed
Cook Cooked
Count Counted
Cover Covered
Cross Crossed
Dance Danced
Decide Decided
Deliver Delivered
Discover Discovered
Dress Dressed
Empty Emptied
Enjoy Enjoyed
Erase Erased
Examine Examined
Expect Expected
Explain Explained
File Filed
Fill Filled
Finish Finished
Fix Fixed
Follow Followed
Force Forced
Form Formed
Fly Fried
Gather Gathered
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Guide Guided
Hand in Handed out
Hand out Handed out
Hate Hated
Help Helped
Honor Honored
Hope Hoped
Hurry Hurried
Increase Increased
Intend Intended
Invent Invented
Invite Invited
Iron Ironed
Jump Jumped
Land Landed
Laugh Laughed
Learn Learned
Like Liked
Listen Listened
Live Lived
Look Looked
Look for Looked for
Love Loved
Mail Mailed
Miss Missed
Move Moved
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Need Needed
Obtain Obtained
Open Opened
Order Ordered
Park Parked
Place Placed
Plan Planned
Play Played
Practice Practiced
Prefer Preferred
Prepare Prepared
Produce Produced
Pull Pulled
Push Pushed
Rain Raided
Receive Received
Remember Remembered
Rent Rented
Repair Repaired
Repeat Rested
Rest Rested
Return Returned
Review Reviewed
Serve Served
Shave Shaved
Smell Smelled
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Smile Smiled
Smoke Smoked
Snow Snowed
Start Started
Stay Stayed
Stop Stopped
Study Studied
Talk Talked
Thank Thanked
Touch Touched
Travel Traveled
Try Tried
Turn Turned
Turn of Turned of
Type Typed
Use Used
Visit Visited
Vote Voted
Wait Waited
Wait on Waited on
Walk Walked
Want Wanted
Wash Washed
Watch Watched
Wish Wished
Word Worked
NOTE: The PAST PARTICIPLE form is the same as the PAST TENSE form.
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