zaculeu ccnn 2º

8/9/2019 Zaculeu CCNN 2º

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Loanlogs

Ngturghas


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Loanlogs Ngturghas ?\adunkf sacastra

Uasarvgkfs tfkfs hfs karalmfs. Wuakg rodurfsgcanta prfmoeokg hg raprfkulloün tftgh f pgrloghka asta cgtarogh akulgtovf, pfr lughquoar cakof f prflakocoantf, son hg gutfrozgloün kah OnstotutfDugtacghtalf ka Akulgloün Ugkof`ünolg, ODAU. \adún grtãluhf ;5 ka hg Lfnstotuloün Yfhãtolg kaDugtacghg qua sa ra`ara g hg gutfrãg.

© Onstotutf Dugtacghtalf ka Akulgloün Ugkof`ünolg, ODAU.As ung ferg prfkulokg pfr ah Kapgrtgcantf ka Uakglloün y Kosa÷f, pgrg ah

Onstotutf Dugtacghtalf ka Akulgloün Ugkof`ünolg, ODAU.

77 gvanokg 7=-;1, Loukgk Nuavg, zfng 5Loukgk ka Dugtacghg.

YE]: 5;75 0000@gx: 5;75 049;

Lfrraf ahaltrünolf: odarIodar.aku.dtYçdong wae: www.odar.aku.dt

Akoloün 5971Ocprasf an ODAU tghharas drç`lfs

Lükodf: 7779?9=795

O\EN ?4=??5?07;7;4


4/318OLoanlogs Ngturghas ⁄ Ãnkola

Ãnkola¡Eoanvanokg y eoanvanokf! 7

\acgng 7= 71@anücanfs `ãsolfs 71¡Ygrg lfcanzgr! Yracof Nfeah 70

Ah cunkf ka hgs loanlogs ngturghas 7=

7. @anücanfs ngturghas, quãcolfs y `ãsolfs 7=

7.7 @anücanfs quãcolfs 7=

7.5 @anücanfs `ãsolfs 7?

5. Cakoloün 59


5/318OOODAU ⁄ Zgluhau

Uasucan ;9

Onvastodua an hg rak ;9

Gutflfntrfh ;7

Dhfsgrof ;<

\acgng 59 ;1Üptolg ;1¡Ygrg lfcanzgr! Lgrhfs Uanï Haün Ufhkçn ;0

Ah cunkf ka hgs loanlogs ngturghas ;4

7. Hg huz ;4

7.7 Yfrpoakgkas ka hg huz ;4

7.5 Ah aspaltrf ka huz ;?

7.< Ghdunfs `anücanfs rahglofngkfs lfn hg huz 19

5. Üptolg 17

5.7 Gpholglofnas ka hg üptolg 17

¡G hg loanlog pfr hg axparoanlog!¡Lugnkf hfs fjfs nfs andg÷gn! 1<

Uasucan 1;Onvastodua an hg rak 11

Gutflfntrfh 11

Dhfsgrof 1=

\acgng 57 1?

AH sfnokf 1?¡Ygrg lfcanzgr! Hgnkahh ka Cfurg. Gnkrags Ygvah. 09

Ah cunkf ka hgs loanlogs ngturghas 07

7. Ah sfnokf 07

7.7 Yrfpoakgkas kah sfnokf 05


6/318OOLoanlogs Ngturghas ⁄ Ãnkola

5. Gpholglofnas kah sfnokf 00

¡G hg loanlog pfr hg axparoanlog!¡Qn tahï`fnf lfn kfs hgtgs! 04

Uasucan 0=

Onvastodua an hg rak 0=

Gutflfntrfh 0?Dhfsgrof 45

\acgng 55 4<Cgtarog an cfvocoantf 7 4<¡Ygrg lfcanzgr! [mfcgs Ghvg Akosfn 4;

Ah cunkf ka hgs loanlogs ngturghas 40

7. ¶Wuï as ah cfvocoantf6 40

5. Cakoloün kah cfvocoantf 44

5.7 Pahflokgk 4=

5.5 Glahargloün 4?


7/318OPODAU ⁄ Zgluhau

Ah cunkf ka hgs loanlogs ngturghas ?7

7. Cfcantf ka tfrsoün y gpholglofnas ?7

5. Astçtolg y lonïtolg ?<

5.7 Astçtolg ?<

5.5 Lonïtolg ?;


8/318PLoanlogs Ngturghas ⁄ Ãnkola

\acgng 51 77?Uapgsf: sacgngs 7= g 5; 77?Ah cunkf ka hgs loanlogs ngturghas 757

@anücanfs `ãsolfs 75?Cgtarog y anardãg 75;

Üptolg 754

\fnokf 7


9/318POODAU ⁄ Zgluhau

\acgng 54 714 [rgegjf y anardãg 714¡Ygrg lfcanzgr! Jgcas Jfuha 71=

Ah cunkf ka hgs loanlogs ngturghas 7097. Anardãg calçnolg 709

5. [rgegjf 707


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11/318POOOODAU ⁄ Zgluhau

7.5 Lgcpf cgdnïtolf 59<

7.< Erújuhg 59;

5. Ahaltrfcgdnatoscf 591

¡G hg loanlog pfr hg axparoanlog! Mgdgcfs ftgr fejatfs 590

Uasucan 59=Onvastodua an hg rak 59=

Gutflfntrfh 59?

Dhfsgrof 575

\acgng


12/318O]Loanlogs Ngturghas ⁄ Ãnkola

\acgng


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¡Eoanvanokg y eoanvanokf!

[oana an sus cgnfs ah sadunkf hoerf kah lursf ka Loanlogs Ngturghas kah drupf Zgluhau(tarlar drgkf kah lolhf eçsolf), lfrraspfnkoanta gh \adunkf \acastra. Lfnstg ka koalosoata

sacgngs an hgs qua sa kasgrrfhhgrçn saos lfcpatanlogs kah Lurrãluhf Nglofngh Egsa (LNE).

Almacfs ung corgkg g hg pfrtgkg kah hoerf. ¡Acpalacfs!

Ah lfhfr varka raprasantg hg aspargnzg, hgs phgntgs y hg vokg, as ah lfhfr qua sa rasghtgrç antfkf ah hoerf.

Hg ocgdan ka hg pfrtgkg sa gsacajg g nuastrf phgnatg [oarrg. Nuastrf prfpüsotf as quaasta hoerf ha prfpfrlofna hgs marrgcoantgs pgrg qua ustak tfca lfnloanlog kah vghfr kahg ngturghazg an su ontadrokgk y ka hg raspfnsgeohokgk qua lfcpgrtocfs lfcf parsfngs,lfcf lfcunokgk y lfcf pgãs pgrg luokgrhg y prasarvgrhg.

Hgs durgs rasghtgkgs mglan ghusoün g hfs tacgs qua trgegjgracfs: ah cunkf qua nfsrfkag , ah cunkf ka hg quãcolg , ah cunkf ka hfs çtfcfs , atl. y sfn ung onvotgloün gfesarvgr, astukogr, ontargltugr y ra axofngr sfera nuastrg rahgloün lfn hg ngturghazg.

Hg rgkof , ah hçpoz y hgs cgnfs unokgs nfs onvotgn g haar, aslroeor, aslulmgr y trgegjgr anaquopf.

7Loanlogs Ngturghas


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¶Lücf ghlgnzgrç hgs lfcpatanlogs qua sa trgtgn ka kasgrrfhhgr6Nfs an`flgracfs an saos lfcpatanlogs aspalã lgs. Gh onolof ka lgkg sacgng, sa onkolg quï saprfpfna hfdrgr. Ygrg sgear so mg ghlgnzgnkf ah kasgrrfhhf ka hgs lfcpatanlogs, ah Lurrãluhf Nglof-

ngh Egsa prfpfna onkolgkfras ka hfdrf qua an nuastrf hoerf ustak coscf avghugrç an ah lugkrfUavosa su gprankozgja, ah lugh sa anluantrg gh ngh ka lgkg sacgng. Astfs onkolgkfras f lrotarofs sfnlfcf un tar cücatrf qua coka su kasacpa÷f an lgkg lfcpatanlog. Oracfs gvgnzgnkf pgsf gpgsf. Pgyg jçnkfsa quï sallofnas kah hoerf mglan pfsoeha qua ustak kasgrrfhha hgs lfcpatanlogs.

Lfcpatanlog \alloün kah hoerf \acgng7= 7? 59 57 55 5< 5; 51 50 54 5= 5?


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Lfcpatanlog \alloün kah hoerf1

Gpholg pronlopofs yhayas qua axpholgnhg astrulturg,lfnsarvgloün,trgns`frcgloün ygprfvalmgcoantfka hg cgtarogy anardãg, hgtrgnsàranlog ka hganardãg, gsã lfcfka hfs ànücanfsrahglofngkfslfn hg calçnolg,ahaltrfcgdnatoscf,gstrfnfcãg y `ãsolgcfkarng, pgrghg lfcpransoünka sotuglofnaslftokogngs y

hg rasfhuloünka prfehacgsrahglofngkfslfn asta topfka ànücanfsngturghas.

¡Ygrglfcanzgr!

Ah cunkf ka hgsloanlogs ngturghas

¡G hg loanlog pfr hgaxparoanlog!

Uasucan

Onvastoduaan hg rak

Gutflfntrfh

Dhfsgrof

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Lfcpatanlog \alloün kah hoerf;

Uahglofng hfsànücanfsdafhüdolfs ygtcfs`ïrolfs quaflurran an ahYhgnatg, lfn suslgusgs, su pfsoehagprfvalmgcoantfsu pftanloghka gcangzg, hgdastoün kah roasdfy rakulloün kakasgstras, lfnpartonanlogluhturgh.

¡Ygrglfcanzgr!

Gutflfntrfh

] ] ]

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Ah cunkf ka hgsloanlogs ngturghas ] ] ] ] ]

\acgng7= 7? 59 57 55 5< 5; 51 50 54 5= 5?


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Lfn su as`uarzf, pfkrç lfnquostgr astgs lfcpatanlogs g trgvïs ka tras topfs ka lfntanokfs:

ø Kalhgrgtovfs: Hfs lfntanokfs kalhgrgtovfs ha gpfrtgrçn ah lfnflocoantf ka hfs kostontfsgspaltfs taürolfs y lfnlaptughas prfpofs kah çrag ka loanlogs ngturghas.

ø Yrflakocantghas: Lfcf onkolg su nfcera, hfs lfntanokfs prflakocoantghas sa kasgrrfhhg rçng egsa ka ajarlolofs, prflakocoantfs f gnçhosos ka taxtfs an hfs lughas puakg kacfstrgr ahkfconof y hg puastg an prçltolg ka hfs lfnflocoantfs kalhgrgtovfs.

ø Gltotukonghas: Hfs lfntanokfs gltotukonghas sfn tfkf gquahhf qua toana qua var lfn su gltotukgnta ah astukof y gnta hg vokg, an danargh. An ah hoerf anlfntrgrç gltovokgkas y ra ̀haxofnas pgrggprankar g lfnvovor lfn hfs kacçs y lfn hg ngturghazg.

Lfcpatanlog \alloün kah hoerf0

Pghfrg hgvaro lgloün yhgs ravosofnaslfcpgrtokgs anhg onvastodgloünloantã lg g trgvïskah rapfrta,prasantgloüny ka`ansg kahfs rasuhtgkfsaxparocantghaska prfyaltfs qua

mg kosa÷gkf yajalutgkf egjf ahrodfr kah cïtfkfloantã lf.

Ah cunkf ka hgsloanlogs ngturghas

¡G hg loanlog pfr hgaxparoanlog!

Uasucan

Onvastodua

an hg rak

Gutflfntrfh

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\acgng7= 7? 59 57 55 5< 5; 51 50 54 5= 5?


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¡Lfnfzlgcfs nuastrf hoerf!

Onolog lfn un ãnkola ka lfntanokfs danarghas ghpronlopof y tarcong lfn hgs lhgvas f sfhulofnas kahfs ajarlolofs, gh ngh.

Qsgr hgs lhgvas lfn raspfnsgeohokgk ha parcotorçkasgrrfhhgr gutfnfcãg an su gprankozgja.

Lgkg sacgng lfntoana vgrogs sallofnas. Gkacçs,mgy ftrfs gpgrtgkfs qua sa vgn ontarlghgnkf anghdungs sallofnas.

Mgdgcfs un ralfrrokf:

YfrtgkgCuastrg ah cfsgolf ka ocçdanas qua okanto lgnuastrf lursf ka Loanlogs Ngturghas.

Onkolg ah núcarf ka hg sacgng, ah tãtuhf kahtacg y hfs lfntanokfs qua astukogrç.

Hfdrfs ka hg sacgng

Hfs hfdrfs sfn catgs qua ghlgnzgrç ghnghozgr ah astukof ka lgkg sacgng. Hghostg tarcong lfn ung hãnag an ehgnlfpgrg qua aslroeg ftrf hfdrf qua hadustgrãg ghlgnzgr.

7=

@anüc anf s `ãsol f s

¶W uï anl f n t rgrç as tg sac gng 6

AhYrac of Nf eah.

Ahc unkf ka hgs l oanl ogs ng turghas.

¡C orac f s quoï n as c çs vahfz!

As tg sac gng hf drgrç:

Kasl roe or ahYrac of Nf e ah y ah gpf r ta ka ghdunf s l oan tã ` l f s

dghgrkf ngkf s l f n ah

Yrac of Nf eahka @ãsolg.

A xphol gr hg koàranl og an tra ànüc anf s `ãsolf s y quãc ol f s.

Yrf pf rl ofngr a jac phfs ka ànüc anf s `ãsolf s l f c unas an hg

vokg kogrog.

Uasf hvar prf e hac gs sf era ànüc anf s `ãsolf s ka su an tf rnf , u

tohozgnkf ah\ os tac g

On ta rngl of ngh ka C akokgs.

Yf nar an prçl tolg hf gprankokf sf e ra c akokgs l f n un a xpar

ocan tf sanl ohhf .

0ODAU ⁄ Zgluhau

O Loanl ogs Ngtu rghas ⁄ Ãnkola

Ã nkol a¡Eoanv anokg y eoanv anokf !

7

\ ac gng 7 =

71@ anüc anf s ` ã sol f s 71¡Y gr g l f c anz gr! Y r a c o f N f e a h70Ah c unkf ka hgs l oanl ogs ngtur ghas 7=7. @anüc anf s ngtur ghas, quãc olf s y ` ãsolf s 7=7.7 @anüc anf s quãc olf s7=7.5 @anüc anf s `ã solf s 7?5. C akol oün 59


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Uonlün ka hgs nftgsKatïndgsa an astfs ralugkrfs,soacpra lfntoanan ralfrkgtfrofsf axpholglofnas qua anroqualanah tacg.

Gprfvalma hgs lfhucngs vglãgspgrg mglar sus gnftglofnas, as-lroeor okags ocpfrtgntas f kukgsqua ha surjgn kurgnta su astukofparsfngh.

¡G hg loanlog pfr hg axparoanlog!¡Wuï cajfr cgnarg qua gprankar mgloankf! Lgkg sacgng ha onvotgcfs g ragho -zgr un axparocantf sanlohhf rahglofngkf lfn ah tacg ka astukof.

Gh ngh ka lgkg axparocantf, anlfntrgrçung onvotgloün g lfcpgrtor sus rasuhtgkfslfn hg lfcunokgk kah ODAU .

Luïntanfs su axparoanlog y, so as pfsoeha,gkjunta ung f vgrogs `ftfdrg`ãgs g hg so-duoanta koralloün: odarIodar.aku.dt

79?Loanlogs Ngturghas ⁄ \acgng 5;

Aslroeg un ajacphf ka onarlog an kfs sotuglofnas ka su vokg lftokogng:

7. Ka un fejatf an rapfsf:

5. Ka un fejatf an cfvocoantf:

¶An nuastrf luarpfgpholg hgYrocarg Hay

ka Nawtfn6

¡\ã! Yfr ajacphf,lugnkf kfrcocfs fastgcfs onlfnsloantas,nuastrf luarpf astçan rapfsf y nf sa

cfvarç g canfs quasa ha gphoqua ung ùarzgaxtarng.

5. Hayas ka NawtfnHfs pronlopofs kah cfvocoantf ka hfs luarpfs qua `frcuhü Nawtfn sfnùnkgcantghas pgrg ah astukof ka hg ̀ ãsolg. Paçcfshfs lfn culmg gtanloün:

Yrocarg Hay ka Nawtfn f Hay ka hg Onarlog:

‘ Qn luarpf an rapfsf parcgnalarç an rapfsf, f un luarpf an cfvocoantfraltohãnaf uno`frca parcgnalarç gsã, g canfs qua sa has gphoqua ungùarzg axtarng.–

Ygrg lfcprankarhf cajfr, vagcfs unfs ajacphfs:

7. Qn luarpf an rapfsf:

\o kajgcfs ah hoerf sfera hgcasg asta sa quakgrç gmã, gcanfs qua ghduoan gphoquaung ùarzg pgrg cfvarhf, pfrajacphf qua ustak hf havgntay hf dugrka an su cflmohg.

5. Qn luarpf an cfvocoantf:

Lugnkf un kapfrtostg mglfrrokf 1 bohücatrfs an unglfcpatanlog kaea gpholgrung ùarzg pgrg pgrgr. Yarf,¶sa mg j̀gkf qua lugnkfhhadg g hg catg, nf pgrg kadfhpa6 Lgso soacpra kg unfspgsfs axtrg gntas ka pgrgrlfcphatgcanta, yg qua aslfcf qua gún astuvoarg‘glahargkf–. Astf as kaeokf ghg onarlog.

Hgonarlog as hg prfpoakgk qua toanan hfs luarpfs ka parcgnalar an ah astgkfan qua sa anluantrgn, qua puaka sar an rapfsf f an cfvocoantf.

An ftrgs pghgergs ‘pfr glloün ka hg onarlog, hfs luarpfs an rapfsf parcgnalarçnan rapfsf, y hfs luarpfs an cfvocoantf parcgnalarçn an cfvocoantf–.

g

Ajarlolof <

¡Q n t ahï ` f n f l f n k f s hgtg s !On tr f kul l oün

Qng ka hgs g pholgl ofnas kah sf nokf qu a a s l ftokogng an nu as trg vokg a s ah tahï`fn f. Qnghhgc gkg pfr tahï`f nf puak a glar lgr nf s loantfs ka bohüca trf s g hgs parsf ngs qua lfn fl ac fs . An a sta axparocan tf sanlohhf kacf str gracf s l fn c gta roghas soc phas lü cf ` unl ofng ahtahï`f nf g pgr tor ka hg v oer gloün ka fn kgs sf nf rgs.

¶W uï c gt ar oghas n al asotg 6• Ger ahgtgs• Kf s hgtgs v glã gs kah co sc f tgc g÷f• Qng lu ark g f l f rkahkahdgkf k a kfs c atr f s• Qn gc odf f `gco hogr • Hçp oz

Yr f l akoc oant f :7. Lfn sodg kfs hgtgs vg lãgs y hoc pogs ka h cosc f tgc g÷f. Lfrt a ung ka hgs tgpgkargs ka l gkg hgtg.

5. Ger g un g du jarf an c ak of ka lg kg hgtg a ontrfk uzlg unlf rka h f lu ark g kahdgkg ka 5 c atr fs qua s a gcg rrg lf nun nukf ùarg ka hgs hgtgs pgr g gsad ur gr qua as tï jf .


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UasucanAh rasucan as ung axlahanta astrgtadog ka as -tukof. \u fejatovf as eronkgrha hg on`frcgloünùnkgcantgh ka hg sacgng, frdgnozgkg ka tghcgnarg qua ha gyuka g jgr an hg cacfrog hfslfnlaptfs cçs ocpfrtgntas.

Yrgltoqua an su lugkarnf ftrgs tïl -nolgs ka rasucan (cgpg lfnlaptugh,asquacgs an hhgvas...).

Onvastodua an hg rakOntarnat as un ralursf qua yg nf puaka quakgr ùarg ka hg vokg kaun astukognta. Astg salloün ha sudoara korallofnas ka ontarnat. Ygrgung onvastodgloün prfvalmfsg:

• Uaòïrgsa soacpra g hgs onstotulofnas lfnflokgs:unovarsokgkas, Conostarof ka Akulgloün, fr-dgnoscfs ontarnglofnghas, atl.

• Hag a ontanta ontarpratgr hg on`frcgloün. Nf sahocota g lfpogr y padgr ah taxtf.

• Onkoqua soacpra hg ̀ uanta ka lfnsuhtg qua utohozü.• [rgta ka vosotgr ontarnat, gh canfs, ung vaz pfr

sacgng.

• Yuaka anlfntrgr sarvolofs ka ontarnat anhgefrgtfrofs ka asluahgs, ka hg cunolopghokgk yftrgs onstotulofnas. [gceoïn an lg`ïs-ontarnat fpfr cakof ka ghdún lfnflokf ka su lfcunokgkqua tandg sarvolof.

Ah sf nokf as ung v oe r gl oün qua sa pr f pgdg g trgv ï s ka hg c gtar og ( sühokg, hã quokg f dgsaf sg) an ` f r c g ka f nkgs, hhgc gkgs f nkgs sf nf r gs.An ah l gc pf ka hg ` ã sol g, ung f nkg as ung ` f r c g ka pr f pgdgl oün ka anar dã g ka un hudgr g f trf g tr gv ï s ka hg f sl ohgl oün.

Ahsar muc gnf puaka par l oeor sf nokf s antr a ` r al uanl ogs ka 59 y 59,999 Mar tz ( Mz). Ahpr f l asf sofhüdol f pgr g asl ul mgr as ahsoduoanta:

g. Hgs f r a jgs l gptgn hgs f nkgs sf nf r gs qua hhadgn kah ax tar of r . e . Hgs f nkgs sf nf rgs hhadgn mgstg ahtã c pgnf , qua as ung c ac e r gng ax oeha qua v oer g.l . Hg v oe r gl oün hhadg g hg l gkang ka muasal otf s qua gc pho l gn ah sf nokf y hf tr gnsc otan gh f ã kf ontar nf .

k. Hgs v oe r gl of nas c uav an hf s hã quokf s qua ax ostan an ahl gr gl f h f l ül hag, qua toana ` f r c g ka tue f an aspor gh y sa hf l ghozg an ah f ãkf ontar nf .

a. Hgs f nkgs sf nf r gs antf nl as sa tr gns` f r c gn an oc puhsf s ahï l tr olf s qua hhadgn ghl ar ae r f , ahl ugh ontarpr atg ah sf nokf .

Hgs ` r al uanl ogs c anf ras ka 59 Mz sa kanf c ongn on` r gsf nokf s y hgs c gy f r as ka 59,999 Mz sa kanf c ongn uhtr gsf nokf s.

Antr a hgs gphol gl ofnas kahsf nokf astçn hf s uhtr gsf nokf s utohozgkf s an hg c akolong ( gnghozgr ür dgnf s ontar nf s, ac egr gzf , tr gtgc oantf ka hasof nas), ah c ol r ü` f nf , ah astukof ka hg r asostanl og ka c gtar oghas ka l f nstr ul l oün y ghdunf s gpgr gtf s ahï l tr ol f s l f c f hg r gkof , hg tahav osoün, ah tahï` f nf , ahtoc e r a, atl .

Hg hfndotuk as hg kostgnl og antr a kf s puntf s c çx oc f s sul asov f s ka ung f nkg. O nkol g quï tgn hgr dg as ung f nkg.

Hg gc photuk as hg c çx oc g sapgr gl oün ka ung f nkg kaska su puntf onol ogh.Ghdungs

pr f poakgkas kah sf nokf sf n:

Hg ` r al uan l og as ah núc ar f ka v oe r gl ofnas pf r sadunkf .

U asuc an

?Loanlogs Ngturghas


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Uavosa su gprankozgjaAh acpa÷f y ah toacpf qua kakoqua g su astukof tankrç su ralfcpansg y pflf g pflf orçvoankf hfs `rutfs ka su as`uarzf.

Kaspuïs kah gutflfntrfh y kah axparocan -tf, anlfntrgrç un aspglof pgrg ra axofngrsfera su gprankozgja y varo lgr so ghlgnzühfs hfdrfs prfpuastfs pgrg hg sacgng.

Uaspünkghf lfn sonlarokgk y so mfnastg-

canta soanta qua nf pukf ghlgnzgr ghdúnhfdrf, rapgsa ka nuavf, ontanta kasluerorluçh as hg ko luhtgk y pokg gyukg.

Ualuarka qua puaka ralurror g su tutfr g kostgnlog. Ah anlgrdgkf kah lãrluhf ka astukof f sufroantgkfr vfhuntgrof pfkrçn on`frcgrha lfcf lfcunolgrsa lfn su tutfr

Gltovokgk < : Ah tarlar cfcantflfnsosta an prgltolgr hgs kas-trazgs gprankokgs gnta tgragsraghas lfcf onvastodgr, trgegjgran aquo pf, atl.

DhfsgrofAh dhfsgrof prasantg hgs pghgergs nuavgs qua gprankoü. Glfs -túcerasa g prgltolgr lfn asgs pghgergs nuavgs, utohãlahgs an susrakgllofnas y an hg axprasoün frgh. Ka astg cgnarg gcphogrç suvflgeuhgrof.

Dhfsgrofsofhfdãg:Ygrta ka hg eofhfdãg qua astukog hfs ürdgnfs kah luarpf y su ̀ unlofngcoantf.

`ftfsãntasos:Yrflasf quãcolf kurgnta ah lugh hgs phgntgs gesfrean hg anardãg kah sfh y hg trgns`frcgnan sustgnlogs nutrotovgs.

dghgrkün:Yracof qua sa raloea pfr hfs cïrotfs fetanokfs an ghdún lgcpf.

cgdnatoscf: @anücanf ̀ ãsolf an ah lugh hfs luarpfs sa gtrgan f toanan rapuhsoün.

rgkogloün:Acosoün ka anardãg qua sa prfpgdg an ̀ frcg ka fnkgs.

h

Gl t ov ok g k < . K a s g r r f hha n u a v g s mg e ohok g k a s .

Hag un ` r gdc ant f kah gr t ã l uhf : Gh d u nf s a ` a l t f s k a h g ` g h t g k a d r g v a k g k

a n a h l u a r p f mu c g nf ¶\ g eã g u s t a k q u a h f s g s t r f ng u t g s pu a k a n t a na r c f k o l g l o f na s o nt a r ng s a n s u l u a r pf l u g nk f v o g j g n g h a s pg l o f 6 K a s pu ï s k a pg s g r u n h g r d f pa r ã f k f a n u n v o g j a pf r a h a s pg l o f , u n g s t r f ng u t g

j f v a n y l f n eu a ng s g h u k pu a k a r a d r a s g r l f n h f s c ú s l u h f s y mu a s f s k ï eo h a s . A s t f s a k a ea g q u a l f n u ng d r g v a k g k c a nf r f nu h g , a h l u a r pf k a ea s f pf r t g r c a nf s

pa s f , pf r h f q u a h f s c ú s l u h f s t r g eg j g n c a nf s , po a r k a n c g s g y s a g t r f g n.Y f r a j a c ph f , g h d u nf s a s t u k o f s o nk o l g n q u a h f s l f r g z f na s k a h f s g s t r f ng u t g s s a r a k f nk a g n a n l g s o u n 79 % , h f l u g h pu a k a pr f k u l o r h a s pr f eh a c g s l g r k o g l f s . A s t f s a k a ea g q u a a n a h a s pg l o f a h l f r g z ün nf mg l a t g nt f a s ` u a r z f l f c f l u g nk f a s t ç a n h g [ o a r r g , y pf r a s f po a r k a ‘ c g s g c u s l u h g r – . A n a h l g s f k a h f s mu a s f s , a s t f s s a k a s l g h l o l g n y , a n l f ns a l u a nl o g , s a v u a h v a n c a nf s k a ns f s .

Hg eu a ng nf t o l o g a s q u a l u g nk f h f s g s t r f ng u t g s r a d r a s g n g h g [ o a r r g , h f s c ú s l u h f s pu a k a n r a d a na r g r s a g t r g v ï s k a h g a j a r l o t g l o ün , g u nq u a a n a h l g s f k a h f s mu a s f s h g r a l u pa r g l o ün pu a k a t g r k g r g ÷f s f nf l f ns a d u o r s a . Gkgpt gkf ka: mt t p:/ / w w w .ahpar of kolf .l f c .dt / as / 59 7; 9


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Hoerf, lhgsa rgkogh y hg lfcunokgk¡\u aquopf ka trgegjf!

Ah hoerf, lfn sar ung euang marrgcoantg, nf hf as tfkf. Ygrg qua ustak ghlgnla ah novah kalfcpatanlog kasagkf, nuastrf sostacg pfna g su kospfsoloün: ah hoerf y hg lhgsa rgkogh.

• Hg lhgsa rgkogh toana lfcf `unloün pronlopghaxpholgr y `glohotgr hg lfcpransoün ka hfs tacgstrgtgkfs an ah hoerf. Ualuarka qua puaka drgegr

hgs lhgsas rgkoghas an ung cacfrog ka tahï`fnf fqua puaka gkquoror un LK lfn astgs lhgsas drg -egkgs. Yradunta lücf mglarhf gh anlgrdgkf kahlãrluhf ka astukof f g su froantgkfr vfhuntgrof.Drgegr hgs lhgsas rgkoghas as fptgtovf, parf puakagyukgrhf.

• Gprfvalma astfs ralursfs y gpüya -sa an parsfngs ka su lfcunokgkpgrg rasfhvar sus kukgs. Ualuarkaqua soacpra puaka lfnsuhtgr tacgsqua ha rasuhtan ko`ãlohas g su tutfr gkostgnlog.

• Ahhoerf lucpha lugtrf `unlofnas:

g. [axtf, an ah qua anluantrg hg on`frcgloüny ah kasgrrfhhf ka hfs lfntanokfs g astu-kogr.

e. Yozgrrün, pgrg qua kurgnta hg lhgsa rgkoghsuergya okags ocpfrtgntas f raghola kos-

tontgs gltovokgkas.l. Lugkarnf ka trgegjf, lfn ajarlolofs pgrg

prgltolgr hf gprankokf.

k. Marrgcoantg ka gutfavghugloün, lugnkfrasuahva su gutflfntrfh lgkg sacgng.

75ODAU ⁄ Zgluhau


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¶Lücf gprfvalmgr cajfr su astukof6

• Eusqua un hudgr lücfkf y lfn euang ohucongloün. As ocpfrtgnta qua saghaja kah ruokf y ka hgs kostrgllofnas.

• Ahojg un mfrgrof pgrg trgegjgr y astukogr. Hg lfnstgnlog y hg koslophong sfnsus cajfras lfcpg÷args ka astukof.

• Hag lfn gtanloün hgs onstrullofnas ka hfs ajarlolofs gntas ka rasfhvarhfs.

• Lfnsuhta sus kukgs lfn ftrgs parsfngs ka su lfcunokgk qua puakgn

gyukgrha.

7;ODAU ⁄ Zgluhau


28/31871Loanlogs Ngturghas ⁄ \acgng 7=

7=

@anücanfs `ãsolfs¶Wuï anlfntrgrç astg sacgng6

Ah Yracof Nfeah

Ah cunkf ka hgs loanlogs ngturghas

¡Coracfs quoïn as cçs vahfz!

Astg sacgng hfdrgrç:Kaslroeor ah Yracof Nfeah y ah gpfrta ka ghdunfs loantã lfs dghgrkfngkfs lfn ahYracof Nfeah ka @ãsolg.

Axpholgr hg koàranlog antra ànücanfs `ãsolfs y quãcolfs.

Yrfpfrlofngr ajacphfs ka ànücanfs `ãsolfs lfcunas an hg vokg kogrog.Uasfhvar prfehacgs sfera ànücanfs `ãsolfs ka su antfrnf, utohozgnkf ah \ostacgOntarnglofngh ka Cakokgs.Yfnar an prçltolg hf gprankokf sfera cakokgs lfn un axparocantf sanlohhf.


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Gh`rakf Nfeah

70ODAU ⁄ Zgluhau

G÷f Nfcera Ygãs Gpfrta

7?95 MankrobHfrantz yYoatar Zaacgn

Mfhgnkg Onvastodgrfn hgon uanlog kahcgdnatoscf


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31/3187=ODAU ⁄ Zgluhau

Ah cunkf ka hgs loanlogs ngturghas7. @anücanfs ngturghas, quãcolfs y `ãsolfsHg pghgerg ‘ànücanf– onkolg qua ung gltovokgk f un sulasf flurra y qua astapuaka parloeorsa g trgvïs ka nuastrfs santokfs (dustf, fh`gtf, tgltf, vostg ufãkf).Mgỳ anücanfs ngturghas , pfr ajacphf lugnkf hhuava, lugnkf sa prfkula unmurglçn f ung saquãg. [gceoïn mgy ànücanfs quãcolfs y `ãsolfs.

An hg procarg sacgng kah hoerf, ustak astukoü hg koàranlog antra quãcolg y ̀ ãso¶hf raluarkg6 ¡Axgltf! Anquãcolg sa astukog hg astrulturg y hgs trgns`frcglofnaska hg cgtarog, coantrgs qua aǹãsolg sa astukog hg cgtarog, hg anardãg y hgs hayasqua cfko lgn su astgkf y su cfvocoantf, parf son ghtargr su ngturghazg.

7.7 @anücanfs quãcolfs

Lugnkf an un ànücanf flurra un lgceof quãcolf, sa hhgcg ànücanfquãcolf.

Ghdunfs ajacphfs ka ànücanfs quãcolfs

Hgs mfjgs ka hgsphgntgs raghozgnhg `ftfsãntasos,qua as ah prflasf

quãcolf qua hgsphgntgs usgnpgrg `gerolgr sughocantf.

Hgs uvgs saàrcantgn y satrgns`frcgn anvonf.

\o g hg halmasa ha gdradg hgpgstohhg ka ‘lugjf–y huadf sgh, sa

lfnvoarta anquasf.

Lugnkf un ha÷fas anlankokfpgrg prfkulorlghfr. Hg cgkarg

sa quacg.

Hg lfcokg asgsocohgkg anah luarpf y salfnvoarta ananardãg pgrgtrgegjgr.

Ghdf ocpfrtgnta pgrg ralfrkgr as qua kurgnta un ̀ anücanf quãcolf, hg cgtarogsoacpra toana ung trgns`frcgloün ka su astgkf onologh. An ftrgs pghgergs, soquosoïrgcfs radrasgr hg cgtarog lfcf astgeg gntas ka hg trgns`frcgloün, nfas pfsoeha.


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5. CakoloünHg pghgergcakoloün sa frodong kah tïrconf an hgtãncatoro,qua quoara kalorlfcpgrgr loartg lgntokgk (qua nfs ontarasg lfnflar) lfn ung unokgk lfnflokg.

\o pfr ajacphf, hg unokgk lfnflokg as un catrf y quaracfs cakor hg hfndotuk

ka un hgzf, kaeacfs var luçntgs valas hg unokgk (catrf) astç lfntanokg kantrfkah hgzf.

Kaska hg gntodøakgk, gh sar mucgnf soacpra ha ontarasücakor. Mgn pgsgkfculmfs sodhfs y mfy an kãg cakor sodua soankf ung gltovokgk ocpfrtgnta annuastrg vokg, tgntf qua g valas nf nfs kgcfs luantg lugnkf hg mglacfs.

Pagcfs ghdunfs ajacphfs:

\a onvantgrfn hfs rahfjaspgrg cakor ah toacpf.

\geacfs quï tgn lçhokff `rãf vg g astgr un kãg sovacfs un tarcücatrf.



Ajarlolof 5Aslroeg lonlf sotuglofnas ka su vokg lftokogng kfnka as nalasgrof cakor:

7.5.


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37/3185;ODAU ⁄ Zgluhau

¡G hg loanlog pfr hg axparoanlog!

Ontrfkulloün

\geoankf hf ocpfrtgnta qua as cakor y usgr ah \ostacg Ontarnglofngh ka Cakokgs, vagcfsquoïn as ah cçs vahfz.

¶Wuï cgtaroghas nalasotg6

• Lrfnücatrf f rahfj

• Catrf

• Qn lfcpg÷arf f lfcpg÷arg

• Qng hoeratg y hçpoz pgrg gnftgr

• Qn hudgr pgrg lfrrar ka gprfxocgkgcanta 799 catrfs (799 c aquovghan gh hgrdf ka unglugkrg).

Yrflakocoantf:

7. Cokg ung kostgnlog ka loan catrfs.

5. Lfrrg hf cçs rçpokf qua puakg hfs 799 c. \ulfcpg÷arf/g gnftg ah toacpf qua sa tgrkg an lfrrarkaska hg sghokg mgstg hg catg.



Co toacpf Ah toacpf ka co lfcpg÷arf

1. Lfcpgra hfs rasuhtgkfs ka hfs kfs pgrtolopgntas pgrg var quoïn as cçs vahfz.

Uasucan

Qn`anücanf onkolg quaun sulasf f ghdf flurra y asparloeokf pfr hfs santokfs.

@anücanf `ãsolf: hg cgtarog y hg anardãgpuakan cfko lgr su astgkf, parf songhtargr su lfcpfsoloün.

@anücanf ngturgh: sa kg an hg ngturghazg,son ontarvanloün kah sar mucgnf.

@anücanf quãcolf: flurra lugnkf hgcgtarog sa trgns`frcg.


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Gltovokgk 7.Kacuastra hf gprankokf.7. ¶Luçh as hg koàranlog antra un ànücanf `ãsolf y un ànücanf quãcolf6

5. Lfcphata ah lrulodrgcg.

Gutflfntrfh

7 5

<

; 1

7. [opf ka ̀ anücanf an ah lugh hg cgtarog y hg anardãg puakan cfko lgr ah astgkf, parfnf ghtargr su lfcpfsoloün.

5. Qnokgk ka toacpf an ah \ostacg Ontarnglofngh ka Cakokgs.



7. Lfnvoartg hgs soduoantas cgdnotukas gh \ostacg Ontarnglofngh ka Cakokgs qua lfrraspfnkg. Kajlfnstgnlog ka su prflakocoantf an su lugkarnf ka trgegjf.

g. 19 mfrgs (cgdnotuk ka toacpf)

e. < bohücatrfs (cgdnotuk ka hfndotuk)l. ;9 conutfs (cgdnotuk ka toacpf)

k. 79 lantãcatrfs (cgdnotuk ka hfndotuk)

5. ¶Lücf pfkrãg raghozgr hg coscg cakoloün ghduoan ka Dugtacghg lfn ghduoan ka \uk Ç`rolg6 ¶Wupgsgrãg so nf axostoarg ah \ostacg Ontarnglofngh ka Cakokgs6

Gltovokgk


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53/318;9ODAU ⁄ Zgluhau

Uasucan

Onvastodua an hg rak...Posota hg soduoanta koralloün pgrg lfnflar sfera mokrfahïltrolgs an Dugtacghg.

mttps://www.yfutuea.lfc/wgtlm6v34CZ;DZY`BLd

Hganardãg ashg lgpglokgkka un luarpfpgrg raghozgrun trgegjf.

Hucãnolg: hg qua sa ̀ frcg gh prfkulor huz.

\fnfrg: hg qua prfkulan hfs sfnokfs.

Lghfrã lg: hg qua danarg lghfr.

Wuãcolg: hg qua sa prfkula lugnkf mgy ung raglloün quãcolg.

Calçnolg: hg qua sa prfkula pfr hg pfsoloün y ah cfvocoantf ka hfs luarpfs.

Gtücolg: hg qua sa prfkula pfr ung raglloün nulhagr.

Ahïltrolg: hg qua sa prfkula pfr hg ahaltrolokgk.

Mokrçuholg: hg qua sa prfkula gh gprfvalmgr hgs lfrroantas ka gdug.

Hfs ralursfs ngturghas sfn eoanas y sarvolofs quahg ngturghazg prfvaa gh sarmucgnf pgrg su usf.

Hg Hay ka Lfnsarvgloün ka hg Anardãg onkolg qua:‘Hg anardãg nf sa lrag, no sa kastruya, sfhf satrgns`frcg–.

Qng `frcg ka danargr anardãg as g trgvïs kah usf rglofngh ka hfs ralursfs ngturghas.

Hfs ralursfs ngturghas ranfvgehas sa puakanrapfnar an un lolhf rahgtovgcanta lfrtf pgrg ahmucgnf (kalangs f loantfs ka g÷fs).

Hfs ralursfs ngturghas nf ranfvgehas nf sa

puakan prfkulor f rapfnar an un toacpf lfrtf,ghdunfs nalasotgn cohhfnas ka g÷fs pgrg rapfnarsa.

Hgs anardãgs ghtarngtovgs sfn hgs qua utohozgn hfs ralursfs ngturghas son gdftgrhfs, no lfntgcongrhfsGhdunfs ajacphfs sfn: anardãg daftïrcolg, sfhgr, mokrçuholg, aüholg y cgrafcftroz.


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Gltovokgk 5.Gphoqua hf gprankokf.

;. Lfcphata hg soduoanta lgrtg:

Wuarokg tãg Ahvog:

Astfy cuy lfntantg an ODAU. Hgs sacgngs mgn pgsgkf rçpokf y lgkg kãg gprankf ghdf nuavf. Mfy,pfr ajacphf, gprankã sfera anardãgs ghtarngtovgs, qua sfn hgs qua usgn hfs ralursfs ngturghas sonVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV no VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.

[gceoïn gprankã qua ghdunfs ajacphfs sfn hg anardãg VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV, qua voantfs2 hg anardãg cgrafcftroz, qua as prfkulokg pfr VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV, hg anardãg mfrodong pfr VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV y hg anardãg daftïrcolg, qua sa prfkulVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.

Hg prüxocg sacgng saduoracfs astukognkf sfera @ãsolg, ta aslroeorï pgrg lfntgrta tfkf hf quaastfy gprankoankf.

[a axtrg÷f culmf, sghukfs g hg `gcohog.

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV (aspglof pgrg rcgr).

7. Ahgefra un koeujf an kfnka lfcpgra g su lfcunokgk utohozgnkf ùantas ka anardãg nfranfvgeha y hfs aàltfs ka hg lfntgcongloün qua prfkula, y unf lfn ùantas ka anardãgranfvgeha, son lfntgcongloün.

5. Ahgefra un hostgkf lfn lonlf ralursfs ngturghas ranfvgehas y lonlf nf ranfvgehas ka su antfrnf.

Ualursfs ngturghas ranfvgehas Ualursfs ngturghas nf ranfvgehas7. 7.5. 5.


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57/318;;ODAU ⁄ Zgluhau

Uavosa su gprankozgja

Cgrqua lfn un lmaqua hg lgsohhg qua cajfr onkoqua su rankocoantf. hfdrgkf anprflasf nfhfdrgkf

K a s p u

ï s k a a s

t u k o g r . . .

Okanto lf hgs lgrgltarãstolgs ka hfs ralursfs ngturghas ranfvgehas y

nf ranfvgehas.Okanto lf hfs gpfrtas kah onvastodgkfr dugtacghtalf @rgnloslfUgcãraz.

Ka nf anardãg lfcf lfnlaptf an `ãsolg.

Anucarf y ajacpho lf ko`arantas topfs ka anardãg.

Okanto lf hfs topfs ka anardãg axostantas an co antfrnf.

Axpholf lfn cos pghgergs quï as anardãg ghtarngtovg y hgs vantgjgs kasu utohozgloün an hg lfnsarvgloün kah gceoanta.

Nftgs:Aslroeg gquã sus onquoatukas, kasluerocoantfs f kukgs pgrg lfcpgrtor an ah lãrluhf ka astukof.


58/318;1Loanlogs Ngturghas ⁄ \acgng 59

59

Üptolg¶Wuï anlfntrgrç astg sacgng6

Lgrhfs Uanï Haün Ufhkçn


¡Lugnkf hfs fjfs nfs andg÷gn!

Astg sacgng hfdrgrç:Okanto lgr ah gpfrta kah loantã lf dugtacghtalf Lgrhfs Uanï Haün Ufhkçn.

Kaslroeor quï as hg huz, sus prfpoakgkas y ghdunfs `anücanfs ngturghas rahglofngkfs.

Kaslroeor quï as hg üptolg y anucargr ajacphfs ka sus gpholglofnas cfkarngs aneana lof ka hg mucgnokgk, g pgrtor ka sotuglofnas ka su antfrnf.

Yfnar an prçltolg hf gprankokf sfera unf ka hfs `anücanfs ka hg huz.


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7. Hg huzHgvostg as unf ka hfs santokfs lfn hfs qua luantgn hfs saras mucgnfs. Qsgcfshg vostg pgrg lgptgr hfs lfhfras, ko`aranlogr hg huz ka hg fslurokgk, ralfnflarprf`unkokgkas y taxturgs f pgrg ghartgrnfs gnta sotuglofnas pahodrfsgs.Kaska ah puntf ka vostg ka hg ̀ ãsolg, hghuz as ung ̀ frcg ka rgkogloün qua puakasar kataltgkg pfr ah fjf mucgnf, parcotoankf var hgs lfsgs qua lfnflacfs.Ah \fh y hgs astrahhgs sfn ajacphfs ka huz ngturgh, coantrgs qua hg huz ka unglgnkahg, un anlankakfr, f ung efceohhg ahïltrolg sfn `frcgs ka huz grto logh.

Hg astrulturg ̀ ãsolg ka hg huz as hg ka ung fnkg ahaltrfcgdnïtolg qua sa prfpgdgrgpokãsocf. ¡\a astocg qua hg vahflokgk ka hg huz as


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Ajacphfs ka ra axoün ka hg huz sfn: un aspajf, un hgdf lghcgkf.

l. Ua`rglloün: \ulaka lugnkf hg huz sa trgnscota ka un cakof g ftrf(ajacphf kah gora gh gdug, f volavarsg), antfnlas hg huz lgceog kavahflokgk. Hg ocgdan sa puaka fesarvgr kostfrsofngkg.

Qn ajacphf as lugnkf sa lfhflg un hgpolarf an un vgsf lfn gdug. \o sa vaka `ranta ah hgpolarf kantrf kah vgsf lfn gdug, hg ocgdan kgrç hg ocprasoünka astgr kfehgkg f quaergkg, pfrqua hg huz lgceog ka koralloün gh antrgr anlfntgltf lfn ah gdug.

Ua axoünHuz

;=ODAU ⁄ Zgluhau

Gora

Gdug


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7.< Ghdunfs ànücanfs rahglofngkfs lfn hg huzAn ah puntf gntarofr, astukogcfs hgs prfpoakgkas ka hg huz, y lücf hfs rgyfspuakan gesfrearsa, ra ajgrsa f ra`rgltgrsa.

Drglogs gh aspaltrf ka hg huz vosoeha, nuastrfs fjfs parloean hfs lfhfras y, andanargh, pfkacfs kalor qua vacfs hg vokg lfcf hg lfnflacfs lfn koàrantastfnfs, ontansokgkas y taxturgs. An hg ngturghazg axostan ghdunfs ànücanfsgsflogkfs g hg huz qua nfs sfn cuy `gcohogras, lfcf ah grlfãros y ah rahçcpgdf.

Ah grlfãros as un ànücanf qua sa fesarvg lugnkf hhfvozng y huadf acpoazg glghantgr ah \fh. [fkfs macfs fesarvgkf hfs honkfs lfhfras qua sa `frcgn anun grlf qua puaka sar eoan ka nokf y lfn lfhfras ùartas, f eoan puaka sarcanfs ka nokf. Yarf, ¶sgea ustak pfr quï as qua sa `frcg un grlfãros6

Qn grlfãros sa `frcg lugnkf hfs rgyfs ka huz gtrgvoasgn paqua÷gsdftgs ka hhuvog qua astçn lfntanokgs an hg gtcüsàrg tarrastra. Ghlgceogr ka cakof (gora gh gdug), hg huz sa ra`rgltg.Hfs koàrantas tgcg÷fs y hgs ̀ frcgs ka hgs dftgs gàltgn hg ontansokgkka hfs lfhfras kah grlfãros. Coantrgs cçs drgnkas sfn hgs dftgs, cçsùartas sfn hfs lfhfras.

Ftrf ànücanf lfcún, sfera tfkf an hg ïpflg hhuvofsg, sfn hgs tfrcantgsahïltrolgs, an hgs qua gpgralan rgyfs, rahçcpgdfs y truanfs. ¶Lfnfla hgkoàranlog antra astfs lfnlaptfs6

Qn rgyf as ung kaslgrdg ka

ahaltrolokgk qua flurra antra nueas,f sa puaka fesarvgr korodokg mglog hgtoarrg. Hg kaslgrdg as tgn pfkarfsg,qua usughcanta prfkula huz, qua ashf qua lfnflacfs lfcf rahçcpgdfy astç gsflogkg lfn un sfnokf cuyùarta, qua as hf qua sa lfnfla lfcf truanf.

19ODAU ⁄ Zgluhau

Ajarlolof 5Axphoqua lfn sus pghgergs, ¶luçh as hg koàranlog antra un rgyf, un rahçcpgdf y un truanf6Hag ah soduoanta tacg (Üptolg), a onkoqua luçh ka hfs tras astç rahglofngkf lfn ah lgcpf kaastukof ka hg üptolg.


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5. ÜptolgKaeokf g su ocpfrtgnlog, kaska hg gntodøakgk hfs loantã lfs mgn astgkfontarasgkfs an hg huz, sus lgrgltarãstolgs y hfs ànücanfs rahglofngkfs qua saastukogn an un lgcpf ka hg `ãsolg kanfcongkf üptolg.

5.7 Gpholglofnas ka hg üptolgHg talnfhfdãg mg parcotokf g trgvïs ka hfs sodhfs qua ah astukof ka hg huz yhfs ànücanfs rahglofngkfs lfn ahhg, sagn cçs sanlohhfs pfr cakof kah usfka gpgrgtfs, qua tgceoïn toanan gpholglofnas an nuastrg vokg lftokogng. Antraastfs kastglgn:

Colrfslfpof astarafslüpolf

[opf ka colrfslfpof, qua toana kfs hantas y parcota cfstrgr fejatfsrahgtovgcanta drgnkas an tras kocansofnas.

Hupg

Yarcota var fejatfs qua sa puakan fesarvgr g socpha vostg, parf lfn cgyfrkatghha.

[oana un hanta qua parcota lragr ung ocgdan gcphogkg. Qn ajacphf ka usfas pgrg var hatrgs paqua÷gs kah paroükolf.

Dg`gs f gntafjfs

Yarcota g hgs parsfngs lfrrador koàrantas kaàltfs ka hg vosoün, lfcf cofpãg(nf sa va ka hajfs), moparcatrfpãg (nf sa va ka larlg) f gstodcgtoscf (sa vaefrrfsf).

Ajarlolof <¶Qstak f ghdún `gcohogr f gcodf utohozg gntafjfs6 Aslroeg lücf ah usf ka astfs mg cajfrgkf slghokgk ka vokg:

Colrfslfpof

Asta gpgrgtf parcota fesarvgr fejatfs qua sfn cuy paqua÷fs pgrg varhfsg socpha vostg. An cakolong su usf as ùnkgcantgh. Ghdunfs fejatfs qua sapuakan fesarvgr usgnkf colrfslfpof sfn: lïhuhgs ka hg sgndra, egltarogs ylïhuhgs vadatghas.

¶\geãg quï6

Hg ondanoarãg üptolgas ung rgcg ka hgondanoarãg qua sakakolg gh astukof kahgs gpholglofnas kahg üptolg.

17Loanlogs Ngturghas ⁄ \acgng 59


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¡Lugnkf hfs fjfs nfs andg÷gn!OntrfkulloünGntas ka raghozgr ah axparocantf vuahvg g haar hgs lgrgltarãstolgs ka hg huz.

¶Wuï cgtaroghas nalasotg6

• 5 hçpolas• 5 vgsfs kah coscf tgcg÷f lfn gdug (unf hhanf lfn gdug y ftrf lfn gdug sfhf g hg cotgk)• Lrgyfnas

Yrflakocoantf:

7. Lfnsodg kfs hçpolas y kfs vgsfs lfn gdug, unf hhanf y ftrf sfhf g hg cotgk.

5. Lfhfqua un hçpoz kantrf kah vgsf hhanf ka gdug (vgsf G) y ftrf an ah vgsf cakof hhanf(vgsf E).


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68/31811Loanlogs Ngturghas ⁄ \acgng 59

Onvastodua an hg rak...Ygrg gprankar cçs sfera hg huz y hg üptolg lfnsuhta hg soduoanta koralloün:

mttp://www.yfutuea.lfc/wgtlm6v3M\k_nOnYcsd

\o quoara kovartorsa voankf ghdungs ohusofnas üptolgs, vosota: mttps://www.yfutuea.lfc/wgtlmB9WnsmNw

Gltovokgk 7.Kacuastra hf gprankokf.7. Ka ng lfn sus pghgergs hfs soduoantas lfnlaptfs:

g. Huz:

e. Üptolg:

l. Aspaltrf ka huz:

5. Aslroeg kfs `anücanfs ngturghas rahglofngkfs lfn hg huz:


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Kasvantgjgs kah acphaf ka hçsar an lorudãg fkfntfhüdolg

Hfs aquopfs sfn cçs lgrfs.

Hg fpargloün as cçs lgrg.

Ah usf ka hçsar raquoara qua ah cïkolf fkfntühfdf astï lgpglotgkfy antrangkf parcgnantacanta.

Gkgptgkf ka: mttp://www.fkfntfhfdfsalugkfr.lfc/aspgnfh/grtpgloantas/gce/hgsar-an-fkfntfhfdog.mtc

Lorudãg lfn hçsar Lorudãg son hçsar (aquopf nfrcgh)[oacpf prflakocoantf : 59 conutfs [oacpf ka prflakocoantf: 5 mfrgsGnastasog: sã Gnastasog: sã[oacpf ka ralupargloün: 7 kãg [oacpf ka ralupargloün: ; kãgsLfstf: W199 Lfstf: W799Kãgs lfn koatg: 79 Kãgs lfn koatg: ;9

g. \o g ustak ha koargn g aslfdar antra mglarsa un prflakocoantf an hfs koantas lfn hçsar f sonhçsar y ha koargn g lfnsokargr astfs `gltfras, ¶quï aslfdarãg6 ¶Yfr quï6

e. Lfn egsa an astf, aslroeg ung ra axoün sfera lücf ung gpholgloün cfkarng ka hg üptolg lfn -troeuya g hg cajfrg ka lghokgk ka vokg ka hgs parsfngs.

Aslroeg su raspuastg:


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72/3181?Loanlogs Ngturghas ⁄ \acgng 57

57

Ah sfnokf¶Wuï anlfntrgrç astg sacgng6

Hgnkahh ka CfurgGnkrags Ygvah


¡Qn tahï`fnf lfn kfs hgtgs!

Astg sacgng hfdrgrç:Okanto lgr hfs gpfrtas ka Hgnkahh ka Cfurg y Gnkrags Ygvah, loantã lfshgtonfgcarolgnfs qua onnfvgrfn ah lgcpf kah sfnokf.

Okanto lgr hg rahgloün antra fnkgs sfnfrgs y sfnokf, gsã lfcf hg `frcg an hg qua ahsar mucgnf hf parloea.

Kaslroeor ghdungs prfpoakgkas kah sfnokf, rahglofnçnkfhgs lfn sotuglofnas ka suantfrnf.

Okanto lgr ghdungs gpholglofnas kah sfnokf an hg vokg lftokogng..Gpholgr hf gprankokf sfera fnkgs sfnfrgs an un axparocantf sanlohhf.


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Ah cunkf ka hgs loanlogs ngturghas7. Ah sfnokfG hf hgrdf ka nuastrg vokg, ah laraerf ralfnfla loantfs ka sfnokfs, son nalasokgkka qua vagcfs hfs fejatfs qua hfs prfkulan. Yfr ajacphf: sgeacfs ralfnflarso hg vfz as ka un no÷f, ka un gkuhtf f ka ung parsfng gnlogng.Ahsfnokf as ung voergloün5 qua sa prfpgdg g trgvïs ka hg cgtarog (sühokg,hãquokg f dgsafsg) an `frcg ka fnkgs, hhgcgkgs fnkgs sfnfrgs.

An ah lgcpf ka hg ̀ ãsolg, ungfnkg as ung ̀ frcg ka prfpgdgloün ka anardãg kaun hudgr g ftrf g trgvïs ka hg fslohgloün


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\a kanfcong uhtrgsfnokf g hgs `raluanlogs suparofras g hfs 59,999 Mz, quatgcpflf sfn parlaptoehas pfr hfs mucgnfs. Yfr ajacphf, hfs parrfs lgptgn`raluanlogs antra ;9 y ;9,999 Mz f hfs curloïhgdfs, qua puaka hhadgr g lgptgr7;9,999 Mz.

¶\geãg qua gnocghas lfcf hfs curloïhgdfs y hfs kah nas utohozgn sfnokfs pgrg

cfvohozgrsa kantrf ka su gceoanta6 Hgalfhflgloün as un `anücanf qualfnsosta an acotor uhtrgsfnokf mglog ah cakof gceoanta qua rfkag gh gnocgh, ka`frcg qua lugnkf hgs fnkgs sfnfrgs raeftgn an tfkfs hfs fejatfs lorlunkgntas,ah laraerf hf ontarpratg y lrag un ‘cgpg–, son nalasokgk ka usgr hg vostg.

Ajarlolof 5 Eusqua an ah kollofngrof hg ka noloün ka glústolg, y aslroeg lfn sus pghgergs su sodno lgkf.

curloïhgdf fejatf

fnkg ra ajgkg (alf)

fnkg acotokg

kostgnlog (r)



7) Hgs frajgs lgptgn hgs fnkgs sfnfrgsqua hhadgn kah axtarofr.

5) Hgs fnkgs sfnfrgs hhadgn mgstg ahtãcpgnf, qua as ung cacergngaxoeha qua voerg.


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¡Qn tahï`fnf lfn kfs hgtgs!Ontrfkulloün

Qng ka hgs gpholglofnas kah sfnokf qua as lftokogng an nuastrg vokg as ah tahï`fnf. Qhhgcgkg pfr tahï`fnf puaka glarlgrnfs loantfs ka bohücatrfs g hgs parsfngs qua lfnflacfs.An asta axparocantf sanlohhf kacfstrgracfs lfn cgtaroghas socphas lücf `unlofng ahtahï`fnf g pgrtor ka hg voergloün ka fnkgs sfnfrgs.

¶Wuï cgtaroghas nalasotg6• Gerahgtgs• Kfs hgtgs vglãgs kah coscf tgcg÷f• Qng luarkg f lfrkah kahdgkf ka kfs catrfs• Qn gcodf f `gcohogr• Hçpoz

Yrflakocoantf:7. Lfnsodg kfs hgtgs vglãgs y hocpogs kah coscf tgcg÷f.

Lfrta ung ka hgs tgpgkargs ka lgkg hgtg.

5. Gerg un gdujarf an cakof ka lgkg hgtg a ontrfkuzlg unlfrkah f luarkg kahdgkg ka 5 catrfs qua sa gcgrrg lfnun nukf `uarg ka hgs hgtgs pgrg gsadurgr qua astï jf.



Ahsfnokf as ung voergloün qua sa prfpgdg g trgvïs ka hg cgtarog (sühokg, hãquokg f dgsafsg) an `frcgka fnkgs, hhgcgkgs fnkgs sfnfrgs.

An ah lgcpf ka hg ̀ ãsolg, ungfnkg as ung ̀ frcg ka prfpgdgloün ka anardãg ka un hudgr g ftrf g trgvïs

ka hg fslohgloün.

Ah sar mucgnf puaka parloeor sfnokfs antra ̀ raluanlogs ka 59 y 59,999 Martz (Mz). Ah prflasf sofhüdolfpgrg aslulmgr as ah soduoanta:

g. Hgs frajgs lgptgn hgs fnkgs sfnfrgs qua hhadgn kah axtarofr.

e. Hgs fnkgs sfnfrgs hhadgn mgstg ah tãcpgnf, qua as ung cacergng axoeha qua voerg.

l. Hg voergloün hhadg g hg lgkang ka muasalotfs qua gcpho lgn ah sfnokf y hf trgnscotan gh fãkfontarnf.

k. Hgs voerglofnas cuavan hfs hãquokfs qua axostan an ah lgrglfh f lülhag, qua toana `frcg ka

tuef an asporgh y sa hflghozg an ah fãkf ontarnf.a. Hgs fnkgs sfnfrgs antfnlas sa trgns`frcgn an ocpuhsfs ahïltrolfs qua hhadgn gh laraerf, ah

lugh ontarpratg ah sfnokf.

Hgs `raluanlogs canfras ka 59 Mz sa kanfcongnon`rgsfnokfs y hgs cgyfras ka 59,999 Mz sakanfcongn uhtrgsfnokfs.

Antra hgs gpholglofnas kah sfnokf astçn hfs uhtrgsfnokfs utohozgkfs an hg cakolong (gnghozgr ürdontarnfs, acegrgzf, trgtgcoantf ka hasofnas), ah colrü`fnf, ah astukof ka hg rasostanlog ka cgtaroghaska lfnstrulloün y ghdunfs gpgrgtfs ahïltrolfs lfcf hg rgkof, hg tahavosoün, ah tahï`fnf, ah tocera, atl.

Hghfndotuk as hg kostgnlog antra kfs puntfs cçxocfssulasovfs ka ung fnkg. Onkolg quï tgn hgrdg as ung fnkg.

Hggcphotuk as hg cçxocg sapgrgloün ka ung fnkg kaskasu puntf onologh.

Ghdungsprfpoakgkas

kah sfnokf sfn:

Hg̀ raluanlog as ah núcarf ka voerglofnas pfr sadunkf.

Uasucan

Onvastodua an hg rak...Gprankg cçs sfera ah fãkf y hgs luarkgs vflghas an asta vokaf:mttps://www.yfutuea.lfc/wgtlm6v3K1v`luOmv_Qh



Hgs frajgs lgptgn hgs fnkgs sfnfrgsqua hhadgn kah axtarofr. ( )

Gltovokgk 7.Kacuastra hf gprankokf.7. Hag hfs anunlogkfs y aslroeg antra pgrïntasos (P) so as varkgkarf f (@) so as `ghsf.

g. Ygrg qua axostg sfnokf nf sa nalasotg hg voergloün ( )

e. Hg `raluanlog as ah núcarf ka voerglofnas pfr sadunkf ( )

l. Ah sar mucgnf puaka parloeor `raluanlogs ka sfnokf canfras g hfs 59 Martz ( )

k. Hfs uhtrgsfnokfs sfn utohozgkfs an hg cakolong pgrg tanar ocçdanas ka hfsürdgnfs ontarnfs kah luarpf f kah `atf kurgnta ah acegrgzf ( )

a. Qng fnkg as ung `frcg ka prfpgdgloün ka anardãg, g trgvïs ka hg fslohgloün ( )

5. Frkana ah prflasf sofhüdolf qua parcota g hfs saras mucgnfs pfkar fãr. Hag lgkg pgsf y gnftaantra pgrïntasos ah núcarf ka frkan qua lfrraspfnka.

Gutflfntrfh

Hg voergloün hhadg g hg lgkang kamuasalotfs qua gcpho lgn ah sfnokfy hf trgnscotan gh fãkf ontarnf.

( )

Hgs voerglofnas cuavan hfs hãquokfsqua axostan an ah lgrglfh. ( )

Hgs fnkgs sfnfrgs sa trgns`frcgn an oc-puhsfs ahïltrolfs qua hhadgn gh laraerf, ahlugh ontarpratg ah sfnokf. ( )

Hgs fnkgs sfnfrgs hhadgn mgstg ah tãc-

pgnf, qua as ung cacergng axoehaqua voerg. ( )

Gltovokgk 5.Gphoqua hf gprankokf.7. Fesarva hfs koeujfs qua sa prasantgn, cgrqua lfn ung ] an luçhas gpgrgtfs sa utohozg ah sfno



5. Fesarva ah soduoanta asquacg, a onkoqua g quï prfpoakgk kah sfnokf lfrraspfnka lgkgnúcarf:

7 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

5 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

< VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV


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Uavosa su gprankozgjaCgrqua lfn un lmaqua hg lgsohhg qua cajfr onkoqua su rankocoantf. hfdrgkf anprflasf nfhfdrgkf

K a s p u

ï s k a a s

t u k o g r . . .

Okanto lf hfs gpfrtas ka Hgnkahh ka Cfurg y Gnkrags Ygvah,loantã lfs hgtonfgcarolgnfs qua onnfvgrfn hfs astukofs an ah lgcpfkah sfnokf.Okanto lf hg rahgloün antra fnkgs sfnfrgs y sfnokf, gsã lfcf hg`frcg an hg qua ah sar mucgnf hf parloea.Kaslroef ghdungs prfpoakgkas kah sfnokf, rahglofnçnkfhgs lfnsotuglofnas ka co antfrnf.

Okanto lf ghdungs gpholglofnas kah sfnokf an hg vokg lftokogng.

Gpholf hf gprankokf sfera fnkgs sfnfrgs an un axparocantfsanlohhf.

Dhfsgroflgutovarof:Wua nf sa anluantrg an hoeartgk.

onkoslrocongkf:\on frkan f lfntrfh.

hadgkf: Ghdf qua sa puaka marakgr.

fslohgloün:Cfvocoantf ka un hgkf g ftrf, qua voerg.

prflasf sofhüdolf: Wua axpholg ah `unlofngcoantf ka ghdún ürdgnf f gpgrgtf ka un sar vovf.

sfngras: Qn sfngr as ung tïlnolg qua usg hg prfpgdgloün kah sfnokf egjf ah gdug pgrg ngvadgr,lfcunolgrsa f kataltgr fejatfs sucardokfs.

suecgronf: Cakof ka trgnspfrta utohozgkf an ah ontarofr ka hfs flïgnfs.

vgrgcoantfs: Lugnkf eghhangs f kah nas gpgralan cuartfs an hg phgyg.

voergloün:Cfvocoantf cuy lfrtf y rçpokf qua sa rapota.



55

Cgtarog an cfvocoantf 7¶Wuï anlfntrgrç astg sacgng6• [mfcgs Ghvg Akosfn


¡Juduacfs lfn ah cfvocoantf!

Astg sacgng hfdrgrç:Okanto lgr hfs gpfrtas kah loantã lf [mfcgs Ghvg Akosfn.

Ka nor lfn sus pghgergs quï as cfvocoantf y su ocpfrtgnlog an hg vokg lftokogng.

Kaslroeor hfs topfs ka cfvocoantf ka hfs luarpfs, okanto lgnkf lgkg unf anajacphfs ka hg vokg lftokogng.Uasfhvar prfehacgs qua onvfhulran vahflokgk, kostgnlog y toacpf.Gpholgr hf gprankokf, g trgvïs ka hg raghozgloün ka un axparocantf lfn cgtaroghas ksu antfrnf.


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; Avokanta: qua as `çloh ka lfcprfegr, qua as lhgrf.1 Yarlaptoeha: qua sa puaka parloeor pfr hfs santokfs.

40ODAU ⁄ Zgluhau

Ah cunkf ka hgs loanlogs ngturghas7. ¶Wuï as ah cfvocoantf6Yfr nuastrg axparoanlog sgeacfs qua un fejatf astç an cfvocoantf lugnkf nfastç quoatf f an hg coscg pfsoloün. Culmgs valas ah cfvocoantf as avokanta,lfcf lugnkf lgcongcfs lfn nuastrg `gcohog2 f pflf parlaptoeha, lfcf ahcfvocoantf kah phgnatg [oarrg. ¡\on kukgrhf pfkacfs kalor qua ah cfvocoantfas pgrta ka nuastrg vokg!

An `ãsolg, ahcfvocoantf flurra lugnkf mgy un lgceof an hg pfsoloün frodonghka un luarpf kaspuïs ka un toacpf ka nokf.

Ajarlolof 77. Aslroeg lfn sus pghgergs quï as cfvocoantf.

5. Ua axofna: ¶Wuï pgsgrãg so hfs fejatfs, hgs parsfngs f hfs gnocghasnf sa cfvoargn6

Nuastrf luarpf astç an cfvocoantf

Nuastrf luarpf astç cfvoïnkfsa an tfkf cfcantf, gunqua nf hfparloegcfs. Yfr ajacphf, drglogs gh efceaf lfnstgnta kah lfrgzün,hg sgndra sa cuava pfr tfkf ah luarpf, hhavgnkf fxãdanf g tfkgs hgslïhuhgs y trgnspfrtgnkf sus kasalmfs, lfcf ah LF5, pgrg sar ahocongkfs.[gcpflf nfs kgcfs luantg kah cfvocoantf lorluhgr ka nuastrfs fjfs,qua as onlfnsloanta y flurra tfkgs hgs nflmas lugnkf astgcfs an hfcçs prf`unkf kah sua÷f.Ah luarpf mucgnf astç kosa÷gkf pgrg cfvarsa an lughquoar cfcantfy an ko`arantas sotuglofnas. Nuastrfs sostacgs üsaf y cusluhgr, lfnhg gyukg kah sostacg narvofsf, sa anlgrdgn ka raspfnkar gnta hfsastãcuhfs ontarnfs f axtarnfs g trgvïs kah cfvocoantf kah luarpf.

Hfs cfvocoantfs tgceoïn nfs gyukgn g kasanvfhvarnfs sfloghcanta.

Hgs ‘cualgs– qua mglacfs lfn hg lgrg, gyukgn g trgnscotor nuastrfastgkf ka çnocf g ftrgs parsfngs. Yfr ajacphf, cfvacfs hgs lajgsan sa÷gh ka anfjf2 nuastrfs hgeofs, gh raãrnfs f hg lgeazg, an sa÷gh kakasgprfegloün.



5. Cakoloün kah cfvocoantfHglonacçtolg as hg rgcg ka hg `ãsolg qua kaslroea ah cfvocoantf, son tfcgr anluantg hgs lgusgs qua ha kgn frodan. Astf hf mgla g pgrtor ka ghdungs cgdnotukas`ãsolgs (cakokgs), soankf hgs pronlopghas hg vahflokgk y hg glahargloün.

Gntas ka astukogr g prfùnkokgk sfera astgs cakokgs, varacfs ghdunfslfnlaptfs qua nfs gyukgrçn g lfcprankarhgs.

Kostgnlog: as ah aspglof qua ralfrra un fejatf lugnkf sa cuava. \aaxprasg lfcf ung unokgk ka hfndotuk, an catrfs.

Kasphgzgcoantf: as hg kostgnlog qua mgy antra ah puntf onologh y ahpuntf ngh kah cfvocoantf ka un luarpf.

[rgyaltfrog: as ung hãnag ocgdongrog qua raprasantg ah ralfrrokf ka unluarpf g hf hgrdf kah toacpf.

Yuntf ka raàranlog: as un fejatf quoatf qua nfs sorva ka lfcpgrgloünpgrg fesarvgr g un fejatf qua sa anluantrg an cfvocoantf. Yfr ajacphf,lugnkf vosotgcfs un hudgr nuavf, culmgs valas usgcfs ghdún sotoflfcf raàranlog pgrg avotgr parkarnfs, asta sotof danarghcanta astç jf.

Yuntf karaàranlog



5.7 Pahflokgk¶Lücf sgeacfs so un vamãluhf sa kasphgzü rçpokgcanta f kaspglof6

Yfkacfs sgearhf lghluhgnkf suvahflokgk,qua as hg rahgloün antra hg kostgnlogtftgh ralfrrokg y ah toacpf acphagkf. Ygrg qua hg on`frcgloün sag lfcphatg,kaeacfs gdradgr hg koralloün g hg qua sa kasphgzü.

kostgnlog tftgh toacpf tftgh

Yfr ajacphf: \o ah valonf ralfrra an su vamãluhf 5=9 bc an < mfrgs, hgvahflokgk g hg qua sa kasphgzü `ua ka:

5=9 bc < mfrgs

Gmfrg eoan, so quosoïrgcfs gvarodugr hg kostgnlog g hg qua sa kasphgzg un fejatmglacfs un kaspaja ka hg `ürcuhg.

Yfr ajacphf: so ung cftf toana ung vahflokgk ka 9.49 c/s, ¶luçh as hgkostgnlog g hg qua sa kasphgzg an 0,999 sadunkfs6

kostgnlog tftgh toacpf tftgh

Ygrg lghluhgr hg kostgnlog tftgh kaspajgcfs hg `ürcuhg. Lfcf ah toacpftftgh astç kovokoankf, gh pgsgr gh ftrf hgkf ka hg alugloün hf mglacuhtopholgnkf g hg vahflokgk, ka cgnarg qua hg `ürcuhg pgrg kostgnlogquakg gsã:

Kostgnlog 3 vahflokgk x toacpf

Antfnlas:

9.49 catrfs sadunkf

Hg cftf sa kasphgzü ung kostgnlog ka ;,599 catrfs kurgnta 0,999sadunkfs.

Pahflokgk 3

Pahflokgk 3

Pahflokgk 3

k 3 x 0,999 sadunkfs 3 ;,599 catrfs

k

tP 3

3 ?



Ajarlolof 5¡Mgdgcfs unfs lçhluhfs!Qn lgrrf sa kasphgzg =9,999 catrfs an un toacpf ka


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96/318=<Loanlogs Ngturghas ⁄ \acgng 55

Uasucan

Onvastodua an hg rak...Ygrg ra`frzgr ah tacg ka astg sacgng, lfnsuhta ah soduoanta vãnluhf:

mttps://www.yfutuea.lfc/wgtlm6v3-5H?AsNgx]=

An `ãsolg, ah cfvocoantf flurra lugnkf mgy un lgceof an hg pfsoloün frodongh ka un luarpf kaspka un toacpf ka nokf.

Hg lonacçtolg as hg rgcg ka hg `ãsolg qua kaslroea ah cfvocoantf, son tfcgr an luantg hgs lgusgs

ha kgn frodan. Astf hf mgla g pgrtor ka ghdungs cgdnotukas `ãsolgs (cakokgs), soankf hgs prohg vahflokgk y hg glahargloün. Ygrg lfcprankar astgs cakokgs, as nalasgrof lfnflar hfs soduoalfnlaptfs:

• Kostgnlog: as ah aspglof qua ralfrra un fejatf lugnkf sa cuava. \a axprasg lfcf ung unokgkka hfndotuk, an catrfs.

• Kasphgzgcoantf: as hg kostgnlog qua mgy antra ah puntf onologh y ah puntf ngh kah cfvocoaka un luarpf.

• [rgyaltfrog: as ung hãnag ocgdongrog qua raprasantg ah ralfrrokf ka un luarpf g hf hgrdtoacpf.

• Yuntf ka ra`aranlog: as un fejatf jf qua sorva ka lfcpgrgloün pgrg fesarvgr g un luarpf ancfvocoantf.

Hg vahflokgk as hg rahgloün antra hg kostgnlog tftgh ralfrrokg y ah toacpf acphagkf.\u `ürcuhg as:

Hg glahargloün as hg tgsg g hg qua lgceog hg vahflokgk an ah toacpf. \a coka an c/sµ.

Hg trgyaltfrog puaka sar raltohãnag (cfvocoantf an hãnag raltg) f lurvohãnag (cfvocoantf an lurv

Cfvocoantf lurvohãnaf

Kostgnlog tftgh[oacpf tftgh

Pahflokgk 3

Cfvocoantf ahãptolf: trgyaltfrog an ahopsa (un lãrluhf glmgtgkf an

hfs axtracfs).

Cfvocoantf pgrgeüholf: trgyaltfrog an ung pgrçefhg.

Cfvocoantf lorluhgr: hg trgyaltfrog as ung lorlun`aranlog f lãrluhf.

Cfvocoantf raltohãnaf glahargkf: lugnkf mgy glahargloün, as kalor hvahflokgk nf as lfnstgnta.

Cfvocoantf raltohãnaf uno`frca: lugnkf hg vahflokgk as lfnstgnta,pfr hf qua nf mgy glahargloün.

Cfvocoantf raltohãnaf


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Gltovokgk 7.Kacuastra hf gprankokf.Gutflfntrfh

Uaspfnkg hfs anunlogkfs pgrg lfcphatgr ah lrulodrgcg.

7. Flurra lugnkf mgy un lgceof an hg pfsoloün frodongh kaspuïs ka un toacpf ka nokf.5. [opf ka cfvocoantf qua flurra lugnkf hg trgyaltfrog as ung lorlun`aranlog.


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Hg ruakg, un onvantf qua lgceoü nuastrgs vokgs

Hgs procargs ruakgs `uarfn lfnstruokgs an Casfpftgcog, kurgnta hg Akgk Gntodug, gprfxocgkgcanta


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Astukoü hfs pronlopofs calçnolfspgrg hg lfnstrulloün ka aslhusgs


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¶Nuastrf luarpf utohozg ah cfcantf ka tfrsoün gh cfvarsa6

Nuastrf luarpf puaka prfkulor un cfcantf ka tfrsoün lugnkfgpholg ùarzg g hfs cúsluhfs y grtoluhglofnas (lfcf lfkfs, rfkohhgs fcu÷algs) pgrg mglar ung rftgloün, dorf f vuahtg.

Ah sar mucgnf tgceoïn mg onvantgkfutansohofs qua ha mgn gyukgkf ggpholgr ah cfcantf ka tfrsoün ka ungcgnarg prçltolg, pgrg cfvar, dorgr,gpratgr f g fjgr. Ghdunfs ajacphfssfn: pghgnlgs pgrg lgceogr ung hhgntg,hhgvas ka pgsf pgrg gpratgr un lmfrrf,gtfrnohhgkfras pgrg gpratgr tuarlgs.

Ah cunkf ka hgs loanlogs ngturghas7. Cfcantf ka tfrsoün y gpholglofnasCulmgs valas as nalasgrof gpholgr ung ùarzg pgrg prfkulor cfvocoantflorluhgr. Astf flurra pfr ajacphf, lugnkf sa utohozg un kasgrcgkfr pgrg gpratgrf g fjgr un tfrnohhf, f lugnkf dorgcfs hg hhgva kah hgvgcgnfs pgrg qua lgodggdug.

Hg ùarzg qua sa gpholg pgrg prfkulor ung rftgloün, dorf f vuahtg sa lfnflalfcf cfcantf ka tfrsoün f tfrqua.


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5. Astçtolg y lonïtolg5.7 AstçtolgHgcalçnolg as hg rgcg ka hg `ãsolg qua sa kakolg gh astukof y gnçhososkah cfvocoantf y rapfsf kaeokf g hg glloün ka ùarzgs. Ygrg `glohotgr sulfcpransoün, sa kovoka ka hg soduoanta `frcg:

Konçcolg

Astukog ah cfvocoantf ka hfsluarpfs, gnghozgnkf hgs lgusgsqua hf frodongn. Qn ajacphf aslghluhgr hg ùarzg nalasgrog pgrg

havgntgr un cuaeha utohozgnkfung cçquong socpha, lfcf ungpfhag. Kaea tfcgr an luantghg anardãg lonïtolg y hg `rolloünlonïtolg.

Lonacçtolg

Astukog ah cfvocoantf ka hfsluarpfs son ocpfrtgr hgs ùarzgsqua hf frodongn. Lugnkf gprankoüah cfvocoantf raltohãnaf uno`frcay lghluhü hg kostgnlog qua ralfrroüun lgrrf an un toacpf aspalã lf,astgeg gpholgnkf hg lonacçtolg.

C a l

ç n o l g

Astçtolg

Astukog hgs ̀ uarzgs qua ontarvoananpgrg cgntanar ah aquohoerof ka unluarpf an rapfsf. Lfnsokargnkfhg astçtolg, hfs ondanoarfs puakanlghluhgr hfs cgtaroghas pgrg quahgs egsas ka un puanta astïn jgsy nf axostg roasdf ka lgarsa. Kaea

lfnsokargr hg `rolloün astçtolg.


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Ajarlolof 5Hag hgs soduoantas sotuglofnas, y suergya an luçh sa prasantgrç cgyfr anardãg lonïtolg. Axphraspuastg.

7. No÷f trgtgnkf ka raseghgrsa an un lfstgh, parf an tarranf phgnf.

5. No÷g raseghçnkfsa sfera un lfstgh an ung egjgkg hhang ka drgcg cfjgkg.

?1Loanlogs Ngturghas ⁄ \acgng 5<

Hg̀ rolloün lonïtolg as gquahhg qua sa kg antra hg supar loa y un luarpf quaastç an cfvocoantf. Yfr ajacphf:

Qng parsfng lgcongnkf lfn zgpgtfs hosfs an un posf cfjgkf. Hg supar loa kahzgpgtf hosf y hg supar loa kah posf sarãgn hfs raspfnsgehas ka hg ̀ rolloün. An astalgsf, ah gdug kosconuorãg hg `rolloün, pfr hf qua ah posf astgrãg cçs raseghgkozf.

Qn pgtongkfr puaka mglar un egoha grtãstolf sfera ung postg ka moahf pfr hg`rolloün qua sa kg antra ah moahf y hfs zgpgtfs aspaloghas qua toana. Hg `rolloünkah moahf as canfr g hg ka un posf ka cgkarg f drgnotf, pfr hf qua as cçs `çlohkashozgrsa an ïh.


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Ajarlolof <Lfn egsa an su axparoanlog, hag hfs anunlogkfs a onkoqua ah topf ka `rolloün (lonïtolg f astçtolgprasanta an lgkg sotugloün.

7. Qn lugkrf luahdg ka hg pgrak ka ung lgsg.

5. Qng cujar lgcong mglog ah carlgkf ka su lfcunokgk.


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111/318?=ODAU ⁄ Zgluhau

Ah cfcantf ka tfrsoün f tfrqua as hg ùarzg qua sa gpholg pgrg prfkulor ung rftgloün, dorf f vuahtg.Lugnkf hg tfrsoün as an santokf ka hgs gdujgs kah rahfj sa lfnsokarg ‘nadgtovg–, so as an lfntrg ka hggdujgs kah rahfj sa lfnsokarg ‘pfsotovg–.

Anardãg lonïtolg as hg anardãg ka un luarpf an cfvocoantf. Axostan kfs rahglofnas ocpfrtgntas: ‘gcgyfr cgsg, cgyfr anardãg lonïtolg– y ‘g cgyfr vahflokgk, cgyfr sarç hg anardãg lonïtolg ‘.

Hg `rolloün lonïtolg sa kg antra un luarpf an cfvocoantf y hg supar loa.

Hg `rolloün astçtolg sa kg antra un luarpf an rapfsf y hg supar loa.

Ualuarka qua hfs tïrconfs lonïtolg y lonacçtolg nf sodno lgn hf coscf. Hg lonacçtolg astukog hgsùarzgs ka un luarpf an cfvocoantf son ocpfrtgr hgs lgusgs y hg lonïtolg sa ra ara g hg anardãg ka unluarpf an cfvocoantf.

Hgcalçnolg as hgrgcg ka hg `ãsolgqua sa kakolg ghastukof y gnçhososkah cfvocoantf yrapfsf kaeokf g hgglloün ka ùarzgs.

Lonacçtolg: astukog hgs ùarzgs ka un luarpfan cfvocoantf son ocpfrtgr hgs lgusgs qua hfprfkulan.

Astçtolg: astukog hgs ùarzgs pgrg qua unluarpf an rapfsf sa cgntandg an aquohoerof.

Konçcolg: astukog hgs ùarzgs qua prfkulancfvocoantf an un luarpf.

Uasucan

Onvastodua an hg rak...Ygrg gprankar cçs sfera `rolloün lfnsuhta ah soduoanta vãnluhf:

mttps://www.yfutuea.lfc/wgtlm6v3acMGZ@7?c5l


112/318??Loanlogs Ngturghas ⁄ \acgng 5<

Gltovokgk 7.Kacuastra hf gprankokf.Hag hfs anunlogkfs y suergya hg fploün lfrraltg pgrg lfcphatgr hg okag.

7. Hg `rolloün astçtolg:

g. \a kg antra un luarpf an cfvocoantf y hg supar loa.

e. \a kg antra luarpfs qua sa anluantrgn an rapfsf.

l. \a kg antra un luarpf an rapfsf y hg supar loa.

5. Hg konçcolg astukog:

g. Ah cfvocoantf ka hfs luarpfs gnghozgnkf hgs lgusgs qua hf prfkulan.

e. Ah cfvocoantf ka hfs luarpfs son ocpfrtgr hgs lgusgs qua hf prfkulan.l. Hg astçtolg ka hfs luarpfs.



G. E.

G. E.

7. Fesarva hfs asquacgs y lfntasta:

g. ¶Luçh ka hfs kfs asquacgs toanan cgyfr anardãg lonïtolg6 ¶Yfr quï6

e. ¶Luçh ka hgs rflgs qua astçn lgyankf an hg cfntg÷g toana canfr anardãg lonïtolg6 ¶Yfr quï6

5. Hag ah pçrrg`f y lfcphïtahf utohozgnkf hfs lfnlaptfs gprankokfs kurgnta hg sacgng.

Ah gdug ghcglangkg an ung raprasg as un ajacphf ka anardãg VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVah gdug ka hg raprasg lga g tfkg vahflokgk sa prfkula anardãg VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.

Yuakan mgear kfs topfs ka `rolloün: hg `rolloün VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV flurrasupar loa y un fejatf qua astç an rapfsf, lfcf un lugkarnf qua astç sfera ung casg2coantrgs qua hg ̀ rolloün VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV flurra antra un luarpfy hg supar loa, lfcf lugnkf ung parsfng acpujg un cuaeha an su lgsg.

Ygrg hg `rolloün lonïtolg, ah topf ka supar loa as ocpfrtgnta, coantrgs cçs rudfsg sag hgsupar loa, ah cfvocoantf sarç VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV y hg `rolloün cçs VVVVVVVVVcoantrgs cçs hosg sag hg supar loa, mgerç canfr VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV pfr hf qua sarç cçs `çlohah cfvocoantf.


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Dhfsgrofçhdaerg: Ygrta ka hgs cgtacçtolgs qua utohozg sodnfs, lfceongkfs lfn hatrgs y núcarfs pgr

raprasantgr fparglofnas.

astçtolg: An `ãsolg, as pgrta ka hg calçnolg qua astukog ah aquohoerof ka hfs luarpfs.

aslhusgs:Ferg mokrçuholg qua parcota g hfs egrlfs ngvadgr g trgvïs ka lgnghas lfn ko`arantas novka gdug.

pgrgkfjg: Ghdf qua pgrala lfntrgrof.

Uaspfnkg:

7. ¶Wuï rahgloün toana hg eofcalçnolg lfn hfs soduoantas tïrconfs6

Konçcolg:

@rolloün lonïtolg:

Anardãg lonïtolg:

5. Aslroeg un ajacphf ka pfr quï hg eofcalçnolg as ocpfrtgnta pgrg cajfrgr hg lghokgk ka vokg hgs parsfngs.


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An ah lgcpf ka hg üptolg kaslueroü qua hg huz ehgnlgsa kaslfcpfna an ung egnkg ka lfhfras (rfjf,ngrgnjg, gcgrohhf, varka, logn, gzuh y vofhatg) lugnkfpgsgn g trgvïs ka un proscg7.

An ah lgcpf ka hg cgtacçtolg ùa unf ka hfs procarfs

loantã lfs an usgr ah lçhluhf koàranlogh a ontadrgh, quaan hg gltughokgk as ka utohokgk g hfs ondanoarfs pgrgsfhulofngr prfehacgs lfcf lghluhgr ah vfhucan kagdug qua sa nalasotg pgrg hhangr ung poslong f luçntgùarzg nalasotgn hfs lgehas pgrg sfstanar un puanta.

Hgs hayas ka Nawtfn, qua axpholgn hfs pronlopofsunovarsghas kah cfvocoantf ka hfs luarpfs. Astgs sfn:

7rg Hhay ka Nawtfn f Hay ka hg Onarlog.

5kg Hay ka Nawtfn f Hay ka Ontarglloün y @uarzg.


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Ah cunkf ka hgs loanlogs ngturghas7. Drgvakgk y lgãkg hoera\a luantg qua un kãg Osggl Nawtfnastgeg kaslgnsgnkf egjf un çrefhlugnkf ka rapanta ung cgnzgnglgyü gh posf y ïh sa praduntü: ¶pfrquï hgs lfsgs lgan soacpra gh suahf6Asg praduntg `ua hg lhgva pgrglfcprankar quï as hg drgvakgk y pfrquï flurra.

An ̀ ãsolg, hglgãkg hoera sa ka na lfcfun luarpf qua sa cuava mglog gegjf.Mgy culmfs ajacphfs ka lgãkg hoeraan hg vokg kogrog, pfr ajacphf: lugnkftorgcfs ung pahftg f hgnzgcfs ungpoakrg, hhadg un puntf an qua gcegsy lgan mglog gegjf.

Hg rgzün pfr hg qua flurra hg lgãkg hoera as pfrqua axosta ung `uarzg onvosoehaqua jghg tfkfs hfs fejatfs qua astçn an ah phgnatg [oarrg mglog gegjf, y salfnfla lfcf drgvakgk.

Hg drgvakgk an ah phgnatg [oarrg nf as odugh qua hg qua axosta an ftrfs luarpfslahastas kah Qnovarsf. An nuastrf phgnatg hg drgvakgk as ka ?.= c/sµ, coantrgsqua an hg Hung hg drgvakgk as 7.0< c/sµ, saos valas canfr qua hg ka hg [oarrg.

Ajarlolof 7Pag hfs koeujfs y cgrqua lfn ung ] hg fploün an hg lugh flurra lgãkg hoera.

g. e. l.


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124/318777Loanlogs Ngturghas ⁄ \acgng 5;

Ua axofna y lfntasta:

Qn eus hhanf ka parsfngs santgkgs y pgrgkgs sa kasphgzg g ung vahflokgk ka ;9 bohücatrfspfr mfrg. Ka rapanta, ah pohftf `rang eruslgcanta. Uaspfnkg:

g. ¶Ah eus pgrg oncakogtgcanta gh `rangr6

e. ¶Wuï has pgsg g hgs parsfngs qua vgn an ah eus6

l. ¶Wuï hay ka Nawtfn sa gpholg6

Ajarlolof 1

[arlarg Hay ka Nawtfn f Hay ka Glloün y Uaglloün

‘[fkg glloün prfvflg ung raglloün odugh, parf an santokf fpuastf.–

Qn ajacphf sanlohhf as lugnkfpgtagcfs ùartacanta ung pahftg ka`útefh lfntrg hg pgrak, hg pgrak hgnzgrçmglog nfsftrfs ung ùarzg odugh kaùarta, sfhf qua lfn santokf lfntrgrof.

Ftrf ajacphf as lugnkf lgcongcfs:nuastrfs poas gpholgn ung ùarzgacpujgnkf ah suahf mglog gtrçs.Drglogs g hg tarlarg hay ka Nawtfn

sgeacfs qua ah suahf nfs acpujgmglog gkahgnta, lfn ung ùarzg odugh,parf an santokf lfntrgrof.

¶An nuastrf luarpf gpholg hg[arlarg Hay ka Nawtfn6

¡\ã! Yfr ajacphf, lugnkf lfrracfs, hg aspghkg y ah gekfcan gyukgn g sfstanar hg pgrtasuparofr kah luarpf. Nfrcghcanta hg drgvakgk acpujg nuastrg lfhucng vartaergh mgloggegjf. Lgkg vaz qua lfrracfs nuastrgs poarngs gpholgn ung ùarzg mglog ah suahf, quaradrasg gh luarpf lfn hg coscg ontansokgk. Hfs cúsluhfs gyukgn g gcfrtodugr astg

ùarzg. Yarf so nf utohozgcfs ung tïlnolg gkalugkg ka lgrrarg, astg ùarzg puaka vogjgrpfr hgs poarngs y hhadgr koraltgcanta g hg lfhucng, hgstocçnkfhg.

g



Lfcpgrgloün ka koàrantas fejatfs an lgãkg hoeraOntrfkulloünAstg sacgng astukogcfs qua hg lgãkg hoera y hg drgvakgk sfn ànücanfs `ãsolfs qua gàltgnpfr odugh g tfkfs hfs saras y fejatfs qua mgeotgcfs an ah phgnatg [oarrg.

Kola ah ra`rçn ‘tfkf hf qua suea toana qua egjgr–. Yarf, ¶lgarçn hfs fejatfs qua usgracfs anasta axparocantf gh coscf toacpf6 ¡Uaghola ah axparocantf pgrg gvarodugrhf!

¶Wuï cgtaroghas nalasotg6• [ras fejatfs lfn koàrantas lgrgltarãstolgs• Uahfj f lrfnücatrf• Eçsluhg• Hçpoz

Yrflakocoantf:

7. Koeuja hfs tras fejatfs qua sahallofnü y gnfta sus lgrgltarãstolgs.

¡G hg loanlog pfr hg axparoanlog!


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51

Uapgsf ka hg sacgng 7= g 5;

Astg sacgng hfdrgrç:Uapgsgr hfs lfntanokfs ka hg sacgng 7= g 5;.

Uasfhvar hfs ajarlolofs ka rapgsf pgrg avghugrsa an hg pruaeg pgrlogh.

Yrapgrgrsa eoan pgrg hg pruaeg ka avghugloün.


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¶Lücf sarç hg pruaeg ka avghugloün6

Hg pruaeg pgrlogh avghúg hfs coscfs lfntanokfs y ka hg coscg cgnarg qua hf macfsraghozgkf g hf hgrdf ka astgs sacgngs ka astukof.

An hg pruaeg anlfntrgrç:• Ko`arantas ajarlolofs qua avghúgn hg lfcprasoün ka hfs tacgs ka hg sacgng 7= g hg

5;. Astfs ajarlolofs sarçn sacajgntas g hfs qua ustak mg rasuahtf lgkg sacgng y anlgkg gutflfntrfh. \a ha pakorç:

Uaspfnkar praduntgs.

\uergygr hg raspuastg lfrraltg.

Okanto lgr pgrtas sa÷ghgkgs.

Lfcphatgr asquacgs.

Gnghozgr nftologs y lgsfs.

Cuy ocpfrtgnta: Lgkg saroa ka hg pruaeg lfntoana onstrullofnas axgltgs ka hf quakaea raghozgr an lgkg gpgrtgkf, gsã lfcf hg vghfrgloün gsodngkg. Hag hgs onstrullofnas ygsadúrasa ka mgearhgs lfcprankokf eoan.

[andg an luantg qua an hg pruaeg sa vghfrgn ftrgs mgeohokgkas, gkacçs ka hfs lfntanokfs.• Hg rakglloün lhgrg y son `ghtgs ka frtfdrg`ãg.

• Hg hocpoazg y ah frkan pgrg trgegjgr.

• Hg prf`unkokgk ka sus gnçhosos.

• Hgs okags nfvakfsgs qua prfpfndg.

\o ustak sa prapgrg lfn toacpf y kakolgloün, hg pruaeg nf ha tfcgrç pfr sfrprasg.Lfcpruaea qua sus gutflfntrfhas astïn eoan malmfs, raghola hfs ajarlolofs ka asta rapgsfy ravosa hfs lfntanokfs ka hgs sacgngs ka astukof.

759ODAU ⁄ Zgluhau



7. @anücanfs `ãsolfsAh cunkf ka hgs loanlogs ngturghas

Qn`anücanf onkolg quaun sulasf f ghdf flurra,

y as parloeokf pfr hfssantokfs.

@anücanf ngturgh: sa kg an hg ngturghazg,son ontarvanloün kahsar mucgnf.

@anücanf quãcolf: flurra lugnkfhg cgtarog satrgns`frcg.

Hgcakoloün as lfcpgrgr loartg lgntokgk (qua nfs ontarasg lfnflar) lfn ung Qnokgk lfnflokg.

Ah\ostacg Ontarnglofngh ka Cakokgs `ua lragkf pgrg qua tfkfs hfs pgãsas usgrgn hg coscg`frcg ka cakor (unokgkas ka cakokg) son ocpfrtgr su okofcg.

Cgdnotuk Qnokgk sostacgontarnglofngh AquovghanlogsHfndotuk Catrf (c) 7c3 799 lantãcatrfs (lc)

7 bohücatrf (bc) 3 7,999 cCgsg Bohfdrgcfs (bd) 7 bd3 7,999 drgcfs (d)

7 bd3 5.5 hoergs (he)[oacpf \adunkf (s) 7 kãg3 =0,;99 s

7 mfrg3


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Ajarlolof 0Fesarva hfs koeujfs a onkoqua ah topf ka anardãg ghtarngtovg gh qua lfrraspfnkan:

Ajarlolof 4Gnghola y raspfnkg: ¶Wuï gspaltfs pfsotovfs trga utohozgr `uantas ka anardãg ghtarngtovgs fhocpogs, an lugntf gh usf ka hfs ralursfs ngturghas6 Axphoqua su raspuastg.

7. 5.


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Ajarlolof 79Hag hfs anunlogkfs y sahallofna ah gpgrgtf üptolf qua utohozgrãg pgrg mglar asgs fesarvglofn

7. Ah katghha ka hgs mfjgs ka ung phgntg kah pgtof.

g. [ahaslfpofe. Colrfslfpof astarafslüpolf

l. Colrfslfpof

5. Hgs astrahhgs qua sa fesarvgn an vargnf.

g. Hupg

e. Colrfslfpof astarafslüpolf

l. [ahaslfpof


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Ajarlolof 5<Kï un ajacphf ka su vokg lftokogng, kfnka sa gphoquan hgs hayas ka Nawtfn:

Yrocarg hay:

\adunkg hay:

[arlarg hay:

Yrocarg hay f Hay ka hg Onarlog: ‘Qn luarpf an rapfsf parcgnalarç an rapfsf, f un luarpf an cfvocoantf raltohãnafuno`frca parcgnalarç gsã, g canfs qua sa has gphoqua ung `uarzgaxtarng.–

Hgonarlogas hg prfpoakgk qua toanan hfs luarpfs ka parcgnalaran ah astgkf an qua sa anluantrgn, qua puaka sar an rapfsf fan cfvocoantf.

[arlarg hay f Hay ka Glloün y Uaglloün:‘[fkg glloün prfvflg ungraglloün odugh, parf an santokf fpuastf.–

\adunkg hay f Hay ka Ontarglloün y @uarzg: ‘Hg glahargloün ka unluarpf as koraltgcanta prfpfrlofngh g hg `uarzg qua sa gpholg sferaïh y toana su coscg koralloün, parf as onvarsgcanta prfpfrlofngh gsu cgsg.–

H a y a s

k a

N a w

t f n


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160/3187;4Loanlogs Ngturghas ⁄ \acgng 50

7. ¶Luçh ka hfs tras vfhlgnas tankrç an hg locg ung canfr prasoün gtcfs`ïrolg6

5. ¶An luçh ka hfs tras vfhlgnas mgerç ung cgyfr kospfnoeohokgk ka gora, lfn ah fxãdanf quanalasotgcfs pgrg rasporgr6 ¶Yfr quï6

Pfhlçn ka Glgtangndf.

Ghturg:


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Axparocantfs lfn hg prasoün mokrfstçtolgOntrfkulloünAstg sacgng astukogcfs qua hg prasoün mokrfstçtolg astç prasanta an hfs uokfs hãquokfs.[gceoïn vocfs qua hg prasoün nf toana qua var tgntf lfn hg `frcg kah ralopoanta, sonf lfn hgprf`unkokgk. ¶Wuï ha pgrala so vgcfs g lfcprfegrhf lfn un axparocantf sanlohhf6

¶Wuï cgtaroghas nalasotg6• Qng eftahhg ka un hotrf, trgnspgranta, hocpog, ralolhgkg f rautohozgkg• Cgrlgkfr nadrf onkahaeha1

• Uadhg• [ojarg f lulmohhg• Cgsbond tgpa f phgstohong• Gdug kah lmfrrf• Qng egnkajg f ralopoanta raltgnduhgr f lugkrgkf• Lfhfrgnta ngturgh, lfcf gdug ka racfhglmg• Hçpoz f hgpolarf

Yrflakocoantf:

7. Mgdg tras cgrlgs an hg eftahhg, utohozgnkf ah cgrlgkfr: hg procarg g 1 lc kaegjf ka hg pgrtasuparofr ka hg eftahhg. Hg sadunkg an hg pgrta cakog ka hg eftahhg y hg tarlarg, 1 lc sferaah `fnkf. Qtohola hg radhg pgrg mglar sus cgrlgs.

5. Gerg un gdujarf an lgkg cgrlg y tçpahf lfncgsbond tgpa f phgstohong.



1. Wuota uncgsbond y fesarva hg ùarzgy vahflokgk kah lmfrrotf ka gdug quasghkrç. Puïhvgha g lfhflgr ahcgsbondtgpa, y mgdg hf coscf lfn hfs ftrfs kfsgdujarfs.

0. Puahvg g hhangr hg eftahhg y g pruaeakastgpgr hfs tras gdujarfs gh coscfcoscf toacpf pgrg var hgs koàranlogs.

4. Ahgefra un asquacg pgrg axpholgr ah lfcpfrtgcoantf.

=. Uaspfnkg:

g. ¶Hg vahflokgk y ùarzg ka sghokg kah gdug ̀ ua odugh f koàranta an lgkg gdujarf

e. ¶Luçh as hg rgzün `ãsolg ka hg koàranlog ka vahflokgk6

Yrasoün


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5.



E. Hag hfs anunlogkfs y suergya hg raspuastg lfrraltg:

7. Hg rgzün pfr hg qua un egrlf puaka ftgr an ah cgr, sa axpholg drglogs g:

g. Hg prasoün gtcfs`ïrolg.

e. Hg kansokgk kah gdug y hg drgvakgk.

l. Ah pronlopof ka Grquãcakas.

5. ¶Luçnkf astç prasanta hg prasoün mokrfstçtolg6

g. G valas, lugnkf sa aslghgn drgnkas ghturgs g drgn vahflokgk.

e. Lugnkf un luarpf sa sucarda an un hãquokf.

l. \oacpra.


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54

[rgegjf y anardãg¶Wuï anlfntrgrç astg sacgng6

Jgcas Jfuha


Lghluhacfs ah trgegjf y hg pftanlog gh sueor hgs drgkgs.

Astg sacgng hfdrgrç:Ualfnflar ah gpfrta kah loantã lf Jgcas Jfuha.

Uahglofngr hg anardãg pftanlogh y hg lonïtolg lfcf lfcpfnantas ka hg anardãgcalçnolg.

Uasfhvar prfehacgs kfnka kaea lghluhgr hg anardãg calçnolg, ah trgegjf y hgpftanlog.

Kaslroeor ghdunfs usfs ka hgs cçquongs socphas an hg vokg lftokogng.Qtohozgr hgs `ürcuhgs ka trgegjf y pftanlog an un ajarlolof prçltolf.


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¡G trgegjgr!An su vokg kogrog, onkoqua un ajacphf an kfnka sa gphoqua ghdún gpfrta ka Jgcas Jfuha:



Ajarlolof 7

Lghluha hg anardãg calçnolg ka un trgltfr luyg anardãg pftanlogh as ka 7,199 J, y gh kasphgzgrsapfr un lgcpf ka luhtovf g 5 c/s ghlgnzg ung anardãg lonïtolg ka



5. [rgegjfAn `ãsolg, ah lfnlaptf katrgegjf sa ka na lfcf: ung ùarzg qua prfkulacfvocoantf. Lugntf cgyfr as hg ̀ uarzg gpholgkg y hg kostgnlog qua sa ralfrra,cgyfr sarç ah trgegjf aàltugkf.

Ah trgegjf (T) sa coka usgnkf hg `ürcuhg:

T3ùarzg x kostgnlog

Ah trgegjf tgceoïn sa puaka lghluhgr usgnkf hg soduoanta `ürcuhg:

T 3 cgsg (bd) x drgvakgk (?,= c/sµ) x kostgnlog (an catrfs)

\o hg ùarzg sa lghluhg an Nawtfn (N) y hg cgdnotuk kah kasphgzgcoantf ancatrfs (c), ah trgegjf sa coka an Jfuha.

Jfuha3 Nawtfn x catrf

Pagcfs ah ajacphf:Yakrf sglg tfkfs hfs kãgs g pgsagr g su parrf Uflf, qua pasg


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Uasucan

Onvastodua an hg rak...Ygrg lfnflar cçs ka hgs cçquongs socphas, lfnsuhta:

mttps://www.yfutuea.lfc/wgtlm6v3;Wt-hA?T5af

Ah lgcpf ka hg `ãsolg qua astukog ah cfvocoantf y ah rapfsf ka hfs luarpfs sa kanfcongcalçnolg .

Anardãg calçnolg 3 anardãg pftanlogh+ anardãg lonïtolg.

Ahtrgegjf flurra lugnkf ung ùarzg prfkula cfvocoantf.

[rgegjf 3 ̀ uarzg x kostgnlog

F eoan, [rgegjf 3 cgsg (Bd) x drgvakgk (?,= c/sµ) x kostgnlog (an catrfs)

\o hg ùarzg sa coka an Nawtfn (N) y hg cgdnotuk ka kasphgzgcoantf an catrfs (c), ah trgegjf scoka an Jfuha.

Jfuha 3 Nawtfn x catrf

Hgpftanlog onkolg hg rgpokaz lfn hg lugh sa raghozg ung gltovokgk. An ah \ostacg OntarngCakokgs sa coka anTgtt.

[rgegjf (Jfuha)

[oacpf (sadunkfs)

Hgs cçquongs socphas sfn útohas an nuastrg vokg kogrog. Kfs ajacphfs sfn hgspfhags y hgs pghgnlgs.

Qng pfhag as un koslf lfn un lgngh qua hf ralfrra, pfr kfnka pgsg un hgzf qua lfnaltg hg lgrdg quasa pratanka ahavgr, coantrgs qua kah ftrf hgkf sa gpholg ung ùarzg. \a utohozg pgrg havgntgr futohozgnkf canfr ùarzg. Yfr ajacphf: pgrg sglgr gdug ka un pfzf.

Qngpghgnlg as ung egrrg rãdokg qua sa gpfyg an un sfpfrta y sorva pgrg trgnscotor hg ùarzgcgnarg a loanta. Yfr ajacphf: un cgrtohhf.

Yftanlog 3


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5=

Lghfr y tacpargturg¶Wuï anlfntrgrç astg sacgng6

Aàltfs kah lghantgcoantf dhfegh an Dugtacghg


Kfs dhfefs cuy kostontfs

Astg sacgng hfdrgrç:Kaslroeor ghdunfs aàltfs kah lghantgcoantf dhfegh an Dugtacghg.

Ka nor tacpargturg y lghfr, y gpholgr ah lfnlaptf g fejatfs, hudgras f sotuglofnas kasu antfrnf.

Koàranlogr hgs tras aslghgs ka cakoloün ka tacpargturg, okanto lgnkf hg qua sautohozg an Dugtacghg.

Axpholgr hfs ànücanfs ka trgns`frcgloün kah lghfr, g pgrtor ka sotuglofnas ka suantfrnf.Kaònor ah lgcpf ka astukof ka hg tarcfkonçcolg.Yfnar an prçltolg hf gprankokf, raghozgnkf un axparocantf kfnka gpholg ah lfnlaptfka lghfr aspalã lf y trgnsàranlog ka lghfr.



G novah cunkogh, sa lfnsokarg qua ah nfrta ka Casfgcïrolg sarç ung ka hgsradofnas cçs gàltgkgs pfr ah lgceof lhocçtolf.

An nuastrf pgãs, ah lghantgcoantf dhfegh puaka flgsofngr qua hgs ïpflgssalgs f hhuvofsgs sagn orraduhgras, lfn saquãgs qua flgsofngn pïrkokgs anhfs luhtovfs y mgcerungs2 f hhuvogs cuy ontansgs, lfcf hg tfrcantg trfpolgh

Çdgtmg, qua prfkulan nf sfhf pïrkokgs cgtaroghas, sonf tgceoïn mucgngs.

7 Dhglogh: parãfkf kurgnta ah lugh sa kg an`rogcoantf dhfegh an hg [oarrg. Ah úhtocf flurroü mgla 59,999 g÷fs.5 Ontar-dhglogh: parãfkf an ah lugh hg tacpargturg gucantg y karrota ah moahf prfkulokf kurgnta ah parãfkf dhglogh.< Dgsas lhfrf ufrflgrefngkfs (L@L): sfn dgsas lfcpuastfs pfr lhfrf, úfr y lgrefnf, qua kastruyan hg lgpg ka fzfnf.

Aàltfs kah lghantgcoantf dhfegh an DugtacghgAh lhocg as hg sucg ka hgs lfnkolofnas gtcfs`ïrolgs qua sa kgn an un hudgr

katarcongkf pfr hg ontarglloün ka ̀ gltfras lfcf tacpargturg, ghtotuk sfera ahnovah kah cgr, voantf y mucakgk. Ah lhocg mg vgrogkf ka ̀ frcg ngturgh g hf hgrdfka hg mostfrog ka hg [oarrg, prfkuloankf lolhfs nfrcghas lfcf hfs parãfkfsdhgloghas7 a ontar-dhgloghas5.\on acegrdf, hg geruptg vgrogeohokgk lhocçtolg gltugh as cgyfrcantalfnsaluanlog ka hgs gllofnas mucgngs (lfcf hg ka`frastgloün y ah usf kadgsas lhfrf`hufrflgrefngkfs < ), qua ghtargn hg lfcpfsoloün nfrcgh ka dgsaska hg gtcüsàrg, prfkuloankf lghantgcoantf dhfegh, qua as ah onlracantf kahg tacpargturg prfcakof ka hg [oarrg.Hfs loantãòlfs lghluhgn qua an hfs úhtocfs koaz coh g÷fs hg tacpargturg mggucantgkf lgso 1˚L.

An ah parofkf 7?90-5991 hg tacpargturg sa ahavü lgso 7 ̊ L. Lfcf lfnsaluanlog,sa mg onlracantgkf ah novah kah cgr, mgn kasgpgralokf aspaloas ka gnocghasf phgntgs, f sa mgn kasphgzgkf mglog ftrgs radofnas.

¡Ygrg lfcanzgr!


186/31874<Loanlogs Ngturghas ⁄ \acgng 5=

Ah cunkf ka hgs loanlogs ngturghas7. [acpargturgYfr sus lgrgltarãstolgs dafdrç lgs y pfr su ueolgloün an ah phgnatg, Dugtacghgas un pgãs qua toana radofnas cuy vgrogehas an lugntf g su tacpargturg. Yfrajacphf, an hfs kapgrtgcantfs kah Fllokanta kah pgãs as nfrcgh qua mgygcçs `rãf, coantrgs qua an ah Froanta y an Yatïn mgy casas lfn culmf lghfr.Fesarva ah cgpg:

HA_ANKG[acpargturg cakog gnugh (fL)

Ghtg

Egjg



¶\geãg quï6

Hg tacpargturgnfrcgh ka ungparsfng sgng as ka



\a puakan raghozgr aquovghanlogs antra astgs aslghgs ka tacpargturg:

Ygrg lfnvartor ka ˚L g ˚@˚@3 ? x (˚L) +

zaculeu ccnn 2º

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