5 monografía indicadores sociales

8/17/2019 5 Monografía Indicadores Sociales

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL FEDERICO VILLARREAL

FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA

PSICOLOGÍA CLÍNICA

INDICADORES DEL ÁREA SOCIAL

Carazas, Juvia; Mosa!"ro, Va#"ssa; O$is%o, C&risia#; Ruiz, '"((); Saravia, Ji*"#a; Tio

G(oria; V"ra Liss""; V"ra Sa#+ra

Li*a P"r-

./01



Pensamiento

2 La vi+a #o "s u# %ro$("*a 3u" i"#" 3u" s"r r"su"(o, si#o u#a r"a(i+a+ 3u" +"$" s"r

"4%"ri*"#a+a2

5 Sor"# 'i"r6"7aar+



ÍNDICE

CARÁTULA

PENSAMIENTO

DEDICATORIA

AGRADECIMIENTO

INTRODUCCI>N

CAPÍTULO I? DESARROLLO @IST>RICO

00 TEORÍA DE APRENDIAJE SOCIAL0. TEORÍA PSICOSOCIAL0B TEORÍA DEL APEGO0 TEORÍA DEL SELF SOCIAL01 TEORÍA COGNITIVISTA DE PIAGET

CAPÍTULO II? INDICADORES

.0 @AILIDADES PARA LA VIDA

.00 AUTOCONOCIMIENTO.0. TOMA DE DECISIONES

.0B SOLUCI>N DE PROLEMAS

.0 PENSAMIENTO CREATIVO

.01 PENSAMIENTOS CRÍTICO

.0 MANEJA DE EMOCIONES H SENTIMIENTOS

.0 MANEJO DE TENSI>N H ESTRS

.. @AILIDADES SOCIALES

..0 EMPATÍA

... ASERTIVIDAD

..B SAER ESCUC@AR.. RESILIENCIA

..1 PRESION DE GRUPO

CAPÍTULO III? FACTORES ASOCIADOS

B0 LA COMUNICACI>N



INTRODUCCIÓN

E( s"r &u*a#o #o s" r"a(iza "# so(iario, si#o "# *"+io +" oros i#+ivi+uos +" su

*is*a "s%"!i", +" :or*a 3u" si !ar"!i"ra +" "sa r"(a!i<# +" %"r=o+os :u#+a*"#a("s +" su

"vo(u!i<#, #o %o+r=a vivir !o# #or*a(i+a+ "# #u"sra so!i"+a+ Ta( "s as= 3u" i#ro+u!" a(i#+ivi+uo "# "( 7ru%o so!ia( ) (" !o#vi"r" "# u# *i"*$ro +"( !o("!ivo, "# a#o 3u" su

!o#+u!a #o s"a +"sa+a%aiva +" (a !o#+u!a *9s :r"!u"#" "# sus !o*%o#"#"s o s"

r"s%""# (as #or*as +" o("ra#!ia ) +" !o#viv"#!ia

E( 9r"a so!ia( "s a3u"((a +i*"#si<# "# (a !ua( (os i#+ivi+uos, "# su i#"ra!!i<# !o#

oros, +"sarro((a# (as *a#"ras +" %"#sar, s"#ir ) a!uar 3u" so# "s"#!ia("s %ara su

%ari!i%a!i<# ":i!az "# (a so!i"+a+ Ka#+"#, 0 I#!(u)" a*$i# 3u" "( su8"o r"!i$a

i#:(u"#!ias +"( *"+io ) a su v"z ( i#:(u)" so$r" "s"

E# "( *ar!o so!ia( s" +"sarro((a# (as &a$i(i+a+"s so!ia("s, "sas s"7-# La!u#za )

Go#z9("z K.// so# u# *"+io "4!"%!io#a( +" %ro"!!i<# ) %ro*o!i<# +" (a sa(u+ )a 3u"

(os !o*%ora*i"#os so!ia("s %osiivos :avor"!"# (a a+a%a!i<#, (a a!"%a!i<# +" (os oros,

(os r":u"rzos %osiivos ) "( $i"#"sar +"( su8"o

As= %u"s "s" %ro!"so so!ia( &a!" r":"r"#!ia a (a i#"ra!!i<# "#r" "( su8"o ) "(

*"+io "# "( !ua( "s" s" +"sarro((a, "#"#+i#+os" 3u" +"#ro +" +i!&o %ro!"so "4is" u#a

$i+ir"!!io#a(i+a+, "( su8"o r"!i$" i#:(u"#!ias +"( *"+io ) a su v"z ( a*$i# i#:(u)" so$r"

"s" *is*o *"+io

S"7-# O(ivar"s, M#+"z ) Ros K0 s" &a "sa$("!i+o u#a r"("va#!ia +"(

!o#o!i*i"#o "# or#o a (as &a$i(i+a+"s so!ia("s +"$i+o a (a r"(a!i<# "#r" (os %ro$("*as "#

"( +"sarro((o +" &a$i(i+a+"s so!ia("s +ura#" (a i#:a#!ia ) +"sa8us"s "# (a "+a+ a+u(a, o+o

"so sus"#a+o a su v"z %or (os &a((az7os "# "( +:i!i +"( :u#!io#a*i"#o so!ia( ) (os

+"s<r+"#"s +" (a !o#+u!a, a+"*9s +" su i#:(u"#!ia "# +iv"rsos rasor#os

D"( *is*o *o+o, (as &a$i(i+a+"s %ara (a vi+a i"#"# *u!&o 3u" a%orar a( $i"#"sar

:a*i(iar ) so!ia( !o#ri$u)"#+o a 3u" +"sarro(("# ) :ora("z!a# (as +"sr"zas %si!oso!ia("s

#"!"sarias %ara (a !o#sru!!i<# +" %ro!"sos %"rso#a("s, :a*i(iar"s ) !o*u#iarios +"

!o#viv"#!ia %a!=:i!a ) r"so(u!i<# #o vio("#a +" (os !o#:(i!os



CAPÍTULO I

DESARROLLO HISTÓRICO

I0 TEORÍA DE APRENDIAJE SOCIAL

Esa "or=a :u" +"sarro((a+a %or a#+ura, 3ui"# !o#si+"ra 3u" (os :a!or"s "4"r#os

so# a# i*%ora#"s !o*o (os i#"r#os ) 3u" (os a!o#"!i*i"#os a*$i"#a("s, (os :a!or"s

%"rso#a("s ) (as !o#+u!as i#"ra!-a# "# "( %ro!"so +" a%r"#+iza8"

La "or=a !o7#os!iiva so!ia(, su%o#" 3u" (os :a!or"s %"rso#a("s K!r""#!ias,

"4%"!aivas, a!iu+"s ) !o#o!i*i"#os, "( a*$i"#" Kr"!ursos, !o#s"!u"#!ia +" (as

a!!io#"s :=si!as ) (a !o#+u!a Ka!!io#"s i#+ivi+ua("s, "("!!io#"s ) +"!(ara!io#"s v"r$a("s

s" i#:(u)"# +" :or*a *uua, a (o 3u" ((a*o +""r*i#is*o r"!i%ro!o E# "sa "or=a s"

+isi#7u" "#r" a%r"#+iza8" a!ivo Ka%r"#+"r a( &a!"r ) "4%"ri*"#ar ) u# a%r"#+iza8"

vi!ario u o$s"rva!io#a( (a%r"#+"r o$s"rva#+o a (os oros

E#r" (os "("*"#os +"( a%r"#+iza8" o$s"rva!io#a( s" "#!u"#ra#?

- Pr"sar a"#!i<#- R""#"r (a i#:or*a!i<# o (as i*%r"sio#"s- G"#"rar !o#+u!as- Esar *oiva+os a r"%"ir(as

Mi"#ras 3u" (os :a!or"s 3u" i#:(u)"# "# "( a%r"#+iza8" o$s"rva!io#a( so#?- Esa+o +"( +"sarro((o- Pr"si7io ) !o*%""#!ia +"( *o+"(o- Co#s"!u"#!ias vi!arias- E4%"!aivas +" (os r"su(a+os- Esa$("!i*i"#o +" *"as- Auo":i!i"#!ia

Las v"#a8as ) (as +"sv"#a8as +" "sa "or=a, "s 3u" (a i#+ivi+ua(i+a+ ) %"rso#a(i+a+

+" (os i#+ivi+uos %u"+" i#:(uir +" :or*a %osiiva o #"7aiva A+"*9s, 3u" (a "s!a(a

va(oraiva "s u# "("*"#o +""r*i#a#", ) (os *o+"(os "# "( &o7ar so# varia$("s "4"r#as +"

7ra# r"("va#!ia

I. TEORÍA PSICOSOCIAL



La "or=a +"( +"sarro((o %si!oso!ia( :u" +"sarro((a+a %or Eri6so#, "sa

r"i#"r%r"a!i<# :u" "(a$ora+a a %arir +" (as :as"s %si!os"4ua("s "(a$ora+as %or Fr"u+, "#

+o#+" "#:aiz< (os as%"!os so!ia("s +" !a+a u#a +" "((as "# !uaro as%"!os?

a I#!r"*"#< "( "#"#+i*i"#o +"( )oQ !o*o u#a :u"rza i#"#sa, via( ) %osiiva,!o*o u#a !a%a!i+a+ or7a#iza+ora +"( i#+ivi+uo !o# %o+"r +" r"!o#!i(iar (as

:u"rzas si#<#i!as ) (as +is<#i!as, as= !o*o +" so(u!io#ar (as !risis 3u" sur7"# +"(

!o#"4o 7"#i!o, !u(ura( " &is<ri!o +" !a+a i#+ivi+uo

$ Pro:u#+iz< "# (as "a%as +" +"sarro((o %si!os"4ua( +" Fr"u+,

i#"7ra#+o (a +i*"#si<# so!ia( ) "( +"sarro((o %si!oso!ia(

! E4"#+i< "( !o#!"%o +" +"sarro((o +" (a %"rso#a(i+a+ %ara "( !i!(o !o*%("o +" (a

vi+a, +" (a i#:a#!ia a (a v"8"z

+ E4%(or< "( i*%a!o +" (a !u(ura, +" (a so!i"+a+ ) +" (a &isoria "# "( +"sarro((o +" (a

%"rso#a(i+a+, i#"#a#+o i(usrar "s" "su+io !o*o u#a %r"s"#a!i<# +" &isorias +"

%"rso#as i*%ora#"s

E# (o 3u" +is!r"%a Eri6so# !o# Fr"u+ "s "# (a i*%ora#!ia 3u" "s" -(i*o +a$a a(

+"sarro((o s"4ua( %ara "4%(i!ar "( +"sarro((o "vo(uivo +"( i#+ivi+uo Eri6so#; si# "*$ar7o,

!o#"*%(a 3u" "( i#+ivi+uo a *"+i+a 3u" va %asa#+o %or +i:"r"#"s "a%as va +"sarro((a#+o

!o#!i"#!ia %or *"+ia!i<# +" (a i#"ra!!i<# so!ia( Es" s" !"#ra *9s "# (os +""r*i#a#"s

so!io!u(ura("s +"( +"sarro((o &u*a#o sos"#i"#+o 3u" (as %"rso#as s" +"sarro((a#

su%"ra#+o o!&o i%os +" !o#:(i!os, 3u" va# +"s+" (a !o#:ia#za :r"#" a +"s!o#:ia#za "# (a

i#:a#!ia &asa (a i#"7ri+a+ :r"#" a (a +"s"s%"ra!i<# "# (a s"#"!u+

Para Eri6so# !a+a u#a +" (as "a%as "# (a vi+a +"( s"r &u*a#o +"sarro((a u#a s"ri"

+" !o*%""#!ias +""r*i#a+as; "#o#!"s, (as %"rso#as 3u" &a# a+3uiri+o (a !o*%""#!ia

sa(+r9# !o# u#a s"#sa!i<# +" su:i!i"#!ia 3u" (" a)u+ar9 a r"so(v"r (os r"os 3u" "#+r9 3u"su%"rar "# (a si7ui"#" "a%a +" su vi+a

Oro a%or" +" (a "or=a +" Eri6so# "s 3u" !a+a u#a +" (as "a%as +" (a vi+a s" v"

*ar!a+a %or u# !o#:(i!o o !risis, 3u" "s (o 3u" %"r*i" "( +"sarro((o +"( i#+ivi+uo ) su

7ra+o +" *a+ur"z %ara "#:r"#ar ) su%"rar (os %ro$("*as %ro%ios +" !a+a u#a +" "sas



"a%as E# (a r"so(u!i<# +" "sos !o#:(i!os "( s"r &u*a#o "#!u"#ra u# 7ra# %o"#!ia( %ara

"( !r"!i*i"#o, %"ro a*$i# %o+"*os "#!o#rar u# 7ra# %o"#!ia( %ara "( :ra!aso

Esa+ios Psi!oso!ia("s? Eri!6so# +"sarro((a o!&o "sa+ios 3u" s" +a# "# "( !i!(o via(

+" (a %"rso#a

i. Confianza – Desconfianza

Es" "sa+io s" +a +"s+" "( #a!i*i"#o &asa (os +i"!io!&o *"s"s +" vi+a +"( $"$, "( !ua(

+"%"#+" +" (a r"(a!i<# o v=#!u(o 3u" s" "sa$("z!a !o# (a *a+r". E# sus %ri*"ros *"s"s +"

vi+a "( #io i+"#i:i!a a (a *a+r" !o*o (a %"rso#a !o# (a 3u" "sa$("!" u#a r"(a!i<#

si7#i:i!aiva ) !o# (a 3u" %o#+r9 "# 8u"7o sus !a%a!i+a+"s i##aas a( sais:a!"r su &a*$r"

*"+ia#" "( r":("8o +" su!!i<# ) s"#irs" $i"# a( %"r!i$ir (os !ui+a+os a*orosos 3u" su

*a+r" (" oor7a

Es "# "sa :as" "*%ra#a +" (a (a!a#!ia !ua#+o (os #ios "s9# "4%u"sos a u#

s"#i*i"#o +" !o#:ia#za o +" +"s!o#:ia#za $9si!a, s"7-# (a sais:a!!i<# o i#sais:a!!i<# +"

sus #"!"si+a+"s %ri*or+ia("s, ) (a :i7ura *a"r#a "s 3ui"# %ro%or!io#a a (os #ios (a

s"7uri+a+ o i#s"7uri+a+, %or (o 3u" +"%"#+i"#+o +" 3u" r"s%o#+a a (as #"!"si+a+"s +" (os

#ios 7"#"ra "# "((os s"7uri+a+, +" (o !o#rario su +"sa"#!i<# %ro+u!ir9 :rusra!i<# o

+"s!o#:ia#za

ii. Autonomía vs Vergüenza y duda

Es" "sa+io !o*i"#za +"s+" (os 0 *"s"s &asa (os B aos +" vi+a, "s a3u= +o#+" "(

#io "*%r"#+" su +"sarro((o !o7#iivo, a+3ui"r" varias +"sr"zas *"#a("s ) &a$i(i+a+"s

*ooras, "#r" "((as "( +"sarro((o +"( ("#7ua8", !o# "( 3u" %o+r9 a*%(iar susa#!ia(*"#" su

!a%a!i+a+ +" !o*u#i!a!i<# As= a*$i#, "*%i"za a !a*i#ar !o# *a)or s"7uri+a+ ) "#"r

*"8or !o#ro( *us!u(ar, (o 3u" (" oor7a *a)or auo#o*=a %"ro a*$i# "s" %ro!"so +"

a%r"#+iza8" %u"+" !o#(("var *o*"#os +" +u+a ) v"r7"#za

iii. Iniciativa vs Culpa

Es" "sa+io !o*%r"#+" +"s+" (os B &asa (os 1 aos a%ro4i*a+a*"#" E( #io

!o*i"#za a +"sarro((ars" r9%i+a*"#" a#o :=si!a !o*o i#"("!ua(*"#", %r"s"#a u#



*a)or i#"rs %or r"(a!io#ars" !o# oros #ios, %ro$a#+o sus &a$i(i+a+"s ) !a%a!i+a+"s E(

8u"7o "s "# "sa :as" (a a!ivi+a+ $9si!a, a&= "( #io "4"rioriza o "4%r"sa as%"!os +" su

"*oivi+a+ ) +" sus i#3ui"u+"s; "s !ua#+o (as r"(a!io#"s so!ia("s s" i#!r"*"#a# %or su

r"(a!i<# !o# oros #ios? s" (" "#!u"#ra "#r" +os %o(os, "( &a!"r o #o &a!"r, "( *" ar"vo o

#o *" ar"vo, "( vo) o #o vo)

Los #ios i"#"# !uriosi+a+ ) "s $u"#o 3u" s" ("s *oiv" %ara +"sarro((ars"

!r"aiva*"#" E# "( !aso +" 3u" (os %a+r"s r"s%o#+a# +" :or*a #"7aiva a (as %r"7u#as +"

(os #ios o a (a i#i!iaiva +" "sos, "s %ro$a$(" 3u" ("s 7"#"r" !u(%a$i(i+a+

iv. Laboriosidad vs Inferioridad

Esa "a%a s" +a "#r" (os ) aos &asa (os 0. aos, (os #ios su"("# *osrar u#

i#"rs 7"#ui#o %or "( :u#!io#a*i"#o +" (as !osas, *o+i:i!a# sus 8u"7os ) sus !o#+u!as,

s" &a!"# *9s r"s%o#sa$("s ) i"#+"# a i#"#ar &a!"r(o o+o %or "((os *is*os, !o# su %ro%io

"s:u"rzo Por "((o "s a# i*%ora#" (a "si*u(a!i<# %osiiva 3u" %u"+a r"!i$ir "# (a "s!u"(a,

"# !asa %or %ar" +" sus %a+r"s !o*o %or "( 7ru%o +" i7ua("s 3u" "*%i"za a "#"r u#a

r"("va#!ia i*%ora#=si*a %ara "((os

E# "( !aso +" 3u" "so #o s"a $i"# a!o7i+o o sus :ra!asos *oiv"# (as

!o*%ara!io#"s !o# oros, "( #io %u"+" +"sarro((ar !i"ra s"#sa!i<# +" i#:"riori+a+ 3u" ("

&ar9 s"#irs" i#s"7uro :r"#" a (os +"*9s

v. !s"ueda de Identidad vs. Difusi#n de Identidad

Es" "sa+io s" +a +ura#" (a a+o("s!"#!ia, +"s+" (os 00 &asa (os 0 aos Los

a+o("s!"#"s !u"sio#a# (os *o+"(os +" (a #i"z ) raa# +" asu*ir #u"vos ro("s; +" a3u=

3u" (a %r"7u#a *9s si7#i:i!aiva "# "((os "s sa$"r $"ui%n soy yo&, !o*i"#za# a *osrars"

*9s i#+"%"#+i"#"s, &a) u#a $-s3u"+a r"!=%ro!a +" a!"%a!i<# ) !o&"si<# +" 7ru%o,

a*$i# i"#+"# a s"%arars" +" (os %a+r"s, 3ui"r"# %asar *9s i"*%o !o# sus a*i7os )

"*%i"za# a %"#sar "# "( :uuro !o*o (o 3u" 3ui"r"# "su+iar, "# 3u ra$a8ar ) (a

i#+"%"#+"#!ia :=si!a

E# "sa "a%a !o*i"#za# a "4%(orar sus %ro%ias %osi$i(i+a+"s ) !o*i"#za# a

+"sarro((ar su %ro%ia i+"#i+a+ $as9#+os" "# "( r"su(a+o +" "sas "4%"ri"#!ias Esa



$-s3u"+a va a %rovo!ar 3u" *u!&as v"!"s s" si"#a# !o#:usos +" su i+"#i+a+, %u"s "sar9#

!o#sa#"*"#" %ro$a#+o %"ro a*$i# ("s %rovo!ar9 !risis "# (as a#"rior"s "a%as

vi. Intimidad vs aislamiento

Es" "sa+io su"(" +ars" +"s+" (os .0 aos &asa (os / aos a%ro4i*a+a*"#" La

:or*a +" r"(a!io#ars" !a*$ia, (o7ra# u# s"#i*i"#o +" i#+"%"#+"#!ia +" (os %a+r"s ) +" (a

"s!u"(a, r"s%o#sa$i(i+a+, !o*i"#za# a $us!ar r"(a!io#"s *9s =#i*as 3u" o:r"z!a# )

r"3ui"ra# +" u# !o*%ro*iso %or a*$as %ar"s, u#a i#i*i+a+ 3u" %ro+uz!a u#a s"#sa!i<#

+" s"7uri+a+, +" #o "sar so(o, +" !o#:ia#za Cua#+o s" "via "s" i%o +" i#i*i+a+, "( a*or

3u" %u"+" +"s%("7ars" "# "sas r"(a!io#"s *9s !"r!a#as, u#o %u"+" "sar $or+"a#+o (a

so("+a+ o ais(a*i"#o 3u" %u"+" +"rivar "# +"%r"si<#

vii. 'eneratividad vs estancamiento.

Es" "sa+io !o*i"#za +"s+" (os / &asa (os / aos a%ro4i*a+a*"#" Es u#

*o*"#o "# "( 3u" (a %"rso#a s" +"+i!a a su :a*i(ia, !r"!" "( !o*%ro*iso ) (a

r"s%o#sa$i(i+a+ &a!ia (os +"*9s, &a) u#a $-s3u"+a +" "3ui(i$rio "#r" (a %ro+u!ivi+a+ ) "(

"sa#!a*i"#o; u#a %ro+u!ivi+a+ 3u" "s9 (i7a+a a( :uuro, a( %orv"#ir +" (os su)os ) +" (as

%r<4i*as 7"#"ra!io#"s, "s (a $-s3u"+a s"r ) s"#irs" #"!"sia+o %or (os +"*9s, s"r )

s"#irs" -i( E# "s" "sa+io s" va(ora# (os (o7ros *a"ria("s " i#"("!ua("s ) "( 7ra+o +"

sais:a!!i<# %or (o (o7ra+o

E( "sa#!a*i"#o s"r=a "s" *o*"#o "# "( 3u" u#o s" %r"7u#a 3u "s (o 3u" &a!"

a3u= si#o sirv" %ara #a+a, s" si"#" "sa#!a+o si#o %o+"r o:r"!"r #a+a a( *u#+o No sa$r9

!<*o !o#i#uar o (" +ar9 *i"+o o*ar #u"vas ruas; s" 3u"+ar9 %as*a+o a#" su vi+a si#

%ros"7uir &a!ia a+"(a#"

viii. Integridad del yo vs desesperaci#n.

Es" "sa+io s" +a +"s+" (os / aos &asa (a *u"r" Es u# *o*"#o "# "( 3u" u#o

)a +"8a +" s"r %ro+u!ivo, o a( *"#os #o !o*o (o :u" "#o#!"s U# *o*"#o "# "( 3u" (a

vi+a ) (a :or*a +" vivir !a*$ia# !o*%("a*"#", (os a*i7os ) :a*i(iar"s s" va# *uri"#+o,

u#o i"#" 3u" a:ro#ar (os +u"(os 3u" %rovo!a (a v"8"z, a#o "# "( %ro%io !u"r%o !o*o "# "(



+" (os +"*9s A!"%a# su vi+a !o*o u#a %ro+u!iva o s" +"s"s%"ra# %or (a i#!a%a!i+a+ +"

vo(v"r a vivir(a

0B TEORÍA DEL APEGO

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a (ar7o %(azo +" (a i#"ra!!i<# "#r" "( #io ) "( "#or#o, "# %ari!u(ar "# (o r":"r"#" a (as

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E( a%"7o "s "( v=#!u(o "*o!io#a( 3u" +"sarro((a "( #io !o# sus %a+r"s Ko

!ui+a+or"s ) 3u" (" %ro%or!io#a (a s"7uri+a+ "*o!io#a( i#+is%"#sa$(" %ara u# $u"#+"sarro((o +" (a %"rso#a(i+a+ La "sis :u#+a*"#a( +" (a T"or=a +"( A%"7o "s 3u" "( "sa+o

+" s"7uri+a+, a#si"+a+ o "*or +" u# #io "s +""r*i#a+o "# 7ra# *"+i+a %or (a

a!!"si$i(i+a+ ) !a%a!i+a+ +" r"s%u"sa +" su %ri#!i%a( :i7ura +" a:"!o K%"rso#a !o# 3u" s"

"sa$("!" "( v=#!u(o

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a%"7o si"*%r" 3u" (a #"!"si", s"r9 *u!&o *"#os %ro%"#so a "4%"ri*"#ar *i"+os

- La !o#:ia#za s" va a+3uiri"#+o 7ra+ua(*"#" +ura#" (os aos +" i#*a+ur"z )

i"#+" a su$sisir %or "( r"so +" (a vi+a

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:i7ura +" a%"7o :or8a+os %or +i:"r"#"s i#+ivi+uos

Ti%os +" a%"7o

Los "su+ios +" Ai#sor& K0/, a*%(iaro# (os !o#!"%os +" (a "or=a +"( a%"7o,

%"r*ii"#+o +"*osrar "*%=ri!a*"#" sus %ri#!i%ios E( *9s i#:(u)"#" +" "sos "su+ios "s

"( !o#o!i+o !o*o Proo!o(o +" siua!i<# "4raa, +o#+" Ai#sor& K0/ "va(-a "(

!o*%ora*i"#o +" (a s"%ara!i<# ) r""#!u"#ro "#r" #ios ) !ui+a+or"s, %ara "((o +is"<

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth



u#a siua!i<# "4%"ri*"#a(, (a Siua!i<# +"( E4rao, %ara "4a*i#ar "( "3ui(i$rio "#r" (as

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r"sis"#" Pos"rior*"#" s" i#!(u)< u# !uaro i%o, "( a%"7o +"sor7a#iza+o K+"sori"#a+o

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$ A%"7o "viaivo o "vasivo

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*a#"ra si*i(ar a "sar o +"8ar +" "sar !o# "( !ui+a+or 3u" !o# u# "4rao Los #ios

"viaivos rara*"#" ((ora# "# (os "%iso+ios +" s"%ara!i<# ), "# (os "%iso+ios +" r"u#i<#

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i#:a#!ia o "a%a a+u(a 3u" a-# #o &a r"su"(o, (o !ua( s" v" r":("8a+o "# (os "su+ios +"

Mai# K0, 3ui"# (o r"(a!io#a !o# (os "*or"s #o r"su"(os +" (os %a+r"s ) "sos a su v"z

s" ra#s*i"# a (os &i8os !o# u#a !o#+u!a "*"rosa o a"*oriza#"

Cua(3ui"ra +" (os r"s i%os +" a%"7o #o5s"7uro? "viaivo, r"sis"#" o

+"sor7a#iza+o, !o#siu)" u#a i#a+"!ua!i<# %ara "( #io, "s%"!ia(*"#" si (as !o#+u!as %ar"#a("s !o#i#-a# +ura#" o+a (a i#:a#!ia E# !o*%ara!i<# !o# (os #ios !o# a%"7o

s"7uro, (os #ios !o# a%"7o i#s"7uro #o "s9# a# $i"# a%o)a+os "# *u!&os 9*$ios +" (a

vi+a, (o 3u" %o#" "# %"(i7ro sus r"(a!io#"s :uuras Los %ro$("*as so!ia("s ) +"

!o*%ora*i"#o au*"#a# o +is*i#u)"# !o# "( +""rioro o *"8ora +" a"#!i<# +" sus

%a+r"s; si# "*$ar7o, u# a%"7o s"7uro %r"*auro %ar"!" "#"r u#a :u#!i<# %ro"!ora

+ura+"ra

0 TEORÍA DEL SELF SOCIAL

E( raa*i"#o +" M"a+ +" (a so!i"+a+ &u*a#a *osra$a 3u" (a vi+a "# 7ru%o "s (a

!o#+i!i<# "s"#!ia( %ara "( sur7i*i"#o +" (a !o#!i"#!ia, (a *"#", "( *u#+o +" (os o$8"os,

s"r"s &u*a#os !o*o or7a#is*os "# %os"si<# +" XS"(v"sX ) +" (a !o#+u!a &u*a#a "#

:or*a +" a!os !o#srui+os La !o#sru!!i<# +" u# a!o &u*a#o i#!(u)" (a i+"#i:i!a!i<# +"

u#a :uura (=#"a +" a!!i<#, (a o$s"rva!i<# " i#"r%r"a!i<# +" (as a!!io#"s +" (os +"*9s, (a

"va(ua!i<# +" (a siua!i<# i#+ivi+ua(, (a "va(ua!i<# %"rso#a( "# +i:"r"#"s *o*"#os +" (a

r"a(iza!i<# +"( a!o, "( "sa$("!i*i"#o +" u#a "sra"7ia %ara sa$"r 3u &a!" "# +i:"r"#"s

*o*"#os ), :r"!u"#"*"#", (a "si*u(a!i<# a s= *is*o :r"#" a +is%osi!io#"s o

siua!io#"s +"s*oiva#"s Por oro (a+o, %ara (u*"r K0/ "( &"!&o +" 3u" u# a!o

&u*a#o s"a auo+iri7i+o o !o#srui+o #o 3ui"r" +"!ir "# #i#7-# s"#i+o 3u" "( a!or



#"!"saria*"#" "4&i$" "4!"("#!ia "# su !o#sru!!i<#; +" &"!&o, %u"+" !o#sruir su a!o +"

*a#"ra *u) +":i!i"#"

01 TEORÍA COGNITIVISTA DE PIAGET

D"sarro((o +"( %"#sa*i"#o

D" a!u"r+o !o# Pia7", #u"sros %ro!"sos +" %"#sa*i"#o !a*$ia# +" *a#"ra

ra+i!a(, au#3u" !o# ("#iu+, +"( #a!i*i"#o a (a *a+ur"z Pia7" i+"#i:i!< !uaro :a!or"s?

*a+ura!i<# $io(<7i!a, a!ivi+a+, "4%"ri"#!ias so!ia("s ) "3ui(i$rio

o La *a+ura!i<#? U#a +" (as i#:(u"#!ias *9s i*%ora#"s "s "( +"s"#vo(vi*i"#o +"

(os !a*$ios $io(<7i!os 3u" "s9# %ro7ra*a+os a #iv"( 7"#i!o "# !a+a s"r &u*a#o

+"s+" (a !o#!"%!i<#o La a!ivi+a+? Co# (a *a+ura!i<# :=si!a s" %r"s"#a (a !r"!i"#" #"!"si+a+ +" a!uar

"# "( "#or#o ) a%r"#+"r +" s" S"7-# Pia7", #u"sro +"sarro((o !o7#os!iivo s"

v" i#:(ui+o %or (a ra#s*isi<# so!ia( o "( a%r"#+iza8" +" oros, +"$i+o a 3u", si# (a

ra#si!i<# so!ia(, #"!"siar=a*os vo(v"r a i#v"#ar o+o "( !o#o!i*i"#o 3u" #u"sra

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%"#sa*i"#o "# "sru!uras %si!o(<7i!as, "sas "sru!uras %si!o(<7i!as so# #u"sros

sis"*as %ara !o*%r"#+"r " i#"ra!uar !o# "( *u#+o Las "sru!uras si*%("s s"

!o*$i#a# ) !oor+i#a# %ara s"r *9s !o*%("8as ), !o*o !o#s"!u"#!ia *9s ":"!ivas

Es "vi+"#" 3u" a*$i# %u"+"# ui(izar !a+a "sru!ura %or s"%ara+o Pia7"

+"#o*i#< a "sas "sru!uras "s3u"*as, (os !ua("s so# "("*"#os +" !o#sru!!i<#

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a!"r!a +" (os o$8"os ) "v"#os +" #u"sro *u#+oo A+a%a!i<#? Las %"rso#as &"r"+a# (a "#+"#!ia +" a+a%ars" a( "#or#o Pia7" !r"=a

3u" +"s+" "( *o*"#o +"( #a!i*i"#o u#a %"rso#a !o*i"#za a $us!ar *a#"ras +"

a+a%ars" +" *o+o *9s sais:a!orio E# (a a+a%a!i<# %ari!i%a# +os %ro!"sos

$9si!os? asi*i(a!i<# ) a!o*o+a!i<#• La asi*i(a!i<# i"#" (u7ar !ua#+o (as %"rso#as ui(iza# sus "s3u"*as

"4is"#"s %ara +ar s"#i+o a (os "v"#os +" su *u#+o, i*%(i!a raar +"



!o*%r"#+"r a(7o #u"vo arr"7(9#+o(o a (o 3u" )a sa$"*os; "s +"!ir, "( su8"o

a!-a so$r" "( a*$i"#" 3u" (o ro+"a, (o ui(iza %ara s= ) "#o#!"s "s" *"+io

s" ra#s:or*a "# :u#!i<# +"( su8"o• La a!o*o+a!i<# su!"+" !ua#+o u#a %"rso#a +"$" !a*$iar "s3u"*as

"4is"#"s %ara r"s%o#+"r a u#a siua!i<# #u"va; "s +"!ir, r"a8usa sus

!o#+u!as "# :u#!i<# +" (os o$8"os si"#+o "s" r"su(a+o (a i*ia!i<#

La asi*i(a!i<# ) (a a!o*o+a!i<# a!-a# si"*%r" 8u#as, so# !o*%("*"#arias, s"

"#r"(aza# ) s" "3ui(i$ra#, s"7-# (a "a%a +"( +"sarro((o, "4is"# o!asio#"s "# 3u" #o s"

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3u" #o "s *u) :a*i(iar, a( v"z (o i7#or"#

CAPÍTULO II

INDICADORES

.0 @AILIDADES PARA LA VIDA

S" r":i"r" a u# 7ru%o 7"#ri!o +" &a$i(i+a+"s o +"sr"zas %si!oso!ia("s 3u" ("s

:a!i(ia# a (as %"rso#as "#:r"#ars" !o# 4io a (as "4i7"#!ias ) +"sa:=os +" (a vi+a +iaria E(

#:asis "# &a$i(i+a+"s %si!oso!ia("s +isi#7u" "sa "sra"7ia +" oras 3u" "#s"a# +"sr"zas



Adquisición delconocimiento

Cambio decomportamient

o

Práctica dehabilidadespara la vida

Prevención deproblemas y

comportamientos para un

estilo de vidasaludable

vo!a!io#a("s o s" !"#ra# "# as%"!os %r9!i!os +" (a vi+a +iaria as= !o*o (a %r"v"#!i<# +"

%ro$("*as, "sa *is*a r"3ui"r" (a a+3uisi!i<# +" !o*%""#!ias ) &a$i(i+a+"s "s%"!=:i!as a

#iv"( :=si!o, %si!o(<7i!o, so!ia( ) !o7#iivo

Esas si7u"# !i"ras !ara!"r=si!as !o*o?

• Las +"sr"zas %ara !o#+u!irs" +" !i"ra *a#"ra, +" a!u"r+o !o# (a *oiva!i<#

i#+ivi+ua( "# "( !a*%o +" a!!i<# 3u" "#7a (a %"rso#a, +"#ro +" sus (i*ia!io#"s

so!ia("s ) !u(ura("s• U# "s(a$<# "#r" (os :a!or"s *oiva+or"s +"( !o#o!i*i"#o, a!iu+"s ) va(or"s +"(

!o*%ora*i"#o o "si(o +" vi+a sa(u+a$(" K!o*o s" *u"sra "# "( 7r9:i!o

S"7-# (a OMS K0B, (as &a$i(i+a+"s %ara (a vi+a !o# (as 3u" ra$a8a*os so# (as

si7ui"#"s?

.00 AUTOCONOCIMIENTO

Es (a ra=z +" o+o !o#o!i*i"#o 3u" !o*%o#"# " i#"r"sa# a (a raz<# +a+o 3u" "( s"r

&u*a#o "s ra!io#a( +"$"r=a "sar *oiva+o %or "( !u(ivo +" su %"#sa*i"#os, %"ro so$r"

o+o +" su ra*o ra+i!a( *i"#ras *a)or s"a "( %or" +" (o 3u" so$r"sa(" *a)or s"r9 su

ra)"!oria &u*a#a Es9 +ir"!a*"#" r"(a!io#a+o !o# "( auo+"sarro((o, "( a%r"#+iza8", "(



(i+"raz7o ) (a auo"si*a +a+o 3u" u#a %"rso#a %ara +"sarro((ars" #"!"sia !o#o!"rs" ) a(

&a!"r(o +"$" !o*%ro*""rs" "# "( au*"#o +" su +"sarro((o

E( *a)or "#"*i7o "# a+u(os "s (a %r9!i!a i#!o#s!i"#" "# (a *a)or=a +" (os !asos

+" 3u"r"r "#"r raz<# ) +":"#+"r (os %u#os +" visa !o*o si :u"ra# v"r+a+ %u"+" o!urrir 3u" s" !o#+u8o a( 4io "# a(7u#a o%oru#i+a+ )a s"a u# !o*%ora*i"#o, %r9!i!a,

&a$i(i+a+ o *o+o +" %"#sar

Es as= 3u" %ara +"sarro((ar u# *a)or !o#o!i*i"#o %"rso#a( #os :a!i(ia r"!o#o!"r

(os *o*"#os +" %r"o!u%a!i<# o "#si<# "so i*%(i!a r"!o#o!"r #u"sro s"r, !ar9!"r,

:ora("zas, +"$i(i+a+"s, 7usos ) +is7usos

Mu!&as v"!"s "s" !o#o!i*i"#o "s u# r"3uisio +" (a !o*u#i!a!i<# ":"!iva, (as

r"(a!io#"s i#"r%"rso#a("s ) (a !a%a!i+a+ %ara +"sarro((ar "*%a=a &a!ia (os +"*9s

.0. TOMA DE DECISIONES

Es *a#"8ar !o#sru!iva*"#" (as +"!isio#"s r"s%"!o a #u"sras vi+as ) (a +" (os

+"*9s, "so %u"+" "#"r !o#s"!u"#!ias %ara (a sa(u+ ) "( $i"#"sar si (os #ios ) 8<v"#"s

o*a# +"!isio#"s "# :or*a a!iva a!"r!a +" sus "si(os +" vi+a, "va(ua#+o o%!io#"s ) (as

!o#s"!u"#!ias 3u" sas %o+r=a# "#"r

Es" %ro!"so r"3ui"r" 3u" 3ui"# o*a (a +"!isi<# s"a !a%az +" i+"#i:i!ar +i:"r"#"s

!ursos +" a!!i<# o so(u!i<# a u# %ro$("*a ) +""r*i#ar !u9( "s (a *"8or a("r#aiva +"

so(u!i<# K")&5Maro* ) !o(s, 0

D" a!u"r+o a (a "or=a +" a#+ura so$r" "( a%r"#+iza8" so!ia(, (as %"rso#as 3u"

"4%"ri*"#a# +i:i!u(a+"s +" +"sarro((o so# *"#os !a%a!"s +" %(a#"ar *"as a%ro%ia+as )

7"#"rar *"+ios %ara (o7rar "sas *"as Ka#+ura, 0; "so 3ui"r" +"!ir 3u" u#a %"rso#a3u" #o +"sarro((a "sa$i(i+a+ #o "s !a%az +" %(a#"ars" (a *"8or o%!i<#

Fi#a(*"#" s" *u"sra 3u" (a o*a +" +"!isio#"s "s u# %ro!"so *u!&o *9s

!o*%(i!a+o 3u" u# si*%(" %ro!"so ra!io#a( K")&5Maro* ) !o(s, 0 !o#ro(a#+o

o%!io#"s +i:=!i("s, "s%"!ia(*"#" $a8o !o#+i!io#"s +" "srs, i#vo(u!ra (as &a$i(i+a+"s +"



%"#sa*i"#o !o7#iivo !o*o i+"#i:i!a!i<# +" asu#os o %ro$("*as, +""r*i#a!i<# +"

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.0B SOLUCI>N DE PROLEMAS

Eso #os %"r*i" "#:r"#ar +" :or*a !o#sru!iva (os %ro$("*as "# (a vi+a )a 3u" si

#o so# r"su"(os %u"+"# !o#v"rirs" "# u#a :u"#" +" *a("sar :=si!o Krasor#os

%si!oso*9i!os, *"#a( Ka#si"+a+ ) +"%r"si<# !o*o a*$i# +" %ro$("*as %si!oso!ia("s

a+i!io#a("s Ka(!o&o(is*o, !o#su*o +" susa#!ias %si!oa!ivas

Esa s" i+"#i:i!a !o*o u# !urso +" a!!i<# 3u" !i"rra (a $r"!&a "#r" (a siua!i<#

a!ua( ) u#a :uura +"s"a$(", %ari"#+o +" "s" %ro!"so r"3ui"r" 3u" 3ui"# o*a (a +"!isi<#s"a !a%az +" i+"#i:i!ar +i:"r"#"s !ursos ) +""r*i#ar !u9( "s (a *"8or a("r#aiva +"

so(u!i<# K")&5Maro* ) !o(s, 0

E# (a *a)or=a +" (os %ro7ra*as "# a+o("s!"#"s usa# "( "#:o3u" +" &a$i(i+a+"s %ara

(a vi+a !o*$i#a#+o (as &a$i(i+a+"s so!ia("s ) (as &a$i(i+a+"s !o7#iivas, si"#+o "sas !(av"s

%ara (a r"so(u!i<# +" %ro$("*as !o*o s" o$s"rva "# "( ra$a8o +" S&ur" ) S%iva!6,

r"i"ra#+o (a i*%ora#!ia 3u" i"#" (a so(u!i<# +" %ro$("*as ) "( "sa$("!i*i"#o +" *"as

%ara u# +"sarro((o sa(u+a$(" !o*o (a %r"v"#!i<# +" i+"as a%(i!a+as a (as &a$i(i+a+"s 3u"a)u+"# a (os #ios a r"sisir (a i#:(u"#!ia +" sus %ar"s ) +" (os *"+ios +" !o*u#i!a!i<#,

a%r"#+i"#+o !<*o %"#sar "# :or*a !r=i!a a!"r!a +" (os *"#sa8"s 3u" r"!i$"# Kovi#,

0

Fi#a(*"#" %o+"*os +"!ir 3u" (a so(u!i<# +" %ro$("*as "s u# !o#8u#o +" a!iu+"s

3u" #os ori"#a# %ara a:ro#ar !o#sru!iva*"#" (as "4i7"#!ias +" (a vi+a !oi+ia#a

.0 PENSAMIENTO CREATIVO

Co#sis" "# (a ui(iza!i<# +" (os %ro!"sos $9si!os +"( %"#sa*i"#o %ara +"sarro((ar o

i#v"#ar i+"as +" :or*as #ov"+osas, "si!as ) !o#sru!ivas r"(a!io#a+as a %r"!"%os )

!o#!"%os !o# #:asis "# (os as%"!os +"( %"#sa*i"#o 3u" i"#"# 3u" v"r !o# (a i#i!iaiva )



(a raz<#, !o#ri$u)"#+o "# (a o*a +" +"!isio#"s ) "# (a so(u!i<# +" %ro$("*as, (o !ua( #os

%"r*i" "4%(orar (as a("r#aivas +is%o#i$("s ) (as +i:"r"#"s !o#s"!u"#!ias +" #u"sras

a!!io#"s u o*isio#"s, #os a)u+a a v"r *9s a((9 +" #u"sra "4%"ri"#!ia +ir"!a ) au# !ua#+o

#o "4isa u# %ro$("*a #os a)u+a a r"s%o#+"r +" *a#"ra a+a%aiva ) :("4i$(" a (as

siua!io#"s 3u" s" %r"s"#a# "# (a vi+a !oi+ia#a E#o#!"s, (a !r"aivi+a+ s" !o*%r"#+"

*"8or !ua#+o s" !o#!"%ua(iza #o !o*o u#a &a$i(i+a+ o !o*o u# ras7o +" %"rso#a(i+a+,

si#o !o*o u#a !o#+u!a 3u" "s r"su(a+o +" u#a !o#s"(a!i<# +" &a$i(i+a+"s !o7#iivas,

!ara!"r=si!as +" %"rso#a(i+a+ ) +" i#:(u"#!ia +"( *"+io so!ia(

D"s+" "( %u#o +" visa +" Gui(:or+ (os !o*%o#"#"s *9s r"("va#"s so#?

o F(ui+"z? !a%a!i+a+ +" %ro+u!ir u# 7ra# #-*"ro +" i+"as o r"s%u"sas %ara r"so(v"r

u# %ro$("*a E4is"# r"s i%os +" :(ui+"z?

• I+"as? +"s+" u#a %a(a$ra a u#a #arra!i<#• Aso!ia!i<# ? Es (a !a%a!i+a+ %ara %ro+u!ir u#a +iv"rsi+a+ +" r"s%u"sas

3u" i*%(i3u"# "( "sa$("!i*i"#o +" r"(a!io#"s %or "8"*%(o "s!ri$ir u#a

(isa +" %a(a$ras !o# si7#i:i!a+o o%u"so a $u"#o• E4%r"si<#? 3u" s" r":i"r" a (a :a!i(i+a+ %ara %ro+u!ir u#a s"!u"#!ia

!o&"r"#" +" %a(a$ras

o F("4i$i(i+a+ +" %"#sa*i"#o? Fa!i(i+a+ %ara !a*$iar (a *a#"ra +" "#"#+"r,i#"r%r"ar u#a ar"a o %ara !a*$iar +" "sra"7ia "# "( *o*"#o +" r"a(izar(a

o Nov"+a+ u ori7i#a(i+a+ +" i+"as? Ca%a!i+a+ +" %ro+u!ir r"s%u"sas i#usia+as "

i#7"#iosas a %arir +" %r"*isas *u) +isa#"s o r"*oaso E(a$ora!i<#? @a$i(i+a+ %ara +is"ar o !o#sruir u#a "sru!ura +" a!u"r+o !o# (as

i#:or*a!io#"s o$"#i+as

Por oro (a+o S"r#$"r7 +i!" 3u" (a !r"aivi+a+ %u"+" !o*%r"#+"rs" !o*o (a

i#"rs"!!i<# "#r" r"s ari$uos %si!o(<7i!os?

• Pro!"sos i#"("!ua("s? Los %ro!"sos i#"("!ua("s s" %r"s"#a# "# r"s i%os? Los *"a!o*%o#"#"s so# %ro!"sos 3u" %(a#i:i!a#, !o#ro(a# ) "va(-a# (a

so(u!i<# +" %ro$("*as si"#+o (os *9s i*%ora#"s %ara (a !r"aivi+a+ so#

(os r"(a!io#a+os !o# (a %(a#i:i!a!i<#



Los !o*%o#"#"s +" "8"!u!i<# s" "8"!ua# (as <r+"#"s +" (os

*"a!o*%o#"#"s ) su a!!i<# %u"+" s"r *9s o *"#os !r"aiva "# :u#!i<#

+" (a +isa#!ia a (a 3u" s" (("7u" a %arir +"( !o#8u#o +" +aos i#i!ia("s Los !o*%o#"#"s +" a+3uisi!i<# so# !o#o!i*i"#os 3u" usa# %ara

a%r"#+"r !o#"#i+os ) +"sr"zas

• E( Esi(o Co7#iivo o I#"("!ua(: Es (a *a#"ra "# 3u" s" usa (a i#"(i7"#!ia, "sa

"or=a +" (os "si(os s" $asa "# u#a i+"a +" auo7o$i"r#o *"#a(, "s +"!ir, (as

%"rso#as !o# u# "si(o ("7is(aivo %r":i"r"# !r"ar sus %ro%ias r"7(as *i"#ras 3u" (as

%"rso#as !o# "si(o "8"!uivo %r":i"r"# s"7uir r"7(as "sa$("!i+as, ) (as %"rso#as !o#

"si(o 8u+i!ia( %r":i"r"# "va(uar r"7(as ) %ro!"+i*i"#os; "#o#!"s, (as %"rso#as

i#"(i7"#"s s" i#!(i#a# %or "( "si(o "8"!uivo ) (as !r"aivas %or "( ("7is(aivo

• La %"rso#a(i+a+( Co#(("va !i"ros ras7os 3u" so# *9s :avora$("s %ara (a %ro+u!!i<#

!r"aiva !o*o (a o("ra#!ia a (a a*$i7"+a+, (a %"rs"v"ra#!ia %ara su%"rar

o$s9!u(os ) (a *oiva!i<#; %or (o a#o, (as %"rso#as i#"(i7"#"s !o#si+"ra# (a

a*$i7"+a+ !o*o u# asu#o a r"so(v"r, *i"#ras 3u" (as %"rso#as !r"aivas so#

o("ra#"s !o# "((a

.01 PENSAMIENTO CRÍTICO

Es u# 8ui!io 3u" va(ora u# a!ivi+a+, u#a i+"a o !o*%ora*i"#o; "s" i%o +"

!o7#i!i<# $us!a so*""r a u#a "s%"!i" +" "va(ua!i<# (a %"r!"%!i<# *9s o$8"iva 3u" s"

i"#" !o# "( %ro%<sio +" %ro$ar o !orro$orar(as %ara "("7ir o !a(i:i!ar; si# "*$ar7o, #o "s

r=7i+a )a 3u" (as !o#!(usio#"s %u"+"# variar a (a (uz +" #u"vos +aos 3u" so# so*"i+os a (a

i#"r%r"a!i<#, a#9(isis, "va(ua!i<#, i#:"r"#!ia, "4%(i!a!i<# ) auo r"7u(a!i<#

• La i#"r%r"a!i<# "s !o*%r"#+"r ) "4%r"sar "( si7#i:i!a+o +" u#a a*%(ia vari"+a+ +"

"4%"ri"#!ias o siua!io#"s, i#!(u)" (as su$5&a$i(i+a+"s +" !a"7oriza!i<#,

+"!o+i:i!a!i<# +"( si7#i:i!a+o ) a!(ara!i<# +"( s"#i+o



• E( a#9(isis !o#sis" "# i+"#i:i!ar (as r"(a!io#"s +" i#:"r"#!ia r"a("s ) su%u"sas

"#r" "#u#!ia+os, %r"7u#as, !o#!"%os, +"s!ri%!io#"s u oras :or*as +"

r"%r"s"#a!i<# 3u" i"#"# "( %ro%<sio +" "4%r"sar !r""#!ias o 8ui!ios• La "va(ua!i<# +"$" "#"#+"rs" !o*o (a va(ora!i<# +" (a !r"+i$i(i+a+ +" (os

"#u#!ia+os o +" oras r"%r"s"#a!io#"s 3u" +"s!ri$"# (a %"r!"%!i<#, !r""#!ia u

o%i#i<# +" u#a %"rso#a• La i#:"r"#!ia si7#i:i!a i+"#i:i!ar ) as"7urar (os "("*"#os #"!"sarios %ara sa!ar

!o#!(usio#"s razo#a$("s, :or*u(a#+o !o#8"uras " &i%<"sis %ara !o#si+"rar (a

i#:or*a!i<# %"ri#"#" ) sa!ar (as !o#s"!u"#!ias 3u" s" +"s%r"#+a# +" (os +aos u

oras :or*as +" r"%r"s"#a!i<#, i#!(u)"#+o !u"sio#ar (a "vi+"#!ia, %ro%o#"r

a("r#aivas ) sa!ar !o#!(usio#"s• E4%(i!a!i<# "s (a !a%a!i+a+ +" %r"s"#ar (os r"su(a+os +"( razo#a*i"#o %ro%io +"

*a#"ra r":("4iva ) !o&"r"#"• Auorr"7u(a!i<# "s u# *o#ior"o auo!o#s!i"#" +" (as a!ivi+a+"s !o7#iivas

%ro%ias +" (os "("*"#os ui(iza+os "# "sas a!ivi+a+"s ) +" (os r"su(a+os

o$"#i+os, a%(i!a#+o %ari!u(ar*"#" &a$i(i+a+"s +" a#9(isis ) "va(ua!i<# a (os

8ui!ios i#:"r"#!ia("s %ro%ios !o# (a i+"a +" !u"sio#ar (os r"su(a+os %ro%ios

.0 MANEJO DE EMOCIONES H SENTIMIENTOS

Es u#a &a$i(i+a+ 3u" s" +"sarro((a a#" siua!io#"s 3u" %o+r=a# o!asio#ar a#si"+a+,a)u+a#+o a( i#+ivi+uo a !o#ro(ar sus "*o!io#"s, r"7u(9#+o(as %ara #o su%ri*ir(as %"ro si#

(("var(as a( "4r"*o "# "s%"!ia( !ua#+o s" %r"s"#a# "# a(a i#"#si+a+ Es" *a#"8o !o#sa

+" a(7u#os !ri"rios (os !ua("s so#?

• P"r!"%!i<#, "va(ua!i<# ) "4%r"si<# +" "*o!io#"s? Esa &a$i(i+a+ s" r":i"r" a( 7ra+o

"# 3u" (as %"rso#as so# !a%a!"s +" i+"#i:i!ar sus "*o!io#"s, as= !o*o (os "sa+os )

s"#sa!io#"s :isio(<7i!as ) !o7#iivas 3u" "((as !o#(("va# A+"*9s, i*%(i!a (a

!a%a!i+a+ %ara "4%r"sar a+"!ua+a*"#" (os s"#i*i"#os, #"!"si+a+"s aso!ia+as a

(os *is*os "# "( *o*"#o o%oru#o ) +"( *o+o !orr"!o• Asi*i(a!i<# o :a!i(ia!i<# "*o!io#a(? I*%(i!a (a &a$i(i+a+ %ara "#"r "# !u"#a (os

s"#i*i"#os !ua#+o r"a(iza*os u# %ro!"so +" o*a +" +"!isio#"s Las "*o!io#"s

sirv"# %ara *o+"(ar ) *"8orar "( %"#sa*i"#o a( +iri7ir #u"sra a"#!i<# &a!ia (a



i#:or*a!i<# si7#i:i!aiva, %u"+"# :a!i(iar "( !a*$io +" %"rs%"!iva ) (a

!o#si+"ra!i<# +" #u"vos %u#os +" visa• Co*%r"#si<# ) a#9(isis +" (as "*o!io#"s? Es sa$"r "i3u"ar (as "*o!io#"s )

r"!o#o!"r "# 3u !a"7or=a s" a7ru%a# (os s"#i*i"#os as= !o*o !o#o!"r (as !ausas

3u" (as 7"#"ra# ) (as !o#s"!u"#!ias :uuras +" #u"sras a!!io#"s• R"7u(a!i<# "*o!io#a(? I#!(uir=a (a !a%a!i+a+ %ara "sar a$i"ro a (os s"#i*i"#os,

a#o %osiivos !o*o #"7aivos a+"*9s a$ar!ara (a &a$i(i+a+ %ara r"7u(ar (as

"*o!io#"s *o+"ra#+o (as #"7aivas " i#"#si:i!a+o (as %osiivas si# r"%ri*ir #i

"4a7"rar (a i#:or*a!i<# 3u" !o*u#i!a#

Es %or "so 3u" i+"#i:i!ar (as "*o!io#"s i*%(i!a !o#o!"r (as s"a("s "*o!io#a("s +" (a

"4%r"si<# :a!ia(, (os *ovi*i"#os !or%ora("s ) "( o#o +" voz

.0 MANEJO DE LAS TENSIONES O DEL ESTRS

E( *a#"8o +"( "srs s" !ara!"riza %or (("var siua!io#"s +"*a#+a#"s 3u" #os

"4i7"# u# !a*$io %ara !o#v"rir "sa "#si<# a!u*u(a+a "# a(7o %ro+u!ivo 3u" #os (("v" a

a!ivi+a+"s %ro+u!ivas ) $"#":i!iosas, "via#+o 3u" s" a7u+i!"# ) #os o!asio#" %ro$("*as

a#o %"rso#a("s !o*o +" i#"ra!!i<#

Eviar 3u" "( "srs s" !o#vi"ra "# u# %ro$("*a #os (("va a !o#si+"rar (os si7ui"#"s

%u#os?

Y Es a# 7ra#+" o +ura a#o 3u" #o %o+"*os *a#"8ar(o $i"#

Y @"*os "sa+o +"*asia+o "sr"sa+os +ura#" a(7-# i"*%o ) #oa*os ":"!os !o*o

#"rviosis*o, +o(or"s +" !a$"za " i#so*#io

Y E( ":"!o +" +r"#a8" "#"r7i!o %rovo!a+o %or +"*asia+o "srs s" *a#i:i"sa "# (a

:or*a +" :ai7a "4r"*a, :a(a +" !ri"rio ) $a8os r"su(a+os "# r"(a!i<# a( "s:u"rzo

ui(iza+o

Y U#a $a8a "# (a r"sis"#!ia #aura( a (as "#:"r*"+a+"s s" *a#i:i"sa "# u# au*"#o +"(as *is*as

Y Los a*i7os, :a*i(iar"s ) !o("7as v"# si7#os +" "#si<# ) s" %r"o!u%a#

Po+"*os "viar 3u" "( "srs au*"#" r"!o#o!i"#+o s"7ui+a*"#" (as s"a("s +"

a+v"r"#!ia



.. LAS @AILIDADES SOCIALES

Para Ca$a((o K.//. "( +is!urrir +" #u"sras vi+as "s9 +""r*i#a+o, a( *"#os

%ar!ia(*"#", %or "( ra#7o +" #u"sras &a$i(i+a+"s so!ia("s; #o o$sa#", +i!&as &a$i(i+a+"s

so!ia("s +"$"# +" !o#si+"rars" +"#ro +" u# *ar!o !u(ura( +""r*i#a+o, as= (os %aro#"s +"

!o*u#i!a!i<# var=a# a*%(ia*"#" "#r" !u(uras ) +"#ro +" u#a *is*a !u(ura,

+"%"#+i"#+o +" :a!or"s a("s !o*o (a "+a+, "( s"4o, (a !(as" so!ia( ) (a "+u!a!i<# A+"*9s,

"( 7ra+o +" ":i!a!ia *osra+o %or u#a %"rso#a +"%"#+"r9 +" (o 3u" +"s"" (o7rar "# (a

siua!i<# %ari!u(ar "# 3u" s" "#!u"#r"

Las &a$i(i+a+"s so!ia("s so# a3u"( !o#8u#o +" &a$i(i+a+"s i+"#i:i!a$("s )

a%r"#+i+as 3u" "*%("a# (os i#+ivi+uos "# (as siua!io#"s i#"r%"rso#a("s K'"((), 0.Para Tria#"s K0 o+a &a$i(i+a+ so!ia( "s u# !o*%ora*i"#o o i%o +"

%"#sa*i"#o 3u" (("va a r"so(v"r u#a siua!i<# so!ia( +" *a#"ra ":"!iva, "s +"!ir,

a!"%a$(" %ara "( %ro%io su8"o ) %ara "( !o#"4o so!ia( "# "( 3u" s" s" +"sarro((a

Es" !o#8u#o +" &a$i(i+a+"s so!ia("s "s9# +iri7i+as &a!ia u# o$8"ivo,

i#"rr"(a!io#a+as 3u" %u"+"# a%r"#+"rs" ) 3u" "s9# $a8o !o#ro( +"( i#+ivi+uo; si#

"*$ar7o, a+"*9s +" "("*"#os +" a%r"#+iza8", "sas *is*as su%o#"# :a!or"s

*oiva!io#a("s, "s +"!ir, 3u" so$r" (as &a$i(i+a+"s so!ia("s a!uara# :a!or"s 3u"

%ro*ov"r9# o #o (a o%i*iza!i<# +" (a r"(a!i<# !o# (os %ar"s, +i!&o :a!or *oiva!io#a( s"

*a#i:i"sa "# (a sais:a!!i<# 3u" (a %"rso#a o$i"#" "# (a i#"ra!!i<#

..0 LA EMPATÍA

La "*%a=a "s (a !a%a!i+a+ +" !o#"!ar" a:"!iva ) "*oiva*"#", "# (a r"a(i+a+ +"

ora %"rso#a, "#"#+"r sus #"!"si+a+"s ) "4%"!aivas, !o*%r"#+"r su siua!i<# a( !o*o (a

viv" S"r !a%az +" *""rs" "# "( za%ao +" oro, !a%ar sus s"#i*i"#os, si#o#izar !o#

"((a ) !o#:iar "# su !a%a!i+a+ +" sa(ir a+"(a#" %or sus %ro%ios *"+ios S"r "*%9i!a

si7#i:i!a r"s%"ar (a (i$"ra+ +" (a %"rso#a, #o 8uz7ar(a, a!"%ar(a !o*o "s ) !<*o 3ui"r"

(("7ar a s"r ) a!o*%aar(a "# su %ro!"so, %"ro si# +"!i+ir %or "((a



Para a+3uirir u#a a!iu+ "*%9i!a ) "sar "# !o#+i!io#"s +" %o#"rs" "# "( (u7ar +"( oro #os

a)u+a?

o La au"#i!i+a+, "s +"!ir, s"r si#!"ras !o# #osoras *is*as, s"r !o&"r"#"s, s"r

!o#7ru"#"s Co#o!"r #u"sros s"#i*i"#os ) %"#sa*i"#os ) &a$(ar ) a!uar "#

!o#s"!u"#!ia, si# :i#7i*i"#os, &a!i"#+o u# %a%"( 3u" #o "s "( #u"sro o

i#"r%r"a#+o u#as "4%"ri"#!ias +" vi+a 3u" #o !o#o!"*oso La a!"%a!i<# i#!o#+i!io#a( +" (a ora %"rso#a A!"%ar(a !o*o "s, a3u= ) a&ora, #o

*9s a+"(a#", !ua#+o !a*$i", !ua#+o s"a *9s razo#a$(", !ua#+o s" (" %as" H

a!"%ar(a "# su oa(i+a+? su as%"!o, sus 7"sos, su :or*a +" &a$(ar, su *a#"ra +"

"#:o!ar (a vi+a, su i#"(i7"#!ia, sus rar"zas, sus a!iu+"s, su !o#+u!aZ H !ua#+o

(a %"rso#a s" si"#" a!"%a+a as=, s" "4%r"sar9 (i$r"*"#", !o# !o#:ia#za ) "((a

*is*a sa$r9 %ro)"!ars" *9s a((9 +" (o 3u" "s o &a a(!a#za+o o vivi+o &asa a&oraCua#+o a!"%a*os a u#a %"rso#a a( !o*o "s "# "s" *o*"#o (" "sa*os

ra#s*ii"#+o (a %osi$i(i+a+ +" %ro!"so ) +" !a*$ioo Es:u"rzo %or !a%ar "( *u#+o i#"rior +" (a ora %"rso#a, sus s"#i*i"#os, sus

%osi$i(i+a+"s ) sus (i*ia!io#"s V"r *9s a((9 +"( %r"s"#", ras!"#+"r a (a %"rso#a

*9s a((9 +" si *is*a, !o*o i#:i#ia !a%a!i+a+ a-# #o +"s!u$i"ra, !o*o i#:i#ia

%osi$i(i+a+ +" s= *is*a, !o*o *is"rio Ha 3u" !a+a %"rso#a "s *9s ) %u"+"

a(!a#zar *9s 3u" (o 3u" sa$", "s%"ra o !r"" +" s= *is*a

... LA ASERTIVIDAD

S"7-# A($"ri ) E**o#s K0 "s a3u"((a !o#+u!a 3u" %"r*i" a u#a %"rso#a

a!uar s"7-# sus i#"r"s"s *9s i*%ora#"s, +":"#+"rs" si# a#si"+a+ i#a%ro%ia+a, "4%r"sar

!<*o+a*"#" s"#i*i"#os &o#"sos o "8"r!"r (os +"r"!&os %"rso#a("s si# #"7ar (os

+"r"!&os +" (os +"*9s Por su %ar" Ri* ) Mas"rs K0 "#i"#+"# a (a as"rivi+a+ !o*o

(a !o#+u!a i#"r%"rso#a( 3u" i*%(i!a (a &o#"sa ) r"(aiva*"#" +ir"!a "4%r"si<# +"

s"#i*i"#osE#o#!"s, s" +":i#" as"rivi+a+ !o*o (a &a$i(i+a+ %"rso#a( 3u" #os %"r*i" "4%r"sar

s"#i*i"#os, o%i#io#"s ) %"#sa*i"#os, "# "( *o*"#o o%oru#o, +" (a :or*a a+"!ua+a )

si# #"7ar #i +"s!o#si+"rar (os +"r"!&os +" (os +"*9s Es +"!ir, #os r":"ri*os a u#a :or*a

%ara i#"ra!uar ":"!iva*"#" "# !ua(3ui"r siua!i<# 3u" %"r*i" a (a %"rso#a s"r +ir"!a,

&o#"sa ) "4%r"siva A+"*9s !o#ri$u)" a( +"sarro((o +" r"(a!io#"s i#"r%"rso#a("s



:a!i(ia+oras +" !r"!i*i"#o %"rso#a( ) sais:a!!i<# "*o!io#a( "# (a %"rso#a Asi*is*o, (a

as"rivi+a+ i*%(i!a (a !a%a!i+a+ +" "4%r"sar +" *a#"ra (i$r" ) "s%o#9#"a +" #u"sros

%"#sa*i"#os, s"#i*i"#os ) *a#"ra +" a!uar !o#s"!u"#" !o# "sos, %"ro !o# "( +"$i+o

r"s%"o %or (os s"#i*i"#os ) %"#sa*i"#os +" (as +"*9s %"rso#as

S"r as"rivo s" r"su*" "# (a !a%a!i+a+ +" +":"#+"r #u"sros +"r"!&os ) *a#"#"r "(

+"$i+o r"s%"o %or (os +"r"!&os a8"#os I*%(i!a a*$i# i+"#i:i!ar )[o s"r !o#s!i"#"s +"

a3u"((o 3u" 3u"r"*os, (u!&ar %or a(!a#zar #u"sros o$8"ivos si# "*or a "3uivo!ar#os, )

"# !aso +" 3u" "so su!"+a, "sar +is%u"sos a a%r"#+"r +" #u"sros "rror"s, vivir !o#

r"s%o#sa$i(i+a+ ), so$r" o+o, a!"%ars" a s= *is*o

La !o#+u!a as"riva #o si"*%r" i"#" !o*o r"su(a+o (a aus"#!ia +"( !o#:(i!o "#r"

(as +os %ar"s, %"ro su o$8"ivo "s (a %o"#!ia!i<# +" (as !o#s"!u"#!ias :avora$("s ) (a

*i#i*iza!i<# +" (as +"s:avora$("sLa as"rivi+a+ s" !o#sru)" "# o+o u# *o+"(o 3u" si7u" %ri#!i%ios 7"#"ra("s, +"

+"#ro &a!ia :u"ra, +" !o#sruir :ora("zas "# #u"sra %"rso#a %ara +"s%us %o+"r

"4"riorizar u# +"s"*%"o 3u" sirva a (os +"*9s; "s as= !o*o s" %ar" +"( Xr"s%"ar" a i

*is*oX %ara Xr"s%"ar a (os +"*9sX, (" !o#i#-a# a "sos %ri#!i%ios as"rivos !i"ras

&a$i(i+a+"s i#sru*"#a("s 3u" :avor"!"# (a !o*u#i!a!i<# r"a( E( *o+"(o !o*%("o "#

!ua#o a (os %ri#!i%ios 7"#"ra("s si7u" (a si7ui"#" (<7i!a?

o R"s%"o %or u#o *is*o

o R"s%"ar a (os +"*9s

o S"r +ir"!o

o S"r &o#"so

o S"r a%ro%ia+o

o Co#ro( "*o!io#a(

o Sa$"r +"!ir

o Sa$"r "s!u!&ar

o S"r %osiivo

o L"#7ua8" #o v"r$a(

..B SAER ESCUC@AR



No "s (o *is*o o=r 3u" "s!u!&ar, "s!u!&ar "s u# a!o !o#s!i"#", vo(u#ario ) (i$r"

@a) 3u" 3u"r"r "s!u!&ar, *i"#ras 3u" o=r "s %"r!i$ir (os so#i+os, "s!u!&ar a a(7ui"# "s

a!o7"r(" !o# o+o (o 3u" "s ) a( !o*o s" "4%r"sa

Es!u!&ar i*%(i!a &a!"rs" !"r!a#a ) vu(#"ra$(" a (a %"rso#a 3u" #os &a$(a ) a (os

%ro$("*as 3u" (" %r"o!u%a# Es!u!&ar #o "s "s%"rar a 3u" "( oro "r*i#" +" &a$(ar,

a*%o!o "s s<(o !u"si<# +" $u"#a vo(u#a+ Es!u!&ar "s u#a +"sr"za !o*%("8a ), %ara

+o*i#ar(a &a) 3u" +"+i!ar(" i"*%o ) "#r"#ars" E4i7" u#a +is%osi!i<# o a!iu+ %"rso#a(

%or %ar" +" 3ui# "s!u!&a, +" si#o#izar !o# (o *9s %"rso#a( " =#i*o +" (a %"rso#a 3u" s"

!o*u#i!a

La "s!u!&a "s u#a a!ivi+a+ 3u" r"3ui"r" o+a (a a"#!i<# +" (a %"rso#a 3u" (a

"8"r!" L""r *i"#ras #os &a$(a#, *irar r"%"i+a*"#" "( r"(o8, +"sviar !o# :r"!u"#!ia (avisa &a!ia ora %ar" o *osrar u# 7"so aus"#", so# i#+i!ios +" :a(a +" a"#!i<# ) +"

i#"rs 3u" $(o3u"a# (a !o*u#i!a!i<# ) +"#oa# %asivi+a+ "# (a "s!u!&a

La %"rso#a 3u" s" si"#" "s!u!&a+a "4%"ri*"#a a(ivio ) a7ra+"!i*i"#o ) !r"!" "#

auo"si*a, "# s"7uri+a+ ) "# auo#o*=a Para "4%r"sar 3u" s" "s!u!&a, s" su"(" "#viar

s"a("s 3u" (o !o#:ir*a#, a("s !o*o?

Y V"r$a("s? *"#sa8"s !oros ) o!asio#a("s +ura#" (a !o#v"rsa!i<# Ksi, !o*%r"#+o, )a,

%r"7u#as o%oru#as, r":or*u(a!i<# +" (o 3u" #os va !o#a#+o, r"roa(i*"#a!i<#, "!

Y No v"r$a("s? as"#i*i"#os +" !a$"za, *ira+a a$i"ra, 7"sosZ, 3u" a#i*a# a (a

%"rso#a 3u" &a$(a a !o#i#uar (a !o#v"rsa!i<# %or3u" s" si"#" "s!u!&a+a )

!o*%r"#+i+a Cua#+o "s!u!&a*os, so("*os "#"r u#a a!iu+ +""r*i#a+a &a!ia (a

ora %"rso#a ) &a!ia (o 3u" "sa %"rso#a #os +i!" Esa a!iu+ +""r*i#ar9 #u"sra

r"s%u"sa

As%"!os a "#"r "# !u"#a %ara (a "s!u!&a a!iva?

o No %r"8uz7ar #i 8uz7ar a (a %"rso#a

o A!"%ar(a i#!o#+i!io#a(*"#"o R"s%"ar(ao Es!u!&ar(a "*%9i!a*"#"o D"8ar(a 3u" s" "4%r"s" a su ri*o ) &asa "( :i#a(o R"s%o#+" a (o 3u" #os !o*u#i!ao Co#s"!u"#!ias +" (a "s!u!&a a!iva?o P"r*i" a (a ora %"rso#a "4%r"sar (o 3u" si"#"



o Favor"!" (a a!"%a!i<# +" s"#i*i"#os %"rur$a+or"so M"8ora (as r"(a!io#"so I#via a (a !o#:i+"#!iao Sus!ia !o#:ia#zao Li$"ra (a a#si"+a+ ) (a a#7usia +" (a %"rso#a

Tios de esc!c"a#

Po+"*os +isi#7uir varios i%os +" "s!u!&a? va(oraiva, i#"r%r"aiva, "4%(oraoria o

i#v"si7a+ora, !o#so(a+ora, +" i+"#i:i!a!i<#, "*%9i!a S<(o "sa -(i*a #os %"r*iir9

"8"r!"r u#a $u"#a *"+ia!i<#

Es!u!&a Va(oraiva( La a!iu+ va(oraiva su"(" a%orar r"s%u"sas "# (as 3u" s" &a!"

r":"r"#!ia a (os va(or"s, a( +"$"r, G"#"ra(*"#", !ua#+o s" i"#" u#a a!iu+

va(oraiva, s" r"s%o#+" +a#+o !o#s"8os, i#!(uso <r+"#"s, s" a*o#"sa, s"!u(%a$i(iza, s" r"!u"r+a a( oro (o 3u" *ora(*"#" "s9 o$(i7a+o a &a!"r E(

i#!o#v"#i"#" +" "s" i%o +" r"s%u"sa "s 3u" i*%o#" (os va(or"s ) !ri"rios +"

3ui"# r"s%o#+" ) #o i"#" "# !u"#a a (a %"rso#a 3u" &a$(a So# r"s%u"sas 3u"

!r"a# +"%"#+"#!ia ) #o %"r*i"# a (a %"rso#a o*ar sus %ro%ias +"!isio#"s

Es!u!&a I#"r%r"aiva( Es a3u"((a 3u" raa +" +"sv"(ar a( oro (os *oivos

i#!o#s!i"#"s o s"*i5i#!o#s!i"#"s +" su !o#+u!a La r"s%u"sa i#"r%r"aiva, "# "(

*"8or +" (os !asos, %u"+" a!(arar a(7o +" (o 3u" %asa, %"ro "s u#a a!(ara!i<# "<ri!a,

#o s"#i+a, ) "# *u!&os !asos #o %"+i+a %or (a %"rso#a i#"r(o!uora Es u#a

"s%"!i" +" +is"!!i<# 3u" +"8a a( +"s!u$i"ro (os *oivos +" (a !o#+u!a si# "(

!o#s"#i*i"#o +" (a %"rso#a i#"r"sa+a, u#a vio(a!i<# +" (a i#i*i+a+ A+"*9s (a

i#"r%r"a!i<# "s *u) +is!ui$(" %or3u" (a &a!" a(7ui"# +"s+" :u"ra, "# $as" a su

%ro%ia "4%"ri"#!ia, a sus %ro%ios !ri"rios, #o +"s+" (a viv"#!ia +" (a %"rso#a a (a

3u" s" "s9 "s!u!&a#+o

Es!u!&a E4%(oraoria o i#v"si7a+ora? La a!iu+ "4%(oraoria (a a+o%a*os !ua#+o

#"!"sia*os *9s +aos %ara &a!"r#os u#a i+"a %r"!isa +" (o 3u" (" %asa a (a ora

%"rso#a Esa "s u#a a!iu+ #"ura, si #o :orza*os #i a!osa*os a %r"7u#as P"ro



%u"+" (("7ar a s"r %"r!i$i+a !o*o u#a i#vasi<# +" (a %ro%ia i#i*i+a+ si "s "4!"siva,

!uriosa, a#o %or "( #-*"ro +" %r"7u#as !o*o %or (a %riva!i+a+ +" (as *is*as

Es!u!&a Co#so(a+ora? La a!iu+ !o#so(a+ora %ro+u!" r"s%u"sas ra#3ui(iza+oras,

3u" raa# +" r"+u!ir (a a#7usia o "( su:ri*i"#o +" (a ora %"rso#a, 7"#"ra(*"#"3ui9#+o(" i*%ora#!ia a( asu#o D" &"!&o #o "#ra "# "( %ro$("*a #i (o a:ro#a

Si*%("*"#" !o#su"(a E# "( !aso +" (a a!!i<# *"+ia+ora, (a "s!u!&a !o#so(a+ora

#u#!a (("var9 a 3u" (a %"rso#a a (a 3u" "sa*os "s!u!&a#+o a "#!o#rar u#a

so(u!i<# %ara su !o#:(i!o

Es!u!&a +" I+"#i:i!a!i<#? Cua#+o #os i+"#i:i!a*os !o# ora %"rso#a #o ("

o:r"!"*os so(u!io#"s, si*%("*"#" (a a!o*%aa*os "# "( s"#i*i"#o D" o+as

*a#"ras "s u#a %r"s"#!ia !9(i+a, !"r!a#a ) +" *o*"#o a(ivia (a siua!i<# P"ro #o

"#ra "# (a %ro$("*9i!a +" :o#+o

Es!u!&a E*%9i!a( La a!iu+ "*%9i!a raa +" !a%ar (os s"#i*i"#os 3u" &a)

+"r9s +" (as %a(a$ras si# i#"r%r"ar No va(ora #i 8uz7a No a!o#s"8a #i !o#su"(a

No %ro+u!" u#a +is*i#u!i<# +" (a a#7usia "# "( *o*"#o, %"ro +a (a o%oru#i+a+ a

(a ora %"rso#a +" %o#"rs" "# (as *"8or"s !o#+i!io#"s +" a#a(izar su siua!i<# ) +"

o*ar %osura La "s!u!&a "*%9i!a :avor"!" 3u" (a %"rso#a o%" %or (a so(u!i<#

*9s a+"!ua+a, (i$r" ) r"s%o#sa$("*"#"

.. LA RESILIENCIA

La r"si(i"#!ia "s u#a a!iu+ i#+is%"#sa$(" "# (a %"rso#a )a 3u" (" %"r*iir9 a$or+ar

(as !ir!u#sa#!ias ) viv"#!ias "sr"sa#"s a (as 3u" s" &a viso "4%u"so "( su8"o D"(

*is*o *o+o, "sa !ara!"riza !o*o u# !o#8u#o +" %ro!"sos so!ia("s " i#ra%s=3ui!os 3u"

%osi$i(ia# "#"r u#a vi+a sa#a, vivi"#+o "# u# *"+io i#sa#o, "sos %ro!"sos "#+r=a# (u7ar a ravs +"( i"*%o, +a#+o a:oru#a+as !o*$i#a!io#"s "#r" ari$uos +"( #io ) su

a*$i"#" :a*i(iar, so!ia( ) !u(ura( Por (o a#o, (a r"si(i"#!ia #o %u"+" s"r %"#sa+a !o*o

u# ari$uo !o# 3u" (os #ios #a!"#, #i 3u" (os #ios a+3ui"r"# +ura#" su +"sarro((o, si#o

3u" s" raar=a +" u# %ro!"so i#"ra!ivo "#r" sos ) su *"+io KRu"r, 0.



La r"si(i"#!ia :r"#" a (a +"sru!!i<# "s (a !a%a!i+a+ +" %ro"7"r (a %ro%ia i#"7ri+a+ $a8o

%r"si<#; (a !a%a!i+a+ %ara !o#sruir u# "#or#o via( %osiivo %"s" a !ir!u#sa#!ias +i:=!i("s

E# !o#!(usi<#, "s (a !a%a!i+a+ +" u#a %"rso#a o sis"*a so!ia( +" "#:r"#ar a+"!ua+a*"#"

(as +i:i!u(a+"s, +" u#a :or*a so!ia(*"#" a!"%a$("

Por ora %ar" (a r"si(i"#!ia +"s!ri$ir=a u#a $u"#a a+a%a!i<# "# (as ar"as +"(

+"sarro((o so!ia( +" u#a %"rso#a !o*o r"su(a+o +" (a i#"ra!!i<# +"( su8"o !o# su *"+io

a*$i"#", !a$" o*ar "# !u"#a 3u" (a r"si(i"#!ia #o "s a(7o 3u" s" a+o%" o #o, si #o 3u"

!a+a i#+ivi+uo va +"sarro((9#+o(a +" a!u"r+o a sus #"!"si+a+"s Los i#+ivi+uos

r"si(i"#"s s" +"sa!a# %or %os""r u# a(o #iv"( +" !o*%""#!ia "# +isi#as 9r"as 3u" s"

+"sarro((a, )a s"a i#"("!ua(, "*o!io#a(, $u"#os "si(os +" "#:r"#a*i"#o, *oiva!i<# a(

(o7ro auosu7"sio#a+o, auo"si*a "("va+a, s"#i*i"#os +" "s%"ra#za, auo#o*=a "i#+"%"#+"#!ia, "#r" oras Para "s!(ar"!"r "( :"#<*"#o +" (a r"si(i"#!ia, (os "su+iosos &a#

a%u#a+o a (as !ara!"r=si!as +"( a*$i"#" "# 3u" s" &a# +"sarro((a+o (os su8"os r"si(i"#"s

!o*o %or "8"*%(o, 3u" "sos a u#a !ora "+a+ &a# (o7ra+o "#:r"#ar a(7-# "v"#o

rau*9i!o; o 3u" :u"ra# %rov"#i"#"s +" :a*i(ias !o#+u!i+as %or %a+r"s !o*%""#"s,

i#"7ra+os "# r"+"s so!ia("s +" a%o)o, 3u" ("s &a# $ri#+a+o r"(a!io#"s !9(i+as

R"s%"!o a( :u#!io#a*i"#o %si!o(<7i!o 3u" %ro"7" +"( "srs a (as %"rso#as

r"si(i"#"s, s"a(ar"*os?

a Ma)or !o":i!i"#" i#"("!ua( ) *"8or"s &a$i(i+a+"s +" r"so(u!i<# +" %ro$("*as $ M"8or"s "si(os +" a:ro#a*i"#o! E*%a=a, !o#o!i*i"#o ) *a#"8o a+"!ua+o +" (as r"(a!io#"s i#"r%"rso#a("s+ S"#i+o +"( &u*or %osiivo

Lo 3u" &a!" 3u" u# i#+ivi+uo +"sarro((" (a !a%a!i+a+ +" s"r r"si(i"#" "s (a

:or*a!i<# +" %"rso#as so!ia(*"#" !o*%""#"s 3u" "#7a# (a !a%a!i+a+ +" "#"r u#a

i+"#i+a+ %ro%ia ) -i(, 3u" s"%a# o*ar +"!isio#"s, "sa$("!"r *"as ) "so i#vo(u!ra(u7ar"s so!ia("s 3u" i*%(i!a# a (a :a*i(ia a (os a*i7os ) (as i#siu!io#"s +" 7o$i"r#o +"

!a+a %a=s KRa*=r"z, 01

..1 PRESI>N DE GRUPO H SOCIAL



Las i#"rr"(a!io#"s +" u# su8"o "# u# 7ru%o, %o#"# "# !o#sa#" !o#:ro#"

a!iu+"s, ari$u!io#"s, 8ui!ios, va(or"s, i#"r"s"s, &9$ios, "!, +" +i!&o su8"o !o# (os

+"*9s *i"*$ros +" +i!&o 7ru%o Co*o r"su(a+o +" "s" !o#:(i!o *u!&as v"!"s s" ori7i#a

a#si"+a+ "# "( su8"o, "# (a i#"#!i<# +" *a#"#"r sus %ro%ias !o#vi!!io#"s ) !r""#!ias 3u"

s" !o#ra%o#"# a (as 3u" "( 7ru%o +" r":"r"#!ia %ro:"sa Esa a#si"+a+ s" i#!r"*"#a

!ua#+o (a %"rso#a o 7ru%o "s *u) i*%ora#" %ara (a %"rso#a )[o !ua#+o "( "*a so$r" "(

3u" "4is" "( +"sa!u"r+o "s *u) i*%ora#" %ara "( su8"o



CAPÍTULO III

%ACTORES ASOCIADOS

B0 LA COMUNICACI>N

La !o*u#i!a!i<#, "# su s"#i+o so!io(<7i!o +" ra#s*isi<# +" u# *"#sa8" +" u#a

%"rso#a a u# 7ru%o o a ora %"rso#a, r"3ui"r" si"*%r" +" (a "4is"#!ia +" u#a vo(u#a+ +"

i#"ra!!i<# "#r" 3ui"# (a ra#s*i" ) 3ui"# r"!i$", "sa i#"ra!!i<# s" *a#i:i"s"

7"#"ra(*"#" "# (a ra#s*isi<# +" ora !o*u#i!a!i<# "# s"#i+o o%u"so KFEED AC'

La !o*u#i!a!i<# i#"r%"rso#a( "s u#a %ar" "s"#!ia( +" (a a!ivi+a+ &u*a#a ) *94i*a

r"%r"s"#a#" +" (as r"(a!io#"s 3u" "sa$("!"*os !o# (os oros Si# "*$ar7o, "sa!o*u#i!a!i<# "# *u!&os *o*"#os "s "s!asa, :rusra#" " i#a+"!ua+a

TIPOS DE COMUNICACI>N

a La Co*u#i!a!i<# V"r$a(?

E( %ri#!i%a( v"&=!u(o +" (a !o*u#i!a!i<# "s "( ("#7ua8" ora( o "s!rio 3u" i"#"

!o*o :i#a(i+a+ (a !o*u#i!a!i<# +"( %"#sa*i"#o, au#3u" a v"!"s a*$i# %u"+" s"rvir %ara+is:razar(o Las %a(a$ras, a+"*9s +" su si7#i:i!a+o a!a+*i!o i"#"# u#a s"ri" +" *ai!"s

a+i!io#a("s a#o %ara (a %"rso#a "*isora !o*o %ara (a r"!"%ora, 3u" %"r"#"!"# a( *u#+o

+" sus "4%"ri"#!ias, s"#i*i"#os, i#"r"s"s, 3u" si #o so# !o*%ari+os %or a*$as +i:i!u(a#

"( *uuo "#"#+i*i"#o

La "("!!i<# +" (as %a(a$ras &"!&a %or "( su8"o, i#+i!a )a "# %ar" sus s"#i*i"#os

&a!ia u# "*a o u#a %"rso#a A+"*9s &a) 3u" "#"r "# !u"#a 3u" "( ("#7ua8" :or*a %ar"

+" (a !u(ura, ) !o*o "((a %u"+" s"r *u) +iv"rsa ) "#"r *u!&os *ai!"s As= %or "8"*%(o(os i#+ios I#uis "# "( #or" !a#a+i"#s" !o#o!"# 0 "4%r"sio#"s %ara &a$(ar +" (a #i"v", )

(os zu(-"s +" Á:ri!a ausra( i"#"# B "4%r"sio#"s %ara +":i#ir "( v"r+"

Ui(izar (as *is*as %a(a$ras "# !o#"4os +i:"r"#"s a a3u"((os "# (os 3u" s" usa#

7"#"ra(*"#", "s %"(i7roso, %or3u" %u"+"# !a*$iar +" s"#i+o L(a*ar a+o("s!"#" a 3ui"#



i"#" 0 aos "s #or*a(, %"ro si s" (o +"!i*os a 3ui"# i"#" .1 3u"+a !u"sio#a+a su

*a+ur"z %"rso#a(

@a) 3u" "#"r "# !u"#a a*$i# 3u" "( ("#7ua8", (o *is*o 3u" (a !u(ura, "s9

so*"i+o a u#a (") +" "vo(u!i<# Esa "vo(u!i<#, 3u" a#"s "ra *u) ("#a, s" &a a!"("ra+o"# (os -(i*os aos Las %a(a$ras %ar"!"# 7asars" "#s"7ui+a ) #o %ro%or!io#a# )a

su:i!i"#" i#:or*a!i<# A+"*9s +"( si7#i:i!a+o +" (as %a(a$ras, "( o#o, (a v"(o!i+a+ !o#

3u" s" +i!"#, (as i#:("4io#"s +" (a voz, "!, so# oros a#os "s=*u(os vo!a("s 3u" *aiza#

"( si7#i:i!a+o +" (as %a(a$ras 3u" %ro#u#!ia*os, +" a&= (a i*%ora#!ia +" !o#saar si

!o*u#i!a*os (o 3u" r"a(*"#" 3u"r"*os !o*u#i!ar ) si %"r!i$i*os (o 3u" #os 3ui"r"#

ra#s*iir, Kr"roa(i*"#a!i<#

As%"!os a "#"r "# !u"#a "# (a !o*u#i!a!i<# v"r$a(?

E# %ri*"r (u7ar, !a%ar (a a"#!i<# +" (as %"rso#as !o# (as 3u" s" "s9 !o*u#i!a#+o?

"4%o#"r +" *a#"ra !(ara ) !o#!isa (o 3u" s" 3ui"r" ra#s*iir ) +"sa!ar !o# #:asis (o

i*%ora#"

• Contenido: A+"!ua+o a( o$8"ivo 3u" #os %ro%o#"*os Ni "4!"siva*"#" !o*%("8o

3u" o$(i7u" a u# "s:u"rzo "4!"sivo +" a"#!i<#, #i a# "("*"#a( 3u" &a7a s"#irs" a

(as %"rso#as i#:rava(ora+as "# su !a%a!i+a+ +" !o*%r"#si<# D"#ro +"( !o#"#i+o

a*$i# "#"*os *ai!"s !u(ura("s 3u" &a) 3u" "#"r "# !u"#a Por "8"*%(o,

%o+"*os v"r "# u#a !o#v"rsa!i<# 3u" (a %"r!"%!i<# +"( i"*%o #o "s (a *is*a "#

o+os (as !u(uras• Lengua)e: &a) 3u" a+a%ar(o a( #iv"( +" !o*%r"#si<# +" (as %"rso#as 3u" "s!u!&a#,

a su #iv"( !u(ura(, a su siua!i<# %si!o(<7i!a ) :isio(<7i!a E# "s" as%"!o, "s

i*%ora#" "( i+io*a ui(iza+o, ) (a ra+u!!i<# +"( *is*o• *ono de voz : i"#" 3u" s"r au+i$(", a#i*oso, "#usiasa Vo!a(izar $i"#, &a$(ar

+"s%a!io, variar "( ri*o ) "( o#o %ara i#!i+ir "# (os as%"!os *9s i*%ora#"s +"(*"#sa8"



$ La Co*u#i!a!i<# No V"r$a(?

La !o*u#i!a!i<# #o v"r$a( "s (a 3u" ui(iza "("*"#os #o (i#7=si!os? (os 7"sos, (a

a%ari"#!ia "4"r#a, (a *=*i!a, (as %osuras, (as +isa#!ias, "( o#o +" voz, (os si("#!ios, "(

o(or, (as *ira+as

La !o*u#i!a!i<# #o v"r$a( susiu)", r":u"rza, !o*%("a, a%o)a (a !o*u#i!a!i<#

v"r$a( O!urr" si# "*$ar7o 3u" a v"!"s #o !oi#!i+"#, %or "so "s *u) i*%ora#" sa$"r

"s!u!&ar "( ("#7ua8" #o v"r$a( +" (a %"rso#a 3u" #os &a$(a La *a)or=a +" i#v"si7a+or"s

" i#v"si7a+oras !oi#!i+"# "# a:ir*ar 3u" "( !a#a( v"r$a( s" usa so$r" o+o %ara ra#s*iir

i#:or*a!i<# ) "( !a#a( #o v"r$a( "4%r"sa (as a!iu+"s ) s"#i*i"#os +" (a %"rso#a

La !o*u#i!a!i<# #o v"r$a( i"#" sus ri"s7os ) &a) 3u" "#"r "# !u"#a a(7u#os

%ri#!i%ios !o*o %or "8"*%(o 3u" (os 7"sos #o so# u#iv"rsa("s? Los *is*os 7"sos %u"+"#

"#"r +i:"r"#"s si7#i:i!a+os s"7-# (as !u(uras, (os %a=s"s " i#!(uso (as %"rso#as Los 7"sos

#o %u"+"# va(orars" i#+"%"#+i"#"*"#" +"( !o#"4o v"r$a( ) !ir!u#sa#!ia( "# "( 3u" s"

"*i"#, i"#"# +i:"r"#" ("!ura s"7-# "( uso, "( ori7"# ) (a !o+i:i!a!i<#

As%"!os a "#"r "# !u"#a "# (a !o*u#i!a!i<# #o v"r$a(?

• +l rostro y su mímica( (a "4%r"si<# +" (a !ara %u"+" r"v"(ar *u!&as !osas,

"*%"ra*"#o, ras7os +" %"rso#a(i+a+, "sa+o a#=*i!o, a!iu+ Las arru7as so# u#

$u"# i#+i!a+or, "# !ua#o 3u", 7"#"ra(*"#", s" &a# %ro+u!i+o !o*o !o#s"!u"#!ia

+" (a r"%"i!i<# +" 7"sos o "4%r"sio#"s So# u# r":("8o +" (os s"#i*i"#os

&a$iua("s +" (a %"rso#a? a("7r=a, +"s!o#"#o, "s:u"rzo, a"#!i<#, "#r" oros, +"8a#

su &u"((a "# "( rosro +" (a %"rso#a Las "4%r"sio#"s o$s"rva$("s "# "( rosro?

*ira+a, *ovi*i"#os +" (as !"8as, (a$ios, *-s!u(o :a!ia(, "! !o#siu)"# (a *=*i!a

Los ras7os :a!ia("s "s9# r"(a!io#a+os !o# (a *a#i:"sa!i<# +" "sa+os a:"!ivos

%ri*arios? :"(i!i+a+, sor%r"sa, ris"za, "*or, ra$ia, as!o, +"s%r"!io " i#"rs• +l contacto ocular( "( !o*%ora*i"#o o!u(ar "s u#a :or*a sui( +" ("#7ua8" La

*a)or=a +" (os "#!u"#ros !o*i"#za# !o# u# !o#a!o visua( La *ira+a i"#" u#a

"s%"!ia( si7#i:i!a!i<# "# (a !o*u#i!a!i<# E( !o#a!o o!u(ar "4%r"sa, i#"#si:i!a )

"si*u(a (os s"#i*i"#os Los *ovi*i"#os o!u(ar"s r":("8a# a*$i# (a

%"rso#a(i+a+ Las %"rso#as *9s a:"!uosas su"("# *irar *u!&o, (as i#s"7uras $a8a#



(a *ira+a, (as =*i+as (a +"sv=a, (as +o*i#a+oras (a !(ava# La *ira+a %u"+" &a!"r

3u" u#a %"rso#a s" si"#" +"s%r"!ia+a, &u*i((a+a, av"r7o#za+a, &"ri+a,Z %"ro

a*$i# (a *ira+a %u"+" s"r s"a( +"? a!o7i+a, (i$"ra+, r"(a8a!i<#, s"r"#i+a+,

"s=*u(o, !o#:ia#za, 9#i*o• 'estos y contacto corporal( (os 7"sos r"a(iza+os !o# $razos, *a#os, %i"r#as so#

a*$i# u#a *a#"ra +" !o*u#i!ar s"#i*i"#os, a!iu+"s ) *o+o +" s"r +" (a

%"rso#a Los 7"sos a*%u(osos ) "#r7i!os +" (as %"rso#as via(isas ) "#usiasas,

!o#rasa# #oa$("*"#" !o# (a *o+"ra!i<# ) ar*o#=a +" (as %"rso#as r":("4ivas )

%o#+"ra+as No "s (o *is*o "( 7"so :ir*" " i*%osiivo +" 3ui"# %r""#+" +o*i#ar

3u" "( i#s"7uro ) va!i(a#" +"( =*i+o ) a!o*%("8a+o Froars" (a *a#os, *or+"rs"

(as uas, o!ars" !o#sa#"*"#" (a !ara, so# si7#os +" a#si"+a+ Ma#"#"r (as

*a#os r"%osa+as i#+i!a ra#3ui(i+a+ La *a#"ra +" +ar (a *a#o, +" !ruzar (os $razos o (as %i"r#as su"("# %o#"r +" *a#i:i"so a!iu+"s ) s"#i*i"#os U#a $u"#a

("!ura +" "sos *ovi*i"#os i#!o#s!i"#"s %u"+" +ar *u!&a i#:or*a!i<#• La postura y la marc,a( La %osura +"( !u"r%o "4%r"sa (a a!iu+ +" (a %"rso#a U#a

%osura "#sa o r=7i+a %u"+" *a#i:"sar a#si"+a+ Las %osuras +" !i"rr" K$razos o

%i"r#as !ruza+os i#+i!a# u#a a!iu+ +":"#siva o +" +"sa7ra+o U#a *ar!&a ("#a

%u"+" s"r i#+i!io +" ris"za, !a#sa#!io o *a("sar :=si!o U#a *a#"ra +" a#+ar

r9%i+o %u"+" r":("8ar +"!isi<#, a#si"+a+, "#:a+o, 8ovia(i+a+

! Co*u#i!a!i<# Parav"r$a(

S" +"s!ri$" !o*o !o*u#i!a!i<# %arav"r$a( a a3u"((as varia!io#"s #o (i#7=si!as

a("s !o*o "( o#o +" voz, "( ri*o, (a v"(o!i+a+, (as %ausas, (os si("#!ios 3u" a!o*%aa# a

"sas *is*as Por "8"*%(o +i!&as *a#i:"sa!io#"s %u"+"# a%r"!iars" "# (a %"rsuasi<#,

!o*o u#a :a(a +" :(ui+"z 3u" i#:(u)" "# (a %"r!"%!i<# +" !r"+i$i(i+a+ +"( "*isor o, u#

*a)or vo(u*"# ) "#o#a!i<# 3u" "s9# r"(a!io#a+os !o# u#a %"rsuasi<# *9s ":"!iva

• Ri*o? S" r":i"r" a (a !a+"#!ia ) v"(o!i+a+ !o# (a 3u" &a$(a u#a %"rso#a ) %u"+" ir

+" (o *u) ("#o a (o *u) r9%i+o ) !a+a !u(ura ) !a+a su$!u(ura i"#"# sus %ro%ios

ri*os +" !o*u#i!a!i<#• E#o#a!i<#? E# !as"((a#o (a "#o#a!i<# "s "( -#i!o i#+i!a+or 3u" i"#" 3ui"# r"!i$"

(a i#:or*a!i<# %ara sa$"r si (" "s9# %r"7u#a#+o u or+"#a#+o a(7o Da+o 3u" "# (a



*"+ia!i<# (a !#i!a %rivi("7ia+a "s (a %r"7u#a, "s :u#+a*"#a( +i:"r"#!iar (as

varia+as :or*as +" "#o#a!i<# 3u" %"r*i"# sa$"r si "( *"#sa8" %r""#+" a:ir*ar,

%r"7u#ar, or+"#ar, o i#+i!a +u+a, a#si"+a+, a:9#, ris"za, "!• Vo(u*"#? s" r":i"r" a (a %o"#!ia +" (a voz Ui(iza*os +i:"r"#"s vo(-*"#"s +" voz

%ara si7#i:i!ar !osas +i:"r"#"s, +" a!u"r+o a*$i# !o# (as !osu*$r"s !u(ura("s,

(os s"#i*i"#os %r"s"#"s ) (a :u"rza 3u" s" (" 3ui"ra i*%ri*ir a( *"#sa8"

ESTILOS DE COMUNICACI>N

a Esi(o Pasivo

Cua#+o a(7ui"# a!-a +" :or*a %asiva #o s" "4%r"sa a s= *is*o D"8a 3u" (as +"*9s

%"rso#as (" *a#+"#, (" +i7a# (o 3u" i"#" 3u" &a!"r ), 7"#"ra(*"#", #o +":i"#+" sus

%ro%ios +"r"!&os Por r"7(a 7"#"ra(, sus #"!"si+a+"s, o%i#io#"s o s"#i*i"#os so#

i7#ora+os, ) %u"+" 3u" oras %"rso#as s" a%rov"!&"# +" (

• Co#+u!a G"#"ra( A!-a !o# (a "s%"ra#za +" 3u" (os +"*9s a+ivi#"# sus +"s"os Su

a%ari"#!ia "s +" i#s"7uri+a+• V"r$a(*"#" S" +is!u(%a !o#sa#"*"#"; +a *"#sa8"s i#+ir"!os; &a$(a !o# ro+"os;

#o "#!u"#ra %a(a$ras a+"!ua+as; #o +i!" (o 3u" 3ui"r" +"!ir; &a$(a *u!&o %ara

!(ari:i!ar su !o*u#i!a!i<#; #o +i!" #a+a %or *i"+o o v"r7"#za; s" &u*i((a a s=

*is*o• Voz. D$i(, "*$(orosa; vo(u*"# $a8o• Mira+a Evia "( !o#a!o visua(; o8os !a=+os ) ((orosos• Posura A7a!&a+a; *u"v" (a !a$"za "# :or*a a:ir*aiva !o#sa#"*"#"• Ma#os. T"*$(orosas ) su+orosas

$ Esi(o A7r"sivo

E# "( oro "4r"*o s" "#!u"#ra# (as %"rso#as 3u" so# a7r"sivas So# *a#+o#"s,

i#i*i+a# a (os +"*9s, (os !rii!a# ) (os &u*i((a# S<(o s" %r"o!u%a# %or !o#s"7uir (o 3u"

"((os +"s"a# ) !ua#+o "((os 3ui"r"# Rara v"z s" %r"o!u%a# %or (os s"#i*i"#os +" (os

+"*9s ), !o# :r"!u"#!ia s" *""# "# (=os o %"("as



Ti"#+"# a a%rov"!&ars" i#8usa*"#" +" (os +"*9s ), 7"#"ra(*"#", i"#"# *u)

%o!os a*i7os +" v"r+a+ Por (o a#o, 3u"+a !(aro 3u" a#o "( !o*%ora*i"#o so!ia(

%asivo !o*o "( a7r"sivo #o so# (a *"8or :or*a +" r"(a!io#ars" !o# (os +"*9s Esos +os

!o*%ora*i"#os !o#+u!"#, $i"# a r"su(ar &"ri+o K"si(o %asivo, $i"# a &"rir a (os +"*9s )

a%rov"!&ars" +" "((os Ka7r"sivos

• Co#+u!a G"#"ra( E4a7"ra %ara +"*osrar su su%"riori+a+ R":("8a a7r"sivi+a+• V"r$a(*"#". E4i7"; usa %a(a$ras a(iso#a#"s @a!" a!usa!io#"s; i*%o#" su

o%i#i<#; s" !o*u#i!a a $as" +" *a#+aos; usa *"#sa8" XTWX; &a$(a *u!&o %ara #o

s"r !o#raria+o ) ((a*ar (a a"#!i<# S" so$r"si*a; &a$(a so(a*"#" +" s= *is*o• Voz. Fu"r"; !o# :r"!u"#!ia 7ria; voz :r=a ) auoriaria• Mira+a Si# "4%r"si<#; :i8a, %"#"ra#" ) or7u((osa• Posura R=7i+a; +"sa:ia#" ) so$"r$ia• Ma#os. Usa "( +"+o a!usaorio; *ovi*i"#os r"!&aza#"s o a%ro$aorios

! Esi(o As"rivo

La as"rivi+a+ s" r":i"r" a !o*%orars" a( ) !o*o u#o "s Es +"!ir, s"r as"rivo

si7#i:i!a +"8ar 3u" (os +"*9s s"%a# (o 3u" si"#"s ) %i"#sas +" u#a :or*a 3u" #o ("s o:"#+a,

%"ro 3u" a( *is*o i"*%o " %"r*ia "4%r"sar" Pu"+"s r"!o#o!"r ) r"s%"ar (os

s"#i*i"#os, o%i#io#"s ) +"s"os +" (os +"*9s +" :or*a 3u" #o " i*%o#7as ) 3u" #o "

%"r*ia 3u" (os +"*9s s" a%rov"!&"# +" i

Ta*$i# si7#i:i!a +":"#+"r us %ro%ios +"r"!&os S"r as"rivo #o "s s<(o u#a

!u"si<# +" $u"#as *a#"ras, "s u#a :or*a +" !o*%orars" a#" (os +"*9s +" *o+o 3u"

("s %"r*i" !o#o!"r us s"#i*i"#os " i+"as si# aro%"((ar o i7#orar (as su)as

• Co#+u!a G"#"ra( A!-a !o# #aura(i+a+; "s!u!&a a"#a*"#"• V"r$a(*"#" E4%r"sa (o 3u" 3ui"r"; "4%r"sa sus s"#i*i"#os; &a$(a o$8"iva*"#";

usa *"#sa8"s XHOX; &a$(a !ua#+o i"#" a(7o 3u" +"!ir; &a$(a $i"# +" s= *is*o si "s

#"!"sario o !o#v"#i"#"; su !o*u#i!a!i<# "s +ir"!a• Voz. Fir*"; !a(urosa; r"(a8a+a; $i"# *o+u(a+a• Mira+a. V" a (os o8os; *ira+a :ra#!a; o8os "4%r"sivos• Posura. i"# $a(a#!"a+a; r"(a8a+a ) ra#3ui(a• Ma#os. Movi*i"#os r"(a8a+os, #aura("s ) a!o7"+or"s



B. LIDERAGO

E( (=+"r "ra !o#!"$i+o !o*o u# s"r su%"rior a( r"so +" (os *i"*$ros +"( 7ru%o, !o#

ari$uos "s%"!ia("s s" v" !ua#+o u# i#+ivi+uo a( +"*osrar su su%"riori+a+ a#" (a

!o*u#i+a+ s" !o#vi"r" "# "( (=+"r a#"s s" !o#si+"ra$a 3u" "sos %o+"r"s o ari$uos"s%"!ia("s #a!=a# !o# "((os A!ua(*"#" !o# "( au7" +" (a %si!o(o7=a, s" &a raa+o +"

:u#+a*"#ar "sa %"rs%"!iva a %arir +"( :u"r" v=#!u(o %si!o(<7i!o 3u" "sa$("!"*os !o#

#u"sro %a+r", (a %ri*"ra :i7ura ar3u"=%i!a 3u" "#"*os Esu+ios %si!o(<7i!os so$r" "(

(i+"raz7o sosi"#"# 3u" $us!a*os "# #u"sros (=+"r"s (a s"7uri+a+ 3u" #os %ro%or!io#a$a "(

s=*$o(o %a"r#o ) as= !o*o !o#!"%ua(iz9$a*os a #u"sro %a+r" !o*o u# s"r %"r:"!o "

i#:a(i$(" r"%ro+u!i*os "sa :i8a!i<# &a!ia #u"sros (=+"r"s, !o#si+"r9#+o(os 7ra#+"s,

i#"(i7"#"s ) *9s !a%a!"s 3u" #osoros

Los "su+ios so$r" "( (i+"raz7o s"a(a# 3u" (os (=+"r"s i"#+"# a s"r *9s $ri((a#"s

i"#"# *"8or !ri"rio, i#"ra!-a# *9s, ra$a8a# $i"# $a8o "#si<#, o*a# +"!isio#"s, i"#+"#

a o*ar "( *a#+o o "( !o#ro( ) s" si"#"# s"7uros +" s= *is*os

Es %or "so 3u" #o s<(o "s !u"si<# +" %"rso#a(i+a+, +" %os"sio#"s o !aris*a si $i"#,

"s u#a !u"si<# +" "si(o a*$i# "s !u"si<# +" susa#!ia, "s +"!ir va a!or+" !o# (o 3u"

&a!"s ) +i!"s +" u#a :or*a "# 3u" s" (("va# (as ar"as asi7#a+as :o*"#a#+o as= (as

r"(a!io#"s &u*a#as

Los $u"#os (=+"r"s s" a+a%a# a( i%o +" (i+"raz7o +"%"#+i"#+o +" (a siua!i<# !o*o?

o Li+"raz7o Dir"!ivo

La 7"#" 3u" #o i"#" *u!&a "4%"ri"#!ia !o# "( (i+"raz7o s" si"#"# %r"sio#a+os a

(i+"rar +" u#a :or*a +ir"!iva s" %u"+" +"!ir +" arri$a &a!ia a$a8o +" *a#"ra 3u" as=

%u"+a# %ro$ar 3u" so# !a%a!"s +" (i+"rar

E( !o*%orars" +" u#a :or*a "4a7"ra+a +o*i#a#" %u"+" "si*u(ar (a r"sis"#!ia )

!r"ar s"#i*i"#os +" r"s"#i*i"#o +"#ro +" (os *i"*$ros +"( 7ru%o " i#i!iar u# !i!(o +"

!o*%ora*i"#os #"7aivos +"8a#+o 3u" s" si"#a# *"#os%r"!ia+os a v"!"s (a %o!a

&a$i(i+a+ +" u# (=+"r "# !ua#o a (a o*a +" +"!isio#"s %u"+" a!arr"ar 3u" "( 7ru%o %i"r+a

(a !o#:ia#za



o Li+"raz7o Pasivo

Es" i%o "s "( o%u"so +"( (i+"raz7o +ir"!ivo ) s" !ara!"riza %or (a :a(a +"

ori"#a!i<# "sru!ura+a "# "( (=+"r +"8a#+o a( 7ru%o 3u" o*" (as +"!isio#"s +"8a#+o 3u" "(

ro( +"( (=+"r s"a a*%(ia*"#" si*$<(i!o, +"*osra#+o :a(a +" ori"#a!i<# !(ara %u"+"!o#+u!ir a (a !o#:usi<#, :a(a +" !o&"si<# ) +ir"!!i<#

Los *i"*$ros +"( 7ru%o s" %u"+"# s"#ir :rusra+os s= u# (=+"r %ar"!" "# %o!a

%ari!i%a!i<# ) %or !o#si7ui"#" s" #o" +"si#"r"sa+o Si# "*$ar7o, "so a*$i# %u"+" s"r

u# $u"# i%o %ara a3u"((os *i"*$ros +"( 7ru%o 3ui"#"s "s9# !a%a!ia+os a(a*"#" ) so(o

#"!"sia# ori"#a!i<# ) so%or" so$r" (as +"!isio#"s 3u" "((os )a &a# o*a+o

o Li+"raz7o Pari!i%aivo

S" *oiva a o+os (os *i"*$ros a i#vo(u!rars" !o*%("a*"#" "# (os "*as +"( 7ru%o

) a 3u" au*"#"# sus !a%a!i+a+"s *a#"#i#+o(os i#:or*a+os, +"("7a#+o ar"as ) "#i"#+o

+is!usio#"s a$i"ras, "s as= 3u" s" $ri#+a ori"#a!i<#, so%or", o*a +"!isio#"s )

!oor+i#a!i<# a( 7ru%o

L" %"r*i"# i#vo(u!rars" a o+os (os *i"*$ros +"( 7ru%o, "so a*$i# r"+u!" (a

v"(o!i+a+ +"( %ro!"so +" o*a +" +"!isio#"s &a!i"#+o 3u" a(7u#os +" "((os s" si"#a#

:rusra+os a( (("7ar a u#a !o#!(usi<#

U# $u"# (=+"r i"#" 3u" "#"r (a :a!u(a+ +" !o*%("*"#ar !a+a u#o +" (os i%os

a+"!u9#+o(os a !a+a ar"a 3u" r"a(i!" i#!"#iva#+o as= u# *a)or +"sarro((o %ara "( 7ru%o )

%ara +"sarro((ar sus &a$i(i+a+"s

CONCLUSIÓN

E( a+"!ua+o +"sarro((o +"( 9r"a so!ia( "# (a %"rso#a, "s u#o +" (os :a!or"s *9s

i*%ora#"s )a 3u" "sa "# !o#"4i<# a#o !o# "( or7a#is*o ) !o# (a *"#", :or*a#+o u#a

!o#+i!i<# #"!"saria a (a 3u" "#"*os 3u" a+a%ar#os, s"7-# #u"sra +""r*i#a+o *"+io,



%ara %o+"r su%(ir (as +"*a#+as +" "sos, "# "( !aso +" (a i#"ra!!i<# so!ia( #os ri7"#

#or*as, !osu*$r"s ) r"7(as 3u" +"$"*os a:ro#ar, ui(iza#+o !o*o &"rra*i"#a %ri#!i%a(

(as &a$i(i+a+"s so!ia("s ) (as &a$i(i+a+"s %ara (a vi+a

Las &a$i(i+a+"s %ara (a vi+a so# !o*%o#"#"s i#+is%"#sa$("s )a 3u" %ara (o7rar r"(a!io#ar#os ) au# %ara "sar "# u# "sa+o +" "3ui(i$rio "*o!io#a( , #"!"sia*os "#"r u#

!o#!"%o a+"!ua+o +" 3ui"#"s so*os, +" 3u" %o+"*os "("7ir, +" $us!ar so(u!io#"s #u"vas,

) +" *a#"8ar siua!io#"s +" "#si<# (os !ua("s #os +" s"7uri+a+ %ara +":"#+"r #u"sros

+"r"!&os ) r"s%"ar (os +" (os +"*9s

A+"*9s +" (as *"#!io#a+as, u#a siua!i<# &u*a#a i#vo(u!ra a %"rso#as (as !ua("s

s"7-# "( #iv"( +" +"sarro((o 3u" i"#"# +" !i"ras &a$i(i+a+"s so!ia("s, (o7ra# i#"ra!uar +"

(a *"8or *a#"ra, +"#ro +" "sas &a$i(i+a+"s "s9# (a "*%a=a, (a as"rivi+a+, (a "s!u!&aa!iva, (a !a%a!i+a+ +" r"si(i"#!ia ) "( *a#"8o a#" u# 7ru%o, o+as "((as %ari!i%a# +"

*a#"ra a!iva "# (a $u"#a a+a%a!i<# 3u" "#7a u#a %"rso#a a#" su *"+io so!ia(, "via#+o

!o# "so !o#+u!as a#iso!ia("s, %ro*ovi"#+o (a i#"7ra!i<# +" "sos

To+os "sos !o#8u#os +" &a$i(i+a+"s #"!"sarias "# "( 9r"a so!ia(, #o so# ari$ui$("s

so(o a a(7u#as %"rso#as o #o so# "sru!uras 3u" a%ar""# "# u#a !i"ra "a%a, si#o 3u" s"

+"sarro((a# +"s+" (a #i"z ) #u#!a "r*i#a# "sa "a%a +" ra#s:or*a!i<#, )a 3u" "( &o*$r"

a( "#"r *a)or"s "4i7"#!ias &a) *a)or ) *"8or uso +" "sas, (as !ua("s s" *a#i:i"sa# "#u#a !o*u#i!a!i<# +o#+" "#"*os 3u" &a!"r uso +" #u"sras &a$i(i+a+"s, u#o +" (os

"8"*%(os +" "#"r u# $u"# +"sarro((o #os (o +a# (os ((a*a+os (=+"r"s 3u" so# !a%a!"s +"

!o*%ro*""rs" ) (("var a (a su%"ra!i<# u#a !o*u#i+a+, "*%r"sa o !ua(3ui"r oro 7ru%o

&u*a#o

RE%ERENCIAS

A($"ri, R ) E**o#s, L K0 KB\ "+ Hour %"r:"! Ri7&? A Gui+" o Ass"riv"

"&avior Sa# Luis O$is%o, Ca(i:or#ia? I*%a! Pu$(is&"rs

Ca$a((o, V K.//. -anual de evaluaci#n y entrenamiento de las ,abilidades sociales K1\

"+ Ma+ri+? S]]I



Fa!io#",P K.// ensamiento crítico U#iv"rsi+a+ I!"si Co(o*$ia? E+u"6a R"!u%"ra+o

&%?[["+u"6aor7[P"#sa*i"#oCrii!oFa!io#"%&%

Gri"+",E ) Va#,E K./00 Concepto y desarrollo del líder. @o(a#+a? u"r:() ^or6s

R"!u%"ra+o www.warchildholland.org

'"((), J K0. +ntrenamiento en ,abilidades sociales DD i($ao

La!u#za, A ) Go#z9("z, N K.// Las ,abilidades sociales en ni/os preescolares en

conte0tos de pobreza. Ciencias sicol#gicas. 1evista 2ficial de la 3acultad de

sicología de la 4niversidad Cat#lica del 4ruguay D5maso a Larra/aga

Ma#7ru(6ar,L, Vi#!", C ) Pos#"r, M K.//0 +nfo"ue de ,abilidades para la vida para

un desarrollo saludable de ni/os y adolescentes. EEUU? Or7a#iza!i<#

Pa#a*"ri!a#a +" (a sa(u+

Ma#i((a, L K.// 6abilidades para la vida. 4na propuesta educativa para la promoci#n

del desarrollo ,umano y la prevenci#n de problemas psicosocialesCo(o*$ia

&%?[[:")a("7riaor7[i*a7"s[a!ro$a[.0/10/0/10//0//0/0001_

%+:

Mo#+ra7<#, J K./0. 6abilidades y estrategias de comunicaci#n en el proceso de

mediaci#n. U#iv"rsi+a+ +" A(i!a#" R"!u%"ra+o +"

&%?[[ruaua"s[+s%a!"[$isr"a*[0//1[.10[0[T"*a_%+:

O(iva, A K.// Esa+o a!ua( +" (a "or=a +"( a%"7o 1evista de si"uiatría y sicología

del 7i/o y del Adolescente, K0; 150 R"!u%"ra+o +"

&%?[[%si3uiariai#:a#i(or7[#u*"ro[A%"7o%+:

O(ivar"s, J, M#+"z, F ) Ros, M K0 +ntrenamiento en ,abilidades sociales en

tratamientos conductuales en la infancia y la adolescencia. Ma+ri+? Pir9*i+"

Pai+os 9si!a, K s.f.8. G"or7" @ M"a+, Es%iriu, %"rso#a ) so!i"+a+ R"!u%"ra+o +"

&%?[[+o!ora+oso!ia("s!o*ar[%5!o#"#[u%(oa+s[M"a+5G"or7"5&5Es%iriu5

P"rso#a5)5So!i"+a+%+:

http://www.eduteka.org/PensamientoCriticoFacione.php

http://www.warchildholland.org/

http://www.eduteka.org/PensamientoCriticoFacione.php

http://www.warchildholland.org/



Ri**, D ) Mas"rs, J K0 e,avior t,erapy( *ec,ni"ues and empirical findings

Nu"va Hor6? A!a+"*i!

Rivir", A K0. La teoría social del aprendiza)e. Implicaciones educativas. Ma+ri+? E+

A(ia#za R"!u%"ra+o +" i""+u!a!io#"s[:or*a!io#[*a"ria("s[01[

Ro$("s, K.// La infancia y la ni/ez en el sentido de identidad. Comentarios en torno

a las etapas de la vida de +ri9 +ri9son R"visa M"4i!a#a +" %"+iar=a, 1K0, .5

B R"!u%"ra+o +" &%?[[*"+i7ra%&i!!o*[%+:s[%"+ia[s%5.//[s%/07%+:

To*asi#i, M K./0/ 4n vie)o pensador para resignificar una categoría psicosocial(

'eorge -ead y la socializaci#n. Ma+ri+? C<r+ova R"!u%"ra+o +"

u#irio8a"s[+"s!ar7a[ari!u(o[B./0.B0

Tos!a#a K s.f +l enfo"ue gen%tico de piaget. R"!u%"ra+o +"

&%?[[os!a#a"+u!o[!*s[i*a7"s_!*s[.!/a:"_P$B830Oz%+:

Tria#"s, M K0 +ducaci#n y Competencia :ocial U# %ro7ra*a "# "( au(a M9(a7a?

A(8i$"

a#+"# V K0 -anual de sicología :ocial +dit Pai+<s

5 monografía indicadores sociales

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