the role of natural refrigerants in the future un update ... · any other key applications using...
TRANSCRIPT
The role of natural refrigerants in the future
.....un update from Europe
Melbourne, 27th March 2017
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 2
TH. WITT Kältemaschinenfabrik GmbH
Dipl. Ing.
Günter WittDipl. Ing.
Monika Witt
Ing.
Theodor Witt
1896 - 1933
Dipl. Ing.
Hans Witt
1933 - 1965
1965 - 1998
seit 1998
Dipl.Kaufm.
Florian Weber
•Founded 1896 in Aachen, Germany
•Family owned business in 4th generation
1998 - today
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 3
TH. WITT Kältemaschinenfabrik GmbH
Specialists for industrial refrigeration
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 4
Extract from WITT‘s product range
Refrigerant pumpsHigh side float regulators
Automatic oil
return systems
Page 5Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017
• eurammon is a joint initiative of companies, institutions and
individuals who advocate an increased use of natural
refrigerants.
• As a knowledge pool for the use of natural refrigerants in
refrigeration engineering, the initiative sees as its mandate
the creation of a platform for information sharing and the
promotion of public awareness and acceptance of natural
refrigerants.
• The objective is to promote the use of natural refrigerants in
the interest of a healthy environment, and thereby
encourage a sustainable approach in refrigeration
engineering.
eurammon
Page 6Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017
eurammon – global network of experts
Companies, institutions, initiatives and individuals:
79 eurammon members from 27 countries worldwide are
committed to increasing the use of natural refrigerants
Page 7Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017
eurammon members – companies
Page 8
eurammon members – reciprocal memberships
• AAR Association of Ammonia Refrigeration, IN – Pune
• Association Française du Froid (AFF), F – Paris
• Australian Refrigeration Association, AUS - Bowral NSW
• EUROVENT, the European Committee of Air Handling & Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturers, B - Brussels
• FRIO CALOR AIRE ACONDICIONADO,S.L., E – Madrid
• Green Cooling Association, AUS - Castle Hill
• International Academy of Refrigeration, Representative Office in Kazakhstan, KZ – Almaty
• International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration (IIAR), USA – Arlington, VA
• Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IRN
• Nederlandse Vereniging van Ondernemingen op het gebied van de Koudetechniek en Luchtbehandeling
(NVKL), NL – Zoetermeer
• Odessa State Academy of Refrigeration (OSAR), UA – Odessa
• Romanian General Association of Refrigeration, ROU – Bucharest
• Slovenian Association for Cooling and Air Conditioning (SDHK), SLO – Ljubljana
• Southern African Refrigerated Distribution Association (SARDA), ZA – Cape Town
• Swiss Association for Refrigeration Technology (SVK), CH – Maur
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 9
eurammon – services and information
eurammon website
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 10
eurammon at facebook and LinkedIn
linkedin.com/company/eurammon facebook.com/eurammon/
• Like and follow us on LinkedIn and facebook!
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 11
eurammon film "naturally cool"
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 12
The need for refrigerants in the future?
The use of refrigerants will increase in
the future
Factors that influence the refrigerant consumption
• Increasing population
• Raising living standard
• Tightness of the system
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 13
A look back – Montreal protocol
The Montreal protocol was the first global agreement signed
in Sep. 1987
• Originally intended to protect the ozone layer
• Includes list of prohibited ozone depleting sustances, mainly
HCFCs
• It is ratified until now by 197 states
• Due to scientific findings it can be altered by 2/3 majority
Ozone depleting substances reduced by 95%
compared to 1987!
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 14
Ozone layer hole?
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 15
A look back – Kyoto protocol
The Kyoto protocol, decided in Dec. 1997 came into force
Feb. 2005 when Russia joint (minimum amount of 55 states
and min. 55% of countries responsible for CO2 emmisiones
in 1990 reached)
• Intended to reduce green house gases (i.e. regulation of
emission rates for CO2 equivalents)
• Regulations only for developed countries
• USA and Canada do not participate
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 16
A look back – Kyoto protocol
The Kyoto protocol could not prevent the
dramatic increase of green house gases so far
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 17
Amount of natural desastersA
mount
ofin
cid
ents
between 1980 and 2013 recorded by Munic RE back insurer
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 18
Is global warming taking place?
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 19
Is global warming taking place?
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 20
A look back – COP21
A committment to keep global warming below 2 degrees
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 21
A look back – Montreal amendment
Since the amendment to the Montreal protocol was signed
in Kigale in Oct. 2016 the list of substances is increased by
the replacements with high GWP
• HFC are now added to the list
• target rates for developed and developing countries are
defined
• Aim is to keep global warming below 2 degrees (as agreed
in Paris)
Global committment to phase down HFCs!
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 22
European legislation effecting refrigerants
European Union's climate and energy strategy with its so-
called "20-20-20 targets" , which means
20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by the year
2020
Two legislative acts influence F-gases in Europe
• MAC directive
• F-gas regulation
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 23
MAC directive
The use of F-gases with GWP > 150 is already
forbidden for new cars and vans in Europe
Mobile Air Conditioning systems in small motor vehicles
• Prohibition of F-gases with GWP > 150
• Since 2011 for new type cars and vans
• From 2017 for all cars and vans
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 24
F-gas regulation
Any other key applications using F-gases fall under the F-
gas regulation, with major aims to
• Improving the prevention of leaks from equipment
containing F-gases
• Avoiding the use of F-gases where environmentally
superior alternatives are cost-effective
First F-gas regulation adopted in 2006, replaced by a
new regulation in 2014 (into effect 1.1.2015)
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 25
Why a revision of EU F-Gas Regulation?
Regular Revision period by law
• Regulation required an assessment by July 2011
Very ambitious goals for CO2 emission reduction in the EU
• e.g. 20-20-20 targets
• CO2 emission reduction of 80 to 95 % until 2050
• EU wants to take the pioneer position for GHG reduction
Original targets for emission reduction not sufficient in
long term
• Commission Preparatory Study and independent studies
• Large proportion of “High GWP” refrigerants
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 26
Core elements of the F-gas regulation
• Phase-down:The F-gases available on the market will be
gradually reduced.
• Restrictions on use: F-gases that are particularly harmful to
the climate will be gradually prohibited completely.
• Quota system: F-gas quotas will be allocated to the
manufacturers and importers in order to control the actual
consumption of F-gases.
• Leak tests: To avoid leakages, stricter regulations will apply
in future to leak tests on refrigeration and air-conditioning
systems.
• Extended operator obligations: Operators are responsible
for ensuring that installation, maintenance, servicing, repairs
or decommissioning is performed only by certified personnel.
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 27
F-gas phase down – reference point
The EU is gradually reducing the permitted total quantity of
F-gases as from January 2015
• The reference point (100%) consists of the average
available quantity of F-gases available on the market in the
period 2009 to 2012
• Equipment pre-charged with F-Gas imported from non-EU
countries must also be considered in the quota system
from 2017 on, adding around 12% to the EU average
consumption 2015
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 28
Refrigerant Usage in EU [ton](1)
R404A
24%
R407C
9%
R22
10%
R410A
11%R134a
35%
Other
11%
Physical consumption of 2010 in % 85900 Tonnes
In 2010
• R134a had the largest
share in physical consumption
(35 % in tonnes)
Main reasons
• High proportion of
Mobile Air-Conditioning (MAC)
• High leakage rates in MAC
Source: SKM Enviros Study 08.2012
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 29
Refrigerant Usage in EU [CO2
equivalent](2)
R404A
44%
R407C
7%
R22
9%
R410A
11%
R134a
23%
Other
6%In 2010
• R404A / R507A had the
largest share in GHG
consumption (44 % CO2 eq.)
Main reasons
• High GWP
• High leakage rates in
commercial refrigeration
GHG consumption, average 2009 − 2012 in %
183 MT CO2 equivalent
Source: SKM Enviros Study 08.2012
Significant potential for reduction
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 30
Phase-Down − Challenges in 2018 and 2021
0
50
100
150
200
250
Baseline 2018 2021
Mill
ion
tonn
es C
O2
equi
vale
nt
EU HFC Quota Pre-charged imports
22
+
183
MT
CO2
115
MT
CO282
MT
CO2
Mill
ion
to
nn
es C
O2
eq
uiv
ale
nt
250
200
150
100
50
0
Baseline 2018 2021
44% cutvs. 37%
-90 MT CO2
60% cutvs. 55%
-123 MT CO2
Pre-charged importsEU HFC quota
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 31
Phase-Down Scenario
Calculation of max. quantity for placing HFCs on the market
2016
−
2017
2018
−
20202021
−
2023 2024
−
20262026
−
2029
2030Consequence: Indirect restrictions
also in sectors with no use bans
Baseline 100%
related to average
consumption 2009
- 2012
Source: Bitzer report
First drastic
step
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 32
Prohibition of F-gases – 1st stage
From 2020 onwards, stationary systems may no longer
use refrigerants with a GWP > 2,500, including
maintenance of plants with virgin refrigerant having more
than 40 t CO2 equivalent (corresponding to about 10 kg
charge of R404A and R507A.
• The only exemptions are systems in military use and
systems that cool products to a temperature below -50 °C.
• Existing systems may still be operated until 2030 and
refilled, but only with processed or recycled F-gases
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 33
Prohibition of F-gases – 2nd stage
from 2022 refrigerants in multiple centralised
refrigeration systems (at least two compressors, several
cooling points and a refrigerating capacity of more than
40 kW) are permitted to only use refrigerants with GWP
< 150.
• Excluded are primary refrigerants of cascade systems
in which F-gases may be used with a GWP < 1500.
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 34
GWP Values and Regulation Steps
Avg 2018
Avg 2024
Avg 2030
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 35
2nd level EU phase down refrigerants
• HFOs with GWP < 30 (ultralow)
• All natural refrigerants conform with GWP < 30 (ultralow)
• R152a with GWP just below 150
• Only CO2 with a GWP < 150 is not flammable
• Risk assessment is mandatory
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 36
Quota system
refrigerant manufacturers and importers will be allocated
F-gas quotas on submitting a corresponding application.
Quantities will be distributed according to the following
key:
• 89% of the total quantity will be shared among existing
market participants
• 11% reserved for new market entrants
• pre-charged equipment being imported into the EU will fall
under the quota system from 2017.
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 37
Quota system – how is it done
quotas can be freely traded on the market similar to
emission rights
• companies are obliged to submit reports on their actual F-
gas consumption.
• Exemptions are for production outputs of manufacturers
or importers with less than 100 tonnes of CO2 equivalent,
military systems or applications without suitable technical
alternatives (with a need of proof)
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 38
Leak tests
more frequent and more precise checks
• Regular tests are prescribed already from a
refrigerant charge of more than 5 tonnes of CO2
• There are plans to halve the test frequency if the
systems have a leak detection system that informs
the operator automatically in the event of any
leakage
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 39
Charge in t CO2
equivalentControl cycle
Control cycle with
leak detection
system
5t up to < 50 t every 12
monthsevery 24 months
50t up to < 500 t every 6 months every 12 months
≥ 500 t every 3 months every six months
Leak tests - frequency
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 40
Extended operator obligations
more responsibility and mandatory certification
• full responsibility for ensuring that installation,
maintenance, servicing, repairs or
decommissioning are performed only by certified
personnel or certified companies
• However, European standard on clear guidelines
for certification still missing
• operators are responsible for complying with
prohibitions on buying and selling.
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 41
What will be the refrigerant of the future?
Available options with GWP < 150
• Mixtures of HFO and HFCs
• HFOs
• Natural refrigerants
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 42
The ideal refrigerant
Unfortunatelly you cannot get it all in one…
Combines the following features
• Excellent thermodynamic propertis
• Good chemical and physical characteristics
• No or low environmental impact
• Economically available
• Safe to use
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 43
Safe refrigerants?
Safety of refrigerants should consider the
global impact they have!
In the past the focus of safe has been to the near vicinity
of the refrigeration installation, not so much on the global
impact
• Refrigerant meeting a low GWP value are at least
flammable
• Refrigerants with best thermodynamic properties are toxic
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 44
The Refrigerant Dilemma
GWP versus flammability
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 45
Naturally the best choice
Natural refrigerants are safe to use!
• Effects on the environment are well known
• All natural refrigerants conform with GWP < 30 (ultralow)
• CO2 is the only refrigerant rated safety class A1
• Components are available
• Safety record of natural refrigerants as good as of
„synthetics“
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 46
Trends in the refrigeration industry
Energy efficient use of systems
• Optimazation of products come to a limit
• better controls of the overall system will be key
• Consideration of the operation conditions a system is mainly
oprerated at (not just the design point)
• Use of heat recovery systems wherever possible
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 47
Trends in the refrigeration industry
Reduced refrigerant charge
• already state of the art in many European countries
• Although this may increase energy consumption
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 48
Trends in the refrigeration industry
New system designs
• CO2 systems for supermarkets state of the art
• CO2 on low temperature side of industrial systems popular
in certain European countries
• Use of ammonia and R723 in smaller systems
• Use of propane under investigation for commercial
systems
• Using HFOs is the „quick fix“ when immediate action is
needed
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 49
Packaged ammonia chillers
Ammonia or R723 are becoming popular also for smaller
applications well below 500 kW
WITT WEC chiller
with R723 from 50
– 200 kW
GEA BluAstrum Chiller for
ammonia from 550 –
1730 kW
Frigopol R723 heatpump 24 KW
HKT Chiller < 15 kW
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 50
Ammonia HVAC in public buildings
Ammonia the refrigerant of choice for HVAC systems in
public buildings!
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 51
Carbon dioxide applications
Perfect for rapid freezing, i.e. on fish trawlers
Fully developed for MAC
Carbon dioxide is particularly good in colder climates
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 52
Carbon dioxide applications
New supermarkets in Europe mostly operated with CO2
Many storage systems with CO2 on the low temp. side
Bottle coolers für hotter climates
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 53
Hydrocarbon applications
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 54
Hydrocarbon applications
Propane installation on
the roof of a public
building
Propane / CO2
cascade system
R290 air conditioner,
Gree
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 55
The future is natural!
The smartest decision is to leapfrog other refrigerant
options and turn to the natural choices…
Melbourne, AIRAH, 27th March 2017 Page 56
Thanks
to all eurammon members for their support and to the
following persons contributing to this paper
• Hermann Renz, Bitzer
• Thomas Spänich, GEA Refrigeration
• Michael Kauffeld, Hochschule Karlsruhe
• Karl Huber, HKT Kältetechnik
• Andy Pearson, STAR Refrigeration
• Karin Jahn, eurammon
eurammon is always available as a sparring partner for questions on
refrigeration with natural refrigerants.
Contact:
Dr. Karin Jahn
Lyoner Straße 18
60528 Frankfurt
Germany
Phone: +49 (0)69 6603-1277
Fax: +49 (0)69 6603-2276
E-mail: [email protected]