Traditions &Transformationin Ethnobotany ICEB

2009

Tradiciones &transformacionesen Etnobotánica

MARÍA LELIA POCHETTINOANA H. LADIO

PATRICIA M. ARENAS(EDITORAS)

Editor responsable:

CYTED - Programa Iberoamericano Ciencia

y Tecnología para el Desarrollo

Coordinación de la edición:

Red Iberoamericana de Saberes y Prácticas Locales

sobre el Entorno Vegetal (RISAPRET)

Nilda Dora Vignale (Coordinadora)

Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias

Universidad Nacional de JujuyAlberdi 47 4600 San Salvador de Jujuy ArgentinaTel.: + 54 388 422-1548ndvignale@yahoo.com.arwww.fca.unju.edu.ar/risapret

© 2010

ISBN: 978-84-96023-95-6

Impreso en Argentina.

Todos los derechos reservados. Esta publicación no puede ser reproducida, en todo ni en parte, ni registrada en o transmitida por un sistema de recu-peración de información, en ninguna forma ni por ningún medio, sea me-cánico, fotoquímico, electrónico, magnético, electroóptico, por fotocopia, o cualquier otro, sin el permiso previo por escrito de los autores.

COMITÉ EDITORIAL

Emanuela Appetiti. The Institute for the Preservation of Medical Traditions hosted by the Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. USA.

Patricia M. Arenas. Laboratorio de Etnobotánica y Botánica Aplicada (LEBA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Calle 64 nº 3, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. CONICET.

Lidia S. Burry. Laboratorio de Palinología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Funes 3250, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.

Aylen Capparelli. Departamento Científico de Arqueología, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. CONICET.

Laure Emperaire. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement. Unité Mixte de Recherche 208 (IRD-MNHN) PALOC (Patrimoines locaux). Francia.

Füsun Ertuğ. Consultant of ethnobotany at the Turkish Academy of Science (TUBA), Turkey.

Leonardo Galetto. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Argentina. CONICET.

Michael Heinrich. School of Pharmacy, London, UK.Norma Hilgert. Instituto de Biología Subtropical,

Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones. CeIBA- CONICET. Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina.

Ana Ladio. INIBIOMA (CONICET - UNComahue). Quintral 1250. 8400 Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.

Verónica Lema. Laboratorio de Etnobotánica y Botánica Aplicada (LEBA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Calle 64 nº 3, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. CONICET.

María Rosa Martínez. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. CONICET

Soledad Molares. INIBIOMA (CONICET - UNComahue). Quintral 1250. 8400 Bariloche. Río Negro, Argentina.

Ramón Morales. Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, CSIC. Plaza de Murillo, 2. E-28014 Madrid, España.

Manuel Pardo de Santayana. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, España.

Cecilia Perez de Micou. CONICET-INAPL, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Tres de Febrero 1378, 1426 Buenos Aires, Argentina.

María Lelia Pochettino. Laboratorio de Etnobotánica y Botánica Aplicada (LEBA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Calle 64 nº 3, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. CONICET.

Gustavo Scarpa. Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos-CONICET. Paraguay 2155, p.16º, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Alain Touwaide. The Institute for the Preservation of Medical Traditions hosted by the Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. USA.

Matilde Trivi de Mandri. Laboratorio de Palinología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250. 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina.

Soultana Valamoti. Department of Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece.

Michèle Wollstonecroft. The Institute of Archaeology, University College London, UK.

REVISORES INVITADOS

José Luis Fernández Alonso. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Herbario Nacional Colombiano. Apart. 7495 Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C. Colombia.

Kevin N. Laland. School of Biology, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, Scotland, UK.

Lía Montti. Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Casilla de Correo 34, 4107 Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina y Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico (CeIBA), Andresito 21, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina.

INDICE

1. INTRODuCCIóN ........................................................................................................................................... 1 2. IMpLICANCIAS TEóRICAS y EpISTEMOLógICAS DE LAS ESTRATEgIAS DE INVESTIgACIóN

ETNOBOTáNICA ............................................................................................................... 3 2.01 Crivos, M. Implicancias teóricas y epistemológicas de las estrategias de investigación

etnobotánica ........................................................................................................................................... 5

3. LAS pLANTAS y EL hOMBRE EN EL pASADO ....................................................................... 11 3.0.01 Capparelli, a. & l. prates. Identificación específica de frutos de algarrobo (Prosopis spp. L.,

Fabaceae) y mistol (Ziziphus mistol Griseb., Rhamnaceae) en un sitio arqueológico de Patagonia ........................................................................................................................................... 13

3.0.02 rodríguez, M. F. & z. e. rúgolo de agrasar. Gramíneas herbáceas y leñosas en espacios domésticos y rituales de la Puna meridional argentina durante el Holoceno ............................ 20

3.0.03 Colobig, M. M., a. F. zuCol & d. l. Mazzanti. Análisis de microrestos silíceos en secuencias sedimentarias del Sitio 1 de la localidad arqueológica Lobería I, Buenos Aires, Argentina .... 27

3.0.04 andreoni, d., a. gil & a. Capparelli. Efectos de la carbonización en especies leñosas de las provincias fitogeográficas Patagónica y del Monte (Mendoza, Argentina): una perspectiva arqueológica .............................................................................................................. 33

3.0.05 leMa, v. s., M. l. poChettino, M. pueblas, M. C. paleo & M. pérez Meroni. La etnobotánica como herramienta interpretativa en arqueología: prácticas de recolección en el Holoceno Tardío del Litoral Bonaerense (Argentina) ......................................................................................... 38

3.0.06 llano, C. & a. ugan. Rendimiento económico de plantas silvestres del sur de Mendoza: valores nutricionales, costos de manejo e interpretación del registro arqueológico ............... 44

3.0.07 leMa, v. s. Plant domestication and man-plant degrees of dependence in the pre-hispanic cultural development of Argentinean Northwest ............................................................................. 49

3.0.08 touwaide, a. History of Botany as Ethnobotany. Proposals toward a new approach to the ancient legacy ............................................................................................................................ 55

3.0.09 azar, p. F. El añil: una planta para teñir, un color para recordar ...................................................... 64 3.0.10 toMei, p. e., s. triMarChi s. & C. lenzi. An ancient ethnobotanic herbarium in the district

of Pisa (Tuscany, Italy) .......................................................................................................................... 69

3.1 HACIA UNA INTEGRACIÓN DE METODOLOGÍAS PARA OPTIMIZAR EL ESTUDIO DEL HOMBRE CON SU AMBIENTE EN EL PASADO

3.1.01 burry, l., M. trivi de Mandri & C. perez de MiCou. Hacia una integración de metodologías para optimizar el estudio del hombre con su ambiente en el pasado ........................................ 73

3.1.02 Korstanje, M. a. Lo lúdico, lo creativo y lo formalizado en la investigación del pasado: expandiendo saberes en arqueobotánica .......................................................................................... 76

3.1.03 Chaves, s. a. de Miranda. Paleopharmacology and palinological research in coprolites ................ 83 3.1.04 yagueddú, C. Identificación de restos vegetales en coprolitos ............................................................ 90 3.1.05 d’antoni, h. l. Arqueoecología: la humanidad en los ecosistemas del pasado .............................. 96

3.2 RECENT RESEARCH IN POST-HARVEST TRADITIONS IN HUMAN PREHISTORY: OLD AND NEW WORLD PALAEOETHNOBOTANICAL APPROACHES TO LINKING THE ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOBOTANY OF PLANT PROCESSING.

3.2.01 Capparelli, a., t. valaMoti & M. wollstoneCroFt. Recent research in post-harvest traditions in human prehistory: old and new world palaeoethnobotanical approaches to linking the archaeology and ethnobotany of plant processing .................................................................. 104

3.2.02 Capparelli, a. Archaeobotanical recognition of food products derived from the algarrobo [Prosopis flexuosa DC and P. chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz] charred remains and its application to the case of El Shincal, Hualfin Valley, Argentina ....................................................................... 105

3.2.03 leMa, v. Cultivation, production and domestication: evaluating the archaeological visibility of interactions between human societies and plant populations in the past ........................... 110

3.2.04 lópez, M. l., a. Capparelli & a. nielsen. Modern practices of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa W. Chenopodiaceae) processing and consumption in Lípez, Bolivia: an ethnoarchaeological approach .................................................................................................................................................. 117

3.2.05 ertuğ, F. The consumption of flax: postharvest activities linked to linseed oil production in Turkey .................................................................................................................................................. 123

3.2.06 valaMoti, s. M. The prehistory and modern survival of bulk processing cereals for piecemeal consumption: case studies from Greece ............................................................................................ 128

3.2.07 hosoya, l. a. Staple or famine food ? Ethnographic and archaeological approaches to nut processing in East Asian prehistory .................................................................................................... 133

3.2.08 wollstoneCroFt, M. Evolutionary trends in human eating behaviours: food processing and niche construction ............................................................................................................................................. 139

4. puEBLOS y pLANTAS quE ALIMENTAN ............................................................................................... 145 4.01 rapoport, e. ¿Cuán sabios son los sabios? .............................................................................................. 147 4.02 MCClatChey, w. & d. reedy. A mouthful of water: Do cider producers recognize the ancient

clean water potential of their products? ........................................................................................... 149 4.03 baser, K. h. C. Wild food plants of Turkey ............................................................................................. 161 4.04 CáMara hernández, j. Las tradiciones culinarias de los pueblos del noroeste argentino como

base de la conservación de la diversidad de los maíces nativos .................................................. 166

5. LA CONSTRuCCIóN DE LA DIVERSIDAD AgRÍCOLA: CONCEpTOS y pRáCTICAS ........................ 173 5.01 eMperaire, l. La construcción de la diversidad agrícola: conceptos y prácticas .............................. 175 5.02 oliveira, j. Cabral de. The role of social networks in agriculture biodiversirty: the Wajãpi case 176 5.03 eMperaire, l. & j. oliveira. Redes sociales y diversidad agrícola en la Amazonía brasileña:

un sistema multicéntrico ...................................................................................................................... 180 5.04 poChettino, M. l. Huertos peri-urbanos como aporte a la diversidad agrícola, Provincia de

Buenos Aires, Argentina ....................................................................................................................... 186 5.05 Freire, g. Ecología política del cambio agrícola: El dilema de la agroforestería indígena en un

petroestado ............................................................................................................................................. 193 5.06 deMeulenaere, e. Farmers’ seed systems in industrial agricultures: new research object, renewed

approaches in Ethnobotany ................................................................................................................. 197

6. FITOTERApIA y pLANTAS MEDICINALES ............................................................................................... 205 6.01 elvin-lewis, M. Ways in which integrated studies can identify meaningful remedies

for populations that use them ............................................................................................................ 207 6.02 Martínez, g. j. Los criterios terapéuticos en la farmacopea natural de los tobas bermejeños

del Chaco Central (Argentina) ............................................................................................................. 213 6.03 KutsChKer, a., C. ezCurra & v. balzaretti. Valeriana en los Andes Australes: biodiversidad y

compuestos activos ................................................................................................................................ 219 6.04 del vitto, l. a., e. M. petenatti & M. e. petenatti. Ethnomedical plants from Cuyo region,

Argentina: uses and conservational status ....................................................................................... 225 6.05 gheno heredia, y. a., a. r. Martínez CaMpos, e. sánChez vera & g. nava bernal. Plantas

medicinales de la organización de parteras y médicos indígenas tradicionales de Ixhuatlancillo, Veracruz, México .......................................................................................................... 232

6.06 pino benítez, n. & y. s. rentería. Plantas usadas en el tratamiento contra el estrés en una comunidad del Nor-occidente colombiano: un enfoque cuantitativo ......................................... 239

6.07 Mijares, g., C. Meneses & M. teixeira. Etnofarmacología de las helmintiasis en la comunidad de Mendoza, Municipio Acevedo. Estado Miranda, Venezuela ....................................................... 244

6.08 verde, a., d. rivera, j. Fajardo, C. obón, a. valdés, j. r. p. ruíz-gallardo, v. benlloCh, r. Ciudad, núñez & a. piera. Medicina popular y salud como materia curricular transversal en educación secundaria en Castilla La Mancha (España) ........................................................................................ 250

6.09 Madureira, M. do Céu. Antimalarial drug development research and the ancient knowledge of traditional medicines in S. Tomé e Principe Islands .................................................................. 256

6.10 Fajardo, j., a. verde, d. rivera, a. valdés, C. obón, M. heinriCh & F. Cebrián. Plantas medicinales de Castilla-La Mancha (España) merecedoras de investigación farmacológica y fitoquímica por la importancia de sus usos tradicionales en humanos .............................................................. 265

6.11 parra-sánChez, e., o. pérez-esCobar & l. sánChez. Exploración de saberes de plantas medicinales de Fusagasugá, Colombia ..................................................................................................................... 270

6.12 baCh, h. g. & r. h. Fortunato. Estudio de patrones de elección de plantas medicinales en una zona urbana del Oeste Bonaerense (Argentina) ................................................................. 277

6.13 Cristina, i. & p. M. arenas. Plantas de uso tradicional en Argentina de posible aplicación como adaptógenos ............................................................................................................................................ 282

6.14 Molares, s. & a. ladio. Criterios ambientales y organolépticos en los patrones de selección y uso de plantas medicinales en una comunidad Mapuche de la Patagonia semiárida Argentina. 286

6.15 Cuassolo, F., a. ladio & s. Calvelo. Los líquenes medicinales comercializados en S. C. de Bariloche: importancia local y control sanitario ........................................................ 291

6.16 riCheri, M., a. M. beesKow & a. ladio. Las plantas y la salud en la comunidad boliviana, Madryn (Argentina) .............................................................................................................................................. 297

6.17 gonzález, s. b., l. n. huaiquinao, a. gonzález, C. van baren, p. di leo lira & a. l. bandoni. Uso popular del paico y composición química de su aceite esencial en la zona de Esquel (Chubut, Argentina) .............................................................................................................................. 303

6.18 arenas, p. M. Consumo de algas en la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina: tradición o nuevo uso de los recursos? .............................................................................................................................. 308

6.19 lewis, w. h. Evaluating and protecting indigenous pharmacopeas and traditional knowledge .. 313 6.20 buCCiarelli, a. & M. sKliar. Evaluation of antiulcer activity of Solidago chilensis (Asteraceae)

in mice ..................................................................................................................................................... 317 6.21 buCCiarelli, a., C. bras, n. gandini, a. Minetti & M. sKliar. Estudio toxicológico de la fracción

acetato de etilo de capítulos de Solidago chilensis (Asteraceae) ................................................ 322 6.22 pérez Cuadra, v. & v. CaMbi. Foliar crystals in ornamental Araceae, their risk for health .............. 327 6.23 Flores, e. n. & n. d. vignale. Caracterización micrográfica de órganos vegetativos y

reproductivos de interés etnobotánico de Geoffroea decorticans (Gill. ex Hook. et Arn.) Burkart (Fabaceae) ................................................................................................................................ 330

7. RECuRSOS VEgETALES, MICOLógICOS O FICOLógICOS VALIOSOS pARA LA huMANIDAD .... 337 7.01 suárez, M. e. Recursos forestales no madereros (RFNM) entre wichís del Chaco semiárido salteño,

Argentina ................................................................................................................................................. 339 7.02 hurrell, j. a., e. ulibarri, g. deluCChi, M. l. pérez & n. anglese. Plantas condimenticias

utilizadas en la ciudad de Buenos Aires y en el Noreste Bonaerense (Argentina) .................... 344 7.03 seoane n. & j. oChoa. Uso del neneo en la región sur de la provincia de Río Negro (Argentina)

y su relación con la producción ovina ............................................................................................... 350 7.04 rodríguez M. r., M., l. galiCia s., w. sánChez, l. góMez M., a. e. zarCo a. & e. CeCCon.

Usos actuales, distribución potencial y etnolingüística del bambú leñoso (Bambuseae) en México ................................................................................................................................................. 355

7.05 MassoCa, p. e. & g. b. Frausin. Botánica funeraria en el cementerio de Araçá (São Paulo, Brasil) .. 364 7.06 de robert, p. & e. Katz. Usos alimentarios de palmeras un estudio comparativo

en Amazonía Brasileña .......................................................................................................................... 370 7.07 barriuso, M. a. & M. garCía-barriuso. Plantas tintóreas históricamente utilizadas en el centro

de la Península Ibérica ......................................................................................................................... 376 7.08 Caballero roque, a., j. perez, r. esCobar, j. ballinas & g. vela. Uso de nanche (Byrsonima

crassifolia, Malpighiaceae) como saborizante natural de una bebida refrescante ..................... 380 7.09 jabeen, a. Ethnobotany of fodder species of Ayubia National Park, Pakistan,

its conservation status and impacts on environment .................................................................... 384 7.10 Morales, r. Labiadas de España en América. Intercambio de Usos ................................................... 391 7.11 Marrero, a. Las labiadas en Canarias. Encrucijada en el Atlántico .................................................... 401

7.12 sChMidt-lebuhn, a. n. An update on the state of research on Minthostachys (Lamiaceae) .......... 408 7.13 albreCht, r., j. Montenegro, r. roldan, a. gurni, n. vignale & g. bassols. Análisis de las

composiciones nutricionales de cultivos andinos ........................................................................... 414 7.14 guiaMet, p., p. M. arenas, p. lavin, p. battistoni & s. góMez de saravia. Utilidad de extractos

obtenidos de plantas en el control de microorganismos que afectan al patrimonio cultural .... 419 7.15 staMpella, p., p. M. arenas, a. lópez, s. borrego, i. vivar & n. Cabrera. Plantas útiles en el

control de insectos bibliófagos ........................................................................................................... 423 7.16 vignale, n. d., M. a. rivas, e. jiMénez & a. a. gurni. Identificación micrográfica de semillas

de “chía” (Salvia hispanica L. - Lamiaceae) ..................................................................................... 428 7.17 CaMbi, v. & v. pérez Cuadra. Anatomía foliar de portulacas bonaerenses de importancia económica ... 433 7.18 guevara valenCia, M., M. t . gonzález-arnao, y. M. Martínez oCaMpo & j. Molina torres. Aplicación

de alcamidas presentes en extractos de Chrysanthemum morifoliun al cultivo in vitro de Vanilla planifolia ..................................................................................................................................... 437

8. ETNOBOTáNICA ECOLógICA .................................................................................................................... 443 8.01 villar, l. La toponimia de origen vegetal refleja el saber etnoecológico:

el caso del Pirineo Central (España) .................................................................................................. 445 8.02 Calvet-Mir, l., M. Calvet-Mir & v. reyes-garCía. Traditional ecological knowledge and landraces

in situ conservation in high mountain home gardens of Vall Fosca, Catalan Pyrenees, Iberian Peninsula ................................................................................................................................... 457

8.03 oChoa, j., a. ladio & M. lozada. Aspectos ecológicos y socioculturales asociados al uso de plantas silvestres en la población rural de Arroyo Las Minas (Río Negro, Argentina) .............. 465

8.04 ahuMada, a., M. l. CiaMpagna, j. vera bahiMa, j. j. garat & j. otero. Prácticas culturales en la selección y conservacion de hortalizas locales en el Cinturón Hortícola Platense ......... 472

8.05 buet Costantino, F., e. ulibarri & j. a. hurrell. Las huertas familiares en la isla Paulino (Buenos Aires, Argentina) .................................................................................................................... 479

8.06 eyssartier, C., a. ladio & M. lozada. Conocimiento tradicional sobre plantas en huertas, invernaderos y jardines en dos poblaciones rurales de la estepa patagónica ........................... 485

8.07 Cardoso, M. b., a. ladio & M. lozada. Utilización de especies combustibles en una comunidad rural de la estepa patagónica ........................................................................... 496

8.08 girsCht, a. M., a. e. rovere & s. Molares. El conocimiento etnobotánico en la generación de propuestas de restauración y uso sustentable de un área de reserva nacional de la Patagonia Argentina .................................................................................................................... 502

8.09 planChuelo, a. M. Therapeutic gardening survey in the State of Missouri, USA ............................. 509

9. TRADICIóN E INNOVACIóN EN LA RELACIóN ENTRE EL hOMBRE y LAS pLANTAS ............. 515 9.01 palaCio, M. & e. Carrizo. El conocimiento sobre plantas tintóreas en teleras de dos

departamentos de Santiago Del Estero .............................................................................................. 517 9.02 reMorini, C., M. Crivos, M. r. Martínez & a. aguilar Contreras. El “susto”: “síndrome culturalmente

específico” en contextos pluriculturales. Algunas consideraciones sobre su etiología y terapéutica en México y Argentina ...................................................................................................... 523

9.03 Katz, e. Cruzeiro do Sul Market (Acre, Brazilian Amazon): reflection of the regional culture and agricultural diversity .............................................................................................................................. 531

9.04 bonet, M. À., M. roldán, j. CaMprubí & j. vallès. Etnobotánica de Gallecs (Cataluña, Península Ibérica). Plantas y tradición en un entorno social y natural cambiante ..................................... 540

9.05 KujawsKa M. & Ł. ŁuCzaj. Studies of wild food plants in communist and post-communist Poland: changes in use and in research methodology .................................................................................. 545

9.06 pérez, M. l. & M. l. poChettino. Oficinal u oficial? Plantas de uso corriente denominadas a partir de fármacos (La Plata y alrededores, Buenos Aires, Argentina) ........... 552

9.07 gandolFo, e. s., t. M. ribeiro, & n. hanazaKi. Can the homegardens persist with the urbanization of the coastline? ................................................................................................................................... 557

pRóLOgO

La Red Iberoamericana de Saberes y Prácticas Locales sobre el Entorno vegetal (RISAPRET) del Programa Iberoamericano Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (CYTED), fuertemente compro-metida con el desarrollo de la Etnobotánica en el ámbito geográfico en el que se desempeña (Ibero-américa) pero sin descuidar la importancia de las in-terrelaciones con otras áreas del planeta, ofrece hoy a la comunidad este interesante libro que constituye una muestra de los avances de las investigaciones en la actualidad.

En sus páginas, el lector encontrará valiosos apor-tes a este campo científico multidisciplinario, cuida-dosamente compilados en Capítulos, que permiten efectuar un recorrido progresivo por una parte impor-tante de los diferentes espacios que la Etnobotánica comprende, resultando por ello de utilidad tanto para quienes tienen interés en conocer de qué trata, para quienes ya están iniciando sus investigaciones en esta área como para quienes están en dicho camino.

Incluye los aportes de investigadores integran-tes de los Grupos Participantes de RISAPRET, a los que se suman voluntariamente quienes participaron del V CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE ETNOBOTÁNICA (ICEB), que tuvo lugar en S. C. de Bariloche (ARGEN-TINA) en octubre de 2009, otorgándole ello una en-riquecedora variedad de áreas geográficas diferentes de análisis, posibilitando que la Red amplíe, de esta manera, sus contactos y la posibilidad de ofrecer la presente obra.

Por un lado están representados los Grupos de las UNIVERSIDADES DE SALAMANCA y de ALICANTE (ESPAÑA), de la UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA

(MÉXICO) y por el otro la totalidad de los Grupos de ARGENTINA, país anfitrión de este Congreso V ICEB.

Cabe expresar un particular agradecimiento a to-dos los autores de los trabajos que orgullosamente presenta RISAPRET en este Libro.

Dicho agradecimiento se transforma en ESPECIAL cuando va dirigido a las tres Editoras del mismo. Se trata de las Dras. María Lelia POCHETTINO - Respon-sable del Grupo Participante del Laboratorio de Etno-botánica y Botánica Aplicada (LEBA) de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo de la UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PLATA - Patricia M. ARENAS, inte-grante del mismo y de Ana H. LADIO, Responsable del Grupo Participante de la UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL COMAHUE, con sede en Bariloche (ARGENTINA), quienes gracias a su extensa y destacada trayectoria y experiencia en la especialidad así como a su respon-sabilidad, han logrado, después de una ardua tarea que insumió extensas horas de trabajo, el producto que con honor esta Coordinación de RISAPRET ofrece a la comunidad.

Si los lectores a quienes llegue esta obra logran ampliar su visión acerca de los diferentes aspectos que conforman la Etnobotánica; si es capaz de des-pertar pasión por el trabajo con las comunidades; si constituye nuevas oportunidades para incrementar las comunicaciones entre investigadores, teniendo en cuenta el elevado número de autores y las dife-rentes procedencias y áreas de estudio; si enriquece las bibliotecas… significará que la obra ha sido útil, que el esfuerzo de autores y editores tuvo sentido y que por lo tanto, RISAPRET continúa cumpliendo su cometido.

Dra. Nilda Dora VIGNALECoordinadora

Red Iberoamericana de Saberes y Prácticas Locales sobre el Entorno Vegetal

(RISAPRET)

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traDitiONal eCOlOGiCal KNOWleDGe aND laNDraCeS iN SitU CONServatiON iN HiGH MOUNtaiN HOMe GarDeNS OF vall FOSCa, CatalaN PYreNeeS, iBeriaN PeNiNSUla

Laura Calvet-Mir1, María Calvet-Mir1 & Victoria Reyes-García2

1Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain 2 ICREA and Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra,

Barcelona, Spain - Laura Calvet Mir. Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. 08193, Bellaterra, Spain; laura.calvet@uab.cat

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Calvet-Mir, L., M.Calvet-Mir & V. Reyes-García. 2010. Traditional ecological knowledge and landraces in situ conservation in high mountain home gardens of Vall Fosca, Catalan Pyrenees, Iberian Peninsula. Interest in the link between traditional knowledge and ecosystem management has grown over the last decades. In this paper we link both topics by studying the knowledge and traditions related to in situ conservation of landraces. We 1) assess the diversity of landraces in high-mountain home gardens of the Vall Fosca (Pyrenees), 2) catalogue the traditional ecological knowledge associated to these landraces, and 3) estimate changes in the maintenance of landraces and knowledge about them. For the analysis we use data from 60 temperate home gardens owned by 53 tenders, from 16 villages. We identified 39 landraces corresponding to 31 species, most of them with traditional ecological knowledge associated. The number of landraces cultivated in home gardens seems to have decreased since the 1960’s.

Keywords: agrobiodiversity, Catalonia, cultural management, kitchen gardens, temperate areas.

ResuMen

Calvet-Mir, L., M.Calvet-Mir & V. Reyes-García. 2010. Traditional ecological knowledge and landraces in situ conservation in high mountain home gardens of Vall Fosca, Catalan Pyrenees, Iberian Peninsula. En las últimas décadas ha crecido el interés por la relación entre el conocimiento tradicional y la gestión de los ecosistemas. Asociamos ambos temas estudiando el conocimiento y las tradiciones relacionadas con la conservación in situ de cultivos de manejo local. Específicamente, 1) evaluamos la diversidad de cul-tivos de manejo local en los huertos de la Vall Fosca (Pirineos), 2) catalogamos el conocimiento ecológico tradicional asociado a estos cultivos, y 3) estimamos los cambios en la conservación de los cultivos de manejo local y el conocimiento ligado a ellos. Para el análisis usamos datos de 60 huertos, pertenecientes a 53 hortelanos, en 16 pueblos. Identificamos 39 cultivos de manejo local, correspondientes a 31 espe-cies, la mayoría de ellos con conocimiento ecológico tradicional asociado. El número de cultivos de manejo local cultivados en los huertos ha disminuido desde la década de 1960.

Palabras clave: agrobiodiversidad,Cataluña, manejo cultural, huertos caseros, áreas templadas.

IntRODuCtIOnThroughout the world, indigenous and rural

people continue to manage agro-ecosystems tra-ditionally. Harvesting, gathering and other mana-gement practices are often needed for subsisten-ce. Often, the same practices are also important social activities that contribute to define cultural identity and provide links to people’s history, an-

cestors, land, art and environmental philosophy (Moller et al., 2004).

The last two decades have witnessed a growing interest in the traditional knowledge associated to ecosystem management. Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) has been defined as “a cumula-tive body of knowledge, practice and belief, evol-ving by adaptative processes and handed down

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through generations by cultural transmission, about the relations of living beings (including humans) with one another and with their envi-ronment” (Berkes et al., 2000: 1252). Since the 1980s, a growing literature within environmen-tal sciences, ecological anthropology, resilience theory, and agroecology has stressed the potential role of traditional knowledge in sustainable na-tural resource management, biodiversity conser-vation, and cultural empowerment (e.g. Altieri & Merrick, 1987; Jarvis & Hodgkin, 1999; Berkes et al., 2001; Maffi 2002; Toledo, 2002; Moller et al., 2004; Drew & Henne, 2006). Traditional ecological knowledge has also entered the policy realm. For instance, the Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) recognized the inextricable link between biological and cultural diversity and the role of traditional knowledge on in situ biodiversity con-servation (Maxted et al., 2002).

Here we contribute to research on the link between traditional knowledge and ecosystem management by focusing on cultural information (knowledge and traditions) related to in situ con-servation of landraces. Specifically, we 1) assess the diversity of landraces maintained in high-moun-tain home gardens of the Vall Fosca valley (Catalan Pyrenees, Iberian Peninsula), 2) catalogue the tra-ditional ecological knowledge associated to these landraces, and 3) estimate changes in the mainte-nance of landraces and knowledge about them.

For the empirical analysis we use data from 60 temperate home gardens in Vall Fosca. We fo-cus on home gardens because previous research has highlighted the importance of home gardens in the maintenance of crop and agroforestry ge-netic resources (Soemarwoto et al., 1985; Padoch & de Jong, 1991; Gispert & Nuñez, 1993; Ruga-lema et al., 1995; Millat et al., 1996; Agelet et al., 2000; Trinh et al., 2003; Khoshbakht et al., 2006; Sunwar et al., 2006; Perrault-Archambault & Coomes, 2008). For example, research on in situ conservation within home gardens in tropical (Watson & Eyzaguirre, 2002) and temperate areas ( Acosta-Naranjo & Díaz-Diego, 2008; Aceituno-Mata, 2006; Vogl & Vogl-Lukasser, 2003; Guzmán-Casado et al., 2000) suggests that home gardens serve as local gene banks, contributing to preser-ve biodiversity.

We use the term “home garden” to refer to small, fenced plots close to the farmers’ homes-tead, where annual, biennial, and perennial cul-tivated species are grown in beds (Vogl & Vogl-Lukasser, 2003). For the purpose of this paper, we use the term “landrace” to refer to annual and biennial crops that have been reproduced by far-mers during more than one generation (30 years or more) in a specific geographic area, keeping the seeds continuously. For perennial crops and crops with vegetative reproduction, we use the term landrace when a specific crop has been culti-vated and reproduced in the area for more than 60 years. These crops have been selected by the far-mers from domesticated or wild species, adapting them to the local environmental conditions and to the local agrarian culture uses and manage-ment (Brown et al., 1978; Cleveland et al., 1994; Guzmán-Casado et al., 2000; Louette, 2000).

MetHODsWe collected data between March and Septem-

ber 2008 and between July and September 2009. Data collection included garden inventories and structured interviews.

Study site. The study was conducted in Vall Fos-ca, a mountain valley in Northern Catalonia (nor-theastern Iberian Peninsula) (Fig.1). Vall Fosca is a Pyrenean valley of glacial formation of 200 km2 and 1000 inhabitants lying along the Flami-sell River. Vall Fosca translates as “dark valley”, a name that originates from the short hours of sunlight on the valley due to the marked slopes of the surrounding mountains. Annual precipitation changes with altitude, ranging from 800 to 1200 mm. The altitude in the region varies from 729 masl to nearly 3000 masl allowing for an altitudi-nal vegetation gradient ranging from Mediterra-nean to Alpine communities. The lower altitudes are dominated by different kinds of oaks (Quercus pubescens Willd., Q. faginea Lam. and Q. cerrioides Willk. et Costa), beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and red pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The high points have black pine communities [Pinus mugo Turra subsp. uncinata (Ramond ex DC. in Lam. et DC.) Domin] and alpine meadows (Agelet et al., 2000).

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The valley is mostly inhabited by peasants who rely on activities dependant on the use of natural resources. For example, many inhabitants work as cattle dealers and own a home garden. Over the recent years, farmers have started to combine the-se activities with tourism, often offering part of their houses as rural accommodations.

Due to high slopes, agriculture in the valley is rare. The most characteristic form of cultivation of Vall Fosca is home gardens. Due to the absence of shops and the difficult accessibility to the market town, especially in winter, traditionally home gar-dens in Vall Fosca had a high diversity of species and varieties. Customarily home gardens were managed by women as a part of their household activities, as men spent large shares of their time outside the household in charge of the cattle. Nowadays these traditional features are still partially present.

In our previous work (Calvet-Mir et al., un-published data) we found that some socio-demo-graphic attributes of the gardener are associated with in situ conservation of annual and biennial landraces. Specifically, women, retired people, people who manage an organic garden, and expe-rienced gardeners conserve a major number of an-nual and biennial landraces than people without those characteristics. We also found that the con-servation of perennial landraces is not associated to socio-demographic attributes of the gardeners, probably because fruit trees are not intensively managed in the area nowadays. Our work suggests that landraces might be a marker of cultural iden-tity, since local traditions and identity are still linked to agrarian activities.

Sample. Research was conducted in 16 of the 23 villages in Vall Fosca. The study villages vary notably in altitude and population size and composition. The altitude of the studied villages

ranges from 729 masl to 1422 masl. The number of permanent residents ranges from 5 to 156 in-habitants, with three villages composed by one family. Only three of the 16 villages studied have a grocery shop with fresh fruits and vegetables, although all the villages are visited once a week by an itinerant trader who sells fresh fruits and vegetables. All the villages have weekly bus access to the nearest market town, La Pobla de Segur, where there are several shops and supermarkets.

Structured data collection included the inventory of 60 home gardens belonging to 53 households, al-most all the home gardens in the study area.

Methods of data collection. Inventory: To capture seasonal variation, over the seven months of re-search in 2008, we visited all home gardens in the sample three times. On the first visit, we request-ed the main tender to accompany us to the home garden. We then asked the tender to identify all the edible plants present in the home garden at the moment of the visit. In the two subsequent visits we noted the presence of crops not present during previous visits. During the inventories we asked about the origin of each seed. If the seed was kept from the gardener’s previous crop, we asked how long s/he had been keeping the seed continuously. The procedure allowed us to iden-tify landraces. Photos of each variety were taken to contrast the information with vouchers from the herbariums of Universitat de Barcelona (BCN), Real Jardín Botánico,CSIC (MA) and Universidad de Oviedo (FCO). Vouchers of all identifi ed lan-Vouchers of all identified lan-draces were deposited in the herbarium of the Centre de Documentació de Biodiversitat Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona (BCN).

Structured interviews: We conducted structured interviews in 2009 to gather knowledge about

Fig. 1.

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landraces. We interviewed 13 landraces’ custodi-ans that we selected from our previous sample of 53 garden tenders. These interviews served us to gather information about the name’s origin, plant characteristics, distribution area, specific manage-ment, recipes and sayings of each landrace main-tained in the gardens. During those interviews we also asked about crops that their parents or grand parents used to plant from seeds.

Methods of data analysisWe used the inventories to identify 1) annual

landraces (annual and/or biennial crops that have been reproduced by the farmers during more than 30 years in a specific geographic area, keeping the seeds continuously) and 2) perennial landraces (perennial and/or vegetative reproduction spe-cies that have been cultivated and reproduced in a specific geographic area for more than 60 years). The inventories also allowed us to identify the major landraces’ custodians. Data from structured interviews permitted us to catalogue the traditio-nal ecological knowledge associated to the landra-ces and estimate changes in the maintenance of landraces and knowledge about them.

ResuLts AnD DIsCussIOnPresence of landraces in home gardens

We found 39 taxa that fit in our definition of landraces. They are listed in Table 1 indicating spe-cies and family name, voucher number, presence in sampled gardens, and type of landrace (annual or perennial). Sixteen landraces were cultivated by one tender only, whereas six landraces were cultivated by ten or more gardeners in the sample. Most landraces belonged to the Fabaceae and Ro-saceae families, with 10 landraces from each fam-ily. On average, each tender grew 3.68 landraces, 2.26 annual and 1.41 perennial. One tender had 14 landraces, but ten gardeners (or 18.87% of the sample) do not have any landrace. Although most of the species in our sample are from commer-cial origin, the landraces identified represent the 16.62% of the diversity of home gardens.

Comparison of the number of landraces en-countered in our study with other studies is diffi-cult for two main reasons. First, many studies in tropical regions have focused on the presence of

native versus exotic species (Padoch & de Jong, 1991; Azurdia & Leiva, 2004) or have analyzed genetic diversity of a single crop (Shagarodsky et al., 2004; Sthapit et al., 2004; Williams, 2004). The scope of our research is different, since the aim was to assess the number of landraces maintained in the area. Second, previous studies on landra-ces have used different definitions of the concept or different sampling methods. For example, in Vietnam, Gessler & Hodel (2004) used individual descriptions to assess the diversity of landraces in home gardens. Sthapit et al. (2004) include seeds from companies to assess the diversity of two spe-cies in traditional farming systems of Nepal and Vietnam. Despite the difficulty of the comparison, our finding seems in the line of other studies in the Iberian Peninsula. Thus, in a study in three provinces of Andalusia (Spain) Guzmán-Casado et al. (2000) described and evaluated 52 landraces of 15 different species, Acosta-Naranjo & Díaz-Diego (2008) described 23 landraces in the district or “comarca” of Tentudia, Extremadura (Spain), and in a study of 92 home gardens in a village located in Sierra Norte de Madrid (Spain), Jesch (2009) described 24 landraces of 13 different taxa.In situ conservation and traditional ecological knowledge.

Landraces in Vall Fosca have associated a large extent of traditional ecological knowledge. Eva-luating the data gathered with structured inter-views we realized that each landrace has particu-lar features. As an example of those features, here we describe the landraces or group of landraces with more special characteristics. The goal of the exercise is to show the links between traditional knowledge and the maintenance of landraces, ra-ther than catalogue the information related to each landrace. The traditional ecological knowled-ge linked to landraces include information on the appropriated sowing, planting, and harvesting calendar; type of manure, rotations, instructions for keeping the seeds; culinary, fodder and medi-cinal uses. This knowledge also includes sayings related to some ecological characteristics of the landrace.

For example, all the landraces that belong to the genus Phaseolus are normally sowed directly in the ground at the middle of May, concretely

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around Saint Isidore (May 15th). The holes have to be shallow. As the saying goes, “El fesol vol sen-tir tocar missa” (“Beans want to hear the church bells”). It is also said that the gardener must put two or three seeds in each hole, and holes should be separated by about 50 cm, or as they said “En-tre fesol i fesol s’hi ha de poder ajeure una ovella” (“Between bean and bean a sheep should be able to sleep”).

Gardeners also have traditional knowledge on cultivation and harvesting practices. For example, it is common in the area that gardeners put ashes over Allium sativum L. and Allium ascalonicum L. as manure and to avoid pests. Col de ruc (Brassica oleracea L. var. oleracea) is harvested for human consumption only after the first frost, although its leaves can be harvested before as fodder for the hens and pigs.

As mentioned, traditional ecological knowled-ge also includes information on how to use diffe-rent landraces. For example, the three landraces encountered of the species Brassica oleracea L. are used as edible, fodder, and as medicinal remedy to diminish external inflammations. Cydonia oblonga L. is used to do a type of sauce very appreciated “allioli de codony”. This sauce is made with garlic, olive oil and quince, and is used to accompany meat dishes.

In addition to knowledge of specific landra-ces, there is a more general traditional ecological knowledge that includes the management of all landraces. For example, gardeners believe that to get a good harvesting they must sow in “lluna ferma”, or the period that goes from full to new moon. Similarly, the harvesting of vegetables that can be storaged, such as onions, garlics, or pump-kins, should be done during the same period. Gar-deners keep wild flowers and plants around the home garden to avoid pest and favour pollination. They also rotate crops from one year to the other: “A l’hort s’han de fer rotacions si no la terra es cansa”, translated as “If you do not rotate crops, the earth gets tired”.

Changes in the maintenance of landraces and knowledge about them

We tried to evaluate to what extent a decrease in the number of landraces had occurred in home

gardens during the last decades. Using informa-tion from structured interviews we obtained a historic baseline for the description of changes in floristic composition, particularly landraces, and the traditional ecological knowledge associated to them. Many of our informants were over 60 years of age, so they had memories for at least 40 years. In addition some informants were older (up to 90) and could remember even further back. In-formation was also gathered from the informants’ memories of lore passed down form their parents or grandparents. We deduced that landraces re-presented the majority of edible crops cultivated in the home garden before 1960. Beyond 1960 the number of landraces cultivated in home gardens declined rather steeply, due to the major acces-sibility to market towns, and the introduction of new crops. We estimate that half of landraces cul-tivated and used in the 1960s have disappeared from the home gardens or have fallen into disuse. For instance, potatoes’ landraces have disappeared from the home gardens of Vall Fosca, and Cynara cardunculus L., used to curdle milk, has fallen into disuse and only remains in some home gardens as a witness of a lost cultural tradition.

From the 39 landraces found in this research, 16 were only present in only one garden, probably as a remainder of a past tradition or due to the gardener like this specific landrace. For example, an 81 years old woman is the only person that still cultivates Helianthus tuberosus L. She explai-ned that she likes to preserve the tubercles of this plant with vinegar and aggregate them to salads. As Agelet et al. (2000) argue in a study about the loss of diversity of useful medicinal plants in home gardens of mountain regions of Catalonia, these are examples of the acculturation to which rural communities have been subjected by the in-dustrialization of Iberian regions and in Europe in general. A similar situation was also reported from Mayan home gardens by Rico-Gray et al. (1990) and Caballero (1992), and in a Moroccan oasis (Bellakhdar et al., 1987). Many people re-member that they use to have landraces for some species, such as potatoes, and although they do not cultivate and use them anymore, they still re-member the traditional management and the tas-te of these landraces.

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We found two main reasons that could explain the decrease in landraces cultivation in home gar-dens. First, landraces are more labour-intensive than commercial varieties (since it is necessary to do the seed bank). Second, gardeners argue that when they grow landraces they have to wait for their harvest longer than when they use com-mercial varieties. This is mostly due to the fact that most gardeners do not have the technical equipment (e.g., green houses) to start the seed bank during the winter, so landraces seedlings are usually planted later than commercial varie-ties seedlings, and therefore their harvesting also comes later. As reported by Reyes-García et al. (2009) in a study of home gardens in three diffe-rent mountain regions of the Iberian Peninsula, although some decades ago gardeners seemed to have depended on their seeds to grow crops, du-ring the study period (2008) as much as 61% of the propagules had a commercial origin. Second, changes in the dietary habits and the accessibi-lity to market town also have been the cause of the marginalization of some landraces. For exam-ple, fruits are usually bought at market, because market fruits are bigger and more tasteful than local ones. The use of Allium ascalonicum L., has decreased dramatically because the commercial varieties of Alliium cepa L. are more tasteful and have the same us as Allium ascalonicum L. Age-let et al. (2000) also encountered in the changes of dietary habits a major reason of the disuse of some taxa as Prunus domestica subsp. insititia (L.) Bonnier & Layens. Despite of the decrease of lan-draces cultivated in home gardens of Vall Fosca since middle last century we found information on recent introduction of landraces into the home gardens. There are species that have been introdu-ced in the area in the 1970s and 80s and seem to adapt well to the local environmental conditions and to the local agrarian culture uses and mana-gement. For example, three landraces of Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. vulgaris (fesol perona de mata alta, fesol de beina llarga verda, fesol lila de mantega). These crops seem to have displaced other older landraces of Phaseolus vulgaris var. vulgaris due to their better taste or their easier cooking.

COnCLusIOnsIn conclusion, the finding of 39 landraces Vall

Fosca and the large extent of traditional ecologi-cal knowledge associated to them highlights the importance of home gardens for in situ conserva-tion for two main reasons: 1) home gardens in Vall Fosca act as repositories of crop genetic diversity and cultural information, and 2) landraces and their linked knowledge are still available in a re-gion where modern commercial varieties dominate the seeds system. Researchers and policy makers should join efforts to collaborate with local people in the maintenance of this form of cultural and biological diversity.

ACKnOWLeDGeMentsResearch was funded by the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (MEC-España) (SEJ2007-60873/SOCI), the Ge-neralitat de Catalunya (AGAUR and CPCTC). L. Calvet-Mir acknowledges finantial support from a FPU grant (MEC-España, AP-2006-01849). We thank all the tenders who collaborated in the project. We also thank L. Aceituno, M. Chaves, T. Garnatge, J.J. Lastra, M. Parada, M. Pardo, M. Rigat, J. Vallès, L. Vaqué, and S. Vila for help in the field work, identification of species and comments to previous versions of this work.

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