11490313 presentation sdh

7/30/2019 11490313 Presentation Sdh

1/71

Training Document SDH1

SDH

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy


2/71


WHAT is SDH ?

Background and motivation for SDH

Limitation of todays high capacity networkAdvantages of SDH


3/71


Definition of SDH

SDH is stands for

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

and is :

An International Standard for a high capacity optical

telecommunication network

A synchronous digital transport system aimed at

providing a more simple, economical, and flexibletelecommunications network infrastructure.


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5/71


PDH Systems Worldwide

2048 kbit/s

64 kbit/s

x 4

x 30/31x 24

x 3

x 7x 5

x 3

Japan USA-

ANSI

Europe

-ETSI

primary rate

.

.

.

32064 kbit/s

x 3

97728 kbit/s

397200

kbit/s

x 4

x 4

34368 kbit/s

139264

kbit/s

x 4

564992

kbit/s

x 4

8448 kbit/s

44736 kbit/s

274176

kbit/s

x 6

1544 kbit/s

6312 kbit/s

x 4


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Limitations of Todays High Capacity Network

Inflexible, and expensive for telecommunication networking-based on step-by-step asynchronous multiplexing

Extremely limited network management and maintenance

support capabilities- no spare signal capacity in plesiochronous frame structures

Higher rate line systems are proprietary.

-no possibility of inter-working

2/88/34

34/140MUX

2 Mbit/s channels

2/88/34

34/140MUX

2 Mbit/s channels

2/88/34

34/140MUX

2/88/34

34/140MUX

2 Mbit/s channels

140Mbit/s 140Mbit/s


7/71Training Document SDH7

Advantages of SDH ( I )

Designed for cost effective, simplified add & drop

Function- Compared to the older PDH system, low bit rate channels can be easily

extracted from and inserted into the high-speed bit streams in SDH. It is

now no longer necessary to apply the complex and costly procedure of

demultiplexing then re-multiplexing the plesiosynchronous structure.

140 Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s

2 Mbit/s

STM-1

FDDI

ATM

STM-N

Reliability-Modern SDH networks include various automatic back-up circuit and repair

mechanisms which are designed to cope with system faults and are monitored

by management. As a result, failure of a link or an NE does not lead to failure

of the entire network.



Advantages of SDH ( II )High Transmission rates

-Transmission rates of up to 10Gbps can be achieved in modern SDH systems

making it the most suitable technology for backbones-the superhighways in

todays telecommunication networks.

10 Gbit/s

155 Mbit/s

622 Mbit/s

2.5 Gbit/s

STM-1 STM-16 STM-64STM-4

Future-proof platform for new services-SDH is the ideal platform for a wide range of services including POTS, ISDN,

mobile radio, and data communications (LAN, WAN, etc.). It is also able to

handle more recent services such as video on demand and digital video

broadcasting via ATM.



Advantages of SDH ( III )

Interconnection

-SDH makes it much easier to set up gateways between different network

providers and to SONET systems. The SDH interfaces are globally standardized,

making it possible to combine NEs from different manufacturers into a single

network thus reducing equipment costs.-The trend in transport networks is toward ever-higher bit rates, such as STM-256

(time division multiplex, TDM). The current high costs of such NEs however are a

restricting factor. The alternative lies in dense wavelength division multiplexing

(DWDM), a technology enabling the multiple use of single mode optical fibers. As a

result, a number of wavelengths can be used as carriers for the digital signals and

transmitted simultaneously through the fibers.

Provide built-in signal capacity for advanced network

management and maintenance capabilities-With SDH, network providers can react quickly and easily to the requirements

of their customers. For example, leased lines can be switched in a matter of

minutes. The network provider can use standardized network elements (NE)

that can be controlled and monitored from a central location via a

telecommunications management network (TMN) system.



Synchronous Network Structure

2Mbit/s

34Mbit/s

140Mbit/s

STM-1

STM-4

STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET

TM

DXC

ADMADMATM

Switch

STM-4/162Mbit/s

34Mbit/s

140Mbit/s

STM-1

LAN

2Mbit/s

ADM

STM-1

STM-1, STM-4

2Mbit/s

8Mbit/s34Mbit/s

140Mbit/s

ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer

DXC : Digital Cross Connect

TM : Terminal Multiplexer

DSC: Digital Switching Center

LAN: Local Area Network

DSC



STM-1 Frame Structure



STM-1 Frame

270 columns

9 rows

capacity:

270 bytes x 9

= 2430 Bytes

frame length:

125 s

Pointer

RSOH

MSOH

1 91

9

9 lines Payload

270 bytes

0 125 s



Frame Structure of the STM-1 Signal

SOH Area operational functions

monitoring functions

control functions

AU-Pointer

shows the beginning of the virtual

container of the highest level Payload Area

transport of the data

270 bytes

PointerRSOH

MSOH

1 91

9

9lines

Payload

0 125 s



Functions and characteristics of the

Section Overhead (SOH)

includes operation, monitoring and controllingfunctions

each byte is equivalent to an 64-kbit/s channel

in regenerators only the first three lines are

accessable in multiplexers the last five lines are accessable

preserves the connections from the point of creation

until the point of decomposition

Pointer

RSOH

MSOH

1 9

1

9

9lines

Payload

0125 s

270 bytes



Structure of the RSOH Frame Alignment

(A1, A2)

Section Trace(J0 Identficationof regeneratorsource)

Parity check(B1 calculated byregenerator andmultiplexers)

Data communicationchannels

(D1...D3, F1 betweenregenerators)

Voice communicationchannels(E1 betweenregenerators)

B1 E1

D1 D2

D4

D7

D5

D8

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2

D9

D6

K2

D3

F1

A2 J0A1 A1 A1 A2 A2

B2 B2 B2 K1

H3H1 H3 H3H2

D10 D11 D12

RSOH

MSOH

AU pointer

9

9

1

1



Structure of the MSOH

Automatic protectionswitching (K1, K2 Bytes)

Data communicationchannels (D4 to D12between multiplexers)

Clock source information(S1)

Remote Error Indication(M1)

Voice communicationschannels (E2 betweenmultiplexers)

Parity Check (B2)

B1 E1

D1 D2

D4

D7

D5

D8

S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2

D9

D6

K2

D3

F1

A2 J0A1 A1 A1 A2 A2

B2 B2 B2 K1

H3H1 H3 H3H2

D10 D11 D12

RSOH

MSOH

AU pointer

9

9

1

1



STM-1 FRAME

(to ITU-T G.707)

270 COLUMS(BYTES)

AU POINTER

MSOH

RSOH

C-4

(DATA PAYLOAD)

261 COLUMS(BYTES)19

Payload Area

transport of the

data

AU-Pointer

shows the beginning of the

virtual container of the highest

levelPATHOVERHEAD(POH)



STM-1 FRAME

(to ITU-T G.707)

270 COLUMS(BYTES)

AU POINTER

MSOH

RSOH

C-4

(DATA PAYLOAD)

261 COLUMS(BYTES)19

260 COLUMS(BYTES)

Low Rate

TributarySignal

VC Path

OverHead

TUPointer

Container

Virtual container

Low Order POH

Tributary SignalTributary Unit Frame



Structure of the POH

B3

C2

H4

F3

N1

J1

F2

G1

K3

POH

9

1

VC-4/ VC-3 POH

J2

N2

V5

K4

VC-12/ VC-11 POH

Parity check B3, V5/ BIP-2 calculat bypath terminating point.

Alarm and performance information(V5, G1)

Signal label C2/V5

Multiframe indication for TUs (H4)

User communications channelbetween path elements (F2, F3)

Identification of the Path Source(Path Trace J1, J2)

Higher order path automaticprotection switching.(K3,K4)

Tandem Connection monitoring(TCM) function. (N1,N2)

HO-POH LO-POH



Functions and characteristics

of the Path Overhead (POH) includes path trace identifier, alarm

signals and operational signals

secures the transport of a container tothe desired destination

PointerRSOH

MSOH

1 91

9

9lines

Payload

0 125 s

POH

270bytes



Synchronous

Multiplexer

SynchronousMultiplexer

Multiplexer

SectionMultiplexer

Section

Regenerator

Section

Regenerator

SectionRegenerator

Section

Regenerator

Section

Path Section

SDH Network Section


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SDH POINTERS


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Difference between PDH and SDH

transport techniques

technique with frame memory (PDH)

technique with pointer processing (SDH)

Signal

4

Signal

1

Signal

2

Signal

3

transport

overhead

t = 0

t=T

t = 0

transport

overhead

t=T


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Signal Processing

PointerPayload

POH

VC-nSOH

VC - Virtual Container

POH - Path OverheadSOH - Section Overhead

STM-1 Signal


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Why do we need

pointer actions? neighbouring network elements (NEs)

may have different bitrates

in one NE the frequency of input fin may

differ from the output fout

Pointer

RSOH

MSOH

1 9

1

9

9lines

Payload

0 125 s

POH

270bytes


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Tasks of the Pointer

the pointer shows the begin of the VirtualContainer within the higher structure

adaptation of the bitrate of the VC to the

velocity of the tranport channel (AU, TU)

a flag within the pointer signals the

changes made

kind of stuffing will be signalized also

PointerPayload

POHVC-nSOH

STM-1 Signal


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AU4-Pointer

AU4-Pointer:

fin > fout

negative justification:

- fill H3 with payloadinformation

- new pointer value =old pointer value - 1

- the new pointer valuewill be fixed for at leasttwo STM-1 frames

H1H2H3

H1H2H3

VC-4

STM-1

STM-1

H1H2H3STM-1

VC-4


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SDH Multiplexing Structure

and Frame Format


30/71


Mapping In SDH


31/71


Multiplexing Elements

virtual container

container

administration unit

synchronous transport module N

synchronous transport module

tributary unit group

tributary unit

POH

PTR

PTR

SOH

C-n n=1,2,3,4 bitratesG.702

VC-n m=1,2 C1, C2n=3,4 C3, C4

TU-n n=1,2,3,4 VC-n

TUG-2 TU-1, -2

AU-n n=3,4 VC-n

STM-1 AU-n, n=3,4

STM-n N=4,16 AU-n, n=3,4

element abbreviation payload


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SDH Multiplexing / Mapping

for 2Mbit/s.


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R: Fixed Stuff Bits

D: Data-Bits (of 2Mb/s Tributary-Signal)

O: Overhead-Bits (For future use)

C1, C2: Justification Indication-Bits

-C1 = 0 -> S1 = Data-Bit

-C1 = 1 -> S1 = Stuff-Bit

-C2 = 0 -> S2 = Data-Bit

-C2 = 1 -> S2 = Stuff-Bit

S1, S2: Actual Justification-Bits

-Justification is indicated by C1, C2

(Majority-Vote out of 3)

JustificationCapacity

+/- 1 Bit every 500 ms -> +/- 2000 Bits (~+/- 1000 ppm)Speed of C-12

136 Byte x 8 Bit / 500 ms = 2.176 MBit/s

Container C-12 (Asynchronous Mapping for 2 MBit/s)

R R R R R R R R

D D D D . . . .

. . . . D D D D

. . 256 x D . .

C1 C2 O O O R R R

R R R R R R R R

D D D D . . . .

. . . . D D D D

. . 256 x D . .

C1 C2 O O O R R R

R R R R R R R R

D D D D . . . .

. . . . D D D D

. . 256 x D . .

C1 C2 O O O R R S1

R R R R R R R R

S2 D D D D . . .

. . . . D D D D

. . 255 x D . .

R R R R R R R R

Block1

Block2

Block3

Block4

136Bytes(500ms)

1 Byte

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TUG-2 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2Mbit/s

Virtual Container VC 12 / Mapping of C 12 into VC 12


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Virtual Container VC-12 / Mapping of C-12 into VC-12

V5

140Bytes(5

00ms)

1 Byte

J2

N2

K4

#1

#2

#35

#36

#37

#70

#71

#72

#105

#106

#107

#140

BIP-2 REI RFI Signal Label RDI

BIP-2: Bit Interleaved Parity 2

REI: Remote Error Indication (Old name FEBE)

RFI: Remote Failure Indication

Signal Label: Specifies the content of the VC

RDI: Remote Defect Indication (Old name=FERF)

J2: Repetitively transmitted 16-Byte Framecontaining a Path Access Point Identifier

N2: Used for Tandem Connection Monitoring

K4: APS-Channel: Automatic Protection Switching Signaling

Spare: For Future use

Speed of VC-12: 140 Byte x 8 Bit/500 ms= 2.240 Mbit/s

Network Operator Byte N2

APS Channel Spare

Path Trace J2



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SDH Multiplexing Elements -

Virtual Container- VC

creation through addition of the POH

is transported through the network as

one unit if the VC contains several VCs, it will

have a pointer area

multi container payload throughconcatenation

VC-12

41

9

Tributary Unit TU 12


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N N N N S S P P

V1 (TU-Pointer #1)

144Bytes

(500ms)

V1+V2 N: New Data Flag (NDF)

-Flag NOT active -> NNNN = 0110

-Flag active -> NNNN = 1001 (Inverted)

S: Size Indication

-For TU-12 SS=10

P: 10-Bit Pointer Value

-Range for TU-12 is 0.139

-Points to that Cell, Where the VC-12 starts

(Location of V5)

V3 Used for justification

-Incase of Negative Pointer Justification,

this Byte is used as Auxiliary-CellV4 Reserved (For future Use)

Tributary Unit TU-12

V2 (TU-Pointer #2)

Cell #105

Cells #106 #138

Cell #139

Cells #1 #33

Cell #0

V3 (TU-Pointer #3)

Cell #34

Cell #35

V4 (TU-Pointer #4)

Cell #69

Cell #70

Cells #36 #68

Cells #71 #103

Cell #104 Speed of TU-12: 144 Byte x 8 Bit/500 ms= 2.304 Mbit/s

P P P P P P P P



37/71


Important Facts:

The TU-12 must be locked to the Higher-

Order VC (VC-3 or VC-4)

The 10-Bit TU-Pointer points to that cell,

where the V5-Byte Of the VC-12 is located

(Start of VC-12)

The VC-12 can float within the TU-12 since

both may have Different Clock rates

If the incoming VC-12 is too fast, the

excess data is carried By V3. The V5-Byte

moves 1 cell up in the TU-12 and the

pointer value decrements by 1

-> Negative Pointer Justification

If the incoming VC-12 is too slow, the byteimmediately after V3 (Cell #35) is used as

Stuff-Byte to stuff the excess transport

capacity of the TU-12. The V5-byte moves

1 cell down in the TU-12 and the pointer

value increments by 1.

-> Positive Pointer Justification

Mapping of VC-12 into TU-12

V1

V2

V3

V4

VC-12

35 Byte

35 Byte

35 Byte

35 Byte


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Under normal conditions the pointer is justified by 1 (Increase or Decrease

as soon as the phase different between the VC-12 and TU-12 exceeds

8 Bits (1Byte). This is Indicated by inverting either the I or the D Bits of the

10-Bit Pointer (Majority vote out of 5). If a random change of the pointer valuebecomes necessary, this is indicated by activating (inverting) the new Data Flag.

Pointer Justification on TU-12 Level

0 1 1 0 1 0 I D I D I D I D I D

Speed of TU-12:

144 Byte x 8 Bit/500 ms= 2.304 Mbit/s

V1 V2V1

V2

Cell #105

Cell #139

Cell #0

V3Cell #34

Cell #35

Cell #69

Cell #70

Cell #104

V4

Inverted value of all D-Bits (Decrease)

Indicates Negative Justification

Inverted value of all I-Bits (Increase)

Indicates Positive JustificationNegative Justification Opportunity

(Used to carry Data)

Positive Justification Opportunity

(Used as Stuff-Byte)

New Data Flag Size


39/71


SDH Multiplexing Elements -

Tributary Unit - TU creation through addition of a pointer to the

VC

slip free transmission of a VC also in case

of plesiochronous behaviour of the network

element

the TU definition refers to the VC, the AU to

STM-1

identical to AU TU-12Pointer

9

4

V5

2 Mbit/s

--> C-12

VC-12 POH

4

1

1


40/71


Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of 3 x TU-12

into TUG-2 Multiframe

V1, 1

V2, 1

#105, 1

#139,1

#0, 1

V3, 1

#139, 1

#35, 1

#69, 1

#70, 1

#104, 1

V4, 1

V1, 2

V2, 2

#105, 2

#139,2

#0, 2

V3, 2

#139, 2

#35, 2

#69, 2

#70, 2

#104, 2

V4, 2

TU-12 #1 TU-12 #2 TU-12 #3

V1, 3

V2, 3

#105, 3

#139,3

#0, 3

V3, 3

#139, 3

#35, 3

#69, 3

#70, 3

#104, 3

V4, 3

Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

V1,1 V1,2 V1,3 #105,1 #105,2 #105,3

#139,1 #139,2 #139,3

V2,1 V2,2 V2,3 #0,1 #0,2 #0,3

#34,1 #34,2 #34,3

V3,1 V3,2 V3,3 #35,1 #35,2 #35,3

#69,1 #69,2 #69,3

V4,1 V4,2 V4,3 #70,1 #70,2 #70,3

#104,1 #104,2 #104,3

TUG-2 multiframe

125ms

125m

s

125ms

125ms



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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column

TUG-2 #1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2476 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column

NPI

TUG-3STUFF

TUG-3STUFF

1 2 3

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column

TUG-2 #212 1 2 3

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column

TUG-2 #312 1 2 3

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column

TUG-2 #712

Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of 7 x TUG-2 into 1 TUG-3

1--------------------------8

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Bit

NPI

1 0 0 1 X X 1 1

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

X X X X X X X X

TUG-3


B I l d M l i l i f 3 TUG 3 (C i i TUG 2 ) i VC 4


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1 2 3 4 5 6

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column

TUG-3 #284 85 86

TUG-3#2STUFF

TUG-3#2ST

UFFN

PI

1 2 3 4 5 6

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column

TUG-3 #384 85 86

TUG-3#2STUFF

TUG-3#2ST

UFFN

PI

1 2 3 4 5 6

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column

TUG-3 #184 85 86

TUG-3#2STUFF

TUG-3#2ST

UFFN

PI

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column

NPI#1

VC-4PathOH

VC-4Stuff

Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of 3 x TUG-3 (Containing TUG-2s) into VC-4

NPI#2

NPI#3

TUG-3#1STUF

F

TUG-3#2STUF

F

TUG-3#3STUF

F

VC-4Stuff

TUG-3#1STUFF

TUG-3#2STUFF

TUG-3#3STUFF

VC-4



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Administrative Unit AU 4


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Administrative Unit AU-41 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 2

64

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column 265

266

267

268

269

270

#522

#609

#696

#0

#87

#174

#261

#348

#435

#523

#610

#697

#1

#88

#175

#262

#349

#524

#611

#698

#2

#89

#176

#263

#350

#607

#694

#781

#85

#172

#259

#346

#433

#608

#695

#782

#86

#173

#260

#347

#434

#436 #437 #520 #521

H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3

AU-4

Payload

N N N N S S P P P P P P P P P P

AU-4 Pointer

H1+H2 N: New Data Flag (NDF)



S: Size Indication

-Not Specified on AU-4 Level (Dont care Bits)




Y-Bytes: Stuff Byte (Value=93 hex)

-Used as H1 in AU-3 Pointer

1*-Bytes: Stuff Byte (Value=FF hex)


H3-Bytes: Used for justification

- Incase of Negative pointer

justification, these bytes are

used as Auxiliary-Cells


Pointer Justification on AU 4 Level


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Pointer Justification on AU-4 Level

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column

H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3

0 1 1 0 1 0 I D I D I D I D I D

H1 H2




Indicates Positive Justification

New Data Flag Size

Under normal conditions the pointer is

justified by 1 (Increase or Decrease) as soon

as The phase different between the VC-4 and

AU-4 exceeds (3 Byte). This is Indicated by

inverting either the I- or the D-Bits of the 10-Bit

Pointer (Majority vote out of 5) If a random

change of the pointer value becomes

necessary, this is indicated by activating

(inverting the new Data Flag

Negative Justification Opportunity





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Administrative Unit Group AUG

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column

Capacity of AUG: 1 x AU-4 (European standard)

Payload

AU-Pointer(s)

267

268

269

270



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SDH Multiplexing Elements -Administrative Unit Group - AUG

multiplexing of several AUs into a STM-N

9 Byte 261 Bytes


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D E F GBA

GFEDCBAGFEDCBAGFEDCBA

C

a b c

TUG

TU

POINTER

TU

VCC

PLESIOCHRONOUSSTREAM

STUFF AND

JUSTIFICATION BITS

PATH

OVERHEAD

a b c

HIGHER

LEVEL VC

AU

STM-1

ADMINISTRATIVE

UNIT (AU)

POINTERS

SOH

POH

SOH = SECTION OVERHEAD

VC = VRITUAL CONTAINER

POH = PATH OVERHEAD

TUG = TRIBUTARY UNIT GROUP

9 Byte 261 Bytes

9Bytes

STRUCTUREOF STM-1

FRAME


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How to integrate plesiochronous signals

into the synchronous transport module?

synchronous

transport module

administration

unit

virtual

container

container

Path Overhead

Pointer

Section Overhead

plesiochronous

Signal (140Mbit/s)

VC-4

AU-4/ AUG1

STM-1

C-4


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Asynchronous Mapping for 140 MBit/s into C-4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

D C R R R C R R R C R R R C R R R C R C

260 Bytes

13 Bytes

Note: Only 1 of 9 Subframes is shown (1 Subframe=20 Blocks = 1 Row of a C-4)

Block

R: Fixed Stuff Bits

D: Data-Bits (of 140Mb/s Tributary-Signal)


C: Justification Indication-BitsC = 0 -> S = Data-Bit

C = 1 -> S = Stuff-Bit

S: Actual Justification-Bits

Justification is indicated

by C-Bits (Majority-Vote out of 5)

D D D D D D D D D D D . . . 96 x D . . . D D D

Byte 1 Byte 213

D-Block

C-Block

R-Block

C R R R R R O O D D D . . . 96 x D

R R R R R R R R D D D . . . 96 x D

D D D D D D S R D D D . . . 96 x D

. . . D D D

. . . D D D

. . . D D DS-Block


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Virtual Container VC-4 (C-4 Structure)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column

Speed of VC-4

261 x 9 Byte x 8 Bit / 125 ms = 150.336 MBit/s

C4

259

260

261

J1

B3

C2

G1

F2

H4

F3

K3

N1

VC-4 Path Overhead (Higher Order POH)

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4

Administrative Unit AU-4


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Administrative Unit AU 41 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 2

64

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column 265

266

267

268

269

270

#522

#609

#696

#0

#87

#174

#261

#348

#435

#523

#610

#697

#1

#88

#175

#262

#349

#524

#611

#698

#2

#89

#176

#263

#350

#607

#694

#781

#85

#172

#259

#346

#433

#608

#695

#782

#86

#173

#260

#347

#434

#436 #437 #520 #521

H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3

AU-4

Payload


AU-4 Pointer




S: Size Indication

-Not Specified on AU-4 Level (Dont care Bits)




Y-Bytes: Stuff Byte (Value=93 hex)


1*-Bytes: Stuff Byte (Value=FF hex)




justification, these bytes are

used as Auxiliary-Cells

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 C-4

STM 1 F


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STM#1

AU-4

VC-4

C-4

Payload

POH

AU-PTR

R-SOH

M-SOH

AU Administrative UnitVC Virtual ContainerC Container

270 Bytes9 1

3

1

5

STM-1 Frame


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SDH Multiplexing / Mapping

for 34Mbit/s.

Asynchronous Mapping for 34 MBit/s into C-3


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Asynchronous Mapping for 34 MBit/s into C 3

R R R R

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

R R R R

R R R R

R R R R R C R R R R R R R R R C

R R R R R C R R R R R R R R R C

R R R R R C R R R R R R R R R S

84 Bytes

4 Bytes 1 Byte

Note: Only 1 of 3 Sub frames (3 Rows) are shown

Block

Blks 21.40

Blks 41.60

R: Fixed Stuff Bits

D: Data-Bits (of 34Mb/s Tributary-Signal


C1, C2: Justification Indication-Bits

Cx = 0 -> Sx = Data-BitCx = 1 -> Sx = Stuff-Bit

S1, S2: Actual Justification-Bits

Justification is indicated

by C1, C2-Bits

(Majority-Vote out of 5)

R R R R R R R R D D D . . . 24 x D . . . D D D

Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4

R-Block

R R R R R R C1C2 D D D . . . 24 x DC-Block

R R R R R R R RS-Block

R R R R R R R R-Block

. . . D D D

D D D D D D D DR R R R R R R S1 S2 D D D D D D D


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Virtual Container VC-3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column

Speed of VC-3


C3

83

84

85

J1

B3

C2

G1

F2

H4

F3

K3

N1

VC-3 Path Overhead (Lower Order POH)

STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 34M

Tributary UnitTU-3


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S: Size Indication

-Not Specified on TU-3 Level (Dont care Bits)



-Points to that Cell, Where the VC-3 starts (Location of J1)



justification, these bytes

are used as Auxiliary-Cell.

y

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Column

TU-3

Payload

83

84

85

H1

H2

H3

FixedStuff

TU-3 Pointer

82

86

Pointer Justification on TU-3 Level


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0 1 1 0 1 0 I D I D I D I D I D

H1 H2




Indicates Positive Justification

New Data FlagSize

Under normal conditions the pointer is

justified by 1 (Increase or Decreases soon

as The phase different between the VC-3

and TU-3 exceeds 1Byte. This is Indicated

by inverting either the I- or the D-Bits of the

10-Bit Pointer (Majority vote out of 5)If a random change of the pointer value

becomes necessary, this is indicated by

activating (inverting the new Data Flag

1 2 3 4 5 6

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column 85

H1

H2

H3

FixedStuff

86



Negative Justification Opportunity



T ib t U it G TUG 3 (TU 3 St t )


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Tributary Unit Group TUG-3 (TU-3 Structure)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column 85

TU-Pointer

86

Speed of TUG-3


84

TUG-3

Payload


Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of 3 x TUG-3 (Containing TUG-3s) into VC-4


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1 2 3 4 5 6

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column

TUG-3 #284 85 86

TUG-3#2STUFF

TUG-3#2S

TUFF

1 2 3 4 5 6

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column

TUG-3 #384 85 86

TUG-3#2STUF

F

TUG-3#2S

TUFF

1 2 3 4 5 6

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3

Row 4Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column

TUG-3 #184 85 86

TUG-3#2STUFF

TUG-3#2STUFF

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261

Row 1

Row 2

Row 3Row 4

Row 5

Row 6

Row 7

Row 8

Row 9

Column

Byte Interleaved Multiplexing of 3 x TUG 3 (Containing TUG 3s) into VC 4

VC-4

H1

H2

H3

H1

H2

H3

H1

H2

H3

VC-4PathO

H

VC-4Stuff

VC-4Stuff

TUG-3#1STUFF

TUG-3#2STUFF

TUG-3#3STUFF

H1

H2

H3

H1

H2

H3

H1

H2

H3



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STM-1 Signals as Transport Pipe

A STM-1 Signal Can Transport:

One 140 Mbit/s PDH Signal

Three 34 Mbit/s PDH Signals

Sixty-three 2 Mbit/s PDH Signals

Combinations, eg. twenty-one 2 Mbit/s

and Two 34 Mbit/s PDH Signals

ATM cells, FDDI, DQDB Protocols, etc.


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Synchronous

Byte-interleavedmultiplexing


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Error and Alarm Monitoring

Error and Alarm monitoring


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g

Anomalies and defects in SDH


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SDH Anomalies/Defects Detection criteria OH Byte

LOS Loss of signal Drop in incoming optical

power level causes high

bit error rate

OOF Out of frame A1, A2 errored for 625 s A1,A2

LOF Loss of frame If OOF persists for 3 ms A1,A2

RS BIP Regenerator Section BIP Mismatch of the recovered B1

Error Error (B1) and computed BIP-8 covers

the whole STM-N frame

RS-TIM Regenerator Section Mismatch of the accepted J0

Trace Identifier Mismatch and expected Trace

Identifier in byte J0



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MS BIP Error Multiplex Section BIP Mismatch of the recovered B2

Error (B2) and computed N x BIP-24

covers the whole frame

except RSOH

MS-AIS Multiplex Section K2 (bits 6, 7, 8) = 111 K2

Alarm Indication Signal for 3 frames

MS-REI Multiplex Section Number of detected B2 M1

Remote Error Indication errors in the sink

side encoded in byte M1 of

the source side.

MS-RDI Multiplex Section K2 (bits 6, 7 8) = 111 for K2

Remote Defect Indication z frames

(z = 3 to 5)



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AU-AIS Administrative Unit All ones in the AU pointer H1, H2

Alarm Indication Signal bytes H1 and H2

AU-LOP Administrative Unit 8 to 10 NDF enable 8 to 10 H1, H2

Loss of Pointer invalid pointers

HP BIP Error HO Path BIP Error (B3) Mismatch of the recovered B3

and computed BIP-8

covers entire VC-n

HP-UNEQ HO Path Unequipped C2 = 0 for 5 frames C2

HP-TIM HO Path Trace Identifier Mismatch of the accepted J1

Mismatch and expected Trace




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HP-REI HO Path Number of detected B3 G1

Remote Error Indication errors in the sink side

encoded in byte G1 (bits 1,

2, 3, 4) of the source side.

HP-RDI HO Path G1 (bit 5) = 1 for z G1Remote Defect Indication frames (z = 3, 5 or 10)

HP-PLM HO Path Mismatch of the accepted C2

Payload Label Mismatch and expected Payload

Label in byte C2

TU-LOM Loss of Multiframe H4 (bits 7, 8) multiframe H4X = 1 to 5 ms not recovered for X ms

TU-AIS Tributary Unit All ones in the TU pointer V1-V4

Alarm Indication Signal bytes V1 and V2





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TU-LOP Tributary Unit 8 to 10 NDF enable 8 to 10 V1,V2

Loss of Pointer invalid pointers

LP BIP Error LO Path BIP Error Mismatch of the recovered V5

and computed BIP-8 (B3)

or BIP-2 (V5 bits 1, 2)

covers entire VC-n.

LP-UNEQ LO Path Unequipped VC-3: C2 = 0 for 5 frames V5

frames VC-m (m = 2, 11,

12): V5 (bits 5, 6, 7) = 000for 5 multiframes

LP-TIM LO Path Trace Mismatch of the accepted V5

Identifier Mismatch and expected Trace


11490313 presentation sdh

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