universe (geología)

8/9/2019 Universe (geología)

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Lecture 1

The big picture: Origin of the Earth

What is Geology about? The origin of the Universe

The solar system

Planet Earth an its ynamic systems


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What is Geology about?

Gree!: geology " geo #Earth$ % logos #stuy of$

& vie' of Earth from the moon(


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The origin of the Universe

The expanse of the universe

)uman has yet to etect the eges of the universe( Po'erful raio telescopes

allo' us to reach 1* billion light years a'ay(

Red shifts and expanding universe

+n 1,-,. )ubble an )umason observe that light from istant stars shifte

to'ars the re irection. suggesting the universe is e/paning(

The big bang hypothesis The universe 'as create by a cataclysmic e/plosion from

a ense mass at about 10 billion years ago(


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oppler 2hift


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3e 2hift

This animation emonstrates the oppler effect asapplie to light by simulating the effect of a star4svelocity upon the starlight as vie'e from Earth( Usethe hori5ontal scrollbar to change the star4s velocity(

6otice the re shift as the star recees from you. anthe blue shift as it moves to'ar you( The greater thestar4s spee. the greater the spectral shift( 7by eclanePaor8

Play Animation Windows version >>

Play Animation Macintosh version >>

http://1_4.exe/http://1_4%20projector/http://1_4%20projector/http://1_4.exe/


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#a$

#b$

)o' can all gala/ies be

moving a'ay from us.

regarless of 'hich irection

'e loo!? )ubble propose

the e/paning universe

theory( &n analogy: &ll

raisins move a'ay from each

other regarless of irection.

after the brea e/pans

uring ba!ing( #2( 9arsha!$


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Thermonuclear fusion

The big bang prouce hyrogen an helium from subatomic particles(

The other elements forme later uring the life cycles of stars through

thermonuclear fusion(

Nuclear fusion: a process that occurs 'hen t'o positively charge

nuclei are brought together that the shortrange nuclear forces of

attraction overcomes the electrical forces of repulsion(

The abunance of the elements generally ecreases 'ith increasing

atomic numbers. the most abunant being ) an )e(


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Prouction of Elements

) forme uring the big bang;

)e forme partly uring the big bang an in stars by fusion;

Larger atoms up to iron forme in stars;


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(Left) Two rovers, Spirit and

Opportunity, landed on Marsearly 2004 after traveling for

more than si months! ("#ove)

One of the first sweeping

images $aptured #y %over

Opportunity, showing unusualro$& out$ropping in 'nduran$e

rater! The layered ro$&s are

#elieved to #e either vol$ani$

ash deposits, or sediments laid

down #y wind or water!

9ars= 9ars== 9ars=== 9ars==== 9ars=====


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The 2olar 2ystem

The solar system 'as forme about >( billion years ago(

Nebular hypothesis:

The solar system is forme from a gaseous is!. 'hich 'as forme

from gravitational collapse of a rotating. interstellar clou of ust an

gas #mostly )- an )e$( The iea can be trace bac! to 1@th century

by Aant an Laplace(


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Nebular hypothesis:

gravitational collapse of solar

nebular Bsprea to form to a rotating

is! B

more than ,0C of materialsgravitate to'ars the

center to form protosun;

local clusters contract to

from protoplantes


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The solar system has nine planets(


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3elative si5es of the 2un an the nine planets(


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The planets can be divided into two groups

The inner terrestrial (Earth-like) planets #9ercury.


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+nternal structure of Dovian an terrestrial planets(


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Planet Earth

& vie' of Earth from &pollo 1(


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The Earth is a dyna!ic system. consisting of five interacting subsystems

#spheres$(

at!osphere: gaseous layer surrouning the Earth(

hydrosphere: all of the liHui 'ater on surface an in the groun

#groun'ater$( Water covers 0C of the surface #,@C of it in the ocean$(

snow and ice polar ice. permafrost. an sea ice(

biosphere: living part of the Earth plants an animals(

"olid earth: roc!y part of the Earth #crust. mantle. core$(

lithosphere: soli outermost layer of the soli Earth( The lithosphere consistsof a o5en rigi plates(

asthenosphere: a mobile 'ea! 5one of the upper mantle beneath lithosphere(


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Earth4s layere structure( #Tarbuc! an Lutgents$


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The Earth is a ynamic system 'ith its subsystems

constantly interact 'ith each other (

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