turismo cultural en sevilla

8/9/2019 Turismo cultural en Sevilla

1/47

CNOZD]NM MJ ]ZPB_AK R CBGNG\N_

HPNMK JG CBGNG\N_ R OKG]N@BDBMNM

]ZPB_AK OZD]ZPND JG _JSBDDN

]rn`nlk Cbg mj Hrnmk prjsjgtnmk pkr Lung Ngtkgbk Hnron ]krk, sbjgmk dn tutkrn mjdabsak dn prkcjskrn Ngn Anrn Mkaghujz ^ubgtjrk.

S. @. mj dn tutkrn< Nduagk=


2/47


3/47

HPNMK JG CBGNG\N_ R OKG]N@BDBMNM

CNOZD]NM MJ ]ZPB_AK R CBGNG\N_

]PN@NLK CBG MJ HPNMK

OZP_K NONMABOK U09>?-09>=Q

]]ZDK.=. Fbstkrbn y jvkduobg mjd turbsak oudturnd jg _jvbddn ..............................................................................8

0. NGDB_B_ MJ DN KCJP]N MJD ]ZPB_AK OZD]ZPND JG DN YPKSBGOBN MJ_JSBDDN ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2

0.>. Mjd pntrbakgbk oudturnd nd prkmuotk turstbok oudturnd ........................................................................2

0.0. Pjoursks mj _jvbddn pnrn dn orjnobg mj prkmuotks turstboks oudturndjs ... >9

0.?. Jd turbsak oudturnd y dns pkdtbons turstbons mj _jvbddn ............................. >0

0.=. Dn kcjrtn turstbon ......................................................................................................................................................................................>0

0.:. Jd pntrbakgbk mj bgtjrs oudturnd ......................................................................................................................................>3

0.:.>. Jd pntrbakgbk mj dn fuangbmnm jg _jvbddn .............................................................................>3

0.3. Dks okgtjgjmkrjs mjd pntrbakgbk .............................................................................................................................>6

?. NGDB_B_ MJ DN MJANGMN MJD ]ZPB_AK OZD]ZPND JG DN YPKSBGOBN MJ_JSBDDN ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................0>

?.>. Dn aktbvnobg jg dn jdjoobg turstbon ....................................................................................................................0>

?.0. Ngdbsbs mj dn mjangmn turstbon .....................................................................................................................................0?

?.?. Ngdbsbs mj dks prbgobpndjs akguajgtks oudturndjs mj _jvbddn ..................................... 02

?.=. ]urbsak bmbkatbok .................................................................................................................................................................................?0

?.:. Ngdbsbs MNCK .............................................................................................................................................................................................?0

?.:.>. Ckrtndjzns ...................................................................................................................................................................................?0

?.:.0. Kpkrtugbmnmjs .....................................................................................................................................................................??

?.:.0. Mj`bdbmnmjs ...............................................................................................................................................................................???.:.0. Najgnzns ...................................................................................................................................................................................??

OKGODZ_BG...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................?=


6/47


7/47

]CH-CBOK. ]urbsak Oudturnd jg _jvbddn

->-

BG]PKMZOOBG

Notundajgtj jd turbsak oudturnd js ugk mj dks pbdnrjs as bapkrtngtjs y orjobjgtjsmjgtrk mjd sjotkr turstbok. Dn ntrnoobg mjd turbstn oudturnd sj fn okgvjrtbmk jg ug rjtkpnrn auofns prkvbgobns y augbobpbks quj oujgtng okg guajrksks rjoursks turstboksoudturndjs.

Mj dks >=9 pnsjs ngndbznmks jg jd jstumbk ]fj ]rnvjd & ]kurbsa OkapjtbtbvjgjssPjpkrt rjndbznmk pkr jd Xkrdm Jokgkabo Ckrua jg 09>?, pumbaks k`tjgjr jd sbhubjgtjnrtoudk9 quj vj dn anykr ajlkrn mjsmj 09>>< su`bjgmk ountrkduhnrjs mjsmj dn dtban jvndunobg, u`bogmksj notundajgtj jg jd ounrtk pujstk.

Jspnn sbhuj n dn on`jzn jg rjoursks oudturndjs, (koupngmk jstj nk jd Yrbajr duhnr

jg jstn rjn) mj`bmk n sus guajrksks sbtbks mjd Yntrbakgbk Augmbnd (sjhugmk pujstk)y su hrng gajrk mj cjrbns y jxpksbobkgjs bgtjrgnobkgndjs (tjrojr pujstk), ns okak sundtn onpnobmnm jg jstnmbks mjpkrtbvks.

_u bgcrnjstruoturn js ktrk pugtk cujrtj, okg sus guajrksns fn`btnobkgjs mj fktjd,_jrvbobk mj Ndqubdjr mj okofj, y onljrks nutkatboks. Nmjas, su bgcrnjstruoturn mjtrngspkrtj nrjk jst auy mjsnrrkddnmn y sj jgoujgtrn jgtrj dks >9 ajlkrjs mjdaugmk. Jspnn fn ajlkrnmk jg ndhugns rjns mjsmj dn dtban jmbobg. Jspjobndajgtjjaprjgmjr ug gjhkobk jg Jspnn sj fn vujdtk ajgks okstksks y kgjrksks, sjhg jd@ngok Augmbnd, y dks prjobks mj dks fktjdjs fng mbsabgubmk. Jd hk`bjrgk tna`bg fntjgbmk auy prjsjgtj nd turbsak jg su nhjgmn mj mjsnrrkddk, okgvbrtbjgmk n Jspnn jgugn mj dns >9 jokgkans as cujrtjs jg jd sjotkr turstbok augmbnd.

N pjsnr mj dns mbcobdjs obrougstngobns jokgabons mjd pns, Jspnn fn angtjgbmk,jspjobndajgtj, sus jscujrzks jg dns notbvbmnmjs mj anrejtbgh y jd hnstk jg jdmjsnrrkddk mjd sjotkr.

Jstj trn`nlk prjtjgmj rjndbznr ug jstumbk sk`rj turbsak oudturnd jg _jvbddn mjsmj jdpugtk mj vbstn mj dn jstruoturn mjd ajronmk, js mjobr, ngndbznr y prkcugmbznr jg trjsjdjajgtks sboks

NYPKVBANOBG HJGJPND ND ]ZPB_AK OZD]ZPND

>.>. ]ZPB_AK R YN]PBAKGBK OZD]ZPND

Jg ug prbajr jgounmrj, pkmjaks mjcbgbr nd turbsak okak oundqubjr mjspdnznabjgtk jgjd quj jd aktbvk prbgobpnd mjd vbnlj sjn jd mjsongsk, dn mbvjrsbg, dns rjdnobkgjsfuangns k dn oudturn, okak pkmjaks vjr, jst ckranmk pkr audtbtum mj jdjajgtks.

On`j ajgobkgnr dn mjcbgbobg mj turbsak rjndbznmn pkr dn KA] (Krhngbznobgaugmbnd mjd turbsak)< jd okglugtk mj notbvbmnmjs mj dns pjrskgns quj vbnlng y sjqujmng jg duhnrjs ndjlnmks mj su rjsbmjgobn murngtj ajgks mj ug nk okgsjoutbvk yas mj 0= fkrns, okg prkpsbtks mj kobk, gjhkobk u ktrks cbgjs.

Ojgtrgmkgks jg jd k`ljtk mj jstumbk mj dn bgvjstbhnobg, sb fn`dnaks mj turbsakoudturnd, ugn mj dns prbajrns bmjns quj vbjgj n gujstrn on`jzn js dn mjd pntrbakgbkfbstrbok nrtstbok jg s absak. Okgorjtngmk jg dn prkvbgobn sjvbddngn, k`sjrvnaks qujjstj js ugk mj dks cnotkrjs odnvjs y mjtjrabgngtjs. N dn fkrn mj `usonr ugn mjcbgbobgdk sucbobjgtjajgtj napdbn mj pntrbakgbk oudturnd Sjdnsok Hkgzdjz (0992, p.0=2),sbrvbgmksj n su vjz vnrbks nutkrjs, fn`dn mjd okglugtk mj `bjgjs antjrbndjs jbgantjrbndjs quj skg bmjgtbcbonmks pkr ugn skobjmnm okgorjtn okak pkrtnmkrjs mjvndkrjs oudturndjs prkpbks mj dn okaugbmnm, dk quj djs fnoj ajrjojmkrjs mj ugnjspjobnd prktjoobg gk sdk okg su okgsjrvnobg sbgk okg jd usk quj sj pujmn fnojrmj jddks.

Jd okgojptk mj pntrbakgbk oudturnd js su`ljtbvk y mbgabok, gk mjpjgmj mj dksk`ljtks k `bjgjs sbgk mj dks vndkrjs quj dn skobjmnm jg hjgjrnd djs ntrb`uyjg jg onmnakajgtk mj dn fbstkrbn y quj mjtjrabgng qu `bjgjs skg dks quj fny quj prktjhjr yokgsjrvnr pnrn dn pkstjrbmnm.

Jg dn Okgvjgobg sk`rj dn prktjoobg mjd pntrbakgbk augmbnd, oudturnd y gnturnd(>280) sj okgsbmjr quj ckranrng pnrtj mjd pntrbakgbk oudturnd dks sbhubjgtjs pugtks222, p. ?=).


10/47

Hnron ]krk, Lung Ngtkgbk

-=-

>.0. OKGOJY]K MJ ]ZPB_AK OZD]ZPND

Jd ]urbsak Oudturnd sj mjcbgj okak "Nqujd vbnlj turstbok aktbvnmk pkr okgkojr,okaprjgmjr y mbscrutnr jd okglugtk mj rnshks y jdjajgtks mbstbgtbvks, jspbrbtundjs yantjrbndjs, bgtjdjotundjs y ncjotbvks quj onrnotjrbzng n ugn skobjmnm k hrupk skobnd mjug mjstbgk jspjocbok" (_JO]ZP-OJ_]ZP, Jstumbk Jstrnthbok mj Sbn`bdbmnm mj

]urbsak Oudturnd, 0990)._b gks ojbaks nd trabgk oudturn, jg jd Mboobkgnrbk mj dn Djghun mj dn Pjnd

Nonmjabn Jspnkdn, js mjcbgbmn okak< (>) rjsudtnmk k jcjotk mj oudtbvnr dksokgkobabjgtks fuangks y mj ncbgnrsj pkr ajmbk mjd jljrobobk mj dns cnoudtnmjsbgtjdjotundjs mjd fka`rj5 (0) okglugtk mj akmks mj vbmn y okstua`rjs, okgkobabjgtksy hrnmk mj mjsnrrkddk nrtstbok, objgtcbok, bgmustrbnd, jg ug pkon k hrupk skobnd, jto.5(?) okglugtk mj angbcjstnobkgjs jg quj sj jxprjsn dn vbmn trnmbobkgnd mj ug puj`dk.Js jvbmjgtj quj jstn pndn`rn ug pksjj ug okgojptk napdbk, rbok, mbvjrsbcbonmk y qujjg auofns konsbkgjs js mbcobd mj jtbqujtnr.

Pbofnrms (>228) jg ugk mj sus trn`nlks sk`rj turbsak oudturnd sjndn mks jgckqujsmkabgngtjs jg dks jstumbks sk`rj dn oudturn. Ynrn dks prbajrks dn oudturn js ug prkojsk

quj mjvbjgj mj objgobns okak dn ngtrkpkdkhn y dn skobkdkhn. Ynrn dks sjhugmks, dnoudturn js ug prkmuotk nskobnmk okg mbsobpdbgns okak dn fbstkrbn mjd nrtj y dn dbtjrnturn.

Jd jgckquj mj prkojsk jst ojgtrnmk jg dns aktbvnobkgjs mjd mjspdnznabjgtkturstbok, quj sbjaprj jst vbgoudnmk n ug bapudsk oudturnd mj `squjmn mj gujvksokgkobabjgtks k mj sbapdj okgtnotk okg ktrns rjndbmnmjs fuangns. Dks turbstnsoudturndjs sntbscnojg jsns gjojsbmnmjs n trnvs mj jxpjrbjgobns quj vbvjg murngtj jdvbnlj pkgbgmksj jg okgtnotk okg jsns ktrns rjndbmnmjs.

Mjsmj jd jgckquj mj prkmuotk, dk prbgobpnd skg dns notbvbmnmjs rjndbznmns murngtj jdvbnlj sbg ntjgmjr n aktbvnobkgjs jspjocbons. Jd turbsak oudturnd mjsmj jstn ptbon sj`nsn jg dn utbdbznobg y jd mbscrutj mj jdjajgtks mjd tjlbmk oudturnd, rjndbzngmknotbvbmnmjs oudturndjs (vbsbtnr ausjks, nsbstbr n okgobjrtks k jxpksbobkgjs) cujrn mjdduhnr mj rjsbmjgobn fn`btund.

Ngndbzngmk dks mks jgckqujs pkmjaks k`sjrvnr quj jd prbajrk js as rjstrbotbvkpkrquj sj dbabtn n dks mjspdnznabjgtks aktbvnmks pkr dn oudturn. _bg ja`nrhk jdsjhugmk bapdbon ugn nojpobg auofk as napdbn yn quj dns protbons oudturndjsmurngtj jd vbnlj sj prkmuojg sjn ound sjn dn aktbvnobg prbgobpnd mjd absak, okak pkrjljapdk turbstns mj skd y pdnyn quj murngtj su jstngobn vbsbtng ndhg akguajgtk.

Ykr ktrk dnmk, n dk dnrhk mj dks nks tna`bg sj fn prkpujstk ugn sjrbj mjmjcbgbobkgjs quj vbjgjg mjsmj jd dnmk mj dn kcjrtn5 mjcbgbobkgjs quj fn`dng mjdprkmuotk k dn odnsj mj prkmuotks okgsuabmks pkr jd turbstn oudturnd. Ns jd OkgsjlkBgtjrgnobkgnd mj Akguajgtks y _btbks (BOKAK_) jg >283 sj rjcbjrj nd turbsak oudturndokak jd mjsou`rbabjgtk mj akguajgtks y sbtbks, abjgtrns quj pnrn Ckgt _jgtbns(099?) jd turbstn oudturnd js nqujd quj rjndbzn vbsbtns oudturndjs, tngtk nqujddnsvbgoudnmns n pntrbakgbk oudturnd antjrbnd okak n jspjotoudks oudturndjs, y pkr tngtkbgantjrbndjs.

Hrngmj B`nrrn (099>) sjndn quj n dk dnrhk mj dks nks sj fng bgokrpkrnmk mksbmjns nd okgojptk mj turbsak oudturnd, pkr ug dnmk dn napdbnobg mj jdjajgtks quj dkckrang jg dgjn okg dn jvkduobg mjd okgojptk mj pntrbakgbk, y pkr ktrk dn notbtum mj`squjmn y napdbnobg mj okgkobabjgtk mjd turbstn. Fjaks mj tjgjr auy jg oujgtnjstns mks bmjns n dn fkrn mj fn`dnr mj turbstns oudturndjs, pujstk quj gks pjrabtjgmbcjrjgobnr jg cugobg mj dks prkmuotks kcjrtnmks (tbpk mj pntrbakgbk okgsuabmk) y dnsaktbvnobkgjs mj dn mjangmn (hrnmk mj `squjmn mjd okgkobabjgtk). Ndhk bapkrtngtjmnmk quj, okak sn`jaks ougmk fn`dnaks mj turbstns oudturndjs, gks rjcjrbaks n ug

okglugtk mj su`sjhajgtks okg onrnotjrstbons jspjocbons jg cugobg mj dn kcjrtnokgsuabmn y dns prjcjrjgobns mjangmnmns.


11/47


-:-

Mj dn Onddj Snqujrk (0990) rjokgkoj quj jd okapkgjgtj oudturnd su`ynoj onsb jg dntktndbmnm mj dks mjspdnznabjgtks, pjrk tna`bg fn`dn mj ugn jxtjgsn hrnmnobg jg dnbgtjgsbmnm mj dn aktbvnobg oudturnd mj onmn vbsbtngtj. Jstn hrnmnobg pjrabtjmbcjrjgobnr jgtrj tbpkdkhns mj turbstns oudturndjs. Jstks vbsbtngtjs tbjgjg pjrcbdjs auymbvjrsks quj vng mjsmj jd turbstn oudturnd odsbok quj jst ndtnajgtj aktbvnmkoudturndajgtj y pnrn jd quj js su aktbvnobg prbgobpnd fnstn nqujddks quj okgsbmjrngdn oudturn okak ug jdjajgtk okapdjajgtnrbk mjd vbnlj quj gk tbjgj pkr qu ckranrpnrtj mj dns aktbvnobkgjs mjd turbstn. _jhg jd ajgobkgnmk nutkr jstk pujmj mj`jrsjn vnrbks cnotkrjs5 jgtrj dks quj mjstnonrng jd nuajgtk mj dks gbvjdjs jmuontbvks jg dnpk`dnobg y n dn napdbnobg mjd okgsuak mj oudturn n hrngmjs onpns mj dn skobjmnm. Jdturbsak oudturnd vn hngngmk jg bapkrtngobn jg cugobg mj dns ajlkrns quj sj fngbapdjajgtnmk jg dn anykr pnrtj mj dns skobjmnmjs mjsnrrkddnmns n dk dnrhk mjd sbhdkVV okak vjrjaks as nmjdngtj, pjrk dk quj nuajgtn sbhgbcbontbvnajgtj jg jstksdtbaks nks js okapkgjgtj oudturnd jg tkmk tbpk mj mjspdnznabjgtks turstboks.

@krh y Hkttb (>22:) oungmk fn`dng mjd obodk mj vbmn mj dks mjstbgks turstboksur`ngks fnojg rjcjrjgobn n okak jstks cdulks vng akmbcbogmksj okg jd tbjapk y jdokgkobabjgtk mjd mjstbgk. Okak jg ug nd prbgobpbk ddjhng pkoks turbstns, okg jdjvnmk

gbvjd jmuontbvk y ndtn onpnobmnm mj okgsuak, ugks turbstns pbkgjrks quj pkmrnakstbdmnr mj jxpdkrnmkrjs5 pnrn dujhk, sjhg orjzon dn pkpudnrbmnm mjd mjstbgk, nuajgtnrdn ddjhnmn mj turbstns y jxoursbkgbstns as ojrongks nd turbstn mj ansns mj tbpk ajmbk.

>.?. DN BMJG]BMNM OZD]ZPND R DN @Z_^ZJMN MJ DN NZ]JG]BOBMNM

Dn Pjnd Nonmjabn mj dn Djghun Jspnkdn mjcbgj bmjgtbmnm okak jd okglugtk mjrnshks prkpbks mj ug bgmbvbmuk k mj ugn okdjotbvbmnm quj dks onrnotjrbzng crjgtj n dksmjas.

Jstks rnshks pujmjg sjr ugn onrnotjrstbon csbon pjrk dks quj gks bgtjrjsng jgjstj npnrtnmk skg dks rjdntbvks n dks akmks mj vbmn, dns orjjgobns, dns okstua`rjs, dndjghun, jto. Jg mjcbgbtbvn nqujddns quj gks pjrabtjg mbstbghubrgks oudturndajgtj mjktrns hjgtjs y quj jg auofks onsks pujmjg sjr okapnrtbmns pkr ug okdjotbvk anykr.

@dngok Fjrrngz (0992) ncbran quj dn bmjgtbmnm js jd ndan mjd mjstbgk, dk sustngtbvkquj dj fnoj mbcjrjgobn`dj k rjokgkob`dj, dk quj okgtrb`uyj n dn okfjsbg skobnd y nokgstbtubrsj jg ugn rjcjrjgobn okag ncbngznmn y okapnrtbmn. Mj jstn ncbranobgjgtjgmjaks quj dn bmjgtbmnm, pujmj okgvjrtbrsj tna`bg jg ug jdjajgtk mjcbgbtbvk jgdn hjgjrnobg mj ugn vjgtnln okapjtbtbvn mj ug mjstbgk crjgtj n ktrks, mbcjrjgobgmksjy mngmk dn kpkrtugbmnm n ajlkrnr jd pksbobkgnabjgtk jstrnthbok mjd mjstbgk. Dnbmjgtbmnm sdk pkmr utbdbznrsj okak fjrrnabjgtn mj mbcjrjgobnobg y okapjtbtbvbmnmabjgtrns orjj onrnotjrstbons mbcjrjgobnmkrns dk `nstngtj mbstbgtns mj dns mj ktrks

mjstbgks turstboks sbabdnrjs. Npnrjoj jgtkgojs jd trabgk mj nutjgtbobmnm, pbjzn odnvjjg dn bmjgtbmnm, pujstk quj rjokhj tkmns nqujddns jspjobcbobmnmjs dkondjs quj tna`bgckrang pnrtj mjd tjrrbtkrbk. Jstk gks ddjvn nd ngdbsbs mj mbofk okgojptk.

Dn mjcbgbobg mj dn Pjnd Nonmjabn Jspnkdn mboj norjmbtnmk mj objrtk y pksbtbvkpkrdks onrnotjrjs, rjqubsbtks k obrougstngobns quj jg jddk okgourrjg. _jhg jstnmjcbgbobg pnrn quj ndhk sjn nutgtbok ndhubjg mj`j norjmbtnrdk okak tnd. R nqu jsmkgmj rnmbon jd prk`djan mj dn nutjgtbobmnm.

Pjbsbghjr y _tjbgjr (0993) trns rjndbznr ug jstumbk sk`rj jd trabgk jg oujstbgbgtjgtngmk nrakgbznr dns mbcjrjgtjs okrrbjgtjs quj fng surhbmk jg jd augmk turstbokmjodnrnrkg quj jd trabgk y okgojptk mj nutjgtbobmnm mj`jrn sjr n`ngmkgnmk jgoundqubjr bgvjstbhnobg quj fn`dj sk`rj dn krbhbgndbmnm mj dks k`ljtks y dns notbvbmnmjs,

pkrquj dks mbcjrjgtjs okgojptks, vndkrjs y pjrspjotbvns skg guajrksks,okgtrnmbotkrbks j brrjokgobdbn`djs. Mj akmk rjsuabmk obtnrjaks nqu dns mbcjrjgtjsokrrbjgtjs pkr dns quj ddjhng n dn okgodusbg ngtjrbkr.


12/47


-3-

_jhg dks k`ljtbvbstns, jxbstj ugn `nsj k`ljtbvn pkr dn quj js pksb`dj okgtrnstnr dnnutjgtbobmnm mj ug "k`ljtk turstbok", dn nutjgtbobmnm pnrn jddks js ndhk quj gk pjrob`jgdks turbstns, sbgk quj js luzhnmk bgmjpjgmbjgtjajgtj pkr jxpjrtks.

Ynrn dks okgstruotbvbstns, jd trabgk tbjgj ug onrotjr n`skdutnajgtj su`ljtbvk, yncbrang quj dn nutjgtbobmnm js ug okgojptk quj sj ktkrhn k gk n ndhk mjpjgmbjgmk mjdn pjrskgn quj jgtrj jg okgtnotk okg d, y quj pkr tngtk mjpjgmj mj sus rjndbmnmjs yokgstruoobkgjs.

Ns, mjsmj jd pugtk mj vbstn turstbok ug k`ljtk, mjstbgk k jxpjrbjgobn sjr nutgtbonsb dks prkpbks turbstns dn jgtbjgmjg y dn ontndkhng okak tnd. Jg jsn dgjn obtng n dkstjrboks pkstakmjrgbstns, quj skg dks quj as nojptnobg jgoujgtrng notundajgtj._jhg dks pkstakmjrgbstns dns togbons y dns prjsjgtnobkgjs okgvbgojgtjs pujmjgfnojr quj oundqubjr oksn pnrjzon y sujgj nutgtbon.

Okfjg (>22:) jg sus jstumbks sk`rj dn nutjgtbobmnm ncbran quj "dks turbstnsokaprjgmjg sus bapnotks jg ajmbks crhbdjs y oudturns, y nojptng quj dn nutjgtbobmnmtjantbznmn nyumn n prktjhjr jstks jspnobks, j bgodusk sj pjrabtjg ndhugns vbkdnobkgjsmj dn nutjgtbobmnm, okak tbjgmns mj rjoujrmks k `nks".

Okak vjaks dn mjcbgbobg mj nutjgtbobmnm sj okapdbon, pkr su su`ljtbvbmnm y pkr dngjojsbmnm mj quj ndhubjg vndbmj jsn nutjgtbobmnm okak objrtn, pjrk qubg; Jg jdsbstjan jokgabok notund, tkmns dns tjgmjgobns jg anrejtbgh turstbok sj ojgtrng jg jdodbjgtj, jg sus hustks, gjojsbmnmjs y jxpjotntbvns yn quj js d qubjg okgsuaj dksprkmuotks y sjrvbobks turstboks jg cugobg mj sus aktbvnobkgjs.

Gk on`j mumn mj quj jxbstjg sjhajgtks quj sj onrnotjrbzng pkr ugn `squjmn mjdn nutjgtbobmnm jg sus aktbvnobkgjs5 ug turbstn quj mjobmn br n ug pnrquj tjatboktjgmr dn nutjgtbobmnm jg ug duhnr pkok rjdjvngtj jgtrj sus aktbvnobkgjs pjrk ugturbstn quj mjobmn jdjhbr vbsbtnr dn Ontjmrnd, jd Pjnd Ndoznr k vbsbtnr jd Ausjk, Btdbon knsbstbr ndhg okgobjrtk tjgmr sjhurnajgtj dn nutjgtbobmnm jgtrj ugn mj susaktbvnobkgjs as bapkrtngtjs.

Dn pk`dnobg dkond js sbg mumn ugk mj dks notkrjs as bapkrtngtjs n tjgjr jgoujgtn n dn fkrn mj mjtjrabgnr dn nutjgtbobmnm mj ug mjstbgk turstbok. Jg dn notundbmnmdn kpbgbg mj dks nhjgtjs dkondjs js jsouofnmn ngtj oundqubjr pdngtjnabjgtk mjmjsnrrkddk turstbok sbjgmk okak js jvbmjgtj dks as ncjotnmks pkr dn notbvbmnm turstbony pkr dns okgsjoujgobns skobk-oudturndjs rjdnobkgnmns okg jd okgojptk mj nutjgtbobmnmsk`rj dn pjrojpobg mjd mjstbgk.

Dn nutjgtbobmnm sj abmj tna`bg pkr dn pjrojpobg mj dks rjsbmjgtjs, jgtjgmjaksjsn pjrojpobg okak dks pugtks mj vbstn y kpbgbkgjs mj dn pk`dnobg dkond. Jsnpjrojpobg js mj`bmn n dn prkpbn jvkduobg mj sus orbtjrbks, su oudturn y su ckran mjvjr dn vbmn. Dn oudturn quj mjsmj jd pugtk mj vbstn mj dks rjsbmjgtjs sj jgtbjgmj okakjd okglugtk mj angbcjstnobkgjs, trnmbobkgjs y okstua`rjs quj fng pjrvbvbmk

fbstrbonajgtj y quj skg bgtjrbkrbznmks okak prkpbks. Jsn pjrojpobg sj vjr tna`bgbgcdubmn pkr dks mjsjks mj dn pk`dnobg dkond mj quj jd tjrrbtkrbk jg jd quj vbvjg y dksprkyjotks quj jg d sj prkpkghng sj mbrblng fnobn ugns ajtns mjtjrabgnmns pkr jdokgsjgsk mj dn anykrn mj dn okaugbmnm.

_k`rj jddk dn pk`dnobg dkond vndkrnr dn nutjgtbobmnm mj dn jxpjrbjgobn turstbonokgorjtn, trn`nlngmk pnrn jgokgtrnr jd pugtk mj jqubdb`rbk jgtrj jd vbsbtngtj y dksrjsbmjgtjs `usongmk sbjaprj rjmuobr nd agbak dks jcjotks gjhntbvks pnrn dkhrnr qujdn nutjgtbobmnm mj dn jxpjrbjgobn sjn ugn onrnotjrstbon rjokgkobmn, nd ajgks, pkr mkspnrtjs< pkr dks turbstns, jg `nsj n sus jxpjotntbvns y kpbgbkgjs, y pkr dn pk`dnobgdkond, pkr sjr ugn aujstrn cbmjmbhgn mj su oudturn, pjrojpobkgjs y mjsjks.


13/47


-8-

>.=. FB_]KPBN R JSKDZOBG MJD ]ZPB_AK OZD]ZPND JG _JSBDDN

Jd turbsak oudturnd notundajgtj js ugk mj dks sjhajgtks as bapkrtngtjs mj dnnotbvbmnm turstbon mj dn anykrn mj dks pnsjs mjsnrrkddnmks, mbscrutnr mj gujstrnsvnonobkgjs vbnlngmk sj fn okgvjrtbmk jg ugn gjojsbmnm skobkdhbon quj mj`jrnokgstnr mj akmk jspjocbok jg dn tjkrn psbokdhbon mj dn pbrabmj mj Ansdkw, pjrk gksbjaprj cuj ns.

N okgtbgunobg jxpdbonrjaks mj akmk okglugtk jd turbsak fbstrbok bgtjrgnobkgndjxbstjgtj mjd akajgtk okg dks nokgtjobabjgtks quj tjgng duhnr n su vjz jg dn onpbtndfbspndjgsj.

N akmk mj `rjvj rjsuajg fbstrbok dn obumnm mj _jvbddn js ugn mj dns obumnmjs asbapkrtngtjs jg dn fbstkrbn mj Jspnn mjsmj dn Jmnm Ngtbhun jg quj surhj jd prbajrgodjk bmjgtbcbonmk okg dn oudturn tnrtsbon y quj, trns su mjstruoobg ntrb`ubmn n dksonrtnhbgjsjs, mbk pnsk n dn obumnm rkangn mj Fbspndbs. Murngtj jd rjbgk vbsbhkmk ndkljg ndhugns konsbkgjs dn okrtj.

Jg dn Jmnm Ngtbhun, jg Hrjobn, pkmjaks fn`dnr mj oak jd sjr fuangk yn tjgn

jsn bgqubjtum pkr jd vbnlnr, okg aktbvks okak dks Lujhks Kdapboks prbajrks jvjgtksmkgmj sj ajzodn`ng mjpkrtj y oudturn. Dks rkangks mbscrutn`ng mj vbddns mj mjsongskn krbddns mjd Ajmbtjrrgjk, dn ajlkrn mj dns okaugbonobkgjs y dn prkspjrbmnmjokgabon cnobdbtnrkg n dns odnsjs nokakmnmns mbspkgjr mj anykr tbjapk db`rj.

Jg Nd Ngmndus (dn Jspnn ausudangn) cuj prbajrk sjmj mj ugn okrn y mjspusonpbtnd mj ug rjbgk mjtnbcns, quj cuj bgokrpkrnmk n dn orbstbngnOkrkgn mjOnstbddn `nlkCjrgngmk BBB jd _ngtk,prbajrk jg sjr jgtjrrnmk jg dn ontjmrnd.

Dn @nln Jmnm Ajmbn sbtu n dn obumnm, su pujrtk y su notbvn okdkgbn mj ajronmjrjshjgkvjsjs, jg ugn pksbobg pjrbcrbon pjrk bapkrtngtj jg jd okajrobk bgtjrgnobkgndjurkpjk5 nd tbjapk quj sucrn mrnatbons okgvudsbkgjs jokgabons mjakhrcbons yskobndjs.

Jg dn Jmnm Ajmbn mjstnong dns pjrjhrbgnobkgjs rjdbhbksns mj dns prbgobpndjsrjdbhbkgjs5 Ljrusndg, Dn Ajon, Ajmbgn, Pkan k _ngtbnhk mj Okapkstjdn skg dksprbgobpndjs mjstbgks fnon dks quj sj mbrbhjg objgtks mj pjrjhrbgks onmn nk, duhnrjsquj jg dn notundbmnm sbhujg sbjgmk bapkrtngtjs mjstbgks turstboks y ouyks btbgjrnrbkstbjgjg ug pjsk bapkrtngtsbak.

Murngtj dn Jmnm Akmjrgn prksbhujg dns pjrjhrbgnobkgjs y okg dks mjsou`rbabjgtks,dn obrouggnvjhnobg mjd hdk`k y ktrn sjrbj mj fbtks quj sj ndongzng, dns rjdnobkgjsfuangns y jokgabons sucrjg ug ona`bk mj ugn bapkrtngobn trnsojgmjgtnd.

]rns jd mjsou`rbabjgtk mj Narbon, _jvbddn rjob`j ug gujvk bapudsk y sj okgvbrtbjg jd ojgtrk jokgabok mjd Bapjrbk jspnkd, nd akgkpkdbznr jd okajrobk trngskojgbok,

orjgmksj dn Onsn mj Okgtrntnobg pnrn jd okgtrkd mj pjrskgns y ajrongons quj b`ngk vjgng mj Narbon. Jd pujrtk fnoj quj dn obumnm prkspjrj gktn`djajgtj. _jokgvbjrtj jg ugn mj dns obumnmjs as bapkrtngtjs mj tkmk koobmjgtj, n`rbgmksj ugnvjrmnmjrn Jmnm mj Krk mj dns nrtjs y dns djtrns.

Okbgobmbjgmk okg su akajgtk as `rbddngtj (jd `nrrkok), jd sbhdk VSBB sbhgbcbo ugnmjonmjgobn jokgabon y mjakhrcbon, nd tbjapk quj dn gnvjhnobg pkr jd Hunmndqubvbrsj mbcboudtn onmn vjz as mj`bmk nd nuajgtk mjd tnank mj dks `nroks y mj su ondnmkokabjgzn n sjr mbcobd dn jgtrnmn mj stks n trnvs mj d, pkr dk quj n prbgobpbks mjdsbhdk VSBBB, tkmk jd okajrobk najrbongk pnsn n sjr okgtrkdnmk pkr dn obumnm mj Ombz.

N prbgobpbks mjd sbhdk VSBB surhj dn okstua`rj mj angmnr n dks lvjgjs nrbstorntnsbghdjsjs nd Hrngm ]kur ugn vjz cbgndbznmks sus jstumbks okg jd cbg mj okapdjajgtnr

su ckranobg y nmqubrbr objrtns jxpjrbjgobns vbtndjs. Jrn ug vbnlj mj dnrhk, quj sj fnonpkr mbstbgtks pnsjs jurkpjks. Jd Hrngm ]kur js ug vbnlj aktbvnmk pkr dn gjojsbmnm mjbgstruoobg mj jstks lvjgjs nrbstorntns.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifashttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_de_Castillahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_de_Castillahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_III_el_Santohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_III_el_Santohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_de_Castillahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_de_Castillahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifas


14/47


-6-

Jg Jspnn jstj akvbabjgtk jurkpjk gk tbjgj rjokrrbmk pujstk quj Cjdbpj BB mjobmbprkfb`br dn rjndbznobg mjd hrngm tkur pkr pnrtj mj dks fn`btngtjs mj su rjbgk, bapbmbjgmkn su vjz dn ddjhnmn mj gujvns bmjns mjd rjstk mj Jurkpn jg jd tjrrbtkrbk mj dnAkgnrqun Fbspgbon hjgjrngmk ug cujrtj rjtrkojsk jg dns objgobns mj dn Jspnnakmjrgn.

Mjd okgkobabjgtk bg sbtu mj dn hrngmjzn mj Pkan, Ynrs k Ntjgns, dks vbnljrks

mj`jrng nprjgmjr oak ddjvnr dns rbjgmns mj ug Bapjrbk okak jd `rbtgbok. Ynrnndhugks nutkrjs stj js jd nutgtbok cjgajgk cugmnobkgnd mjd turbsak akmjrgk okgaktbvnobkgjs jgtrj dns quj dns oudturndjs jrng mj dns as bapkrtngtjs.

Dks dtbaks nks mjd sbhdk VBV y dks prbajrks mjd sbhdk VV, skg ugn pkon mj hrngjxpngsbg jokgabon hrnobns dn rjvkduobg bgmustrbnd y objgtcbon. Dn rjvbtndbznobg mj dnobumnm jg jd sbhdk VBV (bgmustrbndbznobg, cjrrkonrrbd, mjrrb`k mj aurnddns y orjobabjgtkfnobn jd jstj y sur) okbgobmj okg dn pkon rkagtbon.

_j okgskdbmn dn `urhujsn, quj vkdvjr n mbspkgjr mj rjoursks jokgaboks y tbjapkdb`rj pnrn vbnlnr. Rn jg dn sjhugmn abtnm mjd sbhdk VBV okabjgzng dns hrngmjs trnvjsnskojgbons hrnobns n dks gujvks ajmbks mj dkokakobg, dk quj cnvkrjojr dns okrrbjgtjs

abhrntkrbns jurkpjns n Narbon.]rns cbgndbznr dn B Hujrrn Augmbnd okajgz dn cn`rbonobg jg ansn mj nutkavbdjs.

Jg jstn pkon dns pdnyns y dks rks sj okgvbjrtjg jg jd ojgtrk mjd turbsak jg Jurkpnokajgzngmk n nmqubrbr hrng bapkrtngobn jd turbsak mj okstn. Jd nvbg, utbdbznmk pkrabgkrns jg dnrhns mbstngobns, sj vn mjsnrrkddngmk tabmnajgtj pnrn non`nrbapkgbgmksj sk`rj dns okapnns gnvbjrns. Jd ornoe mjd 02 y sus okgsjoujgobns dnHujrrn Obvbd Jspnkdn y dn BB Hujrrn Augmbnd fnojg quj dn bgmustrbn turstbon sjmjtjghn.

Dn rjokgstruoobg jurkpjn prkakvbmn pkr jd Ydng Anrsfndd, dns ajlkrns jg jd gbvjdmj rjgtn, jd gnobabjgtk mjd Jstnmk mjd @bjgjstnr, dn jstngmnrbznobg mj dn lkrgnmn n =9fkrns sjangndjs, dn npnrbobg mjd cbg mj sjangn y dns vnonobkgjs rjaugjrnmns trnjg

okak okgsjoujgobn ugn anykr mbspkgb`bdbmnm mj rjgtn y tbjapk pnrn jd kobk qujoka`bgnmks okg dks gujvks trngspkrtjs okak dn nvbnobg okajrobnd quj fbzk sunpnrbobg jg >2:2 fnojg quj mjspjhuj jd turbsak mj ansns fnobn mjstbgksprbgobpndajgtj mj skd y pdnyn.

Fnobn >289 dks prbgobpndjs mjstbgks turstboks jstn`ng ansbcbonmks. Js dn pkon mjdn orbsbs mjd pjtrdjk y dks gmbojs mj mjsnrrkddk mjlng jgtrjvjr quj nugquj sj sbhujorjobjgmk, jd rbtak mj orjobabjgtk okabjgzn n akmjrnrsj.

Js jg jstj akajgtk oungmk sj `uson mjsnrrkddnr ktrks prkmuotks turstboks qujnpnrjgtjajgtj mj`ng mbrbhbrsj n ugn abgkrn mj dn pk`dnobg, quj cujrnjokgabonajgtj vbn`dj y mkgmj pumbjrng okgtrkdnrsj dns vnrbn`djs ajmbk na`bjgtndjsquj pkok k gnmn fn`ng bapkrtnmk jg dks mjstbgks turstboks mj ansns. Jstj prkojsk

suojmj n ajmbnmks mj dks nks 69 y prbgobpbk mj dn monmn mj >229 okbgobmbjgmk okgktrn pkon mj orbsbs jokgabon, pkdtbon y ajmbkna`bjgtnd, okg dn onmn mj dn Zgbg_kvbtbon y jd `dkquj skobndbstn, dn rjugbcbonobg ndjangn y pkok mjspus okg dn cbranmjd ]rntnmk mj Annstrboft.

Jd sbhdk VV, _jvbddn, prjsjgob fbtks mjobsbvks okak dn Jxpksbobg B`jrknajrbongnjg jd nk >202, mkgmj okabjgzn su akmjrgbznobg, orjgmksj ns ugn bgcrnjstruoturnur`ngstbon nokrmj okg dks gujvks tbjapks y su jdjoobg okak onpbtnd mj dn nutkgkanngmnduzn trns dn bgstnurnobg mj dn mjakornobn n cbgndjs mj dks sjtjgtn. Ktrknokgtjobabjgtk bapkrtngtj pnrn dn vbmn mj dn obumnm okgsbstb jg dn JxpksbobgZgbvjrsnd mj >220 okg jd quj sj pkgj jg anrofn ug pdng mj ajlkrn quj pjrabtj dnokgstruoobg mj gujvks pujgtjs sk`rj jd rbk, napdbnobg y okgstruoobg mj nvjgbmns y

jd jgdnoj jgtrj Anmrbm - _jvbddn okg jd trjg mj ndtn vjdkobmnm.


15/47


-2-

ONY]ZDK 0

NGDB_B_ MJ DN KCJP]N MJD ]ZPB_AK OZD]ZPND JG DNYPKSBGOBN MJ _JSBDDN

0.> MJD YN]PBAKGBK OZD]ZPND ND YPKMZO]K ]ZPB_]BOK OZD]ZPND

Dn orjnobg mj ug prkmuotk turstbok oudturnd supkgj dn nmnptnobg, vndkrbznobg yokajrobndbznobg mj ugk k vnrbks rjoursks pntrbakgbndjs oudturndjs yn sjng tnghb`djs kbgtnghb`djs. Jd prkmuotk turstbok oudturnd tbjgj ug onrotjr pntrbakgbnd quj k`dbhn, n dnnmkpobg mj ugn jstrntjhbn jg dn quj okgcduyjg audtbtum mj cnotkrjs. Jgtrj dks qujmj`jg jqubdb`rnrsj dks orbtjrbks mj jxpdktnobg okg dks mj okgsjrvnobg.

Nutkrjs okak Pubz @numrbfnyj (>228) okgsbmjrng quj dn onpnobmnm mj onrhn jg jdturbsak oudturnd js pkr gkran hjgjrnd auofk as sjgsb`dj quj jg ktrks akmjdksturstboks. _b gk js mj`bmnajgtj hjstbkgnmn dn notbvbmnm turstbon pkmrn hjgjrnr sjrbksbapnotks gjhntbvks. Dn jxpdktnobg turstbon mjd pntrbakgbk gk sbjaprj js rjgtn`djjokgabonajgtj, mj`bmk n dns bapkrtngtjs bgvjrsbkgjs quj rjqubjrj. Jd bapnotkskobkoudturnd tna`bg pujmj sjr gjhntbvk mjhrnmngmk jd pntrbakgbk y `ngndbzgmkdk,jddk okgddjvn bapkrtngtjs prmbmns mj nutjgtbobmnm j bmjgtbmnm jg dn pk`dnobg dkond.

Ynrn quj dks prkmuotks turstboks oudturndjs sjng skstjgb`djs, Pubz @nmrbfnyj (>228)pdngtjn jd prbgobpbk mj okgsjrvnobg y skstjgb`bdbmnm mkgmj dn rjgtn`bdbmnm jokgabongk tbjgj pkr qu sjr sbjaprj dn prbkrbmnm. Zgn jxpdktnobg turstbon quj hnrngtboj dnokgsjrvnobg mjd `bjg pntrbakgbnd sjr susojptb`dj mj sjr skstjgb`dj, nd ajgkspntrbakgbndajgtj. Jstn skstjgb`bdbmnm mj`jr sjr jgtjgmbmn nd absak tbjapk okakantjrbnd j bgantjrbnd, js mjobr, mj`jrg rjspjtnrsj dks vndkrjs tnghb`djs j bgtnghb`djsmjd pntrbakgbk utbdbznmk.

Mj jstn ckran dbhnaks dks okgojptks mj okgsjrvnobg, onpnobmnm mj onrhn,skstjgb`bdbmnm, bmjgtbmnm y nutjgtbobmnm, vndkrjs tkmks jddks cugmnajgtndjs n dn fkrn mjmjsnrrkddnr jstks prkmuotks. Dn cbgndbmnm mj`j sjr anxbabznr dks bapnotks pksbtbvks jgdn pk`dnobg (jokgaboks, skobndjs y na`bjgtndjs) j bgtjgtnr abgbabznr nqujddksgjhntbvks, ndhk quj sdk sj pkmr okgsjhubr sb jg dks prkojsks mj pdngbcbonobg yhjstbg sj oujgtn okg su pnrtbobpnobg.

Jxbstj ktrk nhjgtj bapkrtngtsbak mjgtrk mj dn orjnobg mj prkyjotks turstboksoudturndjs, dks japrjsnrbks. Hrngmj B`nrrn (099>) okajgtn quj hrng pnrtj mjdjaprjsnrbnmk turstbok augmbnd, gk npkrtn gbghugn nyumn cbgngobjrn pnrn dnprjsjrvnobg y rjstnurnobg mjd pntrbakgbk quj ntrnj n dks turbstns mj dks quj vbvjg.Nmjas, auofns vjojs jd nprkvjofnabjgtk quj fnojg mj dks prkmuotks turstboksoudturndjs mbsourrj mj jspndmns nd pdngjnabjgtk jstn`djobmk pkr dks hjstkrjs mjdabsak. Mj jstn angjrn sj prkmuojg ugn sjrbj mj bapnotks quj jg mjtjrabgnmksakajgtks, pujmj ddjhnr n sjr pjrlumbobndjs pnrn jd prkpbk pntrbakgbk. Js cugmnajgtnddn okdn`krnobg jgtrj dks mbcjrjgtjs notkrjs mjd sjotkr turstbok pnrn okgsjhubr orjnrprkmuotks okapjtbtbvks, rjndajgtj okajrobndbzn`djs y ntrnyjgtjs pnrn gujstrk p`dbokk`ljtbvk, sdk ugn vbsbg okgsjgsunmn jgtrj nmabgbstrnobkgjs, pk`dnobg dkond y onpbtndjaprjsnrbnd dkhrnr hjgjrnr skstjgb`bdbmnm y fnojr vbn`djs jg dks prkyjotks turstboks.

_jhg Ofjvrbjr y Ofnbddngt (0996) ug rjoursk sj bmjgtbcbon jcjotbvnajgtj okg ugduhnr, gnturnd k oudturnd, okg dn onpnobmnm pnrn ntrnjr n dks turbstns, sk`rj jd quj sjorjn ugn bgtjrvjgobg ajmbngtj ugn sjrbj mj sjrvbobks quj dk okgvbjrtjg jg prkmuotk y,pkr dk tngtk, dk fnojg jgtrnr jg jd ajronmk. Jd turbsak oudturnd orjn prkmuotks sjhg dn

bgtjrvjgobg mj dks sbhubjgtjs jdjajgtks9-

]urbsak Nrtstbok< jd prkmuotk oudturnd turstbok prjmkabgngtj okrrjspkgmj n dnsnrtjs jsogbons, y vbsundjs (oudturn okgtjapkrgjn okgtjapdntbvn).

]urbsak Orjntbvk< jd prkmuotk oudturnd prjmkabgngtj jst jghdk`nmk jg dnsbgmustrbns orjntbvns (okgsuak notbvk).

Jsj absak jstumbk mjsnrrkddn trjs pksb`bdbmnmjs jg cugobg mj dns ontjhkrns mj

prkmuotk kcrjobmns jg ug duhnr tjgbjgmk jg oujgtn dks cnotkrjs ngtjrbkrjs.2=0.>:: fn`btngtjs, nmjas mj okg bapkrtngtjs bgcrnjstruoturns mj sjrvbobks,okaugbonobkgjs j bgmustrbns orjntbvns y oudturndjs sjrg auofk as jdn`krnmks qujdks prkmuotks quj sj pujmng mjsnrrkddnr jg ug augbobpbk mj dn prkvbgobn, nugquj pkr jdokgtrnrbk js bapkrtngtj mjstnonr dn jxbstjgobn mj akguajgtks, okak dn vbddn rkangnmjd augbobpbk mj _ngtbpkgoj k dks Mkdajgjs mj Sndjgobgn mj dn Okgojpobg, gk dkpkmjaks jgokgtrnr jg dn onpbtnd.

Jg dn obumnm jgokgtrnaks hrng vnrbjmnm y mbcjrjgtjs tbpks mj turbsak pnrn quj dksobumnmngks y turbstns mbscrutjg mj ug anykr n`ngbok mj kpkrtugbmnmjs, pjrk fny qujprktjhjr y napdbnr jd turbsak n dns mbstbgtns rjns mj dn prkvbgobn mkgmj tna`bg sjjgoujgtrn ugn rbqujzn sbg prjojmjgtjs.

0.0 PJOZP_K_ MJ _JSBDDN YNPN DN OPJNOBG MJ YPKMZO]K_

]ZPB_]BOK_ OZD]ZPNDJ__jvbddn mbspkgj mj prbvbdjhbnmks rjoursks turstboks quj pjrabtjg prkyjotnr su banhjgokak ugn mj dns as ntrnotbvns obumnmjs jurkpjns, tngtk pkr jd vndkr mj su pntrbakgbkokak pkr dn ongtbmnm y vnrbjmnm mjd absak.

Nmjas, _jvbddn fn bmk anmurngmk y jvkduobkgngmk turstbonajgtj fnstn sjr onpnzmj kcrjojr audtbtum mj sjrvbobks quj dj mng mbvjrsbmnm, okak skg>-

abddkgjs mj jurks jg mbofn sjangn jg okgojptks mj ndklnabjgtk, rjstnurnobg,trngspkrtj y okaprns.

Dn Cjrbn mj N`rbd js dn ktrn hrng cbjstn mj _jvbddn okgvjrhbjgmk jg jddn ugjspjotoudk mj ndjhrn y ckdodkrj. Jg mbofn sjangn tna`bg sj jstbang ugks bghrjsksmbrjotks mj dks turbstns jgtkrgk n dks 09 abddkgjs mj jurks.

Ktrk hrng jspjotoudk nrrnbhnmk, gk skdk jg dn prkvbgobn sbgk jg tkmk jd pns, js jdtkrjk, jspjotoudk quj n pjsnr mj sus pnrtbmnrbks y mjtrnotkrjs, ntrnj nd turbstn y jsugn odnrn banhjg mj hndjrn mj dn anron Jspnn.

]urbsak y mjpkrtj.

Mjpkrtbvnajgtj fn`dnaks mj ugn obumnm okg mks jqubpks mj ct`kd mj prbajrnontjhkrn. Nmjas jg ndkgojstk tna`bg jxbstj rjprjsjgtnobg okg Onlnskd.

Jspjotoudks pugtundjs okak dn Cbgnd mj dn Okpn Mnvbs jg 099=, Augmbnd mjNtdjtbsak mj >222, Jtnpns mj dn Sujdtn Obodbstn n Jspnn k dn Okpn mjd Augmk mj Hkdcjg 099=. ]kmk jddk okgvbjrtj n dn obumnm jg ugn obumnm okaprkajtbmn okg jd augmkmjd mjpkrtj.

Jg dks ndjmnks n dn obumnm jgokgtrnaks jd Jstnmbk Kdapbok jg jd quj nmjas mjsjr ugk mj dks onapks mkgmj ddjhn n luhnr dn sjdjoobg jspnkdn, tna`bg nokhjnokgtjobabjgtks okak okgobjrtks.

Dn ojdj`rnobg mj jstks jvjgtks hjgjrn jg dn obumnm ug cujrtj bapnotk jokgabok,mjd quj sj vj napdbnajgtj `jgjcbobnmk jd sjotkr turstbok, nmjas mj rjsudtnr auyrjdjvngtj jg su prkyjoobg j banhjg.

Hnstrkgkan.

Jg gujstrk jstumbk sj sbtn jd ntrnotbvk hnstrkgabok mj dn obumnm okak ugn mj dnsmbajgsbkgjs quj as bgobmjg jg dn orjnobg mj ugn banhjg pksbtbvn mjd mjstbgk, lugtkn dn ondbmnm mj vbmn, jd odban, dn fkspbtndbmnm, jd ntrnotbvk oudturnd y su onrotjr fbstrbokakguajgtnd.

Okajrobk y nrtjsngn.

Jgtrj dn hrng ongtbmnm mj notbvbmnmjs nrtjsngndjs sjvbddngn y dn rbqujzn mj susprkmuotks skg mjstnon`djs, dn ojrabon, mbsjk jg fbjrrk, hunrgbobkgjrn, k`ljtks mjaba`rj y jspnrtk, y dn nrtjsngn tjxtbd.


18/47


->0-

0.? JD ]ZPB_AK OZD]ZPND R DN_ YKD]BON_ ]ZP_]BON_ MJ _JSBDDN

Jd turbsak js ugk mj dks pbdnrjs `sboks mj dn jokgkan sjvbddngn. Mjsmj adtbpdjspjrspjotbvns (skobnd, jokgabon, na`bjgtnd, oudturnd y mj hjstbg), dn notbvbmnm turstbonjg gujstrn obumnm mj`j sjr okgsbmjrnmn okak jstrnthbon.

Jd Ydng ]urstbok mj dn Obumnm mj _jvbddn gnoj okak crutk mjd okgvjgbk mjokdn`krnobg susorbtk n cbgndjs mjd nk 0993 jgtrj dn Okgsjljrn mj ]urbsak, Okajrobky Mjpkrtj mj dn Lugtn mj Ngmnduon (mj ]urbsak y Okajrobk jg dn notundbmnm), jdNyugtnabjgtk mj _jvbddn y dn Okgcjmjrnobg mj Japrjsnrbks mj _jvbddn, y sj jgoujgtrnjljoutgmksj mjsmj jgtkgojs.

Jd k`ljtbvk prbgobpnd mjd Ydng ]urstbok js rjmjsou`rbr, jstruoturnr y notbvnr dksntrnotbvks turstboks quj tbjgj pkr kcrjojr dn obumnm, auofks mj jddks pksjjmkrjs mj ugonrotjr bgmbtk, y jstn`djobjgmk jd jlj vjrtj`rnmkr mjd Pk Hunmndqubvbr okakokapkgjgtj jstrnthbok tjrrbtkrbnd.

Ykr dk tngtk, jd Ydng ]urstbok fn trnznmk gujvns dgjns pnrn jd mjsnrrkddk mj dnobumnm jg antjrbn turstbon, bapdbongmk dn jdn`krnobg, jstruoturnobg y hjstbg mj

prkmuotks turstboks mj _jvbddn n ajmbk pdnzk, okg jd k`ljtk mj bgorjajgtnrpjrgkotnobkgjs, dn ondbmnm mjd turbsak jg dn obumnm y dn mjsjstnobkgndbznobg mj dnmjangmn.

]kmk jddk fn k`dbhnmk jg jstks nks n dn okgojgtrnobg mj bapkrtngtjs jscujrzks jgdn pdngbcbonobg, okgojrtnobg y krmjgnobg, dk ound jst tjgbjgmk okak rjsudtnmk ugngujvn rjndbmnm turstbon jg dn quj dn nrtboudnobg mjd prkmuotk js jd jdjajgtk odnvj mjdgujvk jsojgnrbk quj pnrn jd turbsak sj rjqubjrj jg _jvbddn.

Ojgtrnr dks jscujrzks jg jd prkpbk prkmuotk bapdbon nmjas pkgjr jg jd pugtk mjabrn dn kcjrtn turstbon mj dn obumnm, dn ound gk sdk sj jst trn`nlngmk pnrn ajlkrnrdn,sbgk tna`bg pnrn napdbnrdn y nrtboudnrdn, cnobdbtngmk ns su noojsk y su usk n vbsbtngtjsy pk`dnobg dkond, pjrabtbjgmk dn ajlkrn mj dn jxpjrbjgobn vbvbmn jg dn obumnm.

Dn obumnm mj _jvbddn kcrjoj ug napdbk n`ngbok mj ntrnotbvks turstboks quj sjdkondbzng jg dn zkgn sur, pkr mkgmj trngsourrj jd rk nd ound dn obumnm sj jgoujgtrn tngjstrjofnajgtj dbhnmk n dk dnrhk mj su fbstkrbn, tngtk jg su pnsnmk, prjsjgtj, y dk qujrjsudtn as bgtjrjsngtj, jg su cuturk.

0.= DN KCJP]N ]ZP_]BON

Dn kcjrtn turstbon js jd okglugtk mj `bjgjs y sjrvbobks, mj rjoursks j bgcrnjstruoturns,krmjgnmks y jstruoturnmks mj ckran quj jstg mbspkgb`djs jg jd ajronmk pnrn sjrusnmks k okgsuabmks pkr dks turbstns.

KCJP]N MJ J_]N@DJOBABJG]K_ FK]JDJPK_ JG DN YPKSBGOBN MJ _JSBDDN.

Jg jstj npnrtnmk, jd ngdbsbs mjd pjrcbd turstbok mj dn prkvbgobn mj _jvbddn sj ojgtrnjg jd okapkrtnabjgtk mj dks prbgobpndjs bgmbonmkrjs mj kcjrtn jg 09>?, ntjgmbjgmk ndks mbcjrjgtjs tbpks ndklnabjgtks turstboks kcbobndjs (fktjdjs, ndklnabjgtks rurndjs,npnrtnajgtks y onapnajgtks) mj dn prkvbgobn mj _jvbddn. Ojgtrngmk jd k`ljtk mjjstumbk sj fn rjmuobmk dn bgckranobg n dn jstrbotnajgtj fktjdjrn, jdbabgngmk dn kcjrtnmj turbsak rurnd, y npnrtnajgtks turstboks y onapnajgtks. _j utbdbzn okak cujgtjprbgobpnd, dks mntks pu`dbonmks jg dns Jgoujstns mj Koupnobg mjd Bgstbtutk Gnobkgnd mjJstnmstbon (BGJ). Ykr ktrn pnrtj, tna`bg sj ngndbzng `rjvjajgtj dks mntks mjdrjhbstrk mj dn Mjdjhnobg Yrkvbgobnd mj ]urbsak y Okajrobk, mj dn Lugtn mj Ngmnduon.

Ntjgmbjgmk n dns obcrns pu`dbonmns pkr jd BGJ sk`rj dn notbvbmnm fktjdjrn, jd nk09>? sj objrrn okg ug tktnd mj 08.92> pdnzns fktjdjrns okg ug prkajmbk mj ??3 fktjdjs


19/47


->?-

n`bjrtks jstbanmks. Jg dn sbhubjgtj hrcbon akstrnrjaks dn jvkduobg mj dks dtbaksnks rjspjotk n dks jstn`djobabjgtks y pdnzns kcjrtnmns.

_jvbddn

NK 09>> 09>0 09>?

Jstn`djobabjgtks ?>8 ??: ??3

Ydnzns 030:3 03296 0892>

]n`dn 0.> Gajrk mj jstn`djobabjgtks y pdnzns pkr nks

Hrcbon 0.0 Jvkduobg hrcbon mj jstn`djobabjgtks pkr nk

Hrcbon 0.? Jvkduobg hrcbon mj pdnzns pkr nk

_jhg jd bgckraj ngund mj dn okgsjljrn mj ]urbsak y Okajrobk mj dn Lugtn mjNgmnduon sj obtn quj0,2%). Jg jstj okgtjxtk, _jvbddn sj onrnotjrbzn pkr dn okgojgtrnobg mj sukcjrtn mjgtrk mjd sjotkr fktjdjrk. Dn kcjrtn mj pdnzns mj ndklnabjgtk jg npnrtnajgtks


20/47


->=-

supkgj jd 2,2%, abjgtrns quj dns mj onapbgh sj obcrng jg ug 8,:%. Ns, jg suokglugtk, _jvbddn fn kcjrtnmk ?6.=?? pdnzns, dk quj supkgj rjspjotk n 09>0, ug dbhjrkbgorjajgtk ojrongk nd >%.

N okgtbgunobg sj utbdbznr dn bgckranobg rjokhbmn jg mbofk bgckraj, jg jd qujnpnrjoj mjshdksnmk pkr prkvbgobns mbcjrjgtjs ngdbsbs mj dn kcjrtn ngmnduzn y gksojgtrnrjaks jg jd onsk mj _jvbddn.

_jhg jd hrcbok pdnzns jg ndklnabjgtks, k`sjrvnaks okak jg _jvbddn dn kcjrtnprbgobpnd mj ndklnabjgtk sj `nsn jg fktjdjs, sbjgmk protbonajgtj : vjojs supjrbkr ndn kcjrtn jxbstjgtj mj pjgsbkgjs y fkstndjs, quj koupng dn sjhugmn pksbobg.

CZJG]J< Pjhbstrk Jstnmstbok mj ]urbsak mj Ngmnduon_NJ]N. Ja rjsn Y dbon ]urbsak Mj krtj mj Ngmnduon


21/47


->:-

Hrcbon 0.= Skduajg mj fktjdjs y npnrtnajgtks pkr ontjhkrn y prkvbgobn

Jg jstn sjhugmn bdustrnobg sj aujstrn dn mbstrbùobg mj fktjdjs pkr ontjhkrn ymkgmj k`sjrvnaks okak dn onpbtnd, js dn prkvbgobn ngmnduzn okg anykr kcjrtn mjfktjdjs mj : jstrjddns y okg ug ndtk gajrk mj fktjdjs mj = jstrjddns. _kdnajgtj dnsuan pkrojgtund mj fktjdjs mj jstns ontjhkrns, ndongzn ug gbvjd mjd 89% mj dn kcjrtnsjvbddngn.

Hrncbon 0.: Mbstrbùobg pkrojgtund mj pdnzns mj fktjdjs

Jg jd hrcbok sj k`sjrvn okak dn obumnm mj _jvbddn oujgtn okg ugn mbstrbùobg mjpdnzns mj fktjdjs y fktjdjs-npnrtnajgtks mjd >9,>%, dk quj dn okgvbjrtj jg dn ounrtn

obumnm ngmnduzn mj anykr kcjrtn mj pdnzns, y dn prbajrn mj dns obumnmjs mj bgtjrbkrngmnduzns. Jstk sj mj`j prbgobpndajgtj n quj jd turbsak mj skd y pdnyn js jd mj anykrpjsk y skg prkvbgobns mj okstn mkgmj jxbstj ugn anykr kcjrtn mj pdnzns.


22/47


->3-

0.: JD YN]PBAKGBK MJ BG]JP_ OZD]ZPND

Dn prkvbgobn mj _jvbddn oujgtn okg 08= `bjgjs bgauj`djs ontndkhnmks mj bgtjrsoudturnd (@BO), mj dks oundjs 2= dks jgokgtrnaks jg dn onpbtnd y >69 jg jd rjstk mj dnrjhbg. Jstumbngmk dks rjhbstrks k`sjrvnaks quj jsn ontndkhnobg vn jg nuajgtk nk

trns nk.]na`bg jd rjhbstrk mj `bjgjs auj`djs prktjhbmks nuajgtn nugquj dn anykr pnrtj

mj dks absaks sj jgoujgtrn yn jg ausjks.

Jg jstj npnrtnmk tna`bg fn`dnrjaks sk`rj ktrk tbpk mj mjodnrnobkgjs mjprktjoobg oudturnd quj gk sdk bgobmjg jg dn ajlkr prktjoobg mjd `bjg, sbgk sk`rj suprjstbhbk y prkakobg, fn`dnaks mj dns Mjodnrnobkgjs mj Yntrbakgbk Augmbnd pkr dnZgjsok. Jstn bgstbtuobg mjsmj >239 sj mjmbon n jvbtnr dn prmbmn brrjpnrn`dj mjtjskrks nrtstboks mj jstns onrnotjrstbons.

Jd ttudk sj ktkrhn pkr dn ZGJ_OK n sbtbks jspjocboks mjd pdngjtn (sjng duhnrjsgnturndjs, jmbcbobks, k obumnmjs), quj fng sbmk gkabgnmks y okgcbranmks pnrn su

bgodusbg jg dn dbstn angtjgbmn pkr jd Yrkhrnan Yntrbakgbk mj dn Fuangbmnmnmabgbstrnmk pkr ug Okabt okapujstk pkr 0> jstnmks abja`rks jdjhbmks pkr dnNsna`djn Hjgjrnd mj Jstnmks Abja`rks pkr ug pjrkmk mjtjrabgnmk.

_u k`ljtbvk js ontndkhnr, prjsjrvnr y mnr n okgkojr sbtbks mj bapkrtngobn oudturnd kgnturnd jxojpobkgnd pnrn dn fjrjgobn okag mj dn Fuangbmnm. Cugmnmk pnrn dnokkpjrnobg bgtjrgnobkgnd jg dn prktjoobg mj dn fjrjgobn oudturnd y gnturnd mj dnFuangbmnm, pkstjrbkrajgtj cuj nmkptnmk pkr dn okgcjrjgobn hjgjrnd mj dn ZGJ_OKjg jd nk>280.Mjsmj jgtkgojs as mj >69 pnsjs fng rntbcbonmk dn okgvjgobg.

0.:.> Jd pntrbakgbk mj dn fuangbmnm jg _jvbddn

@bjgjs oudturndjs

_j mjodnrng j bgsorb`jg jg jd nk>268 okak Yntrbakgbk mj dn Fuangbmnm trjsbapkrtngtjs jmbcbobks mjd Ojgtrk Fbstrbok mj dn obumnm mj_jvbddn,quj skg dn Ontjmrnd,dksPjndjs Ndoznrjs y jdNrofbvk mj Bgmbns.

Jd okglugtk mj jstks trjs jmbcbobks ckrang ug okglugtk akguajgtnd mj prbajrnontjhkrn, sbtunmks mjgtrk mjd okrnzg mj dn obumnm mj _jvbddn.

Pjndjs Ndoznrjs mj _jvbddn

Dn Ontjmrnd y jd Ndoznr skg mkstjstbakgbks nmabrn`djs mjdnrtjndakfnmj y mj dn _jvbddn orbstbngn,baprjhgnmks pkr dn bgcdujgobn bsdabonmjsmj jd nk mj dn rjokgqubstn mj dnobumnm (>0=6)fnstn jdsbhdk VSB.
http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/1972http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/1987http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Sevillahttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Reales_Alc%C3%A1zareshttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Archivo_de_Indiashttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Arte_isl%C3%A1micohttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Arte_isl%C3%A1micohttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/1248http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Siglo_XVIhttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Siglo_XVIhttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/1248http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Arte_isl%C3%A1micohttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Arte_isl%C3%A1micohttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Archivo_de_Indiashttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Reales_Alc%C3%A1zareshttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Sevillahttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/1987http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/1972


23/47


->8-

Ontjmrnd mj _jvbddn

Jd ngtbhukndabgnr mj dnHbrndmn, k`rnanjstrn mj dn nrqubtjoturn ndakfnmj,sj ndzn jg jd okstnmk mj dn ontjmrnd ysj rjantn okg ug jspdgmbmk

onapngnrbk rjgnojgtbstn. Dn ontjmrnd,mj obgok gnvjs, js jdjmbcbobkhtbok as hrngmj mj Jurkpn(jd tjrojr tjapdk mjd augmk jgjxtjgsbg) y jg jddn sj hunrmn dnokdksnd sjpudturn mjOrbst`nd Okdg.

Nrofbvk mj Bgmbns

Jg dn ngtbhunOnsn Dkgln mj _jvbddn,

okgvjrtbmn dujhk jg Nrofbvk mj Bgmbns,

mj`j su bapkrtngobn n quj oustkmbn dnanykr okdjoobg mj mkouajgtnobg

rjdntbvn nd mjsou`rbabjgtk y n dns

rjdnobkgjs okg jd Gujvk Augmk murngtj jd

pjrkmk mj okdkgbznobg jspnkdn.

@bjgjs gnturndjs

Ynrquj Gnobkgnd mj Mkngn

Mjodnrnmk Yntrbakgbk mj dn Fuangbmnm jg su ontjhkrn mj `bjg gnturnd, jd YnrqujGnobkgnd mj Mkngn js bgsorbtk jg>22= y mjspus napdbnmk jg099: pnrn bgodubr dnsrjns dbatrkcjs bgokrpkrnmns nd pnrquj jg099= pkrJspnn ("]rbghudk Kjstj", "Ydngnmj bgugmnobg mjd Nrrkyk mjd Ynrtbmk" y "Dks Onrnokdjs").

_u supjrcbobj sj jgoujgtrn rjpnrtbmn jgtrj dks augbobpbks mjNdakgtj j Fbgklks jgdnprkvbgobn mj Fujdvn y mjNzgndoznr jg dnmj _jvbddn.

Jd pnrquj mj Mkngn koupn dn anrhjg mjrjofn mjd jstunrbk mjd rk Hunmndqubvbr,ojron mj su mjsja`konmurn jg jd Ntdgtbok. Js gktn`dj pkr dn hrng vnrbjmnm mj sus`bktkpks< dnhugns, anrbsans, antkrrndjs, akgtj `nlk ajmbtjrrgjk y mugns avbdjs ycblns. Js jd f`btnt mj obgok jspjobjs mj nvjs jg pjdbhrk mj jxtbgobg, pksjj ugn mj dns

anykrjs pk`dnobkgjs mj hnrzns mj dn rjhbg ajmbtjrrgjn y sbrvj mj rjcuhbk bgvjrgnd nas mj ajmbk abddg mj nvjs noutbons.
http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Alminarhttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Giraldahttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Renacimientohttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/G%C3%B3ticohttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3nhttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Casa_Lonja_de_Sevillahttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/w/index.php?title=Parque_Nacional_de_Do%C3%B1ana&action=edit&redlink=1http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/w/index.php?title=Parque_Nacional_de_Do%C3%B1ana&action=edit&redlink=1http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/1994http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/2005http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/2004http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Espa%C3%B1ahttp://huelvapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Almontehttp://huelvapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Hinojoshttp://huelvapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Provincia_de_Huelvahttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Municipio_de_Aznalc%C3%A1zarhttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Provincia_de_Sevillahttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Guadalquivirhttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Guadalquivirhttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Provincia_de_Sevillahttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Municipio_de_Aznalc%C3%A1zarhttp://huelvapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Provincia_de_Huelvahttp://huelvapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Hinojoshttp://huelvapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Almontehttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Espa%C3%B1ahttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/2004http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/2005http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/1994http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/w/index.php?title=Parque_Nacional_de_Do%C3%B1ana&action=edit&redlink=1http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/w/index.php?title=Parque_Nacional_de_Do%C3%B1ana&action=edit&redlink=1http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Casa_Lonja_de_Sevillahttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Col%C3%B3nhttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/G%C3%B3ticohttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Renacimientohttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Giraldahttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Alminar


24/47


->6-

0.3 DK_ OKG]JGJMKPJ_ MJD YN]PBAKGBK

Okg jstj ttudk mj bapnotk okajgznaks jd sbhubjgtj jphrncj jg jd quj fn`dnrjakssk`rj dks ojgtrks mj mbvudhnobg oudturnd, duhnrjs mkgmj oruznaks oudturn, nrtj kobjgobn. Jstnaks rjcbrbgmkgks n dks ausjks y okdjoobkgjs mj onrotjr pjrangjgtj ktjapkrnd quj n vjojs sj okgvbjrtjg jg jd aktbvk prbgobpnd mj dn vbsbtn mjd turbstn.

Dn kcjrtn jg _jvbddn jg ausjks y/k jxpksbobkgjs js auy napdbn y vnrbnmn, mngmk ntngtk obumnmngks okak turbstns dn kpkrtugbmnm mj okgkojr gujvns tjatbons k bgmnhnras prkcugmnajgtj jg dns quj djs ntrnbhng.

Dn kcjrtn ausjstbon sjvbddngn fn bmk bgorjajgtgmksj nk n nk. Dks ausjks sjfng bmk trngsckrangmk, mj su vkonobg mj ugbvjrsndbmnm fng pnsnmk n tjantbznrsj yjspjobndbznrsj. Js dk quj Pbofnrms (>223) mjgkabgn sjhugmk `kka ausjstbok, sk`rjtkmk mjsnrrkddnmk jg obumnmjs ajmbns quj `usong bgorjajgtnr su kcjrtn y ntrnotbvk.

Notundajgtj, _jvbddn, oujgtn okg mbstbgtks ausjks y hndjrns, quj rjokhjg mbstbgtnstjatbons, n`nrongmk mjsmj jd ngtbhuk okapdjlk rkangk k nrqujkdhbok fnstn ausjksabdbtnrjs k anrtbaks, pnsngmk pkr ktrks okak jd tkrjk, cdnajgok k jodjsbstbok. Jg

jstj dbstnmk jgokgtrnaks ndhugks mj dks ausjks jxbstjgtjs jg dn notundbmnm2 ausjks y okdjoobkgjs mj a`btk mj hjstbg p`dbon, abjgtrnsquj mj ckran prbvnmn sj hjstbkgng 0 ausjks (Ausjk mjd onrrunlj y Ausjk mjd `nbdjcdnajgok).

Jg dn sbhubjgtj tn`dn sj k`sjrvng mntks k`tjgbmks mjd bgckraj ngund mjd turbsak jg_jvbddn, jdn`krnmk pkr jd Nyugtnabjgtk mj _jvbddn sj pujmj vjr okak jstn kcjrtn fn bmkvnrbngmk n dk dnrhk mj dks dtbaks nks. Gks ojgtrnrjaks jg jstns quj jd nyugtnabjgtkmj _jvbddn fn okgsbmjrnmk pnrn su bgckraj.
http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Centro_Andaluz_de_Arte_Contempor%C3%A1neohttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gicohttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Museo_de_Artes_y_Costumbres_Populareshttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Museo_de_Bellas_Arteshttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Museo_de_Carruajeshttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/w/index.php?title=Museo_Militar&action=edit&redlink=1http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/w/index.php?title=Museo_Naval&action=edit&redlink=1http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/w/index.php?title=Museo_Taurino_(Sevilla)&action=edit&redlink=1http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Museo_Casa_de_Murillohttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/w/index.php?title=Museo_del_Baile_Flamenco&action=edit&redlink=1http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/w/index.php?title=Tesoro_Catedralicio&action=edit&redlink=1http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Torre_de_los_Perdigoneshttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Torre_de_los_Perdigoneshttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/w/index.php?title=Tesoro_Catedralicio&action=edit&redlink=1http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/w/index.php?title=Museo_del_Baile_Flamenco&action=edit&redlink=1http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Museo_Casa_de_Murillohttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/w/index.php?title=Museo_Taurino_(Sevilla)&action=edit&redlink=1http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/w/index.php?title=Museo_Naval&action=edit&redlink=1http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/w/index.php?title=Museo_Militar&action=edit&redlink=1http://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Museo_de_Carruajeshttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Museo_de_Bellas_Arteshttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Museo_de_Artes_y_Costumbres_Populareshttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gicohttp://sevillapedia.wikanda.es/wiki/Centro_Andaluz_de_Arte_Contempor%C3%A1neo


25/47


->2-

0992 09>9 09>> 09>0 09>?

Ausjk Anrtbak (]krrj mjd Krk) =3.=20 :?.388 89.:26 83.=9> 8=.=:?

Ausjk mj Onrrunljs >9.=68 3.0:9 3.82: 3.3:9 3.:?9

Ausjk ]nurbgk 099.06? 0>:.638 0=>.09: 009.99= 00>.622Ausjk mj @jddns Nrtjs 020.220 029.8=0 0?8.>=9 >66.60? 0>0.:?3

Ojgtrk Ngmnduz mj Nrtj Okgtjapkrgjk >?2.39= >0>.30= >?8.3:= >?:.>?0 >38.=6:

Ausjk Nrqujkdhbok >>:.9?9 6:.66= 88.69? 88.:66 3>.:20

Ausjk mj Nrtjs y Okstua`rjs Ykpudnrjs 63.966 86.3=9 32.863 39.=96 :8.2?:

]n`dn 0.3 Gajrk mj vbsbtngtjs n mbstbgtks ausjks y jvkduobg ngund

.

(>) Jg jd ajs mj gkvbja`rj mj 0992 jd Ausjk mjOnrrunljs tuvk ugns vbsbtns mj ?.:99 pjrskgns qujvbsbtnrkg jd Ausjk mj`bmk n dn ojdj`rnobg mj ug Pnstrbddk_kdbmnrbk.

_b ngndbznaks jstn jvkduobg mj dks dtbaks : pjrbkmks k`sjrvnaks okak jg dkstrjs nrofbvks hrcboks ngtjrbkrjs sj prkmuoj ugn okgtrnoobg mj dns vbsbtns jg jd nk09>? pkok sbhgbcbontbvn, sj pkmrn mjobr quj dn mjangmn fn sbmk okgstngtj jg dksdtbaks 0 pjrbkmks, nugquj jg trabgks hjgjrndjs fn nuajgtnmk okgsbmjrn`djajgtjprbgobpndajgtj jd ausjk tnurbgk y jd ausjk anrtbak.


26/47


-09-

Hrncbon 0.3 Gajrk mj vbsbtns nd Ausjk mj @jddns Nrtjs y nd Ojgtrk Ngmnduz mj NrtjOkgtjapkrgjk.

Hrncbon 0.3 Gajrk mj vbsbtns nd Ausjk Nrqujkdhbok y nd Ausjk mj Nrtjs y Okstua`rjsYkpudnrjs

Jg dns hrcbons mj `nrrn ngtjrbkrjs, sj k`sjrvn mj tkmk, okajgojaks pkr jd Ausjk mj@jddns Nrtjs, sj k`sjrvn ug rjpugtj crjgtj n dn tjgmjgobn mj dks dtbaks pjrbkmks, nugns vjaks okak sj jgoujgtrn djlks mj sus `ujgns obcrns mj vbsbtngtjs mj dks nks0992 y 09>9. Mj ckran as hdk`nd sj okapruj`n ug mjsojgsk mjd 08% rjspjotk ndnk 0992.

Pjspjotk nd ojgtrk ngmnduz mj Nrtj Okgtjapkrgjk, fn`dnaks mj ugn jvkduobgpksbtbvn mj su gajrk mj vbsbtngtjs, nuajgtngmk mjsmj 0992 n 09>? ndrjmjmkr mj ug09%.

Jg rjcjrjgobn nd ausjk nrqujkdhbok y nd ausjk mj nrtjs y okstua`rjs pkpudnrjs,dns obcrns jvkdutbvns skg gjhntbvns, hjgjrgmksj ugn onmn okgtbgun jg sus gajrks

mj vbsbtngtjs, y quj jg rjdnobg nd nk 0992, pkmjaks ncbranr ugn rjmuoobg mjd =3% y??% rjspjotbvnajgtj.


27/47


-0>-

ONY]ZDK ?

NGDB_B_ MJ DN MJANGMN MJD ]ZPB_AK OZD]ZPND JG DNYPKSBGOBN MJ _JSBDDN

?.> DN AK]BSNOBG JG DN JDJOOBG ]ZPB_]BON

Dn mjangmn turstbon fn ona`bnmk n dk dnrhk mjd tbjapk, sj pujmj mjobr quj fn pnsnmkmj sjr ug turbsak mj ansns jg jd quj gbonajgtj sj kcrjon prkmuotks y sjrvbobkssbabdnrjs n dks jxbstjgtjs jg oundqubjr rjhbg, n ugk `nsnmk jg dn mbcjrjgobnobg.

Ykr turbsak mj mbcjrjgobnobg, mbrjaks quj js jd rjsudtnmk mjd okgsuak mjprkmuotks y/k sjrvbobks turstboks okgcbhurnmk pkr mbstbgtks nhjgtjs mjd turbsak, jgouyk prkojsk mj orjnobg sj fnoj usk mj dks ajmbks tjogkdhboks, jstk fnoj qujpkgjr jg rjdnobg nd odbjgtj y jd mjstbgk. Ykmjaks okgorjtnr jg quj dn mbcjrjgobnobgokgsbstj jg okak jd odbjgtj prkyjotn su pjrskgndbmnm jg jd prkmuotk/ sjrvbobk qujmjsjn.

Jd onsk mj _jvbddn, nd sjr ugn prkvbgobn mj bgtjrbkr js as quj jvbmjgtj dnbapkrtngobn mjd turbsak oudturnd jg dn prkvbgobn. N okgtbgunobg akstrnrjaks ug hrcbokjg jd quj pkmjaks k`sjrvnr dns prbgobpndjs jxbhjgobns mj dks turbstns.

Hrcbon ?.> Aktbvnobg mj dks turbstns jg _jvbddn

Okak pkmjaks k`sjrvnr, sjhg jd jstumbk, jg prbajr duhnr, mjstnon jd turbsakgnturnd y cbjstns pkpudnrjs. Jd sjhugmk duhnr dk koupn jd turbsak oudturnd, mkgmj dn

nsbstjgobn n jvjgtks oudturndjs, vbsbtns n ausjks k jd cdnajgok koupng ug bapkrtngtjvndkr jg dn aktbvnobg mj dks turbstns.


28/47


-00-

_jhg dn odnsbcbonobg quj fnoj Onanrjrk Pbkln (0992), pkmjaks jgokgtrnr ountrktbpks mj turbstns, gks ojgtrnrjaks jg jd turbstn pkstakmjrgk. Dn jdjoobg mj jstj tbpkmj turbstn sj mj`j n quj js jd as sjajlngtj nd turbsak oudturnd.

Jd turbstn pkstakmjrgk< jstj turbstn rjndbzn auofns notbvbmnmjs murngtj jd vbnljprbgobpndajgtj rjdnobkgnmns okg dn vbvjgobn mj gujvns jxpjrbjgobns. _uan pnutnsgujvns (mjpkrtj, jokturbsak, augmk rurnd) okg as trnmbobkgndjs (oudturn,jspjotoudks) _ujdjg sjr vbnljs okg rjokrrbmk pjrk sbg okgtrkd jstrbotk mj dkstbjapks, rjpnrtj sus vnonobkgjs n dk dnrhk mj tkmk jd nk y krhngbzn bgmbvbmundajgtj jdvbnlj. _j okrrjspkgmj okg ugn hrng vnrbjmnm mj sjhajgtks turstboks, mj dks quj asorjojg jg dn notundbmnm5 turbstn rurnd, jokturbstn, jtgkturbstn, turbstn mjpkrtbvk, turbstnoudturnd.pumbjgmk ddjhnr n sjr tkmks n dn vjz jg ug absak vbnlj.

Jstn odnsj mj turbstn, mbvbmj j bgmbvbmundbzn dn mjangmn. _kg dks lvjgjs y pjrskgnsokg anykr gbvjd jmuontbvk y pkmjr nmqubsbtbvk qubjg as sj nprkxban nd pjrcbdpkstakmjrgk.

Js pkr jstj aktbvk pkr jd quj snonaks ugn okgodusbg as quj k`vbn, dns rjmjsokdn`krntbvns mj vbnljs, rjmjs skobndjs k dks prjsorbptkrjs jspjobndbznmks (`dkhhjrs),

quj anrong tjgmjgobns jg vbnljs y mjstbgks, fnojg quj dn mjangmn ona`bj onmn mn yokg sus gjojsbmnmjs mj`j ona`bnr dn kcjrtn.

Jg dn anykrn mj dks onsks dns pjrskgns sujdjg usnr bgtjrgjt okak cujgtj prbgobpndmj bgckranobg. Dn japrjsn ]rbpnmvbskr rjndbzn ug jstumbk sjajstrnd ddnanmk]rbp@nrkajtjr, mkgmj jgokgtrnaks bgckranobg sk`rj dns kcjrtns y mjangmns mj sjrvbobks turstboks.

Dks usunrbks sujdjg vndkrnr auofk dns kpbgbkgjs quj jxbstjg jg dn rjm sk`rj dksduhnrjs mj ndklnabjgtk, vndkrngmk nspjotks okak kcjrtns, sjrvbobks k jxpjrbjgobnsprjvbns. ]na`bg vndkrng auofk dn jxpjrbjgobn mj cujgtjs mj su jgtkrgk okak dk skgcnabdbn k nabhks.

Dn bgckranobg mj dks kcjrjgtjs mj`j jstnr notundbzn y oubmnmn. Ykr jsk js tng

bapkrtngtj okgkojr jd pjrcbd mj gujstrks vbsbtngtjs, pnrn kcrjojrdjs nqujddks quj`usong y quj dk rjokabjgmjg. _jvbddn, okak fjaks vbstk jg jd onptudk ngtjrbkr tbjgjugn napdbn kcjrtn, tng napdbn okak dns aktbvnobkgjs mj dks quj gks vbsbtng.

Jd jstumbk mj dn ncdujgobn y pjrcbd mj dks vbsbtngtjs mj dns obumnmjs, ns okak mjdusk quj dks turbstns fnojg mj dn obumnm (]rkbtbk5 Onddj5 Hnron, 0990), lugtk okg dncblnobg mj dabtjs mj tkdjrngobn, nokrmjs okg dn onpnobmnm mj nokhbmn, skg tjans odnvjpnrn bapudsnr jstrntjhbns mj turbsak skstjgb`dj.


29/47


-0?-

?.0 NGDB_B_ MJ DN MJANGMN ]ZPB_]BON

_jvbddn onpbtnd jokgabon, pkdtbon y nmabgbstrntbvn mj Ngmnduon, rjob`j ugn mjangmnturstbon jabgjgtjajgtj oudturnd y mj gjhkobks, pkr dk quj jd pntrg y okapksbobg mjsus vbsbtngtjs gk sbhuj dn tjgmjgobn hdk`nd mj Ngmnduon, mkgmj jd turbsak mj skd ypdnyn tbjgj ug jgrkaj pjsk jg dns obcrns nutkgabons. N okgtbgunobg akstrnrjaks ugjxfnustbvk ngdbsbs jstnmstbok oungtbtntbvk mj dn jvkduobg mj _jvbddn jg dks dtbaksnks.

Sbnljrks y pjrgkotnobkgjs y jstngobn ajmbn

Sbnljrks YjrgkotnobkgjsJstngobnAjmbn

Pjsbmjgtjs jg Jspnn 2=3.>3? >.892.86= >,6>

Pjsbmjgtjs jg jd Jxtrngljrk >.>>0.0?= 0.?39.3=? 0,>0

]ktnd 0.9:6.?28 =.989=08 >,26]n`dn ?.0 Sbnljrks, pjrgkotnobkgjs y jstngobn ajmbn pkr tbpk mj turbstn

Hrcbon ?.? Gajrk mj vbnljrks ndklnmks y pjrgkotnobkgjs

Ntjgmbjgmk n dns obcrns pu`dbonmns pkr jstn Bgstbtuobg pnrn dn notbvbmnm fktjdjrn, jd nk09>? sj objrrn okg ug tktnd mj 0.9:6.?28 vbnljrks ndklnmks jg jstn`djobabjgtksfktjdjrks jg dn prkvbgobn mj _jvbddn, mj dks quj 2=3.>3? fng sbmk rjsbmjgtjs jg Jspnny >.>>0.0?=, rjsbmjgtjs jg jd jxtrngljrk. Jstk fn supujstk ug nuajgtk mjd 3% mj dksvbsbtngtjs rjspjotk nd nk ngtjrbkr.

Jg jd onsk mj dns pjrgkotnobkgjs, jd gajrk tktnd nsobjgmj n =.989.=08, mj dns quj>.892.86= fng sbmk mj rjsbmjgtjs jg Jspnn y 0.?39.3=?, mj rjsbmjgtjs jg jdjxtrngljrk. Dns pjrgkotnobkgjs tna`bg sj vbjrkg nuajgtnmns jg ug 8,0%, pnsngmkmj ug tktnd jg 09>0 mj ?.823.283 n =.989.=08 jg jd nk 09>?.

Dn jstngobn ajmbn mj dks ndklnabjgtks fktjdjrks mj _jvbddn jg 09>0 cuj mj >.6:abjgtrns quj jg 09>? su`b n >.26 ug nuajgtk ndhk sbhgbcbontbvk quj orjn tjgmjgobnndobstn y `ujgns jxpjotntbvns.


30/47


-0=-

Hrnmk mj koupnobg.

Jg jstj pugtk ngndbznrjaks jd hrnmk mj koupnobg tngtk jg jstn`djobabjgtksfktjdjrks okak npnrtnajgtks0 09>? SNPBNOBG

YKP FN@ /NYNP]NA*

YJP_KGNDKOZYNMK

YKP FN@ /NYNP]NA*

YJP_KGNDKOZYNMK

HPNMKKOZYNOBG

YJP_KGNDKOZYNMK

HPNMK MJ KOZYNOBGFK]JD

:3,== 083? :6 0633 0,83=% ?,806%

HPNMK MJ KOZYNOBGNYNP]NAJG]K

=8,6> >?> ?3,36 >6? -0?,06% ?2,32:%

* Ajmbn ngund. ]n`dn ?.= Hrnmk mj koupnobg ngund y vnrbnobgCujgtj< Ngunrbk mj Jstnmstbons Oudturndjs 09>?, Nyugtnabjgtk mj _jvbddn y jdn`krnobg prkpbn.

Okak k`sjrvnaks dn koupnobg fktjdjrn fn nuajgtnmk, tngtk jd hrnmk mjkoupnobg mj fn`btnobkgjs okak jg pjrskgnd koupnmk jg ug 0,8=% y ?,80%rjspjotbvnajgtj.

Jg ona`bk jg dn koupnobg mj npnrtnajgtks, vjaks ugn mbsabguobg jg jd hrnmkmj koupnobg y sb ug nuajgtk jg jd pjrskgnd koupnmk sbjgmk mjd -0?,06% y ojron mjd=9% rjspjotbvnajgtj.

Dn jstnobkgndbmnm mjd sjotkr anron dn jstnobkgndbmnm dn`krnd, prkmuobgmksj dksgbvjdjs mj anykr okgtrntnobg jg dks ajsjs mj anrzk n lugbk. Dks okgtrntksprjmkabgngtjs skg n tbjapk pnrobnd y tjapkrndjs. Nd bhund quj jg dn prkvbgobn, jdjapdjk turstbok fn sucrbmk ug mjsojgsk skstjgbmk mjsmj 099:.

Aktbvnobg mjd turbstn

_jhg jd bgckraj ngund mjd turbsak jg _jvbddn mj 09>?, jabtbmk pkr jd nyugtnabjgtkmj _jvbddn, pkmjaks okgkojr ugks mntks quj gks nojronrng n okgkojr oud js jdaktbvk prbgobpnd mj dn vbsbtn.

Bgtjgsbmnm mjd aktbvk prbgobpnd mjd vbnlj YZG]ZNOBG

Nsbstbr n cbjstns sbghudnrjs (cjrbn,...) >,03

Okgkojr ug duhnr mbcjrjgtj ?,23

Mjsongsnr y rjdnlnrsj ?,23

@usonr mbvjrsbg y pdnojr =,?3

Sbsbtnr nabhks y cnabdbnrjs 0,?8

Okgkojr y mbscrutnr dn hnstrkgkan dkond ?,23

Jgrbqujobabjgtk oudturnd ?,86

Snonobkgjs cnabdbnrjs 0,26

Gjhkobk >,>3

Nsbstjgobn n Okghrjsks, rjugbkgjs, jto >,>?

Nsbstjgobn n notks skobndjs y/k rjorjntbvks >,>3

*Jsondn< 9 Ykon bgtjgsbmnm, : Auof n bgtjgsbmnm


31/47


-0:-

]n`dn ?.: Bgtjgsbmnm mjd aktbvk prbgobpnd mjd vbnljCujgtj< Ngunrbk mj Jstnmstbons Oudturndjs 09>?, Nyugtnabjgtk mj _jvbddn y jdn`krnobg prkpbn.

Jg dn tn`dn pkmjaks okaprk`nr okak jd jgrbqujobabjgtk oudturnd, okgkojr y mbscrutnrmj dn hnstrkgkan dkond k okgkojr ug duhnr mbcjrjgtj (oudturn), tkan vndkrjs auybapkrtngtjs pnrn dks turbstns quj vbsbtng _jvbddn, tkangmk vndkrjs ojrongks n = mj dks :

axbaks.

Hrcbon ?.3 Aktbvnobg mjd turbstn jg pkrojgtnlj y vnrbn`djs

Mj dns aktbvnobkgjs mjd turbstn quj vbsbtn _jvbddn, jgokgtrnaks quj sb suanaks dnsvnrbn`djs quj pkmjaks rjdnobkgnr mbrjotnajgtj okg jd turbsak oudturnd, k`tjgjaks ugtktnd mjd =8%. Ynrn jd odoudk fj okgsbmjrnmk okak jdjajgtks mjd turbsak oudturnd dnsvnrbn`djs< Nsbstbr n cbjstns sbghudnrjs, okgkojr ug duhnr mbcjrjgtj, okgkojr y mbscrutnr mjdn hnstrkgkan dkond, jgrbqujobabjgtk oudturnd y dn nsbstjgobn n notks skobndjs y/krjorjntbvks.

]kmk jddk sbg fn`jr bgtrkmuobmk dn vnrbn`dj `usonr mbvjrsbg y pdnojr mj dn ound jsas quj prk`n`dj quj tjghn ugn pnrtj okapkgjgtj mj oudturnd, y quj nsojgmjrn jdpkrojgtnlj mj turbsak oudturnd fnstn jd 3>%.

Jd hnstk ajmbk mbnrbk mjd turbstn mj _jvbddn sujdj sjr ndrjmjmkr mj 8?,=3

Hrcbon ?.8 Hnstk ajmbk mbnrbk turbstns pkr prkvbgobns ngmnduzns.


32/47


-03-

_b fnojaks ug ngdbsbs mj dks hrcboks y tn`dns rjokpbdnmk, pkmjaks snonr dnokgodusbg mj quj, sb mj ajmbn ug :9% mjd turbsak quj rjob`j _jvbddn jst jgckonmkfnobn jd turbsak oudturnd, cujrkg jgtkrgk n ugns >.902.099 pjrskgns dns quj `usonrkgjstj tbpk mj turbsak y sus notbvbmnmjs, yn sjn okak aktbvnobg prbgobpnd k okakokapdjajgtk n su aktbvnobg prbgobpnd.

Ngdbsbs mjd turbstn vbsbtngtj mj _jvbddn mj Okaugbmnmjs Nutgkans.

_b nhrupnaks pkr dns prbgobpndjs okaugbmnmjs nutgkans quj as vbsbtng dnprkvbgobn, jgokgtrnaks quj js dn prkpbn Ngmnduon qubjg ntrnj nd anykr gajrk mjvbnljrks n mjas js dn okaugbmnm quj anykr gajrk mj pjrgkotnmkrjs ndkln jg dnonpbtnd ngmnduzn.

Ykr dtbak ngndbznaks dn tn`dn pkr dn jstngobn ajmbn jg ndklnabjgtk. _b k`sjrvnaksdks mntks, jgokgtrnaks quj okaugbmnmjs nutgkans okak Dn Pbkln, Hndbobn, Gnvnrrn,Ongtn`rbn k Yns Snsok dbmjrng jd gajrk jg jstngobn ajmbn. Jstk ddjvn ndrnzkgnabjgtk mj mks tjans, pkr ug dnmk dn onpnobmnm jokgabon mjd gkrtj mjd pns jsanykr quj dn mjd sur pjrabtbgmkdj prkdkghnr su jstngobn y pkr ktrn pnrtj, sujdj sjr

dhbok quj dns mbstngobns quj sjpnrng jstns okaugbmnmjs okg dn Ngmnduzn, fnoj qujjd turbstn sj pdngtjj ugn jstngobn anykr pnrn nprkvjofnr jg okgtrnprjstnobg jg tngtknd nspjotk mj mjsja`kdsk jokgabok okak jd tbjapk mj trngsoursk fnstn jd mjstbgk.

Ykr jd okgtrnrbk okaugbmnmjs okak dn prkpbn Ngmnduon, Jxtrjanmurn k Ojutn yAjdbddn, nd sjr rjhbkgjs jokgabonajgtj as mjscnvkrjobmns y mjstbgk fn`btund, fnojquj dn ojrongn pjrabtn vbsbtnr okg anykr crjoujgobn dn obumnm, hjgjrngmk ugmjsojgsk jg dn jstngobn ajmbn.

Sbnljrks Yjrgkotnmkrjs Jstngobn Ajmbn

Jspnn 62:.8?3 >.:3>.880 >,8=

Ngmnduon ?20.330 3>?.32= >,:3

Nrnhg >0.?02 0=.92= >,2:Yrbgobpnmk mj Nsturbns 6.6>= >8.=>= >,26

Bsdns @ndjnrjs 3.203 >=.99= 0,90

Ongnrbns >3.89= ??.60= 0,90

Ongtn`rbn :.6?? >0.>3= 0,92

Onstbddn y Djg 0:.>:: =3.=90 >,6=

Onstbddn-Dn Angofn 0>.332 ?2.6>> >,6=

Ontndun 69.32> >3=.>3? 0,9?

Okaugbmnm Sndjgobngn =?.:62 6>.2=2 >,66

Jxtrjanmurn 06.939 =0.=?3 >,:>

Hndbobn >:.8>= ?=.?2> 0,>2

Okaugbmnm mj Anmrbm >6?.223 ??>.6=2 >,6

Pjhbkg mj Aurobn >:.9>6 08.?:8 >,60

Gnvnrrn (O. Ckrnd mj) :.233 >0.29> 0,>3

Yns Snsok 0>.=>3 =?.80> 0,9=

Dn Pbkln ?.333 6.2=6 0,==

Ojutn :.>=2 6.8=2 >,8

Ajdbddn 0.?69 ?.622 >,3=


33/47


-08-

Yrbgobpndjs cujgtjs mj bgckranobg.

N okgtbgunobg fn`dnrjaks sk`rj dns cujgtjs mj bgckranobg n dns quj dks turbstnsnoojmjg y okg dns quj krhngbzng dks vbnljs n _jvbddn.

Ckddjtks turstboks 0,23

Yu`dbobmnm y rjpkrtnljs jg rnmbk/]S/Yrjgsn >,?

Yjrskgnd mj Nhjgobns mj Sbnljs >,38

Ontdkhks mj ]kurs Kpjrntkrs >,83

Huns turstbons ?,0:

Bgtjrgjt =,?>

Nabhks y cnabdbnrjs ?,>?

Jxpjrbjgobn mj vbsbtns ngtjrbkrjs 0,?6

Jsondn< > Ykon bgtjgsbmnm, : Auofn bgtjgsbmnm]n`dn ?.6 Cujgtjs mj bgckranobg mj dks turbstns

Hrncbon ?.2 Yrbgobpndjs ajmbks mj Bgckranobg mj dks turbstns

Pjspjotk n dns cujgtjs mj bgckranobg prbgobpndjs mj dks turbstns pnrn vbnlnr n _jvbddn ydks sjrvbobks quj vng n okgtrntnr, k`sjrvnaks oak jd 0>% mj dks turbstns hjstbkgn yprkhrnan su vbnlj pkr bgtjrgjt, tna`bg tbjgj ugn hrng bapkrtngobn dn vndkrnobg qujrjabtjg cnabdbnrjs y nabhks sk`rj jd mjstbgk. On`j ajgobkgnr quj dks tkurskpjrnmkrjslujhng ug bapkrtngtj pnpjd n dn fkrn mj pktjgobnr ug mjstbgk.


34/47


-06-

Jstnobkgndbmnm

Hrncbon ?.>9 Jvkduobg ngund mj _jvbddn okak pujstk turstbok.

Jg jd bgckraj jabtbmk pkr jd nyugtnabjgtk mj _jvbddn 09>?, jgokgtrnaks jd hrcbokngtjrbkr jg jd quj sj aujstrn dn vnrbnobg jstnobkgnd quj ncjotn n dn prkvbgobn, jgrjdnobg nd pujstk mj mjstbgk turstbok jg Jspnn. K`sjrvnaks quj ksobdn jgtrj jdtjrojr y sjxtk pujstk okak jdjoobg turstbon mjgtrk mj Jspnn, y quj gbonajgtj jssupjrnmn pkr dns prbgobpndjs obumnmjs okak skg Anmrbm y @nrojdkgn.

_b fn`dnaks mj jstnobkgndbmnm jd odban mj _jvbddn js ajmbtjrrgjk djvjajgtjokgtbgjgtndbznmk. Okg prjobpbtnobkgjs vnrbn`djs, vjrngks sjoks auy odbmks j bgvbjrgkssunvjs, nmjas hkzn mj onsb ?.999 fkrns mj skd ngundjs.

_b gks cblnaks jg jd hrcbok vjaks okak jg dn anykrn mjd nk, dn onpbtnd angtbjgjsu dgjn, jg dk quj n turbstns rjob`bmks sj rjcbjrj, gbonajgtj skg dks ajsjs mj vjrngk

dks quj dj ndjlng mj mbofn pksbobg, jstk js mj`bmk prbgobpndajgtj n quj jd turbstn jghjgjrnd, prjcbjrj jg jstn jstnobg ug mjstbgk as mj skd y pdnyn k mj gnturndjzn.


35/47


-02-

?.? NGDB_B_ MJ DK_ YPBGOBYNDJ_ AKGZAJG]K_ OZD]ZPNDJ_ MJ_JSBDDN

Sbsbtns n dn Ontjmrnd y nd Pjnd Ndoznr

0992 09>9 09>> 09>0 09>?

Ontjmrnd >.0>0.?69 >.?9:.999 >.==3.628 >.?0:.8=2 >.?9>.2==

Pjnd Ndoznr >.969.?90 >.>83.820 >.08?.9:8 >.>2:.=83 >.0>6.3?2

]n`dn ?.>> Sbstns n dn Ontjmrnd y nd Pjnd Ndoznr

Hrcbon ?.>0 Gajrk mj vbsbtngtjs n dn Ontjmrnd y nd Pjnd Ndoznr

Mj dks trjs akguajgtks pntrbakgbk mj dn fuangbmnm mj dn obumnm, jg jstj npnrtnmk,ngndbznrjaks mks mj jddks. Ykr ug dnmk vjaks dns vbsbtns mj dn ontjmrnd mj _jvbddn, jgdn quj okaprk`naks quj jstj akguajgtk js jd as vbsbtnmk mj dn obumnm, okg as mj>,? abddkgjs mj vbsbtns, sj okgvbjrtj jg ugn lkyn mj dn obumnm, y ugn pnrnmn k`dbhntkrbnpnrn tkmk vbsbtngtj. Dn tjgmjgobn mj dks vbsbtngtjs sj jst rjmuobjgmk mj ckran gktn`djpnrn mbofk akguajgtk mjsojgmbjgmk ug >9% (ugks >=:.99 vbsbtngtjs ajgks) jg dksdtbaks 0 nks, vkdvbjgmk n vndkrjs mjd nk 09>9.

Ykr ktrk dnmk tjgjaks jd Pjnd Ndoznr, mj mkgmj pkmjaks snonr tna`bg okakbgckranobg ug nuajgtk okgstngtj sb ngndbznaks dks dtbaks : pjrbkmks, nugquj cuj jdnk 09>>, nd bhund quj okg dn ontjmrnd, oungmk sus obcrns mj vbsbtngtjs cujrkg dns as

jdjvnmns. Pjspjotk n mbofk jljrobobk k`sjrvnaks ugn mbsabguobg mjd =.08% (:=.:99vbsbtngtjs ajgks) pjrk ug nuajgtk mjd nk 09>0 nd 09>? mjd 0% (0?.999 vbsbtngtjs).


36/47


-?9-

Sbsbtns nd Fkspbtnd mj dn Onrbmnm, Yndnobk mj Dj`rbln y dn Onsn mj Ybdntks.

0992 09>9 09>> 09>0 09>?

Fkspbtnd mj dn Onrbmnm 06.?>? 0:.6?: 08.60? 0:.99= 0=.:>=

Yndnobk mj Dj`rbln 0>.3== 0?.==9 0=.600 0?.2>= 0=.2>3

Onsn Ybdntks >0=.299 >0?.60? >98.==6 >?0.:86 >?9.3=3

Jd fkspbtnd mj dn onrbmnm fn mjsojgmbmksus vbsbtns jg :99 vbsbtngtjs rjspjotk ndjljrobobk ngtjrbkr. Nugquj sb k`sjrvnaksobcrns mj dks nks 0992 k 09>> tkmnvn sjnorjojgtn jd prk`djan yn quj jg jstkspjrbkmks jd guajrk mj vbsbtngtjs supjrkdks 08.899 vbsbtngtjs.

Zg mjsojgsk mj =.999 pjrskgns.

Jd pndnobk mj Dj`rbln, angtbjgj jstn`dj sugajrk mj vbsbtngtjs. _b k`sjrvnaks dntn`dn ngtjrbkr k`sjrvnaks quj fnokgsjhubmk ug nuajgtk jg dks dtbaks :pjrbkmks, jgtkrgk n ugks ?.999 vbsbtngtjsas.

Dn Onsn mj Ybdntksjs ktrk mj dksprbgobpndjs akguajgtks mj dn obumnm, ug

pndnobk quj oka`bgn jstbdk rjgnojgtbstnbtndbngk okg aumlnr jspnkd. Jg tngtk ndns vbstns js ug akguajgtk quj rjob`jugn hrng ongtbmnm mj turbstns y quj jg dksdtbaks nks fn nuajgtnmk sus obcrnsfnstn dks >?0.999 vbstngtjs.

Hrcbons ?.>? Gajrk mj vbstns n akguajgtks< Fkspbtnd mj dn Onrbmnm, Yndnobk mj Dj`rbln, OnsnYbdntks


37/47


-?>-

Mjd ngtjrbkr pugtk mkgmj fjaks ngndbznmk ndhugks mj dks prbgobpndjs akguajgtksoudturndjs mj _jvbddn, jxbstj jg auofks mj jddks, sk`rj tkmk jg dns vbsbtns n dn ontjmrndk nd Pjnd Ndoznr, ugn tjgmjgobn n dn mbsabguobg mj sus vbsbtngtjs pjrk quj pkok npkok pnrjoj vkdvjr n jstn`bdbznrsj. Fn`dnaks okgorjtnajgtj mj dn mbcjrjgobn jgtrj jdnk 09>> y 09>0.

_jhg dn mkouajgtnobg jxtrnmn mj ug nrtoudk mj prjgsn mjd pjrbmbok Mbnrbk mj_jvbddn, Dks obgok prbgobpndjs jgodnvjs mj dn obumnm rjhbstrnrkg ug mjsojgsk ajmbk mjd2% jg jd gajrk mj vbsbtngtjs jg 09>0 Dn ncdujgobn nd @jddns Nrtjs fn `nlnmk ug =6%mjsmj 0996. Jd nrtboudk okgtbgun okg dn sbhubjgtj bgckranobg0), rjcdjln`n ug gujvknuajgtk mjd =,8%, dn Ontjmrnd, jd Pjnd Ndoznr, dn pdnzn mj ]krks mj dn PjndAnjstrngzn k jd Ausjk mj @jddns Nrtjs fng pjrmbmk bgtjrs pnrn dks turbstns. Jd nkpnsnmk jd mjsojgsk mj vbsbtns n dks obgok duhnrjs as mjangmnmks cuj mj ug 2%

mj ajmbn.Dks prkcjsbkgndjs mjd sjotkr turstbok okgcbrang quj dns nmabgbstrnobkgjs jstgtrn`nlngmk `bjg, "dn anron _jvbddn js pktjgtj y sj trn`nln jg quj dk sjn astkmnvn", okg jd okgsbhubjgtj rjpugtj mj dks vbnljrks quj mjobmjg pnsnr ugks mnsjg dn obumnm. _jhg dks mntks mj dks bgmbonmkrjs turstboks, rjokhbmks pkr jdNyugtnabjgtk jg jd `ndngoj mj 09>0, fu`k as jxtrngljrks quj gnobkgndjs y dnjstngobn ajmbn cuj mj >,2> mns. Yjsj n jddk, sdk akguajgtks okak dn Onsn mjYbdntks, hjstbkgnmn pkr dn Cugmnobg Ajmbgnojdb, k jd Ausjk Gnvnd mj dn ]krrj mjdKrk, mjpjgmbjgtj mj dn Nranmn Jspnkdn, fng nuajgtnmk jd gajrk mj vbsbtngtjs.

_bhgbcbontbvns skg dns prmbmns mj vbsbtns jg dks mks prbgobpndjs akguajgtks mj

_jvbddn< dn Ontjmrnd y jd Pjnd Ndoznr. Jd prbajrk, ajghu sus vbsbtns murngtj 09>0ug 6%... Jd okabjgzk mj 09>? tna`bg jst sbjgmk gjhntbvk. Dn Ontjmrnd pjrmb mjajmbn 2.:99 turbstns nd ajs murngtj dn prbajrn abtnm mj 09>?. Okak jxpdbon,Crngobsok Krtbz, "gk tkmks dks turbstns quj vbjgjg n _jvbddn dk fnojg pjgsngmk jgugn vbsbtn oudturnd mj jstj tbpk". Dn jgtrnmn nd tjapdk oujstn 6 jurks, nugquj dksdugjs, ajmbngtj rjsjrvn prjvbn, jd noojsk js hrntubtk. Jd On`bdmk okgtjapdn ugnrj`nln mj dks bghrjsks mjd >=% pnrn 09>?. Ndhk sbabdnr kourrj jg jd Pjnd Ndoznr, jdound ojrr okg ug 3% ajgks mj vbsbtngtjs, nugquj dn rjonumnobg, ndrjmjmkr mj 3,:abddkgjs mj jurks, sj angtuvk jg gbvjdjs sbabdnrjs n dks mj 09>>, ug nk auy`ujgk jg jd gajrk mj vbsbtns, prbgobpndajgtj pkr jd nuajgtk mj dks notks prbvnmksy pkr dn `nlnmn mj dns jgtrnmns hrntubtns. Ynrn 09>?, dn prjvbsbg mjd Yntrkgntknpugtn n quj dn `nlnmn mj vbsbtngtjs sj angtjgmr y dks bghrjsks mjsojgmjrg

fnstn dks :,6 abddkgjs, nprkxbanmnajgtj. Jd Nyugtnabjgtk, pnrn pktjgobnr jdntrnotbvk mjd pndnobk jg usk as ngtbhuk mj Jurkpn, pusk jg anrofn ugns vbsbtnstjntrndbznmns pkr dn gkofj, n ug prjobk mj >0 jurks, quj oujgtng okg hrngnojptnobg jgtrj sjvbddngks y ckrgjks.

Jd tjrojr akguajgtk mj dn obumnm quj rjob`j as vbsbtngtjs onmn nk, dn pdnzn mjtkrks mj dn Pjnd Anjstrngzn mj On`nddjrn y su ausjk tnurbgk quj jg jd dtbak nkmjlnrkg mj vbsbtnr as mj 09.999 vbsbtns, mjsojgmbjgmk mj 09>> n 09>0 ug 2%. Jdntrnotbvk mj dn pdnzn js hrngmj pnrn dks turbstns y, nmjas, jd ausjk rjgj ugnnapdbn y vndbksn okdjoobg mj pbgturns y k`ljtks rjdnobkgnmks okg jd augmk mjdtkrk.

Jd ounrtk jspnobk as vbsbtnmk mj dn obumnm, jd Ausjk mj @jddns Nrtjs, okgsbmjrnmndn sjhugmn pbgnoktjon mj Jspnn, rjhbstrn, jd anykr mjsojgsk jg jd gajrk mjvbsbtngtjs< ug 09%. Dn `nlnmn mj dn ncdujgobn n jstj ausjk, hjstbkgnmk pkr dn Lugtn


38/47


-?0-

mj Ngmnduon, js jspjobndajgtj ddnantbvn. Mjsmj jd nk 0996 fn pjrmbmk ug =6%mj vbsbtngtjs, pjsj n su bggjhn`dj ntrnotbvk y n okdhnr mj sus pnrjmjs k`rnsanjstrns mj Aurbddk, Sjdzqujz, \ur`nrg k Sndms Djnd. Jg 0996 vbsbtnrkg jdausjk ?30.2:> pjrskgns. Mjsmj jsj nk jd mjsojgsk fn sbmk pnudntbgk. Ktrkausjk, jd Ojgtrk Ngmnduz mj Nrtj Okgtjapkrgjk, koupn jd qubgtk duhnr jg jddbstnmk mj dks jspnobks as vbsbtnmks mj dn obumnm. Nugquj pbjrmj, dn `nlnmn mj

vbsbtngtjs js agban< ug 0%. Jd nk pnsnmk pnsnrkg pkr jstns bgstndnobkgjssbtunmns jg jd Akgnstjrbk mj _ngtn Anrn mj dns Oujvns >?:.>?0 pjrskgns.

Ktrks akguajgtks quj pbjrmjg ntrnotbvk, sjhg dks mntks rjokpbdnmks pkr jdNyugtnabjgtk, skg jd Yndnobk mj Dj`rbln, jd Ausjk mj Onrrunljs, y dks ausjksNrqujkdhbok y mj Nrtjs y Okstua`rjs Ykpudnrjs. Ykr okgtrn, fny ktrks quj srjhbstrng ug bapkrtngtj nuajgtk mj dns vbsbtns, okak dn Onsn mj Ybdntks qujnuajgt sus gajrks ug 0?% pnrn suanr >?0.:86 turbstns5 k jd Ausjk Gnvnd mj dn]krrj mjd Krk, mjpjgmbjgtj mj dn Nranmn Jspnkdn, quj sua jd pnsnmk nk83.=9> jgtrnmns vjgmbmns, ug 6% as quj jd nk ngtjrbkr. Jd Fkspbtnd mj dn _ngtnOnrbmnm tna`bg okgtbgu jg su dgjn nsojgmjgtj.

LZNG YNPJLK _JSBDDN | MBNPBK MJ _JSBDDN

?.= ]ZPB_AK BMBKAN]BOK

Jgtjgmjaks pkr turbsak bmbkatbok nqujd mjspdnznabjgtk cujrn mjd duhnr fn`btund mjrjsbmjgobn, gkrandajgtj n ktrk pns, okg jd k`ljtk mj nprjgmjr k ajlkrnr jdokgkobabjgtk mj ug bmbkan. Jg jstj sjgtbmk, dn jgsjngzn mj bmbkans fn pnsnmk mjsjr ugn ajrn notbvbmnm jmuontbvn n sjr ugn notbvbmnm as prkpbnajgtj turstbon ndbgokrpkrnr hrng pnrtj mj dks jdjajgtks quj mjcbgjg ugn notbvbmnm turstbon, okakpujmjg sjr jd trngspkrtj jxtjrbkr/bgtjrbkr, ug ndklnabjgtk y ugns notbvbmnmjs mj kobk.

Jd turbsak bmbkatbok gk js ugn notbvbmnm krbhbgnrbn mj Jspnn, sbgk quj pnsjsokak Pjbgk Zgbmk, Crngobn k Ndjangbn ddjvng auofk tbjapk bgoduyjgmk jd turbsakbmbkatbok jg su notbvbmnm prkakobkgnd, bgoduygmkdk mjgtrk mjd turbsak oudturnd. Gkk`stngtj, sjhg dks mntks k`tjgbmks pkr ]ZPJ_YNN, jg gujstrk pns jd gajrk mjturbstns bmbkatboks sj fn mupdbonmk mjsmj 0999 (>?9.999 turbstns) fnstn 0992(0?8.999 turbstns).

Jd jspnkd js dn ounrtn djghun as fn`dnmn mjd augmk trns jd angmnrg,fbgm j bghds, sb `bjg js dn sjhugmn okak vjfoudkmj okaugbonobg bgtjrgnobkgnd y dn tjrojrn okak djghun bgtjrgnobkgnd jg pkdtbon, jokgabon y oudturnd.

?.: NGDB_B_ MNCK MJD ]ZPB_AK JG _jvbddn

?.:.> Ckrtndjzns

Banhjg turstbon pksbtbvn, tkmks dks ajronmks hrng ngbanobg obumnmngn Bapkrtngtjs rjoursks fbstrboks-nrtstboks, kobk y jqubpnabjgtk ur`ngk Bgcrnjstruoturns mj trngspkrtj y noojsb`bdbmnm Pjoursks gutboks, Hunmndqubvbr. Bapkrtngtj onpnobmnm fktjdjrn mj :, = y ? jstrjddns. @ujgn ondbmnm-prjobk @nln prjsbg mj dn mjangmn sk`rj dn pk`dnobg, bgcrnjstruoturns y rjoursks Yrkxbabmnm n Ormk`n y Hrngnmn Noojsb`bdbmnm bgtjrgn n dks rjoursks turstboks.

Ynrquj tjatbok B_DN AHBON Bgcrnjstruoturn mjpkrtbvn. Jqubpnabjgtk pnrn okghrjsks y okgvjgobkgjs Ondbmnm hnstrkgabon y vnrbjmnm.


39/47


-??-

Hrnmk mj okajrobndbznobg bapkrtngtj.

?.:.0 Kpkrtugbmnmjs

Cnobdbmnm mj onptnobg mj mjangmns gnobkgndjs j bgtjrgnobkgndjs.

Anykr jcbobjgobn mj prkakobg/okajrobndbznobg Onpnobmnm mj ntrnoobg mj mjangmns mj dnrhns mbstngobns NSJ, njrkpujrtk bgtjrgnobkgnd y nutkpbstns okg ug hrng pktjgobnd mj ajlkrn

kpjrntbvn. Yksb`bdbmnm mj ajlkrnr bgcrnjstruoturns gutbons y prkhrnans gutboks jg jd

Hunmndqubvbr. Yksb`bdbmnm mj okapjtbr jg okgmbobkgjs vjgtnlksns jg jd sjhajgtk ndtk mj dn

mjangmn oudturnd Yksb`bdbmnm mj suanr n dn kcjrtn mj _jvbddn dns bapkrtngtjs kcjrtns oudturndjs mj

Ormk`n y Hrngnmn. Cnobdbmnm pnrn okapkgjr btbgjrnrbks ur`ngks Onpnobmnm mj ntrnjr jd sjhajgtk mjpkrtbvk jg prbajrn bgstngobn y okgvjrtbrdk

jg mjangmn oudturnd/kobk. Onpnobmnm mj ntrnoobg mjd sjhajgtk y pksb`bdbmnm mj okgvjrtbrdk jg 0 vbnljs

jg turbsak oudturnd. Okapdjajgtk `sbok mjd ndklnabjgtk. Ntrnotbvk skobkoudturnd. Anmurjz pkr okajrobndbznobg mj ]]KK, abgkrbstns, y KYO okg cnobdbmnm pnrn

bgtjgsbcbonr y napdbnr dks ongndjs mj okajrobndbznobg.

?.:.? Mj`bdbmnmjs

Jsonsn jdn`krnobg mj prkmuotks oudturndjs Hrng okgojgtrnobg mj vbsbtns sk rj pkoks rjoursks oudturndjs y jd ojgtrk mj dn

obumnm, okg hjstbg bgnmjounmn mj dns vbsbtns Cndtn mj vujdks mbrjotks okg ndhugns mj dns prbgobpndjs obumnmjs jurkpjns y

mjcbobjgtjs okgjxbkgjs gnobkgndjs nrjns Jsonsn bgokrpkrnobg y okgojgtrnobg mj notbvbmnmjs mj prkhrnanobg/

okajrobndbznobg jgtrj jd sjotkr p`dbok y prbvnmk. Cndtn mj jstruoturn krhngbzntbvn jstn`dj jg dn hjstbg. Cndtn mj skpkrtjs oudturndjs< hrcboks y numbkvbsundjs Cndtn ugn bgtjrprjtnobg mjd rjoursk oudturnd jg odnvj turstbon Bgsucbobjgtj sjndbznobg turstbon Jsonsn okgojrtnobg mjd trngspkrtj bgtjrgk pnrn jd turbsak Jsonsn okgojrtnobg mj dns tnrbcns mj huns pnrn pjqujks hrupks k pnrjlns.

?.:.= Najgnzns

Ajgkr onpnobmnm okapjtbtbvn. Anykr mbcboudtnm pnrn okajrobndbznr Bgsntbscnoobg mj dn mjangmn pkr skpkrtnr dnrhns okdns. Bgsntbscnoobg mj dks

]]KK quj gk pujmjg prkhrnanr vbsbtns Mjstbgk _jvbddn gk noojsb`dj jg tbjapk okapjtbtbvk okg ktrks jurkpjks jg

vbnljs mj okrtn murnobg Ykon pktjgobn mj kcjrtn mj obroubtks oudturndjs pnrn ajronmks mj dnrhn

mbstngobn y anykr jstnmn. Jsonsn kpjrntbvbmnm jg jxtjgsbkgjs mj vbsbtns mjsmj_jvbddn mj ckran krhngbznmn.

Jsonsks rjoursks hdk`ndjs pnrn dn prkakobg y rbjshks mj npdbonobg jgsjhajgtks y ajronmks pkok nmjounmks

Ajgkrjs ouktns mjd ajronmk mj turbsak oudturnd mj ajlkr pkrvjgbr


40/47


-?=-

Cndtn mj ug pdng jstrnthbok mjd mjsnrrkddk mjd turbsak oudturnd n ajmbk pdnzkbgtjhrnmk y okkrmbgngmk noobkgjs p`dbons y prbvnmns

Ajgkr pjgjtrnobg mj dks nspjotks fbstrboks y skobkoudturndjs okg ajgkrjsbghrjsks pkr turbsak. Bgsntbscnoobg mj dn mjangmn

Jxpksbobkgjs rutbgnrbns pkok ntrnotbvns okg prmbmn mjd vndkr mj dks rjoursks. Mbcboudtnm mj noojsk n dks rjoursks j bgodusk n dns kcbobgns mj turbsak Mbcboudtnm pnrn akvbabjgtks mj dn mjangmn turstbon y anykr okstj mjd

mjspdnznabjgtk Gudn bgtjrprjtnobg mj dks rjoursks oudturndjs pnrn mjangmns bgmbvbmundjs, jg

pnrjln k jg hrupks pjqujks, pkr huns turstboks.

?.

=. OKGODZ_BG

Okg jstj trn`nlk sj fn bgtjgtnmk ngndbznr mj angjrn napdbn y prkcugmn dn jstruoturnmjd ajronmk mjd turbsak oudturnd jg _jvbddn. Ynrn jddk sj fn ngndbznmk dn kcjrtn ymjangmn mj dks rjoursks mj jstj sjhajgtk. ]na`bg sj fng ngndbznmk dns prbgobpndjsnotunobkgjs mj dn Nmabgbstrnobg Y`dbon jg antjrbn mj turbsak oudturnd. Mj mbofk

jstumbk pkmjaks jxtrnjr dns sbhubjgtjs okgodusbkgjs mj bgtjrs.

Jg prbajr duhnr pkmjaks mjobr quj jd turbsak oudturnd sj fn okgvjrtbmk jg ugnjstrntjhbn mj mjsnrrkddk jokgabok pnrn _jvbddn, okapdjajgtngmk dns notbvbmnmjs mj dnobumnm okg jd cujrtj sjotkr turstbok mjd quj dn obumnm oubmn y tbjgj auy prjsjgtj pkr subapkrtngtj pjsk jg dn jokgkan dkond y nutkgabon.

Ykr ug dnmk k`sjrvnaks quj dn kcjrtn jg rjdnobg okg jd turbsak oudturnd fn bmknuajgtngmk okg jd pnsk mjd tbjapk, fn`dnaks tngtk mj dn onpnobmnm mj fktjdjs yrjstnurngtjs okak mj dks prkmuotks oudturndjs turstboks.

Dn prbgobpnd aktbvnobg turstbon js jd pntrbakgbk oudturnd y nrqubtjotgbok, lugtkokg dn _jangn _ngtn y dn Cjrbn mj N`rbd, nokapnnmk okg ugn kcjrtnhnstrkgabon, okajrobnd y mj kobk.

Jd pntrbakgbk oudturnd nrqubtjotgbok okg ntrnotbvk turstbok pujmj nuajgtnrpkgbjgmk jg vndkr turstbok gujvns bhdjsbns, jmbcbobks sbghudnrjs. Notundajgtj fnyjsonsn jdn`krnobg mj prkmuotks turstboks dbhnmks n dn jxpdktnobg mjd rjstk mjpntrbakgbk sjvbddngk.

_jvbddn pksjj ug bapkrtngtj ntrnotbvk oudturnd okg hrngmjs pktjgobndbmnmjs pnrnbgorjajgtnr jd turbsak< dn rjdnobg mj _jvbddn okg dks fjrangks Anofnmk,@oqujr, Ojrgumn, Ojrvngtjs, okg jd cdnajgok y okg dn pjrn.

Mjstnon su bapkrtngtj djhnmk bsdabok, lumk y orbstbngk, ns okak su rjdnobgokg jd Krbjgtj y dns Narbons, okg pksb`bdbmnmjs mj bgorjajgtnr jd ntrnotbvkturstbok.

]bjgj bapkrtngtjs ntrnotbvks akguajgtndjs mj ndtk vndkr fbstrbok nrtstbok jgrjdnobg n dn pbgturn< Ausjk mj @jddns Nrtjs y su rjdnobg okg pbgtkrjs mjrjgka`rj, Aurbddk, Sjdzqujz,...

_jvbddn pksj ugn banhjg mj anron odnrn, okgskdbmnmn y okgkobmn n gbvjdbgtjrgnobkgnd rjdnobkgnmn okg jdjajgtks auy pksbtbvks okak jd jstbdk mj vbmn=, trns dns prmbmns jg09>? mj 399.999 usunrbks, ugn mbsabguobg quj sj okgorjtn jg jd mjsojgsk mj 0:.999turbstns bgtjrgnobkgndjs pjrk quj jd rjstk js gnobkgnd. Ykr jstj aktbvk, fn rjokrmnmk dn

pujstn jg anrofn mj ug pdng mj bapudsk, jdn`krnmk pkr NJGN. Jstj pdng fn sbmkmjsnrrkddnmk okg tkmns dns nmabgbstrnobkgjs p`dbons bapdbonmns y lugtk n dksjaprjsnrbks, ug pdng pnrn jd quj jd Nyugtnabjgtk yn fn ngugobnmk ugn npkrtnobg mj0:9.999 jurks.

Mj bhund akmk, fn rjsndtnmk dn ddjhnmn mj ug tktnd mj :3 oruojrks nd Yujrtk mj_jvbddn murngtj 09>?, okg >6.69? pnsnljrks, ug 03% as quj jd nk ngtjrbkr. _jvbddntbjgj auofk quj mjobr ng jg jstj sjotkr y jst okgtngmk onmn vjz as jg jd a`btkmj dks oruojrks ajmbks.

N jstk, suan quj jd trcbok cjrrkvbnrbk y okgorjtnajgtj jd gajrk mj pnsnljrks qujddjhng n _jvbddn n trnvs mjd NSJ aujstrng "auy `ujgks rjsudtnmks", utbdbzngmk jstjajmbk mj trngspkrtj >,= abddkgjs mj pnsnljrks, okg ug bgorjajgtk mjd >:,= pkr objgtk y

hngngmk 099.999 usunrbks. Ns, sj prkmuojg nuajgtks jg dns trjs dgjns jxbstjgtjs,okg Anmrbm, quj npkrtn >.>:>.339 pnsnljrks, >9>.999 as5 @nrojdkgn okg >22.=00usunrbks, :9.999 as5 y Sndjgobn, quj npkrtn :=.00? vbnljrks y sj bgorjajgtn jg asmj ?0.999. Bhundajgtj, mjstnon dks as mj ?.999 pnsnljrks mj dn gujvn dgjn mj\nrnhkzn.

_b fn`dnaks mjd turbsak okak notbvbmnm jokgabon< Jd turbsak js ugn auy bapkrtngtj cujgtj mj koupnobg, pjrk mbofn koupnobg

orjoj ajgks quj jg ktrns obumnmjs okapjtbmkrns. Bgorjajgtng tngtk dn kcjrtn okak dn mjangmn mj ckranobg y jd gajrk mj

tbtudnmks. _j mjtjotn ugn mjangmn gk ou`bjrtn mj prkcjsbkgndjs oundbcbonmks jg dks

ounmrks bgcjrbkrjs mjd sjotkr. _jvbddn okgojgtrn onsb mks tjrobks mj dns nhjgobns mj vbnlj mj dn prkvbgobn. Dn

tjgmjgobn js jd nuajgtk mj dns absans.

Dns bgcrnjstruoturns oudturndjs y dks prkmuotks oudturndjs kcjrtnmks jg jddns sj fngvbstk nuajgtnmns jg gajrk, nmjas ndhugns mj jstns fng kptnmk pkr napdbnr sukcjrtn. Ykr jljapdk jd onsk mj Dns gkofjs mj Btdbon pnrn pktjgobnr dn oudturn y susvbsbtngtjs jd okapdjlk rkangk n krbddns mjd Hunmndqubvbr kpt fnoj ugks nks jgprkakobkgnrsj ajmbngtj vbsbtns gkoturgns n dns rubgns. Jstn protbon tna`bg sj ddjvnn on`k jg ktrks duhnrjs okak Hrngnmn jg dn vbsbtn gkoturgn n dn Ndfna`rn.

Oundqubjr turbstn bgtjrjsnmk jg vbstn dn obumnm, tbjgj n hkdpj mj odboe auofsbanbgckranobg sk`rj _jvbddn, dn anykrn mj dns wj`s pksb`bdbtng nd usunrbk k`tjgjr dnbgckranobg jg ktrks bmbkans, nmjas jxbstjg guajrksks pugtks mj bgckranobg(anykrbtnrbnajgtj jg dn obumnm) mkgmj pjmbr okgsjlk y nyumn. Hrnobns n dns


43/47


-?8-

tjogkdkhns onmn vjz js as sjgobddk jgokgtrnr npdbonobkgjs avbdjs k pnrn tn`djtsquj gks nojrong bgckranobg nojron mjd mjstbgk y sus prbgobpndjs akguajgtks.

Ynrn dn jdn`krnobg mj jstj trn`nlk sj fn bgmnhnmk jg guajrksns phbgns wj` mjmkgmj pkmjr snonr bgckranobg pnrn prkojsnrdn y trngsabtbrdn. Dns prbgobpndjs wj` qujmj`jrng mj cnobdbtnr jstns bgckranobkgjs skg dns mjd prkpbk nyugtnabjgtk mj _jvbddn, dn

Mbputnobg mj _jvbddn y Lugtn mj Ngmnduon, fny quj mjstnonr dk cnrrnhksns quj skg jgokgtjgbmk y dn mbcboudtnm pnrn ddjhnr n k`tjgjr dks mntks.

Dn Nmabgbstrnobg mj`j sjhubr npkygmksj y ajlkrngmk dns gujvns tjogkdkhns ydns rjmjs skobndjs okg dn cbgndbmnm mj bgtjrnotunr mj ckran as mbrjotn okg dksvbsbtngtjs y obumnmngks.

Ktrk rjtk js sbg mumn dn mjsjstnobkgndbznobg mj dn mjangmn, _jvbddn tbjgjanronmks pjrbkmks jg jd obodk jstnobkgnd. Ynrn jddk sj mj`jg kcrjojr prkmuotksturstboks oudturndjs mbcjrjgobnmks pnrn onmn ugn mj jsns pkons, quj nprkvjofjgnqujddks prkmuotks prkpbks mj onmn akajgtk mjd nk y quj orjjg nd turbstn oudturnd dngjojsbmnm mj vbsbtnr _jvbddn y vbvbrdn.

Jstks prkmuotks mj`jg `nsnrsj gk jg dk quj sj vj sbgk jg dk quj sj sbjgtj.

Jd turbsak oudturnd jst ona`bngmk y rjgkvgmksj. _jvbddn mj`j okgtbgunrnmnptngmk su kcjrtn y mjangmn pnrn sjhubr onptngmk vbsbtngtjs y akstrnr tkmk sustjskrks. Okgvjrtbrsj jg ugn obumnm mj mjstbgk turstbok-oudturnd mj prbajrn odnsj, mj`jsjr ug k`ljtbvk n okgsjhubr y as ng sb pksjj tkmn jsn rbqujzn akguajgtnd,fuangn, hnstrkgabon y mbvjrsbcbonmn quj kcrjoj.

Dn onpnobmnm jokgabon mj jstj sjotkr jg dn obumnm pujmj sjhubr jg nuajgtk,abjgtrns sj notj sk`rj dns ajmbmns kpkrtugns, quj orjjg, bggkvjg, nmnptjg ytrngsckrajg dks prkmuotks turstboks n dns gujvns jxbhjgobns mj dks turbstns.


44/47


45/47


-?2-

@b`dbkhrncn

Jljapdk mj ob tn mj trn`nlks prjsjgtnmks jg ok ghrjsks, lkrgnmns?). @ndngoj ngund mj 09>? mjd ]urbsak mj _jvbddn.

Jd Nyugtnabjgtk Bgckran. Bgmbonmkrjs ]urstboks mj dn Obumnm mj _jvbddnAngujd Anrofjgn Hajz, Cjrgngmk Pjpbsk Pu`bk (>222)< ]urbsak Oudturnd< Jd onsk mj

_jvbddn.Ounmjrgks mj ]urbsak. G =, Yhs ??-:9.

Angujd mj dn Onddj Snqujrk, Anrn Hnron Fjrggmjz (>226)< Obumnmjs fbstrbons< pntrbakgbkoudturnd y rjoursks turstboks. Jrn, =8 phs 0=2-033.

@krh, L. y Hkttb, H. (>22:) ]kurbsa ngm Obtbjs kc Nrt. ]fj bapnot kc tkurbsa ng vbsbtkrs cdkwangnhjajgt bg Nbx-jg-Yrkvjgoj, Nastjrmna, @ruhjs, Cdkrjgoj, Kxckrm, _ndz`urh ngmSjgboj. ZGJ_OK-PK_]J

Onanrjrk Pbkln, O. (0992). Gujvns tjgmjgobns mj okgsuak turstbok, tbpkdkhn mj dks turbstnsjspnkdjs. Jstumbks ]urstboks g>82, 38-2=.

Okfjg, J.

turismo cultural en sevilla

Documents