tema 5. bobinas
TRANSCRIPT
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 4 lc 39
ÇFLOIC
4. GDBFC\OYGM _ C@CI\QMGDBFC\OYGM <
4.4. Gdbfctosgm ................................................................................................................................................ 3
4.4.4. Ogäf 3
4.4.1. ^m`ms lc uf ogäf 8
4.4.9. Arûku`d 8
4.4.<. I`dscs lc ogdfcs 2
4.4.3. Idgpm gdbfïtoim lc uf ogäf :
4.1. C`citrmgdbfctosgm .................................................................................................................................. :
4.1.4. Idgpm gdbfïtoim ircdlm pmr uf imfluitmr iudflm cs dtrdvcsdlm pmr ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid?
4.1.1. Idgpm gdbfïtoim cf uf imfluitmr cf hmrgd lc dfo``m 4>
4.1.9. Idgpm gdbfïtoim hmrgdlm pmr ufd amaofd 4>
4.9. Cxpcrogcftm lc Hdrdldy ...................................................................................................................... 44
1. AMAOFD 41
1.4. Lchofoioùf ................................................................................................................................................. 41
1.1. Dp`oidiomfcs ............................................................................................................................................ 49
1.9. Cstruiturd oftcrfd ................................................................................................................................ 49
1.<. Hufiomfdgocftm ...................................................................................................................................... 4<
1.<.4. Amaofd cf I.I. 4<
1.<.1. Amaofd cf I.D. 4<
1.3. Idrditcrçstoids bcfcrd`cs ................................................................................................................... 4<
1.8. Iùlobm lc im`mrcs .................................................................................................................................. 4<
9. GDBFO\SLCY GDBFÏ\OIDY 43
9.4. @cy lc @cfz .............................................................................................................................................. 43
9.1. Dutmofluiioùf ......................................................................................................................................... 48
9.1.4. Imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc ufd amaofd imf fûi`cm lc dorc 4:
9.1.1. Imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc ufd amaofd imf fûi`cm lc jocrrm 4?
9.9. H`ukm gdbfïtoim ...................................................................................................................................... 4?
9.<. Ofluiioùf gdbfïtoid ............................................................................................................................. 4?
9.3. Hucrzd gdbfctmgmtroz ........................................................................................................................ 1>
9.8. Oftcfsoldl lc idgpm gdbfïtoim ....................................................................................................... 14
9.2. ^crgcdao`oldl gdbfïtoid ................................................................................................................... 11
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 1 lc 39
<. ^QMICYM LC IDQBD _ LCYIDQBD 11
<.4. Hufiomfdgocftm ...................................................................................................................................... 19
<.1. Imgpmrtdgocftm präitoim lc ufd amaofd ....................................................................................... 13
3. \O^MY 12
3.4. Amaofds hokds ........................................................................................................................................... 12
3.4.4. Imf fûi`cm lc dorc 1:
3.4.1. Imf fûi`cm sù`olm 1:
3.1. Amaofds vdroda`cs .................................................................................................................................. 9>
8. DYMIODIOÙF LC AMAOFDY 94
8.4. Dsmiodioùf lc amaofds cf scroc .......................................................................................................... 94
8.1. Dsmiodioùf lc amaofds cf pdrd`c`m .................................................................................................... 94
2. CFCQBÇD 91
:. QC@Ï 99
:.4. Lchofoioùf ................................................................................................................................................ 99
:.1. Cstruiturd .............................................................................................................................................. 99
:.1.4. Imftditms 9<
:.1.1. Qc`ï lc cstdlm sù`olm 93
:.1.9. C`citrmogäf 93
:.9. Yçgam`m .................................................................................................................................................... 93
:.<. Hufiomfdgocftm ..................................................................................................................................... 98
:.<.4. Qc`ï lc iudtrm imftditms 98
:.3. \opms ......................................................................................................................................................... 9:
:.8. Dp`oidiomfcs ........................................................................................................................................... 9?
?. \QDFYHMQGDLMQ <>
?.4. Lchofoioùf ................................................................................................................................................ <>
?.1. Cstruiturd ............................................................................................................................................... <4
?.9. Yçgam`m ..................................................................................................................................................... <4
?.<. Hufiomfdgocftm ..................................................................................................................................... <1
?.3. Qc`dioùf lc trdfshmrgdioùf .............................................................................................................. <1
?.8. \opms ......................................................................................................................................................... <3
?.2. Dp`oidiomfcs ........................................................................................................................................... <2
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 9 lc 39
4>. D^@OIDIOMFCY ^QÄI\OIDY <:
4>.4. D`tcrfdlmr ............................................................................................................................................. <:
4>.1. Lofdgm ................................................................................................................................................... <?
4>.9. Yostcgds lc trdfsgosoùf y rcicpioùf lc scôd`cs lc rdlom, vçlcm y tc`chmfçd gùvo` ....... 3>
44. OF\CQHCQCFIODY C@CI\QMGDBFÏ\OIDY 34
41. DFD@MBÇD CF\QC @MY LOHCQCF\CY C@CGCF\MY ^DYOXMY 39
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd < lc 39
4. GDBFC\OYGM _ C@CI\QMGDBFC\OYGM
C` gdbfctosgm tocfc quc vcr imf hcfùgcfms lc dtrdiioùf y rcpu`soùf quc sc ldf imf `ms ogdfcs yimf `ms gdtcrod`cs hcrrmgdbfïtoims .
C` c`citrmgdbfctosgm imf hcfùgcfms gdbfïtoims quc dpdrcicf iudflm `ms imfluitmrcs y `dsamaofds smf rcimrrolms pmr ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid.
C` cstulom lc cstds lms iocfiods cs ogpmrtdftc, yd quc dprmvcijdflm cstms hcfùgcfms sc puclcfimfstruor c`citrmogdfcs, trdfshmrgdlmrcs, gmtmrcs, bcfcrdlmrcs lc c`citroioldl imgm `ds lofdgms yd`tcrfdlmrcs, d`tdvmics, rc`ïs y imftdlmrcs, icrrdlurds c`citrmgdbfïtoids, imiofds lc ofluiioùf,
lctcitmrcs lc gctd`cs, c`citrmvä`vu`ds y uf sofhçf gäs lc dp`oidiomfcs.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 3 lc 39
Ckcgp`m; Imiofd lc ofluiioùf.
Ymf hrciucftcs, idld vcz gäs, `ds imiofds votrmicrägoids cf `ms jmbdrcs, imf id`cftdgocftm pmrrcsostcfiods m jd`ùbcfms. Cs lcior, gclodftc id`mr rdlodftc. Fm fcicsotdf gdymr cxp`oidioùf.Yogp`cgcftc, ufd rcsostcfiod sc pmfc d` rmkm vovm, y csm id`ocftd `m quc cftrc cf imftditm imf c``d (pmrckcgp`m, ufd sdrtïf). ^crm, ½y `ds lc ofluiioùf= Dicrids `d gdfm d ufd lc c``ds, y fm tc qucgds. ^mfcs
ufd m``d imf dbud, y cgpoczd d jcrvor. ½Ymrprcflcftc= Tuozä. @d cxp`oidioùf, cs quc su hufiomfdgocftmsc adsd cf `d cgosoùf lc mflds c`citrmgdbfïtoids , `ds iud`cs, sm`m tocfcf chcitm smarc mtrms gdtcrod`cshcrrmgdbfïtoims (fm cs c` idsm lc `d gdfm). Loijm gdtcrod`, sc dbotd gdbfïtoidgcftc, lcsprcflocflmcfcrbçd cf hmrgd lc id`mr, lorcitdgcftc jdiod c` h`uolm m imgold quc imftcfbd c` rciopocftc. @dsprofiopd`cs vcftdkds imf rcspcitm d `ds trdloiomfd`cs, cs uf gckmr dprmvcijdgocftm lc `d cfcrbçd, qucimf``cvd uf djmrrm sustdfiod` lc `d gosgd. @d lcsvcftdkd gdymr, cs quc su prciom cs c` lma`c.
4.4. Gdbfctosgm
4.4.4. Ogäf
Ogäf cs tmlm iucrpm idpdz lc dtrdcr c` jocrrm y sus lcrovdlms .
Ckcgp`m; Yo tmgdgms uf ogäf c oftcftdgms dicridr lohcrcftcs makctms gctä`oims, pmlrcgmsmascrvdr quc ïstc dtrdc imf hucrzd sù`m dquc``ms makctms quc scdf lc jocrrm m lc dicrm. Cstc hcfùgcfmtdgaoïf sc ld imf c` fçquc` y c` imad`tm.
D cstms gdtcrod`cs quc smf susicptoa`cs lc scr dtrdçlms pmr uf ogäf sc `ms imfmic pmr c` fmgarclc gdtcrod`cs hcrrmgdbfïtoims.
D`bufds dp`oidiomfcs lc `ms ogdfcs smf pcqucôds lofdgms, goirùhmfms, d`tdvmics, dpdrdtms lc
gclold dfd`ùboims y pcqucôms gmtmrcs c`ïitroims lc I.I.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 8 lc 39
4.4.1. ̂ m`ms lc uf ogäf
@ms ogdfcs sc dtrdcf m rcpc`cf cftrc sç , lc gdfcrd sogo`dr d `ds idrbds c`ïitroids.
@ms ogdfcs cstäf imgpucstms lc pm`m fmrtc y pm`m sur (dfä`mbms d `ds idrbds + y -).
Ckcgp`m; Yo lcpmsotdgms ufd idftoldl lc `ogdlurds lc jocrrm smarc uf ogäf rcitm, pmlrcgmsmascrvdr quc dpdrcic ufd gdymr imficftrdioùf lc ïstds cf `ms cxtrcgms lc` ogäf. D su vcz tdgaoïf scpuclc imgprmadr iùgm cstd imficftrdioùf losgofuyc jdiod c` icftrm, jdstd lcsdpdrcicr präitoidgcftccf c` icftrm.
@ds zmfds lmflc sc prmluic `d gdymr dtrdiioùf sc lcfmgofdf pm`ms gdbfïtoims. @d zmfd lmflc
fm jdy dtrdiioùf sc lcfmgofd `çfcd fcutrd.
4.4.9. Arûku`d
Sfd arûku`d cs ufd dbukd ogdftdld quc puclc bordr `oarcgcftc cf su ckc icftrd` .
Yo fmsmtrms lckdgms bordr `oarcgcftc d `d dbukd ogdftdld lc ufd arûku`d, ïstd sc mrocftdräsocgprc imf uf cxtrcgm jdiod c` pm`m fmrtc tcrrcstrc y c` mtrm jdiod c` sur. Lc dquç prmvocfc c` fmgarc
lc `ms pm`ms lc uf ogäf. D` cxtrcgm lc `d dbukd quc sc mrocftd jdiod c` fmrtc bcmbrähoim tcrrcstrc sc `mlcfmgofd pm`m fmrtc y d` mtrm, pm`m sur.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 2 lc 39
Ldlm quc cf `ms ogdfcs `ms pm`ms lc` gosgm fmgarc (Fmrtc ’ Fmrtc y Yur ’ Yur) lcsdrrm``dfhucrzds lc rcpu`soùf y `ms lc lohcrcftc fmgarc (Fmrtc ’ Yur), lc dtrdiioùf, gclodftc ufd arûku`d scrähäio` lctcrgofdr `ms fmgarcs lc `ms pm`ms. ^drd c``m, adstdrä imf dicridr `d arûku`d d ufm lc `ms pm`ms lc`ogäf y imgprmadr so cxostc dtrdiioùf m rcpu`soùf lc` pm`m fmrtc lc dquï``d.
Jdfs Ijrostodf Mcstcrl (4222-4:34), hçsoim ldfïs, mascrvù, gclodftc uf cxpcrogcftm quc `ddbukd lc ufd arûku`d sotudld icrid lc ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid sc lcsvodad . Cstm `c ``cvù d ufd imfi`usoùfguy scfio``d; «@d imrrocftc c`ïitroid pdsdflm d trdvïs lc uf imfluitmr ditûd imgm uf ogäfµ .
½Tuocrcs imgprmadr`m= Cfrm``d uf ida`c d`rclclmr lc ufd arûku`d y lcspuïs imfïitd`m d ufdpo`d, vcräs iùgm sc gucvc `d dbukd.
Cstc chcitm tdgaoïf pmlcgms mascrvdr`m cf c` sobuocftc cxpcrogcftm;
d) \mgdgms uf pdpc` y jdicgms uf mrohoiom pdrd c` pdsm lc uf ida`c.
a) Cf c` pdpc` sotudgms `ogdlurds lc jocrrm y imfcitdgms c` ida`c d ufd po`d.
i) ^mlcgms mascrvdr imgm `d lospmsoioùf lc `ds `ogdlurds d` pdsdr `d imrrocftc c`ïitroid cs sogo`drd `d quc hmrgdrçdf dftc `d prcscfiod lc uf ogäf.
4.4.<.
I`dscs lc ogdfcs@ms ogdfcs puclcf scr fdturd`cs y drtohoiod`cs .
Ogdfcs fdturd`cs. ^msccf `d prmpocldl gdbfïtoid pmr fdturd`czd . Cstc cs c` idsm lc` gofcrd`imfmiolm imf c` fmgarc lc gdbfctotd m poclrd ogäf.
Ogdfcs drtohoiod`cs. Ymf adrrds lc jocrrm m dicrm quc jdf dlquorolm `d prmpocldl gdbfïtoid pmr
gcloms cxtcromrcs , scd pmr hrmtdgocftm imf mtrm ogäf, pmr sogp`c ofh`ucfiod m pmr `d diioùf lcimrrocftcs c`ïitroids. Yc uto`ozd pdrd pmtcfiodr loijds prmpocldlcs.
@ms ogdfcs drtohoiod`cs puclcf scr d su vcz tcgpmrd`cs m pcrgdfcftcs .
m Ogdfcs tcgpmrd`cs. Ymf dquc``ms cf `ms iud`cs `d prmpocldl gdbfïtoid sù`m cxostc gocftrdsditûd `d idusd cxtcromr ogdfdlmrd. Ckcgp`m; Ymf lc brdf uto`oldl pdrd `d imfstruiioùf lcfûi`cms pdrd c`citrmogdfcs, gmtmrcs, bcfcrdlmrcs y trdfshmrgdlmrcs. Cf cstms idsms sccgp`cd `d ijdpd lc jocrrm d`cdld , pmr `m bcfcrd`, imf so`oiom.
m Ogdfcs pcrgdfcftcs. Ymf dquc``ms cf `ms iud`cs sc gdftocfcf `ds prmpocldlcs gdbfïtoids,dûf lcspuïs lc jdacr icsdlm `d idusd ogdfdlmrd. Ckcgp`m; @ds dp`oidiomfcs gäs ogpmrtdftcssmf imijcs y dvomfcs imf rdlomimftrm`, vcfto`dlmrcs lc mrlcfdlmr, idsctcs, d`tcrfdlmrcs lcdutms, bcfcrdlmrcs lc icftrd`cs imf pmtcfiods lc` mrlcf lc` gcbdvdtom y gmtmrcs pdsm dpdsm. Yc uto`ozdf d`cdiomfcs lc dicrm-tufbstcfm, dicrm-imad`tm, dicrm d` totdfom, jocrrm-
fçquc`-d`ugofom-imad`tm , cti.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd : lc 39
4.4.3. Idgpm gdbfïtoim lc uf ogäf
C` idgpm gdbfïtoim cs c` cspdiom, prùxogm d` ogäf , cf c` iud` smf dprcioda`cs `ms hcfùgcfmsgdbfïtoims mrobofdlms pmr loijm ogäf.
C` idgpm gdbfïtoim lc uf ogäf cs gäs oftcfsm cf ufds pdrtcs quc mtrds . Dsç, pmr ckcgp`m, c`idgpm gdbfïtoim dlquocrc su gäxogd oftcfsoldl cf `ms pm`ms, losgofuycflm pdu`dtofdgcftc scbûf fms
d`ckdgms lc c``ms.Ckcgp`m dftcromr; @ds `ogdlurds lc jocrrm quc sc mrocftdf smarc `d gosgd loaukdf `d hmrgd lc`
idgpm gdbfïtoim. Mascrvd quc jdy gäs `ogdlurds imficftrdlds cf `ms cxtrcgms y quc cxostcf ufdsidlcfds lc `ogdlurds hmrgdflm ufds `çfcds quc vdf lc uf pm`m d mtrm. D cstds idlcfds sc `ds imfmic pmrc` fmgarc lc `çfcds lc hucrzd lc` idgpm gdbfïtoim .
@ds `çfcds lc hucrzd ûfoidgcftc rcprcscftdf `d hmrgd lc` idgpm gdbfïtoim . Djmrd aocf, pmrgmtovms lc imfvcfiomfd`osgms tcùroims, sc `cs ld uf scftolm lc ioriu`dioùf, lc td` hmrgd quc sc loic quc`ds `çfcds lc idgpm sd`cf pmr c` pm`m fmrtc lc` ogäf, rcimrrcf c` cspdiom cxtcromr y cftrdf pmr c` pm`m
sur . C` scftolm lc ioriu`dioùf lc cstds `çfcds pmr c` oftcromr lc` ogäf cs lc sur d fmrtc .
4.1. C`citrmgdbfctosgm
@ms idgpms gdbfïtoims prmluiolms pmr ogdfcs pcrgdfcftcs smf socgprc lc pcqucôd oftcfsoldl.^mr csm sù`m smf cgp`cdlms cf pcqucôds gäquofds imgm gdbfctms y cf d`bufms dpdrdtms lc gclold.
Iudflm sc lcscd lospmfcr lc idgpms gdbfïtoims gäs oftcfsms , sc cgp`cdf amaofds hmrgdlds pmr
fugcrmsds cspords, iuym imfluitmr cs rcimrrolm pmr imrrocftcs c`ïitroids .
^mr tdftm, c` c`citrmgdbfctosgm cs `d iocfiod quc cstulod `ds rc`diomfcs rciçprmids cftrc `ms
idgpms gdbfïtoims y `ds imrrocftcs c`ïitroids .
Ckcgp`ms; Idgpms gdbfïtoims bcfcrdlms pmr lostoftms c`cgcftms.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd ? lc 39
4.1.4. Idgpm gdbfïtoim ircdlm pmr uf imfluitmr iudflm cs dtrdvcsdlm pmr ufd imrrocftcc`ïitroid
Ckcgp`m; Yo fmsmtrms cspm`vmrcdgms `ogdlurds lc jocrrm smarc ufd jmkd lc pdpc` quc csdtrdvcsdld pmr uf imfluitmr pmr lmflc ioriu`d ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid, mascrvdrcgms quc `ds `ogdlurdssc mrocftdf y hmrgdf uf cspcitrm gdbfïtoim lc hmrgd ioriu`dr .
Idgpm gdbfïtoim lc uf imfluitmr. Cspcitrm gdbfïtoim.
Cstm lcgucstrd quc, iudflm uf imfluitmr cs dtrdvcsdlm pmr ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid, d su
d`rclclmr dpdrcic uf idgpm gdbfïtoim . Mascrvdflm c` cspcitrm lc` idgpm gdbfïtoim sc puclc dprciodrquc `ds `çfcds lc hucrzd tmgdf `d hmrgd lc içriu`ms imfiïftroims quc sc iocrrdf d `m `drbm lc tmlm c`
imfluitmr .
Yo sotudgms vdrods dbukds ogdftdlds d`rclclmr lc` imfluitmr, pmlrcgms mascrvdr quc sumrocftdioùf lcpcflc lc` scftolm lc `d imrrocftc. ^drd lctcrgofdr c` scftolm lc `ds `çfcds lc hucrzd lc
ufd hmrgd scfio``d, sc dp`oid `d rcb`d lc` sdidimrijms m lc Gdxwc`` quc loic dsç; «C` scftolm lc `ds`çfcds lc hucrzd, imfiïftroids d` imfluitmr, cs c` quc ofloidrçd c` borm lc uf sdidimrijms quc dvdfzdsc
cf c` gosgm scftolm quc `d imrrocftcµ .
Qcb`d lc` sdidimrijms Qcb`d lc `d gdfm lcrcijd
FM\D; ^drd dp`oidr imrrcitdgcftc cstd rcb`d sc cgp`cd c` scftolm imfvcfiomfd` lc `dimrrocftc.
@d oftcfsoldl lc` idgpm gdbfïtoim lcsdrrm``dlm pmr c` imfluitmr lcpcflc hufldgcftd`gcftclc `d oftcfsoldl lc `d imrrocftc quc h`uyc pmr c` imfluitmr. D gdymr oftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc, gdymr
oftcfsoldl lc idgpm .
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 4> lc 39
4.1.1. Idgpm gdbfïtoim cf uf imfluitmr cf hmrgd lc dfo``m
Sf imfluitmr rcitm prmluic uf idgpm gdbfïtoim guy lospcrsm y, pmr tdftm, guy lïao`. @d hmrgd
lc imfscbuor quc c` idgpm gdbfïtoim scd gäs hucrtc cs lospmfocflm c` imfluitmr cf hmrgd lc dfo``m.
C` scftolm lc `ds `çfcds lc hucrzd lc ufd pdrtc lc` imfluitmr sc sugd d `d lc` mtrm , hmrgdflmuf idgpm gdbfïtoim guijm gäs oftcfsm cf c` icftrm lc `d cspord .
Ckcgp`m; Yo fmsmtrms cspm`vmrcdgms `ogdlurds lc jocrrm smarc ufd jmkd lc pdpc` quc csdtrdvcsdld pmr ufd cspord pmr lmflc ioriu`d ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid, mascrvdrcgms quc `ds `ogdlurds scmrocftdf y hmrgdf uf cspcitrm gdbfïtoim cf c` icftrm lc `d cspord .
Idgpm gdbfïtoim lc ufd cspord. Cspcitrm gdbfïtoim.
4.1.9. Idgpm gdbfïtoim hmrgdlm pmr ufd amaofd
Cf ufd amaofd, c` idgpm gdbfïtoim lc idld cspord sc sugd d` lc `d sobuocftc, imficfträflmsc
ïstc cf c` icftrm lc `d gosgd . C` idgpm rcsu`tdftc cs ufohmrgc cf c` icftrm lc `d cspord y guijm gäs
oftcfsm quc cf c` cxtcromr . Cf `ms cxtrcgms lc `d amaofd sc hmrgdf pm`ms gdbfïtoims.
^drd lctcrgofdr c` scftolm lc `ds `çfcds lc hucrzd, sc dp`oid `d rcb`d lc` sdidimrijms, pcrm lc
mtrd hmrgd . Adstd imf bordr c` sdidimrijms, cf c` gosgm scftolm lc borm quc `d imrrocftc c`ïitroid pmr
`ds cspords . C` scftolm lc dvdfic lc` sdidimrijms fms ofloid c` scftolm lc `ds `çfcds lc hucrzd . Sfd vczlctcrgofdlm cstc scftolm, cs häio` lctcrgofdr `ms pm`ms lc `d amaofd (c` pm`m fmrtc cstdrä sotudlm cf c`cxtrcgm pmr lmflc sd`cf `ds `çfcds lc hucrzd y c` sur pmr lmflc cftrdf).
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 44 lc 39
4.9. Cxpcrogcftm lc Hdrdldy
Goijdc` Hdrdldy (42?4-4:82) sc cftcrù lc` cxpcrogcftm lc Mcstcrl y sc `c miurroù `d sobuocftcolcd; ½cs pmsoa`c quc c` gmvogocftm lc uf ogäf bcfcrc imrrocftc c`ïitroid= ^drd imgprmadr cstdjopùtcsos imfstruyù ufd amaofd, drrm``dgocftm lc uf ida`c imfluitmr y sotuù uf ogäf cf su oftcromr .^rmlukm c` gmvogocftm lc ufm rcspcitm d` mtrm y mascrvù quc sc bcfcrdad uf h`ukm c`ïitroim. D cstc
hcfùgcfm `m lcfmgofù ofluiioùf gdbfïtoid, adsc lc` hufiomfdgocftm lc `ds lofdgms .
Yo cfrm``dgms uf ida`c d`rclclmr lc uf jocrrm (uf tmrfo``m, vdro``ds,…) tcflrcgms ufd amaofd
guijm gäs pmtcftc , yd quc c` jocrrm hdio`otd `d ioriu`dioùf lc` idgpm gdbfïtoim pmr c` oftcromr lc `damaofd. Cstc loscôm sc lcfmgofd c`citrmogäf y tocfc gû`top`cs dp`oidiomfcs, togarcs, brûd oflustrod` , …
Ckcgp`m; C`citrmogdf.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 41 lc 39
Ckcgp`m; C`citrmvä`vu`d.
@d vä`vu`d darc m iocrrd c` ioriuotm jolräu`oim m fcugätoim scbûf scd m fm d`ogcftdld `d amaofdlc` c`citrmogäf quc ``cvd ofimrpmrdld. @d dp`oidioùf lc `ds c`citrmvä`vu`ds cstä guy cxtcflold cf tmlmtopm lc dp`oidiomfcs oflustrod`cs , lmflc `d dutmgdtozdioùf lc `ms h`uolms tocfc ufd brdf ogpmrtdfiod.
Ckcgp`m; \ogarc.
@ms togarcs sc uto`ozdf pdrd prmluior scôd`cs diûstoids .
1. AMAOFD
1.4. Lchofoioùf
Sfd amaofd m ofluitdfiod cs uf imgpmfcftc pdsovm lc uf ioriuotm c`ïitroim quc, lcaolm d`hcfùgcfm lc `d dutmofluiioùf, d`gdicfd cfcrbçd cf hmrgd lc idgpm gdbfïtoim .
@d gosoùf lc ufd amaofd cs d`gdicfdr cfcrbçd c`ïitroid lc hmrgd gdbfïtoid pdrd iclcr`d cf uf
gmgcftm lctcrgofdlm .
@d amaofd d`gdicfd cfcrbçd c`ïitroid cf hmrgd lc idgpm gdbfïtoim iudflm dugcftd `doftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc, lcvm`voïflm`d iudflm ïstd losgofuyc.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 49 lc 39
1.1. Dp`oidiomfcs
@ds dp`oidiomfcs lc `ds amaofds smf guy dgp`ods. D imftofudioùf, sc ofloidf d`bufds lc c``ds;
Ofluitmrcs y idpdiotmrcs sc uto`ozdf cf ioriuotms lc dulom pdrd ho`trdr m dgp`ohoidr hrciucfiodscspciçhoids.
Yc uto`ozdf imgm ho`trms lc `çfcd tc`chùfoid, pdrd c`ogofdr `ds scôd`cs lc d`td hrciucfiod lcadfld dfijd y sc im`midf cf `ms cxtrcgms lc `ms ida`cs lc scôd` pdrd rcluior c` ruolm.
Cf `ds hucftcs lc d`ogcftdioùf tdgaoïf sc usdf amaofds pdrd ho`trdr imgpmfcftcs lc imrrocftcd`tcrfd, y sm`m matcfcr imrrocftc imftofud cf `d sd`old.
@ms trdfshmrgdlmrcs sc uto`ozdf profiopd`gcftc pdrd imfvcrtor ufd tcfsoùf d mtrd.
Oftcbrdf ioriuotms lc ho`trdlm pdrd sd`olds lc hucftcs rcitohoidlmrds tdftm pcqucôds imgm lcpmtcfiod.
Amaofdlm lc c`citrmogdfcs imf IL.
@ms gmtmrcs lc IL pmsccf ofluitmrcs pdrd bcfcrdr `ms idgpms gdbfïtoims fcicsdroms pdrd
hufiomfdr. Id`cftdgocftm pmr ofluiioùf c`citrmgdbfïtoid.
C`citrmogdfcs, rc`ïs, imftditmrcs, gäquofds c`ïitroids rmtdtovds, rcditdfiods pdrd c`drrdfquc lc tuams h`umrcsicftcs, cti.
Ckcgp`m; Hucftc lc d`ogcftdioùf lc uf ^I.
1.9. Cstruiturd oftcrfd
Sfd amaofd cs uf imgpmfcftc c`ïitroim hmrgdlm pmr uf imfluitmr drrm``dlm lc hmrgd io`çflroid .Cf d`bufms idsms, c` imfluitmr sc drrm``d smarc uf fûi`cm hcrrmgdbfïtoim 5 cf mtrms idsms, c` fûi`cm cs
dorc . @ms jo`ms lc imarc lcacf cstdr dos`dlms imf csgd`tc pdrd cvotdr c` imftditm cftrc c``ms.
C` sçgam`m gäs uto`ozdlm pdrd rcprcscftdr `d amaofd cs;
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 4< lc 39
1.<. Hufiomfdgocftm
C` imgpmrtdgocftm c`ïitroim lc ufd amaofd lcpcflc lc` topm lc imrrocftc c`ïitroid d` quc scimfcitd.
1.<.4.
Amaofd cf I.I.
Yo sc imfcitd d ufd tcfsoùf imftofud (I.I.), `d imrrocftc quc pdsd d trdvïs lc c``d scrä guy
c`cvdld , yd quc su rcsostcfiod suc`c scr guy adkd d` cstdr hdaroidld imf uf jo`m imfluitmr drrm``dlmsmarc uf fûi`cm lc dorc, jocrrm u mtrms gdtcrod`cs gdbfïtoims.
^mr tdftm, ufd amaofd cf I.I. sc imgpmrtd imgm uf imrtmioriuotm (rcsostcfiod icrm).
1.<.1. Amaofd cf I.D.
Cf idgaom, so sc imfcitd d ufd tcfsoùf d`tcrfd (I.D.), `d imrrocftc quc pdsd pmr c``d prcscftd
vd`mrcs gmlcrdlms y su imfsugm lc pmtcfiod ditovd cs präitoidgcftc fu`m. Cstc hcfùgcfm pcrgotclcluior quc cf I.D. dpdrcic ufd mpmsoioùf d` pdsm lc `d imrrocftc c`ïitroid lc fdturd`czd lostoftd d `d
rcsostcfiod ùjgoid , quc cstä rc`diomfdld imf `d dutmofluiioùf lc `d amaofd.
1.3. Idrditcrçstoids bcfcrd`cs@ds idrditcrçstoids tïifoids bcfcrd`cs lc `ds amaofds smf `ds sobuocftcs;
Imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf (@). Ofloid `d idpdioldl quc tocfc `d amaofd lc bcfcrdr idgpmgdbfïtoim. Yc cxprcsd cf jcfroms (J). C` vd`mr puclc cstdr ofloidlm fugïroidgcftc cf `dsupcrhoioc lc `d amaofd m gclodftc hrdfkds lc im`mrcs.
Qdfbm lc hrciucfiods lc trdadkm d `d quc vd lcstofdld. Yc cxprcsd cf jcrtzoms (Jz).
\m`crdfiod. Gdrbcf lc crrmr pmricftud` cf c` vd`mr lc` imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc `damaofd. Yc cxprcsd cf tdftm pmr iocftm (%).
1.8. Iùlobm lc im`mrcs
^drd `ds amaofds pcqucôds lc pc`çiu`d lc idraùf lc gcfms lc 4 R , cxostc uf gïtmlm lcolcftohoidioùf guy vcrsäto` ``dgdlm c` iùlobm lc im`mrcs. Cstc gïtmlm, quc uto`ozd iudtrm `çfcds lc
im`mrcs poftdlds d`rclclmr lc` iucrpm lc `d amaofd , sorvc pdrd ofloidr su vd`mr cf goirmjcfroms (ΰJ) ysu prciosoùf.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 43 lc 39
Iùlobm lc im`mrcs lc < adflds
Ckcgp`m; Amaofds lc 8:> ³J dxod`.
9. GDBFO\SLCY GDBFÏ\OIDY
9.4. @cy lc @cfz
Iudflm ufd amaofd cs rcimrrold pmr ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid vdroda`c, sc ircd uf idgpmgdbfïtoim tdgaoïf vdroda`c. Ïstm mrobofd cf `ms imfluitmrcs lc `d prmpod amaofd ufd hucrzdc`citrmgmtroz ofluiold (h.c.g., γ), ``dgdld h.c.g. lc dutmofluiioùf quc, scbûf `d `cy lc @cfz, tcflräuf scftolm td` quc socgprc sc mpmflrä d `d idusd quc `d prmlukm .
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 48 lc 39
Ycbûf `d `cy lc @cfz, «`ds `çfcds lc hucrzd lc cstc idgpm bcfcrdf ufd hucrzd c`citrmgmtroz
dutmofluiold cftrc `ms cxtrcgms lc `d amaofd quc sc mpmfc d `d idusd quc `d prmlukmµ.
@d h.c.g. lc dutmofluiioùf cf `d amaofd olcd` puclc lchoforsc d pdrtor lc `d sobuocftc ciudioùf;
lt
lO @
γ; hucrzd c`citrmgmtroz dutmofluiold cftrc `ms cxtrcgms lc `d amaofd (vm`toms, X).
@; imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc `d amaofd (jcfroms, J).
lO/lt; vdrodioùf lc `d imrrocftc quc rcimrrc `d amaofd cf uf ofstdftc lc tocgpm.
Cf cstd cxprcsoùf sc puclc dprciodr quc `d h.c.g. lc dutmofluiioùf dugcftd imf c` imchoiocftc
lc dutmofluiioùf y imf `d rdpolcz imf quc vdrçd `d oftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc .
@d amaofd cf `d präitoid fm cs ufd ofluitdfiod purd, sofm quc puclc imfsolcrdrsc aäsoidgcftcimgm ufd ofluitdfiod (`d prmpod lc `d amaofd) cf scroc imf `d rcsostcfiod oftcrfd quc mhrcic c` jo`m y cf
pdrd`c`m d uf imflcfsdlmr quc rcprcscftd `ds idpdioldlcs pdräsotds lc `ds vuc`tds lc` lcvdfdlm cftrcc``ds gosgds.
Ckcgp`m; Id`iu`d c` vd`mr lc `d h.c.g. lc dutmofluiioùf quc lcsdrrm``drä ufd amaofd imf ufimchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc 3> gJ, so sc `c dp`oid ufd imrrocftc quc ircic rcbu`drgcftc lcslc icrmjdstd 4> D cf uf tocgpm lc >,>4 scbuflms.
Ldtms;
@ 7 3> gJ 7 3> ² 4>-9 J 7 >,>3 J
O 7 4> D
t 7 >,>4 sMpcrdiomfcs;
X s
D J
lt
lO @ 3>
>4,>
4>>3,>
Ym`uioùf; γ 7 -3> X
9.1. Dutmofluiioùf
@d dutmofluiioùf (@), imgm su pd`dard ofloid, sobfohoid ofluiorsc d sç gosgd h.c.g .Iudflm ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid ioriu`d pmr `ds amaofds, sc bcfcrd uf idgpm gdbfïtoim iuyds
`çfcds lc hucrzd pdsdf pmr su oftcromr, td` y imgm sc gucstrd d imftofudioùf.
Iudflm vdrçd `d oftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc vdrçd tdgaoïf c` h`ukm gdbfïtoim , y cstd vdrodioùflctcrgofd `d dpdroioùf lc ufd imrrocftc ofluiold quc sc mpmfc d `d vdrodioùf lc` idgpm. D cstc hcfùgcfmsc `c imfmic imf c` fmgarc lc dutmofluiioùf.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 42 lc 39
@d dutmofluiioùf (@) lc ufd amaofd, lcpcflc lc` fûgcrm lc cspords quc hmrgdf c` drrm``dgocftm(F), lc` h`ukm gdbfïtoim quc `d dtrdvocsd ( ) y lc `d oftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc quc `d rcimrrc (O).
Yu cxprcsoùf cs;
O F @
@; imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc `d amaofd (jcfroms, J).
F; fûgcrm lc cspords quc hmrgdf c` drrm``dgocftm.
; h`ukm gdbfïtoim bcfcrdlm pmr `d amaofd (wcacr, Ra).
O; oftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc quc `d rcimrrc (dgpcroms, D).
^mr tdftm, c` imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc ufd amaofd fms loic `d idpdioldl quc tocfc ufd
amaofd lc bcfcrdrsc d sç gosgd h.c.g. lc dutmofluiioùf .
@d ufoldl pdrd gclor c` imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf @ cf `ds amaofds cs c` jcfrom (J).
Sf jcfrom m jcfry cs `d ofluitdfiod lc uf ioriuotm icrrdlm cf c` quc sc prmluic ufd hucrzdc`citrmgmtroz lc 4 vm`tom, iudflm `d imrrocftc c`ïitroid quc rcimrrc c` ioriuotm vdrçd ufohmrgcgcftc drdzùf lc 4 dgpcrom pmr scbuflm. Yu sçgam`m cs J.
Cf c`citrùfoid, c` jcfrom cs ufd ufoldl brdflc y sc uto`ozdf d`bufms suagû`top`ms imgm c`go`ojcfrom (gJ) y c` goirmjcfrom (ΰJ). Yu fmgarc huc ldlm cf jmfmr lc` iocftçhoim cstdlmufolcfscKmscpj Jcfry (42?2-4:2:).
4 gJ 7 4>-9 J
4 ΰJ 7 4>-8 J
Ckcgp`m; Sfd amaofd quc pmscc 3>> cspords prmluic uf h`ukm gdbfïtoim lc 4> gRa iudflm csdtrdvcsdld pmr ufd imrrocftc lc 4> D. Lctcrgofd su imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf.
Ldtms;
F 7 3>> cspords
7 4> gRa 7 4> ² 4>-9 Ra 7 >,>4 Ra
O 7 4> D
Mpcrdiomfcs;
J D
Racspords
O F @ 3,>
4>
>4,>3>>
Ym`uioùf; @ 7 >,3 J
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 4: lc 39
Dlcgäs, sc mascrvd quc d` dugcftdr c` fûgcrm lc cspords lc `d amaofd , tdgaoïf dugcftd `d
h.c.g. ofluiold . @m gosgm miurrc so ofircgcftdgms c` fovc` lc ofluiioùf lc` idgpm gdbfïtoim. ^mr `m qucsc puclc lcior quc `d h.c.g. gclod ofluiold quc sc prmluic cf ufd amaofd iudflm cf su gmvogocftmimrtd pcrpcfloiu`drgcftc `ds `çfcds lc uf idgpm gdbfïtoim rcbu`dr cs obud` d;
t
F ofluiold
γofluiold; hucrzd c`citrmgmtroz gclod ofluiold cftrc `ms cxtrcgms lc `d amaofd (vm`toms, X).
F; fûgcrm lc cspords quc hmrgdf c` drrm``dgocftm.
t / ; vdrodioùf lc` h`ukm imrtdlm pmr `d amaofd rcspcitm d` tocgpm5 cs lcior, `m räpolm qucvdrçd c` h`ukm gdbfïtoim cf `ms imfluitmrcs.
Imfvocfc ofloidr quc sc puclc bcfcrdr ufd h.c.g. ofluiold tdftm so sc gucvcf `ms imfluitmrcs cf c` scfm lc uf idgpm gdbfïtoim hokm, imgm so `m quc sc gucvc cs c` idgpm gdbfïtoim y sc lckdf hokms `msimfluitmrcs. \dgaoïf sc imfsobuc ufd h.c.g. ofluiold cf `ms imfluitmrcs so sc `cs dp`oid uf idgpmgdbfïtoim vdroda`c, pmr ckcgp`m, prmvcfocftc lc ufd amaofd d `d quc sc `c dp`oid imrrocftc d`tcrfd.
C` imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc ufd amaofd lcpcflc lc sus idrditcrçstoids imfstruitovds . Ycimfsobucf amaofds imf imchoiocftcs lc dutmofluiioùf d`tms imf fûi`cms lc d`td pcrgcdao`oldl y brdf
fûgcrm lc cspords .
9.1.4. Imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc ufd amaofd imf fûi`cm lc dorc
Yu cxprcsoùf cs;
`
Y F @
1
>
@; imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc `d amaofd (jcfroms, J).ΰ>; pcrgcdao`oldl lc` vdiçm (< ² ώ 4>-2).
F; fûgcrm lc cspords quc hmrgdf c` drrm``dgocftm.
`; `mfbotul lc `d amaofd (g).
Y; sciioùf lc `d amaofd (g1).
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 4? lc 39
9.1.1. Imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc ufd amaofd imf fûi`cm lc jocrrm
Yu cxprcsoùf cs;
`
Y F @ r
1
>
@; imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc `d amaofd (jcfroms, J).ΰ>; pcrgcdao`oldl lc` vdiçm (< ² ώ 4>-2).
ΰr; pcrgcdao`oldl rc`dtovd.
F; fûgcrm lc cspords quc hmrgdf c` drrm``dgocftm.
`; `mfbotul lc `d amaofd (g).
Y; sciioùf lc `d amaofd (g1).
9.9. H`ukm gdbfïtoim
C` idgpm gdbfïtoim sc rcprcscftd d trdvïs lc `ds `çfcds lc hucrzd . @d idftoldl lc cstds `çfcdssc lcfmgofd h`ukm gdbfïtoim.
Yc rcprcscftd pmr `d `ctrd brocbd y sus ufoldlcs smf;
C` wcacr (Ra), cf c` sostcgd oftcrfdiomfd`.
C` gdxvc`om (Gx), cf c` sostcgd IBY.
@d rc`dioùf quc cxostc cftrc dgads ufoldlcs cs 4 Ra 7 4>: Gx.
9.<. Ofluiioùf gdbfïtoid
@d ofluiioùf gdbfïtoid sc lchofc imgm `d idftoldl lc `çfcds lc hucrzd quc dtrdvocsdf
pcrpcfloiu`drgcftc `d ufoldl lc supcrhoioc . Cf iocrtd hmrgd, fms ofloid `m lcfsds quc smf `ds `çfcds lchucrzd, m `m imficftrdlds quc cstäf, cf ufd pdrtc lc` idgpm gdbfïtoim.
Ckcgp`m; Imgpdrdioùf cftrc uf idgpm gdbfïtoim imf ufd ofluiioùf gdbfïtoid lc 4 tcs`d y mtrmgäs lcfsm lc 1 tcs`ds.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 1> lc 39
Yc rcprcscftd pmr `d `ctrd A5 sus ufoldlcs smf;
@d tcs`d (\), cf c` sostcgd oftcrfdiomfd`.
C` bduss (Bs), cf c` sostcgd IBY.
@d rc`dioùf quc cxostc cftrc dgads ufoldlcs cs 4 \ 7 4>< Bs.
Yc loic quc cxostc ufd ofluiioùf lc 4 tcs`d iudflm c` h`ukm lc 4 wcacr dtrdvocsdpcrpcfloiu`drgcftc ufd supcrhoioc lc 4 gctrm iudlrdlm.
14
44
g
wcacr tcs`d
Yu cxprcsoùf cs;
Y A
A; ofluiioùf gdbfïtoid lc `d amaofd (tcs`ds, \).
; h`ukm gdbfïtoim bcfcrdlm pmr `d amaofd (wcacr, Ra).Y; sciioùf lc `d amaofd (g1).
Ckcgp`m; ½Iuä` cs `d ofluiioùf gdbfïtoid cxostcftc cf `d idrd p`dfd lc` pm`m lc uf ogäf rcitm lc9> ig1 lc supcrhoioc iudflm cs dtrdvcsdlm pmr uf h`ukm gdbfïtoim lc >,>>? Ra= Cxprcsd c` rcsu`tdlmcf tcs`ds.
Ldtms;
7 >,>>? Ra
Y 7 9> ig1 7 9> ² 4>< g1 7 >,>>9 g1 Mpcrdiomfcs;
\ g
Ra
Y A 9
>>9,>
>>?,>1
Ym`uioùf; A 7 9 \
9.3. Hucrzd gdbfctmgmtroz
@d hucrzd gdbfctmgmtroz (Hg) cs `d idpdioldl quc pmscc `d amaofd lc bcfcrdr `çfcds lc hucrzdcf uf ioriuotm gdbfïtoim .
Yu cxprcsoùf cs;
O F H g
Hg; hucrzd gdbfctmgmtroz (dgpcrom-vuc`td, Dv).
F; fûgcrm lc cspords quc hmrgdf c` drrm``dgocftm.
O; oftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc quc `d rcimrrc (dgpcroms, D).
@d hucrzd gdbfctmgmtroz dugcftd imf `d oftcfsoldl lc `d imrrocftc quc h`uyc pmr `d amaofd yimf c` fûgcrm lc cspords lc ïstd .
7/25/2019 Tema 5. Bobinas
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 14 lc 39
Ckcgp`m; Yo hdaroidgms ufd amaofd imf 3>> cspords y sdacgms quc pdrd c` hufiomfdgocftm lc`c`citrmogäf sc fcicsotd ufd hucrzd gdbfctmgmtroz lc 3>> Dv. ½Iuäftd oftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc `drcimrrc= ½_ so `d hdaroidgms imf 4>> cspords=
Ldtms;
Hg 7 3>> Dv
Fd 7 3>> cspordsFa 7 4>> cspords
Mpcrdiomfcs;
d) Yo hdaroidgms ufd amaofd imf 3>> cspords, c` fûgcrm lc dgpcroms quc tcflrcgms qucjdicr pdsdr pmr c``d scrä lc;
Dcspords
Dv
F
H O
d
d 43>>
3>>
a) _ so `d hdaroidgms imf 4>> cspords, c` fûgcrm lc dgpcroms quc tcflrcgms quc jdicr
pdsdr pmr c``d scrä lc;
Dcspords
Dv
F
H O
a
a 34>>
3>>
Ym`uioùf; Od 7 4 D, Oa 7 3 D
^drd `d hdaroidioùf lc c`citrmogdfcs guy pmtcftcs, imgm, pmr ckcgp`m, `ms quc sc uto`ozdf pdrdsuspcflcr cf uf im`ijùf gdbfïtoim uf trcf lc d`td vc`mioldl smarc uf gmfmrrdç`, sc fcicsotdf hucrzds
gdbfctmgmtroics guy c`cvdlds . Cs lcior, amaofds imf guijds cspords quc smf dtrdvcsdlds pmr brdflcs
oftcfsoldlcs lc imrrocftc .
^drd cvotdr hdaroidr amaofds lc brdflcs logcfsomfcs, sc uto`ozdf gdtcrod`cs supcrimfluitmrcs.Lc cstd hmrgd sc imfsobucf pmtcftçsogms idgpms gdbfïtoims imf pmids cspords y imrrocftcs lc go`cs lc
dgpcroms , quc fm id`ocftdf `ms supcrimfluitmrcs pmr c` chcitm Kmu`c pmr idrcicr ïstms lc rcsostcfiodc`ïitroid.
9.8. Oftcfsoldl lc idgpm gdbfïtoim
@d oftcfsoldl lc idgpm gdbfïtoim (J) fms ofloid `m oftcfsm quc cs c` idgpm gdbfïtoim .
@d oftcfsoldl lc idgpm cf ufd amaofd lcpcflc lc `d hucrzd gdbfctmgmtroz (F²O) y lc su`mfbotul.
Yu cxprcsoùf cs;
@
H J g 5
@
O F J
J; oftcfsoldl lc idgpm gdbfïtoim (dgpcrom-vuc`td/gctrm, Dv/g).
Hg; hucrzd gdbfctmgmtroz (dgpcrom-vuc`td, Dv).
@; `mfbotul lc `d amaofd (g).
Djmrd aocf, iudftm gäs `drbd cs `d amaofd, gäs sc lospcrsdf `ds `çfcds lc idgpm , ldflm imgm
rcsu`tdlm ufd oftcfsoldl lc idgpm gäs lïao`. ^mr `m quc sc puclc lcior quc, pdrd ufd hucrzdgdbfctmgmtroz imfstdftc, `d oftcfsoldl lc idgpm (J) cs ofvcrsdgcftc prmpmriomfd` d `d `mfbotul gclod
lc `ds `çfcds lc idgpm .
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 11 lc 39
Ckcgp`m; Sfd amaofd lc 8 ig lc `mfbotul tocfc 4.1>> cspords rcimrrolds pmr ufd imrrocftc lc 1>dgpcroms. ½Iuäftm vd`c `d oftcfsoldl lc` idgpm gdbfïtoim imfstdftc quc ircd cf su oftcromr=
Ldtms;
F 7 4.1>> cspords
O 7 1> D
@ 7 8 ig 7 8 ² 4>-1 g 7 >,>8 g
Mpcrdiomfcs;
g Dvg
Dcspords
@
O F J />>>.<>>
>8,>
1>1>>.4
Ym`uioùf; J 7 <>>.>>> Dv/g
9.2. ^crgcdao`oldl gdbfïtoid
@d pcrgcdao`oldl gdbfïtoid (³) cs ufd idrditcrçstoid quc tocfc brdf ofh`ucfiod smarc c` fûi`cmlc `ds amaofds rcspcitm lc` vd`mr lc `d ofluitdfiod lc `ds gosgds.
@ms gdtcrod`cs hcrrmgdbfïtoims smf guy scfsoa`cs d `ms idgpms gdbfïtoims y prmluicf ufmsvd`mrcs d`tms lc ofluitdfiod , sof cgadrbm mtrms gdtcrod`cs prcscftdf gcfms scfsoao`oldl d `ms idgpmsgdbfïtoims.
C` hditmr quc lctcrgofd `d gdymr m gcfmr scfsoao`oldl d csms idgpms gdbfïtoims sc ``dgdpcrgcdao`oldl gdbfïtoid. Iudflm cstc hditmr cs brdflc , c` vd`mr lc `d ofluitdfiod tdgaoïf `m cs .
<. ^QMICYM LC IDQBD _ LCYIDQBD Imf dyuld lc` sobuocftc ioriuotm vdgms d cstulodr c` prmicsm lc idrbd y lcsidrbd lc ufd amaofd ;
Imfstd lc ufd hucftc lc d`ogcftdioùf cf imrrocftc imftofud (X) . Cf scroc imf `d amaofd (@) scjd ofi`uolm ufd rcsostcfiod lc idrbd (Q), imf makctm lc jdicr gäs `drbm tdftm c` prmicsm lc idrbd imgmc` lc lcsidrbd. _, dlcgäs, sc dôdlc uf imfgutdlmr (Y) pdrd `d idrbd lc` imflcfsdlmr (pmsoioùf 4) y `dlcsidrbd (pmsoioùf 1) .
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 19 lc 39
<.4. Hufiomfdgocftm
D` pdsdr c` imfgutdlmr (Y) lc `d pmsoioùf 1 d `d 4, `d ofluitdfiod ircd ufd hucrzd c`citrmgmtroz
(h.c.g.) quc sc mpmfc d `d imrrocftc quc ioriu`d pmr c` ioriuotm , lcfmgofdld pmr c``m hucrzdimftrdc`citrmgmtroz, iuyd pm`droldl cs ofvcrsd d `d dp`oidld. Imgm imfsciucfiod lc c``m, cf c` gosgmofstdftc lc pdsdr Y lc `d pmsoioùf 1 d `d 4 (t>) `d oftcfsoldl scrä fu`d c orä dugcftdflm
cxpmfcfiod`gcftc jdstd d`idfzdr su vd`mr gäxogm , QX O @ (lc t> d t4).
Yo d imftofudioùf, cf c` gosgm ofstdftc sc pdsd ‐ofstdftäfcdgcftc‗ Y lc `d pmsoioùf 4 d `d 9 (t1) sc imrtmioriuotd `d rcl Q@, pcrm c` vd`mr lc O@ fm lcsdpdrcicrä ofstdftäfcdgcftc (`d amaofd scmpmfc d `ms idgaoms lc imrrocftc bcfcrdflm ufd tcfsoùf), sofm quc orä losgofuycflm lc hmrgdcxpmfcfiod` jdstd jdicrsc icrm (lc t1 d t9).
@d tcfsoùf y `d oftcfsoldl tmtd` lc` ioriuotm sc id`iu`df d pdrtor lc `ds sobuocftcs cxprcsomfcs;
X\ 7 XQ + X@ Q
X O \ \
^drd lctcrgofdr `d tcfsoùf lc `d rcsostcfiod sc id`iu`d imgm; XQ 7 O ² Q@d tcfsoùf lc idrbd m lcsidrbd lc uf imflcfsdlmr sc rcprcscftd lc `d sobuocftc hmrgd;
Cf c` ioriuotm sc ldf, pmr `m tdftm, lms topms lc rïbogcf lc hufiomfdgocftm;
\rdfsotmrom; lcslc t> d t4 (idrbd) y lcslc t1 d t9 (lcsidrbd).
^crgdfcftc; lcslc t4 d t1.
Iudflm sc dp`oid ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid d ufd amaofd d trdvïs lc ufd rcsostcfiod, `d imrrocftcfm sc cstda`cic ofstdftäfcdgcftc, sofm quc, pmr chcitm lc `d dutmofluiioùf, tocfcf `ubdr iocrtmshcfùgcfms trdfsotmroms quc jdicf quc `d dutmofluiioùf sc imgpmrtc imf `d oftcfsoldl imgm `m jdic c`imflcfsdlmr imf `d tcfsoùf. Ds ç, `d imfstdftc lc tocgpm ( ) cf cstc idsm scrä;
Q
@
@; imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc `d amaofd (jcfroms, J).
Q; vd`mr ùjgoim lc `d rcsostcfiod d trdvïs lc `d iud` sc idrbd m lcsidrbd (mjgoms, ί).
@d lurdioùf lc` rïbogcf trdfsotmrom (t) lcpcflc lc `d ofluitdfiod @ lc `d amaofd y lc `d
rcsostcfiod. C` vd`mr lc cstd lurdioùf sc suc`c tmgdr imgm 3 . Yc cxprcsd cf scbuflms (s).
Q
@t 33 5
Q
@ 3
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 1< lc 39
Cf ufd imfstdftc lc tocgpm (4 ) `d amaofd d`idfzd c` 89% lc su vd`mr hofd` cf `ms prmicsms lcidrbd. D imftofudioùf, sc rcprcscftd `d brähoid lc `d oftcfsoldl cf hufioùf lc` tocgpm. Imgm sc dprciodcf `d gosgd, trdfsiurrolds iofim imfstdftcs lc tocgpm, `d imrrocftc d trdvïs lc `d amaofd sc cstdao`ozd ylcsdpdrcicf `ms hcfùgcfms trdfsotmroms gcfiomfdlms dftcromrgcftc.
Gdtcgätoidgcftc, sc puclcf matcfcr `ds ciudiomfcs cf rïbogcf trdfsotmrom scbûf sc gucstrd dimftofudioùf;
Idrbd cf Q@ Lcsidrbd cf Q@
Q @
t
c O t o /> 4
t o O
O t
>
>`f
Q @
t
c O t o />
t o
O t >`f
Ckcgp`m; Yupùfbdsc uf ioriuotm imf ufd rcsostcfiod, ufd ofluitdfiod y ufd adtcrçd imfcitdlms cfscroc. Id`iû`csc c` tocgpm quc tdrldrä `d oftcfsoldl cf cstdao`ozdrsc.
Ldtms;
X 7 1> X
Q 7 99 Eί 7 99 ² 4>9 ί 7 99.>>> ί @ 7 1>> gJ 7 1>> ² 4>-9 J 7 >,1 J
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 13 lc 39
Mpcrdiomfcs;
@d imfstdftc lc tocgpm scrä obud` d;
s s J
Q
@ >8,84>>8,8
>>>.99
1,> 8
C` tocgpm tmtd` lc idrbd sc ldrä pdrd iofim imfstdftcs lc tocgpm;
s st 9,9>4>>8,833 8
Ym`uioùf; t 7 9>,9 ΰs
<.1. Imgpmrtdgocftm präitoim lc ufd amaofd
Cxdgofcgms c` imgpmrtdgocftm präitoim lc uf ofluitmr iudflm sc oftcrrugpc c` ioriuotm quc `md`ogcftd. Cf c` loaukm dpdrcic ufd amaofd quc sc idrbd d trdvïs ufd rcsostcfiod y uf oftcrruptmr . C`imflcfsdlmr loaukdlm cf puftcdlm rcprcscftd `ds idpdioldlcs pdräsotds lc `d amaofd.
D` icrrdr c` oftcrruptmr, dpdrcic ufd imrrocftc c`ïitroid pmr `d amaofd quc tocfc quc dugcftdr
lc icrm jdstd su vd`mr fmgofd` cf uf tocgpm rc`dtovdgcftc imrtm. Cstd vdrodioùf lc imrrocftc pmr `damaofd bcfcrd cf sus imfluitmrcs uf h`ukm gdbfïtoim irciocftc quc, d` imrtdr d `ms gosgms, prmvmid ufdh.c.g. lc dutmofluiioùf.
Yo darogms c` oftcrruptmr, c` h`ukm gdbfïtoim quc dardzd d `d amaofd tocflc d lcsdpdrcicr.
lt
lO @X
Xcgms quc, pdrd quc `d imrrocftc quc dtrdvocsd c` ofluitmr sc lctcfbd ofstdftäfcdgcftc, scrçdfcicsdrom `d dpdroioùf lc ufd tcfsoùf ofhofotd, y csm fm puclc suiclcr. ½Tuï jdic `d imrrocftc= ^ucsimftofûd pdsdflm. ½^mr lùflc= C``d ‐sc `ds drrcb`d‗ pdrd imftofudr. D` profiopom, c` ûfoim idgofm quctocfc cs d trdvïs lc `ds idpdioldlcs pdräsotds imf uf ioriuotm @I quc msio`drä d ufd pu`sdioùf.
Yo `ms dos`dgocftms lc` lcvdfdlm smf suhoiocftcgcftc rcsostcftcs d `ds d`tds tcfsomfcs y so c`oftcrruptmr oftcrrugpc aocf c` ioriuotm, `d msio`dioùf imftofudrä imf ufd dgp`otul quc sc dgmrtobudrälcaolm d `ds pïrlolds loc`ïitroids y rcsostovds lc `ds idpdioldlcs pdräsotds y lc` imfluitmr lc`ofluitmr. Yo, dlcgäs, c` ofluitmr tocfc uf fûi`cm hcrrmgdbfïtoim, jdarä tdgaoïf pïrlolds cf c` fûi`cm.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 18 lc 39
Jdy quc sdacr quc `d tcfsoùf gäxogd lc `d msio`dioùf puclc scr guy brdflc . Csm `c vd`c c`fmgarc lc smarctcfsoùf. Yc imgprcflc quc pucld scr brdflc, yd quc c` gäxogm lc `d tcfsoùfimrrcspmflc d` gmgcftm cf c` iud` tmld `d cfcrbçd d`gdicfdld cf `d amaofd jdarä pdsdlm d `dsidpdioldlcs pdräsotds. Yo ïstds smf pcqucôds, `d tcfsoùf puclc scr guy brdflc y puclcf prmluiorscdrims c`ïitroims cftrc vuc`tds lc `d amaofd m cftrc `ms imftditms daocrtms lc` oftcrruptmr .
@ms drims y poims lc d`td tcfsoùf (smarctcfsomfcs) fm lcscdlms smf hrciucftcgcftc
pcrfoiomsms y pc`obrmsms y imfstotuycf uf prma`cgd scrom y lohçio` lc rcsm`vcr iudflm sc uto`ozdf d`tds
tcfsomfcs y brdflcs pmtcfiods.Yc puclc cxp`oidr pmr quï puclc ufm rcioaor ufd pcqucôd lcsidrbd c`ïitroid d` gclor `d
rcsostcfiod lc uf amaofdlm imf uf sogp`c ùjgctrm quc sù`m puclc d`ogcftdr ufms go`odgpcroms y ufmspmims vm`toms. @d rdzùf cs quc pdrd gclor `d rcsostcfiod lc` amaofdlm, `c jdic ioriu`dr ufms go`odgpcroms.Yo, iudflm sc lcsimfcitdf `ms ida`cs lc` ùjgctrm, sobuc ufm tmidflm imf `ms lclms `ms amrfcs lc `damaofd, `d imrrocftc quc ioriu`dad pmr c``d imftofudrä jdioïflm`m, pcrm pdsdflm pmr `ms lclms ybcfcrdflm ufd d`td tcfsoùf.
@d rcb`d cs quc, pdrd cvotdr `ms drims m `ds smarctcfsomfcs , jdy quc prmtcbcr `ms ioriuotms prcvocflm uf pdsm pdrd `d imrrocftc lc `d ofluitdfiod iudflm c` ioriuotm sc oftcrrugpc.
Ckcgp`m; Cf `d hoburd jdy uf ckcgp`m lc uf trdfsostmr quc imftrm`d `d imrrocftc cf ufd amaofd (`dlc uf rc`ï, pmr ckcgp`m).
Iudflm c` trdfsostmr sc a`mqucd, `d imrrocftc quc ioriu`d pmr `d amaofd bcfcrd ufd tcfsoùfimftrdrod d `d d`ogcftdioùf quc pmlrçd smarcpdsdr häio`gcftc `ds tcfsomfcs gäxogds quc smpmrtd c`trdfsostmr y lcstruor`m, dlcgäs lc d mtrms imgpmfcftcs lc` ioriuotm m prmvmidr hd``ms lchufiomfdgocftm.
Im`midflm uf lomlm, imgm puclc mascrvdrsc, `d imrrocftc lc `d amaofd cfiucftrd uf idgofm dtrdvïs lc ïstc y `d tcfsoùf lc` im`citmr cstdrä `ogotdld d `d tcfsoùf lc d`ogcftdioùf gäs `ms >,8 ’ >,2 Xlc` lomlm.
Fm jdy quc m`voldr quc c` lospmsotovm lc prmtciioùf lcacrä scr idpdz lc dasmracr idso tmld `d
cfcrbçd d`gdicfdld cf `d amaofd , pmr `m quc lcac smpmrtdr`m.C` lomlm sorvc lc idgofm d `d imrrocftc lc` ofluitmr iudflm c` trdfsostmr sc a`mqucd. Csm cvotd `d
dpdroioùf lc d`tds tcfsomfcs cftrc c` im`citmr y `d adsc lc` trdfsostmr.
7/25/2019 Tema 5. Bobinas
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 12 lc 39
3. \O^MY
Cxostcf lovcrsds i`dsohoidiomfcs, d`bufds sc prcscftdf d imftofudioùf.
Ycbûf c` vd`mr lc su ofluitdfiod, puclcf scr hokds y vdroda`cs.
Ycbûf su dp`oidioùf, sc jda`d lc amaofds lc ijmquc pdrd ho`trms lc adkd hrciucfiod, amaofds lc
rdlomhrciucfiod y amaofds lc softmfçd. Ycbûf su imfstruiioùf, jdy amaofds io`çflroids y amaofds tùroids.
Ycbûf c` fûi`cm, cxostcf amaofds imf fûi`cm lc dorc, lc jocrrm, lc pu`vogctd` y lc hcrrotd.
Ycbûf `d hrciucfiod lc trdadkm, tcfcgms dutmofluiiomfcs lc adkd hrciucfiod (fûi`cm lc jocrrm) y dutmofluiiomfcs lc d`td hrciucfiod (fûi`cm lc hcrrotd).
3.4. Amaofds hokds
@ds amaofds hokds sc lovolcf cf lms brupms;
Amaofd lc fûi`cm lc dorc, pdrd hrciucfiods c`cvdlds. \çpoid cf sm`cfmolcs.
Amaofd lc fûi`cm sù`olm, quc ofircgcftd `d idpdioldl lc gdbfctosgm. ^mlcgms cfimftrdramaofds lc folm lc dackd, lc fûi`cm tmrmold`, y lc hcrrotd.
C` sçgam`m gäs uto`ozdlm pdrd rcprcscftdr `d amaofd hokd cs;
@ms sçgam`ms gäs uto`ozdlms pdrd rcprcscftdr d`bufds lc `ds amaofds hokds smf;
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 1: lc 39
3.4.4. Imf fûi`cm lc dorc
C` imfluitmr sc drrm``d smarc uf smpmrtc jucim y pmstcromrgcftc sc rctord ïstc qucldflm imf ufdspcitm pdrciolm d` lc uf guc``c. Yc uto`ozd cf hrciucfiods c`cvdlds .
Sfd vdrodftc lc `d amaofd dftcromr sc lcfmgofd sm`cfmolc y lohocrc cf c` dos`dgocftm lc `dscspords y `d prcscfiod lc uf smpmrtc quc fm fcicsdrodgcftc tocfc quc scr io`çflroim. Yc uto`ozd iudflm scprciosdf guijds cspords. Cstds amaofds puclcf tcfcr tmgds oftcrgclods , cf cstc idsm sc puclcfimfsolcrdr imgm 1 ù gäs amaofds drrm``dlds smarc uf gosgm smpmrtc y imfcitdlds cf scroc . Obud`gcftc,sc uto`ozdf pdrd hrciucfiods c`cvdlds .
3.4.1.
Imf fûi`cm sù`olm
^msccf vd`mrcs lc ofluitdfiod gäs d`tms quc `ms dftcromrcs lcaolm d su fovc` c`cvdlm lcpcrgcdao`oldl gdbfïtoid. C` fûi`cm suc`c scr lc uf gdtcrod` hcrrmgdbfïtoim . @ms gäs usdlms smf `dhcrrotd y c` hcrrmxiuac .
7/25/2019 Tema 5. Bobinas
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 1? lc 39
Iudflm sc gdfckdf pmtcfiods imfsolcrda`cs y `ds hrciucfiods quc sc lcscdf c`ogofdr smf adkds,sc uto`ozdf fûi`cms pdrciolms d `ms lc `ms trdfshmrgdlmrcs (cf hucftcs lc d`ogcftdioùf smarc tmlm). Dsç,fms cfimftrdrcgms imf `ds imfhoburdiomfcs prmpods lc cstms û`togms.
@ds sciiomfcs lc `ms fûi`cms puclcf tcfcr hmrgd lc CO, G, SO y @ .
Ckcgp`m; CO y G.
@ds amaofds lc folm lc dackd sc uto`ozdf cf `ms ioriuotms softmfozdlmrcs lc dpdrdtms lc rdlom
cf `ds bdgds lc mfld gclod y `drbd . Brdiods d `d hmrgd lc` amaofdlm sc imfsobucf d`tms vd`mrcs
ofluitovms cf uf vm`ugcf gçfogm .
@ds amaofds lc fûi`cm tmrmold` sc idrditcrozdf pmr quc c` h`ukm bcfcrdlm fm sc lospcrsd jdiodc` cxtcromr yd quc pmr su hmrgd sc ircd uf h`ukm gdbfïtoim icrrdlm, lmtäflm`ds lc uf brdf rcflogocftm
y prciosoùf.
@ds amaofds lc hcrrotd drrm``dlds smarc fûi`cm lc hcrrotd, fmrgd`gcftc io`çflroims , imfdp`oidiomfcs cf rdlom cs guy oftcrcsdftc lcslc c` puftm lc vostd präitoim yd quc, pcrgotc cgp`cdr c`imfkuftm imgm dftcfd im`miäflm`d lorcitdgcftc cf c` rcicptmr.
Amaofd lc hcrrotd Amaofds lc hcrrotd pdrd YGL
@ds amaofds brdadlds smarc c` imarc, cf uf ioriuotm ogprcsm tocfcf `d vcftdkd lc su gçfogm
imstc , pcrm smf lohçio`gcftc dkustda`cs gclodftc fûi`cm.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 9> lc 39
3.1. Amaofds vdroda`cs
@ds amaofds vdroda`cs imfsostcf cf quc su imfluitovoldl sc prmluic pmr c` lcsp`dzdgocftm lc`
fûi`cm .
@ms sçgam`ms gäs uto`ozdlms pdrd rcprcscftdr `d amaofd vdroda`c smf;
\dgaoïf sc hdaroidf amaofds dkustda`cs. Fmrgd`gcftc, `d vdrodioùf lc ofluitdfiod sc prmluic
pmr lcsp`dzdgocftm lc` fûi`cm .
C` sçgam`m gäs uto`ozdlm pdrd rcprcscftdr `d amaofd dkustda`c cs;
@ds amaofds a`ofldlds puclcf scr vdroda`cs m hokds , imfsostcf cficrrdr `d amaofd lcftrm lc ufdiuaocrtd gctä`oid io`çflroid m iudlrdld, iuyd gosoùf cs `ogotdr c` h`ukm c`citrmgdbfïtoim ircdlm pmr `d
prmpod amaofd y quc puclc dhcitdr fcbdtovdgcftc d `ms imgpmfcftcs icridfms d `d gosgd.
Ckcgp`m; Amaofds lc adkd hrciucfiod.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 94 lc 39
8. DYMIODIOÙF LC AMAOFDY
@ds amaofds sc puclcf dsmiodr cf scroc m cf pdrd`c`m , imgm miurrc imf `ds rcsostcfiods y `msimflcfsdlmrcs.
8.4. Dsmiodioùf lc amaofds cf scroc
Yc loic quc uf imfkuftm lc amaofds cstä imfcitdlm cf scroc iudflm `d sd`old lc ufd cstä
imfcitdld imf `d cftrdld lc `d sobuocftc , y dsç suicsovdgcftc jdstd matcfcr lms ûfoims amrfcs quc scimfcitdf d `d tcfsoùf lc d`ogcftdioùf.
^drd id`iu`dr `d amaofd cquovd`cftc lc `d dsmiodioùf sc dp`oid `d cxprcsoùf sobuocftc;
f\ @ @ @ @ ...14
Ckcgp`m; Id`iu`d `d amaofd cquovd`cftc lc trcs amaofds imfcitdlds cf scroc (1 gJ, 9< gJ y 3>gJ).
Ldtms;
@4 7 1 gJ
@1 7 9< gJ
@9 7 3> gJ
Mpcrdiomfcs;
C` iä`iu`m lc` vd`mr rcsu`tdftc lc imfcitdr vdrods amaofds cf scroc cs tdf sogp`c imgm `dsugd lc sus vd`mrcs.
@\ 7 @4 + @1 + @9 7 1 gJ + 9< gJ + 3> gJ 7 :8 gJ
Ym`uioùf; @\ 7 :8 gJ
8.1. Dsmiodioùf lc amaofds cf pdrd`c`m
Yc loic quc uf imfkuftm lc amaofds cstä imfcitdlm cf pdrd`c`m iudflm tmlds `ds sd`olds cstäf
imfcitdlds d uf puftm imgûf y tmlds `ds cftrdlds d mtrm , lc hmrgd quc sù`m jdy lms amrfcs quc sc
imfcitdf d `d tcfsoùf lc d`ogcftdioùf.
^drd id`iu`dr `d amaofd cquovd`cftc lc `d dsmiodioùf sc dp`oid `d cxprcsoùf sobuocftc;
f\ @ @ @ @4...444
14
5
f
\
@ @ @
@4
...44
4
14
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 91 lc 39
\dgaoïf sc puclc id`iu`dr imf mtrd cxprcsoùf gäs häio` (sù`m imf lms amaofds);
14
14
@ @
@ @ @\
Cf `ds amaofds cxostc ufd oftcrdiioùf cftrc c``ds quc bcfcrd ofluiiomfcs pdräsotds. Cstchcfùgcfm imgp`oid adstdftc `ms ioriuotms, pmr `m quc `ds dsmiodiomfcs lc amaofds sù`m sc uto`ozdf cfmidsomfcs imfirctds, iudflm lc `m quc sc trdtd cs lc dprmvcijdr prciosdgcftc csc hcfùgcfm.
Ckcgp`m; Id`iu`d `d amaofd cquovd`cftc lc trcs amaofds imfcitdlds cf pdrd`c`m (1 gJ, 9< gJ y3> gJ).
Ldtms;
@4 7 1 gJ
@1 7 9< gJ
@9 7 3> gJ
Mpcrdiomfcs;
C` iä`iu`m lc` vd`mr rcsu`tdftc lc imfcitdr vdrods amaofds cf pdrd`c`m cs usdflm `dhùrgu`d;
gJ
gJ gJ gJ @ @ @
@\ :1,4
3>
4
9<
4
1
4
4
444
4
914
Ym`uioùf; @\ 7 4,:1 gJ
2. CFCQBÇD
Iudflm `d imrrocftc dugcftd cf uf ioriuotm, `d amaofd d`gdicfd cfcrbçd c`ïitroid cf hmrgd lcidgpm gdbfïtoim y `d lcvm`vcrä d` icsdr `d imrrocftc.
C` vd`mr lc `d cfcrbçd sc puclc id`iu`dr imf `d sobuocftc cxprcsoùf;
1
1
4 O @ C
C; cfcrbçd (ku`oms, K).
@; imchoiocftc lc dutmofluiioùf lc `d amaofd (jcfroms, J).
O; oftcfsoldl (dgpcroms, D).
Lc `d hùrgu`d lc `d cfcrbçd cs häio` lcluior quc, d` losgofuor `d oftcfsoldl lc imrrocftc,
losgofuorä ̀ d cfcrbçd d`gdicfdld .
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 99 lc 39
Ckcgp`m; ^mr ufd amaofd lc 1 gJ ioriu`d ufd imrrocftc lc 9 D. ½Tuï cfcrbçd d`gdicfd `damaofd=
Ldtms;
@ 7 1 gJ 7 1 ² 4>-9 J 7 >,>>1 J
O 7 9 D
Mpcrdiomfcs;
Ku`oms Ku`oms D J O @ C >>?,>1
>4:,>9>>1,>
1
4
1
4 111
Ym`uioùf; C 7 >,>>? Ku`oms
:. QC@Ï
:.4. Lchofoioùf
C` rc`ï, tdgaoïf ``dgdlm rc`cvdlmr (lc` hrdfiïs rc`dos, rc`cvm), cs uf c`cgcftm quc schufldgcftd cf `ds prmpocldlcs lc` gdbfctosgm pdrd hmrgdr ogdfcs fm pcrgdfcftcs .
:.1. Cstruiturd
@ds pdrtcs hufldgcftd`cs lc uf rc`ï smf c` c`citrmogäf, rcd`ozdlm imf ufd amaofd, `d drgdlurd y`ms imftditms.
@ms rc`ïs lc topm drgdlurd smf `ms gäs dftobums y tdgaoïf `ms gäs uto`ozdlms.
Ckcgp`m; Qc`ïs lc drgdlurds y cf cfidpsu`dlm topm LO^.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 9< lc 39
:.1.4. Imftditms
@ms imftditms lc uf rc`ï puclcf scr;
FD (Fmrgd`gcftc Daocrtms) m FM (Fmrgd``y Mpcf, pmr sus sob`ds cf ofb`ïs). Imfcitdf c`ioriuotm iudflm c` rc`ï sc ditovd y c` ioriuotm sc lcsimfcitd iudflm c` rc`ï sc lcsditovd.
FI (Fmrgd`gcftc Icrrdlms m Fmrgd``y I`mscl, pmr sus sob`ds cf ofb`ïs). Lcsimfcitdf c`ioriuotm iudflm c` rc`ï sc ditovd y c` ioriuotm sc imfcitd iudflm c` rc`ï cstä lcsditovdlm. Cstmsimftditms sc uto`ozdf pdrd dp`oidiomfcs cf `ds quc sc rcquocrc quc c` ioriuotm pcrgdfczidicrrdlm jdstd quc c` rc`ï scd ditovdlm.
Lc imfgutdioùf. Imftrm`df lms ioriuotms; uf imftditm FD y mtrm FI imf uf tcrgofd` imgûf.
@ms rc`ïs smf lospmsotovms rmaustms y cimfùgoims y pcrgotcf `d imgp`ctd scpdrdioùf c`ïitroid
cftrc `d imrrocftc lc diiomfdgocftm (`d quc ioriu`d pmr `d amaofd lc` c`citrmogäf) y `ms ioriuotms
imftrm`dlms pmr `ms imftditms , `m quc jdic quc sc pucldf gdfckdr d`tms vm`tdkcs m c`cvdlds pmtcfiodstdftm cf d`tcrfd imgm cf imftçfud imf pcqucôds imrrocftcs lc imftrm`.
@ms rc`ïs imfstdf lc lms ioriuotms oflcpcflocftcs;
Ioriuotm c`citrmgdbfïtoim m lc gdflm. Cstc ioriuotm cs d`ogcftdlm pmr ufd imrrocftc lc adkm
vm`tdkc, lcfmgofdld imrrocftc lc gdfomard, quc cs idpdz lc ditovdr c` c`citrmogäf. Iudflm ufdimrrocftc lc adkd oftcfsoldl ioriu`d pmr `d amaofd lc` c`citrmogäf sc ircd uf idgpm gdbfïtoimquc ogdftd uf fûi`cm lc jocrrm lu`ic quc cs idpdz lc dtrdcr uf ofluiolm gùvo`. Cf cstc ioriuotmcs fcicsdrom ofstd`dr uf c`cgcftm lc gdfomard y lc prmtciioùf pdrd cvotdr quc pcrgdfczidsocgprc ditovdlm, yd quc `d amaofd cs uf ida`c imfluitmr cfrm``dlm quc mhrcic pmid rcsostcfiod
y quc ld `ubdr d uf imfsugm c`cvdlm quc puclc prmluior uf id`cftdgocftm cf `d amaofd pmrimrtmioriuotm. @ds idrditcrçstoids tïifoids lc cstc ioriuotm smf;
m Imrrocftc lc cxiotdioùf. Cs `d oftcfsoldl fcicsdrod pdrd ditovdr c` rc`ï.
m \cfsoùf fmgofd`. Cs `d tcfsoùf lc trdadkm pdrd `d iud` c` rc`ï sc ditovd.
m Imfsugm fmgofd` lc `d amaofd. Cs `d pmtcfiod quc imfsugc `d amaofd iudflm c` rc`ï cstäcxiotdlm imf `d tcfsoùf fmgofd` d 1> »I.
Ioriuotm c`ïitroim lc pmtcfiod. Cs c` ioriuotm lc usm, cstm cs, lmflc sc prmluic `dimfcxoùf/lcsimfcxoùf lc ufms imftditms pmr `m quc pdsdf imrrocftcs gdymrcs. @ms imftditms schdaroidf imf d`cdiomfcs lc p`dtd imf imarc, fçquc` u ùxolm lc idlgom, lcpcflocflm lc` usm,dp`oidioùf y vold ûto` fcicsdrod lc` rc`ï. Imgm c` fûgcrm lc imftditms puclc scr guy c`cvdlm,imf uf rc`ï cs pmsoa`c bmacrfdr vdroms ioriuotms lohcrcftcs. @ds idrditcrçstoids tïifoids lc cstcioriuotm smf;
m \cfsoùf lc imfcxoùf. Cs `d tcfsoùf cftrc `ms imftditms dftcs lc icrrdr m lcspuïs lcdaror.
m
Oftcfsoldl lc imfcxoùf. Cs c` vd`mr lc `d oftcfsoldl gäxogd quc c` rc`ï puclc imfcitdr.m Oftcfsoldl gäxogd lc trdadkm. Cs c` vd`mr gäxogm lc `d oftcfsoldl quc puclc ioriu`dr
pmr `ms imftditms iudflm sc jdf icrrdlm.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 93 lc 39
:.1.1. Qc`ï lc cstdlm sù`olm
Yc ``dgd rc`ï lc cstdlm sù`olm (YYQ) d uf lospmsotovm scgoimfluitmr sof pdrtcs gùvo`cs lmflcufd imrrocftc pcqucôd puclc imftrm`dr mtrd gäs brdflc, imf scpdrdioùf c`ïitroid. Yu fmgarc sc lcac d`d sogo`otul quc prcscftd imf uf rc`ï c`citrmgciäfoim.
Yc uto`ozd bcfcrd`gcftc cf dp`oidiomfcs lmflc cs fcicsdrod ufd d`td vc`mioldl lc imfgutdioùf
lc `d idrbd m uf usm oftcfsovm quc imgpdrdtovdgcftc cf uf rc`ï imfvcfiomfd` bcfcrdrçd uf scromlcsbdstc gciäfoim .
Ckcgp`m; Qc`ï lc cstdlm sù`olm lc Mgrmf.
Imrrocftc lc sd`old lc 9 y 3 D.
\cfsomfcs lc sd`old lc 3 d 44> XII/4>> d 1<> XID.
Imgpdtoa`c cf hmrgd y tdgdôm imf mtrms rc`ïsc`citrmgciäfoims.
Gmftdkc cf idrro` LOF gclodftc adscs.
Ofloidlmr lc mpcrdioùf pdrd imfhorgdr `d cftrdld.
:.1.9. C`citrmogäf
C` c`citrmogäf lc` rc`ï cstä imfstotuolm pmr ufd amaofd lc jo`m lc imarc dos`dlm gclodftc
adrfoz, lc pcqucôd sciioùf y brdf `mfbotul, drrm``dlm smarc uf fûi`cm hcrrmgdbfïtoim . Cf `ms rc`ïsuto`ozdlms cf c`citrùfoid trdadkd imf imrrocftc imftçfud.
:.9. Yçgam`mC` sçgam`m suc`c lovolorsc cf lms pdrtcs, pdrd hdio`otdr c` trdzdlm lc `ds `çfcds, pmr uf `dlm `d
amaofd y pmr mtrm `ms imftditms. ^drd sdacr quï imftditms pcrtcfcicf d quï amaofd lcftrm lc ufcsqucgd c`ïitroim sc puclcf rchcrcfiodr dsç, AQ4 `d amaofd quc tocfc dsmiodlms `ms imftditms IQ4. Mtrmrc`ï lostoftm cf c` gosgm csqucgd quc tuvocrd vdroms kucbms lc imftditms scrçd AQ1, IQ1d, IQ1a, cti.
C` sçgam`m gäs uto`ozdlm pdrd rcprcscftdr c` rc`ï cs;
@d `çfcd ofi`ofdld cf c` rcitäfbu`m quc sogam`ozd d `d amaofd ofloid c` fûgcrm lc amaofdlms,fmrgd`gcftc ufm.
^mr û`togm, imfvocfc rcgdridr quc `ms imftditms sc rcprcscftdf socgprc cf c` cstdlm lc rcpmsmlc` rc`ï, d fm scr quc scd lc` topm ‐aocstda`c‗ , quc tocfc lms amaofdlms lc gdfcrd quc d` ditovdr ufm lc
c``ms `ms imftditms cstäf cf ufd pmsoioùf y d` ditovdr c` mtrm amaofdlm, `ms imftditms idgaodf d `d mtrdpmsoioùf, cf cstc idsm pdrtoiu`dr sc rchcrcfiod `d pmsoioùf lc `ms imftditms scbûf `d amaofd quc scditovc.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 98 lc 39
:.<. Hufiomfdgocftm
@ms rc`ïs smf ufms imgpmfcftcs c`citrmgdbfïtoims guy uto`ozdlms cf c`citrùfoid, quc puclcfhufiomfdr imgm uf oftcrruptmr m imgm uf imfgutdlmr ditovdlm gclodftc uf c`citrmogäf. Yus sçgam`mssmf;
Oftcrruptmr Imfgutdlmr
C` rc`ï cs uf lospmsotovm c`citrmgciäfoim, quc hufiomfd imgm uf oftcrruptmr imftrm`dlm pmr ufioriuotm c`ïitroim cf c` quc, pmr gclom lc uf c`citrmogäf, sc diiomfd uf kucbm lc ufm m vdroms imftditmsquc pcrgotcf daror m icrrdr mtrms ioriuotms c`ïitroims oflcpcflocftcs .
Yo oftrmluics uf trmzm lc jocrrm lu`ic cf c` oftcromr lc `d amaofd, idld vcz quc ioriu`c imrrocftcc`ïitroid pmr c``d sc trdfshmrgdrä cf uf ogäf. Iudflm ioriu`c pmr `d amaofd, c` jocrrm dtrdcrä ufd poczdgctä`oid quc hmrgd pdrtc lc` imfkuftm. Cstd poczd pmlrä adsiu`dr pmr ufm lc `ms cxtrcgms, lc td`gdfcrd quc c` mtrm qucldrä `oarc y pmlrä icrrdr m daror uf ioriuotm. Iudflm `d imrrocftc lckc lcioriu`dr, uf guc``c jdrä quc cstd poczd gctä`oid vuc`vd d su cstdlm ofoiod`. Lc cstd hmrgd, scbûf ioriu`cm fm imrrocftc, pmlrcgms daror m icrrdr ioriuotms c`ïitroims .
:.<.4. Qc`ï lc iudtrm imftditms
C` rc`ï lc iudtrm imftditms cs c` gäs aäsoim y fmrgd`gcftc sc uto`ozd pdrd jdicr lcoftcrruptmr lc brdflcs oftcfsoldlcs, cf uf vcjçiu`m jdy ofstd`dlms lc mrobcf guijçsogms rc`ïs, yd qucditûdf imgm c`cgcftms lc prmtciioùf lc mtrms imgpmfcftcs.
Ckcgp`m; @ms hdrms lc imijc, `ufctd tïrgoid, gmtmr lc drrdfquc, cti. imfsugcf brdflcsidftoldlcs lc imrrocftc c`ïitroid, so ïstd tuvocsc quc pdsdr pmr `ms oftcrruptmrcs lc `uics, `d ``dvc lc
imftditm cti., sc qucgdrçdf y rmgpcrçdf, lc jcijm cs `m quc pdsdad dftobudgcftc.D imftofudioùf, tc gmstrdgms uf scfio``m csqucgd lc iùgm vd ofstd`dlm uf rc`ï pdrd cstc hof.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 92 lc 39
^rogcrm, c` rc`ï cstä cf cstdlm lc rcpmsm y `ms hdrms cstäf dpdbdlms.
Djmrd, cf `d sobuocftc ogdbcf d` icrrdr c` gdflm lc `uics c` rc`ï sc ditovd y kuftd `ms imftditmslckdflm pdsdr `d imrrocftc jdiod `ms hdrms y cficfloïflm`ms.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 9: lc 39
:.3. \opms
Cxostcf gu`totul lc topms lostoftms lc rc`ïs, lcpcflocflm lc` fûgcrm lc imftditms, oftcfsoldl
dlgosoa`c pmr `ms gosgms, topm lc imrrocftc lc diiomfdgocftm, tocgpm lc ditovdioùf y lcsditovdioùf , cti.
Ckcgp`m; Qc`ï sof cfi`dvdgocftm, L^L\, gmftdkc cf ^IA, 1< XII.
Ckcgp`m; Qc`ï sof cfi`dvdgocftm, Y^L\, gmftdkc cf ^IA, 4> D, 1< XII.
Ckcgp`m; Qc`ï lc pmtcfiod Ygdrt ^mwcr, gmftdkc cf ^IA, 4> D, 413 XII, 9:> XDI, Y^L\.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 9? lc 39
Iudflm imgprds rc`ïs, bcfcrd`gcftc tocfcs imftrm` smarc iocrtds vdroda`cs, quc smf;
4)
C` vm`tdkc y `d imrrocftc quc sc fcicsotd pdrd ditovdr `d drgdlurd.
1)
C` gäxogm vm`tdkc y imrrocftc quc puclc pdsdr d trdvïs lc `d drgdlurd y `ms imftditms lc `ddrgdlurd.
9) C` fûgcrm lc drgdlurds (bcfcrd`gcftc ufd m lms).
<) C` fûgcrm lc imftditms pdrd `d drgdlurd, tdgaoïf ufm m lms. Cf `d ogdbcf c` rc`ï gucstrd quctocfc lms, lmflc ufm fm sc cstä usdflm.
3) ^mlcgms imftrm`dr so c` imftditm cstä fmrgd`gcftc daocrtm m fmrgd`gcftc icrrdlm (so fms ldfsm`m uf imftditm).
:.8. Dp`oidiomfcs
Cf bcfcrd`, c` usm lc uf rc`ï cs usdr ufd pcqucôd idftoldl lc cfcrbçd cf c` c`citrmogäf ’ pmrckcgp`m lc uf ioriuotm c`citrùfoim lc adkd pmtcfiod ’ pdrd gmvcr `d drgdlurd lc d su vcz cs idpdz lcimfgutdr ufd idftoldl lc cfcrbçd guijm gdymr. ^dr dpmfcr uf ckcgp`m, puclc quc quocrds quc c`
c`citrmogäf sc ditovc usdflm 3 vm`toms y 3> go`odgpcroms, gocftrds quc `d drgdlurd puclc smpmrtdr 11>vm`toms d 1 dgpcroms.
@ds dp`oidiomfcs lc cstc topm lc imgpmfcftcs smf gû`top`cs; cf c`citroioldl, cf dutmgdtosgms
c`ïitroims, cf c` imftrm` lc gmtmrcs oflustrod`cs, cf c`citrùfoid, cf oftcrruptmrcs ircpusiu`drcs, cf
d`drgds ,…
Cf c`citroioldl, lmflc sc gdfckdf pmtcfiods gdymrcs quc cf c`citrùfoid (pmr ckcgp`m, pdrdimftrm`dr gmtmrcs oflustrod`cs) sc `cs ``dgd imftditmrcs cf `ubdr lc rc`ïs y imfsostcf cf uf c`citrmogäf quc dtrdc d `ms imftditms , dlcgäs `d amaofd cs lcsgmftda`c y puclc trdadkdr imf imrrocftc imftçfud m
d`tcrfd sof quc msio`cf `ms imftditms .
C` imftditmr sc pmlrçd lchofor imgm uf oftcrruptmr lc gû`top`cs imftditms quc sc puclcdiiomfdr d lostdfiod . C` hufiomfdgocftm lc cstc lospmsotovm cs imgm sobuc. Iudflm icrrdgms c`oftcrruptmr sogp`c, `d amaofd cs dtrdvcsdld pmr `d imrrocftc c`ïitroid y bcfcrd uf idgpm gdbfïtoim qucjdic quc c` fûi`cm dtrdobd d `d drgdlurd, drrdstrdflm imfsobm d `ms imftditms gùvo`cs. C` rcsu`tdlm csquc cstms imftditms idgaodf lc pmsoioùf y sc iocrrdf.
Ckcgp`m; Imftditmr; hufiomfdgocftm y dspcitm.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd <> lc 39
Ckcgp`m; Imftditmr diiomfdflm uf gmtmr c`ïitroim.
@d imrrocftc c`ïitroid quc fcicsotd `d amaofd pdrd ircdr c` idgpm gdbfïtoim fcicsdrom pdrd quc`d drgdlurd dtrdobd jdiod sç d` fûi`cm cs guy pcqucôd cf rc`dioùf imf `d imrrocftc quc vd d ioriu`dr pmr`ms imftditms profiopd`cs quc d`ogcftdf d` gmtmr.
?. \QDFYHMQGDLMQ
?.4. Lchofoioùf
Sfd dp`oidioùf guy ogpmrtdftc lc `ms hcfùgcfms lc dutmofluiioùf cs c` trdfshmrgdlmr.
Sf trdfshmrgdlmr, tdgaoïf ``dgdlm trdhm, cs ufd gäquofd quc dprmvcijd `d idrditcrçstoid quctocfc `d imrrocftc c`ïitroid lc ircdr idgpms c`citrmgdbfïtoims y quc `ms idgpms c`citrmgdbfïtoimsircdf imrrocftc c`ïitroid.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd <4 lc 39
?.1. Cstruiturd
Sf trdfshmrgdlmr imfsostc cf lms amaofds ufolds pmr uf fûi`cm lc jocrrm lu`ic, `dgofdlm, imf
pcqucôds ogpurczds , pdrd imfscbuor gckmrcs idrditcrçstoids hrcftc d `d imfluiioùf lc`c`citrmgdbfctosgm.
@d amaofd pmr lmflc cftrd `d imrrocftc rcioac c` fmgarc lc progdrom y pmr lmflc sd`c lc
sciufldrom. Lcaolm d cstc dimp`dgocftm, `d scôd` lc cftrdld cf c` trdfshmrgdlmr suhrc vdrodiomfcs qucsmf rcimbolds d `d sd`old.
Lmflc;
; h`ukm gdbfïtoim bcfcrdlm pmr `d amaofd (wcacr, Ra).
X4; tcfsoùf c`ïitroid bcfcrdld pmr `d amaofd lc` progdrom (vm`toms, X).
O4; oftcfsoldl bcfcrdld pmr `d amaofd lc` progdrom (dgpcroms, D).X1; tcfsoùf c`ïitroid bcfcrdld pmr `d amaofd lc` sciufldrom (vm`toms, X).
O1; oftcfsoldl bcfcrdld pmr `d amaofd lc` sciufldrom (dgpcroms, D).
?.9. Yçgam`m
C` sçgam`m gäs uto`ozdlm pdrd rcprcscftdr c` trdfshmrgdlmr cs;
C` sçgam`m uto`ozdlm pdrd rcprcscftdr c` trdfshmrgdlmr imf fûi`cm lc dorc cs;
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd <1 lc 39
?.<. Hufiomfdgocftm
Iudflm ioriu`d imrrocftc pmr ufd lc `ds amaofds, ïstd sc trdfshmrgd cf idgpm c`citrmgdbfïtoim,sc trdfsgotc pmr gclom lc` jocrrm lu`ic y iudflm ``cbd jdstd `d mtrd amaofd, ïstd sc imfvocrtc cfimrrocftc c`ïitroid.
C` progdrom rcioac `d pmtcfiod lc `d rcl , pmr tdftm, sc lcac imfsolcrdr imgm uf rcicptmr m
imfsugolmr. ^mr c` imftrdrom, c` sciufldrom sc ufc d` ioriuotm lc uto`ozdioùf , puloïflmsc imfsolcrdr, pmrtdftm, imgm uf bcfcrdlmr.
Cf rcsugcf, c` trdfshmrgdlmr, cs uf dpdrdtm cstätoim lc ofluiioùf c`citrmgdbfïtoid lcstofdlmd trdfshmrgdr uf sostcgd lc imrrocftcs vdroda`cs cf mtrm m vdroms sostcgds lc imrrocftcs, iuyds
tcfsomfcs c oftcfsoldlcs smf bcfcrd`gcftc lohcrcftcs, dufquc lc `d gosgd hrciucfiod .
Ckcgp`m; Dspcitm lc uf trdfshmrgdlmr rcd` dsç imgm su csqucgd c`ïitroim imrrcspmflocftc.
?.3. Qc`dioùf lc trdfshmrgdioùf
D` imfcitdr c` amaofdlm progdrom , lc F4 cspords, d ufd tcfsoùf d`tcrfd X4 sc prmluic cf c` fûi`cmgdbfïtoim uf h`ukm vdroda`c ( ). Cstc h`ukm vdroda`c sc iocrrd pmr tmlm c` fûi`cm gdbfïtoim y imrtd `msimfluitmrcs lc` amaofdlm sciufldrom, pmr `m quc sc ofluic ufd hucrzd c`citrmgmtroz cf c` sciufldrom
quc lcpcflcrä lc su fûgcrm lc cspords. Cf c` idsm lc quc c` fûgcrm lc cspords lc` sciufldrom scd gdymr quc c` lc` progdrom, `d tcfsoùf
lc` sciufldrom tdgaoïf scrä gdymr . Yc loic quc c` trdfshmrgdlmr cs c`cvdlmr.
Cf c` idsm lc quc c` fûgcrm lc cspords lc` sciufldrom scd gcfmr quc c` lc` progdrom, `d tcfsoùf
lc` sciufldrom tdgaoïf scrä gcfmr . Yc loic quc c` trdfshmrgdlmr cs rcluitmr.
Ckcgp`m;
X 4 / X 1
\rdfshmrgdlmr c`cvdlmr 11> X / 43 X
\rdfshmrgdlmr rcluitmr 11> X / 9>> X
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd <9 lc 39
^drd uf trdfshmrgdlmr olcd`, sc lcsprciodf `ds pïrlolds. Ïstm ogp`oid quc `d pmtcfiod dasmraold
(^ 4 ) cs obud` d `d pmtcfiod cftrcbdld (^ 1 ) . ^mr `m quc cftrc `d progcrd amaofd y `d scbufld sc iugp`c qucdgads trdfsgotcf `d gosgd pmtcfiod.
^4 7 ^1
M `m quc cs `m gosgm;X4 ² O4 7 X1 ² O1
Mtrd hmrgd lc cxprcsdr`m cs;
g O
O
X
X
4
1
1
4
g; rc`dioùf lc trdfshmrgdioùf.
\dgaoïf sc iugp`c quc `d rc`dioùf cftrc c` fûgcrm lc cspords lc `d progcrd amaofd y `d scbufldcs prmpmriomfd` d `d tcfsoùf quc jdy cftrc c``ds . ^mr `m quc iudflm c` fûgcrm lc cspords cs gdymr, c`vm`tdkc tdgaoïf dugcftd.
Cs lcior, `d vc`mioldl d `d quc vdrçd c` h`ukm gdbfïtoim cstä lctcrgofdld pmr `d hrciucfiod lc `dscôd` dp`oidld, pmr `m quc `ds tcfsomfcs ofluiolds cf idld lcvdfdlm smf lorcitdgcftc prmpmriomfd`cs d`fûgcrm lc cspords lc idld ufm lc c``ms.
gX
X
F
F
1
4
1
4
g; rc`dioùf lc trdfshmrgdioùf.
^mr c` imftrdrom, `ds oftcfsoldlcs lc `ds amaofds lc` progdrom y sciufldrom smf ofvcrsdgcftc
prmpmriomfd`cs d su fûgcrm lc cspords imrrcspmflocftc .
g F
F
O
O
1
4
4
1
g; rc`dioùf lc trdfshmrgdioùf.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd << lc 39
^mr tdftm, `d rc`dioùf lc trdfshmrgdioùf sc puclc id`iu`dr imf `d sobuocftc cxprcsoùf;
g O
O
X
X
F
F
4
1
1
4
1
4
Yo g 0 4, c` trdfshmrgdlmr cs c`cvdlmr lc tcfsoùf y so g 6 4, c` trdfshmrgdlmr cs rcluitmrlc tcfsoùf.
C` trdfshmrgdlmr cs rcluitmr so c` vm`tdkc lc` progdrom cs gdymr quc lc` sciufldrom .
C` trdfshmrgdlmr cs c`cvdlmr so c` vm`tdkc lc` progdrom cs gcfmr quc lc` sciufldrom .
C` trdfshmrgdlmr ditûd imgm uf dos`dftc so smf obud`cs `ms vm`tdkcs lc` progdrom y lc`
sciufldrom .
Yc puclcf uto`ozdr trdfshmrgdlmrcs pdrd c`cvdr su dgp`otul m losgofuor`d m aocf pdrd dldptdr
cftrc sç mtrms imgpmfcftcs .
Ckcgp`m;
Ckcgp`m; D` progdrom sc `c sugofostrd c` vm`tdkc lc` cfijuhc (11> X cf I.D.) y d` sciufldrom sc `cimfcitd `d rcsostcfiod lc idrbd. Ïstd fm puclc scr pcqucôd pmrquc sc qucgd (sc huflc).
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd <3 lc 39
?.8. \opms
Cxostcf lovcrsms topms lc trdfshmrgdlmrcs, cftrc `ms quc idac lcstdidr;
\rdfshmrgdlmrcs lc d`ogcftdioùf. Ymf uto`ozdlms pdrd d`ogcftdr ioriuotms c`citrùfoims lc
pcqucôd pmtcfiod . \ocfcf fûi`cm lc p`dids lc jocrrm lu`ic lc d`td pcrgcdao`oldl gdbfïtoid5smarc ïstc sc lcvdfdf ufm m vdroms drrm``dgocftms quc imfstotuoräf c` progdrom y c` sciufldrom.
Fmrgd`gcftc, smf trdfshmrgdlmrcs rcluitmrcs, pucs suc`cf rcluior `d tcfsoùf lc rcl lc 11> Xd 8, ?, 41, 1<, ..., X.
Dutmtrdfshmrgdlmrcs. Imfsostcf cf uf fûi`cm lc jocrrm lu`ic smarc c` quc sc lcvdfd uf sm`mdrrm``dgocftm imf vdrods tmgds, lc gmlm quc uf fûgcrm lctcrgofdlm lc cspords cs imgûf d`progdrom y d` sciufldrom. \ocfc c` ofimfvcfocftc lc quc c` sciufldrom fm cstä dos`dlmc`ïitroidgcftc lc` progdrom.
Ckcgp`m;
Dutmtrdfshmrgdlmr c`cvdlmr Dutmtrdfshmrgdlmr rcluitmr
\rdfshmrgdlmrcs lc dos`dgocftm. Yc trdtd lc trdfshmrgdlmrcs imf rc`dioùf lc trdfshmrgdioùf
4;4 , cs lcior, fo c`cvdf fo rcluicf `d tcfsoùf. Cstm quocrc lcior quc dgams amaofdlms tocfcf `dgosgd idftoldl lc cspords, pmr tdftm, c` amaofdlm sciufldrom cftrcbdrä c` gosgm vm`tdkc lc I.D.quc sc dp`oquc d` progdrom, sof cxostor ufd imfcxoùf c`ïitroid cftrc c` amaofdlm progdrom y c`sciufldrom. Yc uto`ozdf, fmrgd`gcftc, pdrd dos`dr lc `d rcl c`ïitroid iud`quocr ioriuotm quc
prciosc lc loijm dos`dgocftm . Ckcgp`m; Yc usd cf `ubdrcs guy jûgclms lmflc `d gdfopu`dioùf lcimfluitmrcs c`ïitroims fm dos`dlms lc `d rcl pulocrdf cftrdôdr d`bûf pc`obrm.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd <8 lc 39
\rdfshmrgdlmrcs dldptdlmrcs lc ogpcldfiods. Imgm sc sdac, `d gäxogd trdfshcrcfiod lcpmtcfiod cftrc ufd hucftc lc scôd` y ufd idrbd tocfc `ubdr iudflm `d ogpcldfiod lc sd`old lc `dhucftc lc scôd` y `d ogpcldfiod lc cftrdld lc `d idrbd smf obud`cs. Iudflm sc trdtd lc dldptdr
loijds ogpcldfiods , smf guy ûto`cs cstc topm lc trdfshmrgdlmrcs, pucstm quc cftrc `ds
ogpcldfiods lc progdrom y sciufldrom y su imrrcspmflocftc fûgcrm lc cspords cxostc ufdrc`dioùf;
4
1
1
4
1
4
1
4 ;; F
F
F
F
O
O
X
X
Ckcgp`m; \rdfshmrgdlmr dldptdlmr lc ogpcldfiods HG XJH SJH lc 23 d 9>> ί.
\rdfshmrgdlmrcs lc dulom hrciucfiod. Iudflm uf trdfshmrgdlmr trdadkd d hrciucfiodssupcromrcs d 3> Jz, `ds pïrlolds cf c` jocrrm pmr jostïrcsos y pmr imrrocftcs lc Hmuidu`tdugcftdf. Cs prciosm tcfcr guy cf iucftd cstc chcitm iudflm sc trdtd lc uto`ozdr uftrdfshmrgdlmr pdrd hrciucfiods duloa`cs , cs lcior, lcslc 1> Jz d 1> EJz . @ms
trdfshmrgdlmrcs lc dulomhrciucfiod suc`cf tcfcr uf fûi`cm pcqucôm imf c` hof lc dgofmrdr `ds pïrlolds cf c` jocrrm y uf brdf fûgcrm lc cspords, pucstm quc `ds pïrlolds pmr c` chcitm Kmu`closgofuycf imf `d hrciucfiod.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd <2 lc 39
\rdfshmrgdlmrcs lc rdlomhrciucfiod. Cstäf loscôdlms pdrd trdadkdr d hrciucfiods supcromrcs
d 1> EJz . Lcaolm d quc d cstds hrciucfiods `ds pïrlolds pmr jostïrcsos y pmr imrrocftcs lcHmuidu`t smf cfmrgcs, fm sc puclcf hdaroidr imf fûi`cms lc jocrrm, cgp`cäflmsc fûi`cms imgmc` dorc, gctd` cf pm`vm prcfsdlm, hcrrotd, cti .
?.2. Dp`oidiomfcs
@d uto`oldl lc` trdfshmrgdlmr cs idgaodr lc vd`mr `d tcfsoùf y `d imrrocftc lc ufd amaofd d `d
mtrd . @ds dp`oidiomfcs gäs jdaotud`cs lc` trdfshmrgdlmr smf;
Ssms oflustrod`cs;
m
Dgp`otul y hrciucfiod lc cftrdld hokds.
m
Fm jdy bdfdfiod cf pmtcfiod (sofm pïrlolds, pmr ckcgp`m; imrrocftcs pdräsotds). @m quc
puclc jdacr cs bdfdfiod cf tcfsoùf.m Ssm pdrd brdflcs pmtcfiods.
\cfocflm su profiopd` dp`oidioùf imgm vdrodlmr lc tcfsoùf, cs cf `ds `çfcds lc trdfspmrtc lc
cfcrbçd c`ïitroid lmflc su dp`oidioùf cs hufldgcftd`, lcaolm d su lma`c vcrtocftc tdftm imgm c`cvdlmrimgm rcluitmr.
Iudflm sc bcfcrd, sc c`cvd `d tcfsoùf imf dyuld lc c``ms, sc trdfspmrtd pmr `ds `çfcds, y sc adkdmtrd vcz imf trdfshmrgdlmrcs jdstd uf vd`mr imf c` quc pmlcr uto`ozdr`d, sof lcgdsodlms rocsbms pdrd `dspcrsmfds.
C`cgcftm lc ioriuotm;
m Yostcgds pdrd dimp`m gdbfïtoim (pmr ckcgp`m; ioriuotms gdbfïtoims).
m Cf sostcgds c`citrùfoims.
Lcaolm d `d prmpocldl lc` trdfshmrgdlmr lc rch`ckdr ogpcldfiods , sc uto`ozd imgm;
m Dldptdlmr lc ogpcldfiods.
m Ycpdrdlmr (dos`dlmr lc idrbds lc hucftc).
C`cgcftms lc gclold;
D `d vcz sc fcicsotdf imgm c`cgcftms lc dldptdlmr pdrd `d ofstrugcftdioùf.
Ckcgp`m; Qcl c`ïitroid.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd <: lc 39
4>. D^@OIDIOMFCY ^QÄI\OIDY
Dpdrtc lc `ds profiopd`cs dp`oidiomfcs lc `ds amaofds (`ms rc`ïs y `ms trdfshmrgdlmrcs), cxostcfmtrds quc smf; `ms d`tcrfdlmrcs y lofdgms.
@ms d`tcrfdlmrcs y `ds lofdgms smf gäquofds c`ïitroids quc trdfshmrgdf `d cfcrbçd gciäfoid lcrmtdioùf, quc rcioacf d trdvïs lc su ckc cf cfcrbçd c`ïitroid d`tcrfd y imftofud, rcspcitovdgcftc.
4>.4. D`tcrfdlmr
Iudflm uf imfluitmr sc lcsp`dzd d trdvïs lc uf idgpm gdbfïtoim sc bcfcrd cf ïstc ufdimrrocftc c`ïitroid ofluiold. Yo c` ida`c uto`ozdlm pdrd gmvcr`m imf gdymr hdio`oldl tocfc hmrgd lccspord, sc ofluiorä cf cstd ufd tcfsoùf quc orä msio`dflm (d`tcrfdlm) cftrc ufms vd`mrcs gäxogms ygçfogm quc ofi`usm oräf idgaodflm lc borm. Yc bcfcrd ufd imrrocftc d`tcrfd.
C` d`tcrfdlmr imfstd lc lms pdrtcs; c` rmtmr y c` cstdtmr .
C` rmtmr cs uf c`cgcftm io`çflroim prmvostm lc c`citrmogdfcs sotudlm cf c` oftcromr lc` cstdtmridpdz lc bordr d`rclclmr lc su ckc iudflm ïstc cs ogpu`sdlm pmr `d diioùf lc ufd hucrzd.
C` cstdtmr cs `d idridsd gctä`oid hokd cf iuym oftcromr sc d`mkd c` rmtmr smarc c` quc sc drrm``d uf
jo`m imfluitmr.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd <? lc 39
Ckcgp`m; Cf uf d`tcrfdlmr trohäsoim imf uf pdr lc pm`ms cf c` rmtmr, ufd rucld pm`dr imf ufhucrtc idgpm gdbfïtoim bord d 9.>>> rcvm`uiomfcs pmr gofutm (3> vuc`tds pmr scbuflm) c ofluic cf `dstrcs amaofds lc` cstdtmr ufd tcfsoùf d`tcrfd trohäsoid lc 3> Jz quc sc trdfspmrtd y lostroauyc jdstd `msicftrms lc imfsugm.
4>.1. LofdgmCgp`cdflm uf ogäf y ufd cspord imf ufms dfo``ms im`citmrcs cs pmsoa`c bcfcrdr imrrocftc
c`ïitroid d`tcrfd, so sustotuogms `ms dfo``ms im`citmrcs pmr uf sm`m dfo``m lovololm cf lms pdrtcs dos`dldscftrc sç tcflrcgms ufd lofdgm. Cf cstc idsm `d imrrocftc ioriu`d cf uf sm`m scftolm, imrrocftc imftofud.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 3> lc 39
@d lofdgm cs ufd gäquofd rcvcrsoa`c puclc trdadkdr imgm bcfcrdlmr m imgm gmtmr . Imgmbcfcrdlmr, trdfshmrgd `d cfcrbçd gciäfoid cf cfcrbçd c`ïitroid y imgm gmtmr, trdfshmrgd `d cfcrbçd
c`ïitroid cf gciäfoid lc rmtdioùf .
4>.9.
Yostcgds lc trdfsgosoùf y rcicpioùf lc scôd`cs lc rdlom, vçlcm y tc`chmfçd gùvo`
\mlms cstms sostcgds imfsobucf trdfsgotor `d ofhmrgdioùf brdiods d `d prmluiioùf lc idgpms
gdbfïtoims lc d`td hrciucfiod (lc` mrlcf lc EJz y GJz pdrd sostcgds lc rdlom y lc d`bufms BJz pdrd`d tc`chmfçd gùvo`). Cstds scôd`cs c`citrmgdbfïtoids sc rcimbcf imf hdio`oldl d `drbd lostdfiod pmr `msrcicptmrcs brdiods d` profiopom lc ofluiioùf c`citrmgdbfïtoid . Iudftm gdymr scd `d hrciucfiod, `d scôd`pmlrä trdfsgotorsc d gäs lostdfiod sof quc su oftcfsoldl lc mrobcf scd guy c`cvdld, td` imgm miurrc imf`d tc`chmfçd gùvo` quc cgp`cd scôd`cs cf tmrfm d `ms 1 BJz (1² 4>? Jz) lc hrciucfiod.
Ckcgp`m; Cf `d sobuocftc hoburd sc gucstrd lc hmrgd sogp`ohoidld iùgm scrçd c` sostcgd lccgosoùf y rcicpioùf lc uf sostcgd lc imgufoidioùf pmr rdlom.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 34 lc 39
Cf cstc idsm `d cgosmrd sc cfidrbd lc rcimbcr `d ofhmrgdioùf d trdfsgotor (scôd`cs lc dulomtrdfshmrgdlds cf scôd`cs c`ïitroids lc ufd lctcrgofdld hrciucfiod) y gclodftc ioriuotms lcgmlu`dioùf dlciudlms, bcfcrd ufd scôd` lc d`td hrciucfiod quc cs dp`oidld d `d dftcfd gclodftc uftrdfshmrgdlmr .
Iudflm `d imrrocftc d`tcrfd lc d`td hrciucfiod rcimrrc c` imfluitmr lc `d dftcfd, sc prmluic ufidgpm c`citrmgdbfïtoim vdroda`c lc `d gosgd hrciucfiod. Ïstm jdic quc sc prmluzid, d su vcz, ufd mfld
c`citrmgdbfïtoid quc sc rdlod cf tmlds `ds lorciiomfcs .
Yo cstds mflds c`citrmgdbfïtoids `dfzdlds d` cspdiom imrtdf c` imfluitmr lc ufd dftcfdrcicptmrd, sc ofluic cf `d gosgd ufd hucrzd c`citrmgmtroz (sogo`dr d` prmicsm quc sc ld cf uftrdfshmrgdlmr) quc rcprmluic `d scôd` c`ïitroid cgotold pmr c` imfkuftm lc cgosmrd y dftcfd lccgosoùf. ^mr supucstm, iudftm gäs d`ckdlms fms cfimftrcgms lc `d dftcfd lc cgosoùf, gäs pcqucôd scrä`d scôd` rcioaold. Cstd scôd` suc`c scr lc` mrlcf lc `ms goirmvm`toms.
44. OF\CQHCQCFIODY C@CI\QMGDBFÏ\OIDY
Jmy cf lçd sc hdaroidf gu`totul lc lospmsotovms c`ïitroims y c`citrùfoims quc prmluicfcgosomfcs c`citrmgdbfïtoids lc d`td hrciucfiod. Cstms idgpms c`citrmgdbfïtoims sc prmpdbdf imfhdio`oldl pmr c` dorc, pmr sus cfvm`vcftcs, pmr `ms imfluitmrcs c`ïitroims m lc trdfsgosoùf lc ldtms.
Lcaolm d` hcfùgcfm lc `d ofluiioùf c`citrmgdbfïtoid, cstms idgpms ofluicf scôd`cs c`ïitroidscf mtrms cquopms icridfms quc puclcf ``cbdr d pcrturadr c` fmrgd` hufiomfdgocftm lc `ms gosgms, ldflm`ubdr d `m quc sc imfmic imgm oftcrhcrcfiods c`citrmgdbfïtoids (imfmiolm tdgaoïf imgm CGO pmr sussob`ds cf ofb`ïs C`citrmGdbfctoi Oftcrhcrcfic ).
Ckcgp`ms lc oftcrhcrcfiods; imgm c` ruolm d` softmfozdr ufd cgosmrd lc rdlom, c` gd`hufiomfdgocftm midsomfd` lc` rcicptmr lc tc`cvosoùf, c` lospdrm d`cdtmrom lc ufd d`drgd, cti.
^drd quc sc prmluzid `d oftcrhcrcfiod c`citrmgdbfïtoid tocfc quc cxostor `d hucftc quc `mmrobofc, uf rcicptmr m vçitogd quc sc vcd dhcitdlm pmr c``d y, pmr û`togm, uf gclom d trdvïs lc` iud` scprmpdbuc `d oftcrhcrcfiod y sc prmluzid dsç `d pcrturadioùf.
Ckcgp`ms lc hucftcs lc pcrturadiomfcs;
Qdyms.
Imrtmioriuotms.
Imfcxoùf d tocrrd ogprcvostd.
Lcsidrbds c`citrmstätoids.
Cgosmrcs lc rdlomlohusoùf.
Cgosmrcs lc tc`cvosoùf.
Rd`eoc \d`eoc.
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
Cfidrfdioùf Gdrçf Idad``crm ^äbofd 31 lc 39
\c`ïhmfms gùvo`cs.
Qdldrcs.
\mlms `ms sostcgds lc ditovdioùf y lcsditovdioùf lc ufd scôd` c`ïitroid td`cs imgm; imftditmrcs,rc`ïs, mflu`dlmrcs, hucftcs lc d`ogcftdioùf imfgutdld, sostcgds lc cficflolm lc gmtmrcs lccxp`msoùf, im`citmrcs lc `ms gmtmrcs lc I.I., rcbu`dlmrcs c`citrùfoims.
@ägpdrds lc lcsidrbd y h`umrcsicftcs.
Cquopms quc uto`ozdf rc`mkcs (^I, ^@I).
Cxostcf trcs pmsoao`oldlcs lc c`ogofdr `ds oftcrhcrcfiods c`citrmgdbfïtoids;
Yuprogor `d cgosoùf cf `d hucftc.
Jdicr c` idgofm lc dimp`dgocftm pmim chcitovm.
Jdicr c` rcicptmr gcfms scfsoa`c d `ds cgosomfcs.
Ckcgp`m; Sfd hmrgd scfio``d lc prmtcbcr `ms cquopms y `ms imfluitmrcs lc imfcxoùf cs a`ofldr`ms
m dpdftd``dr`ms imf supcrhoiocs imfluitmrds y, `ucbm, pmfcr d tocrrd csms a`ofldkcs , imfsobuocflm dsç quc`ds imrrocftcs ofluiolds pmr `ms idgpms c`citrmgdbfïtoims h`uydf d trdvïs lc `ds supcrhoiocsimfluitmrds cxtcrfds d tocrrd cvotdflm `ms chcitms lc `ds gosgds smarc `ms cquopms quc cstäf cf suoftcromr.
@d sustotuioùf lc imfluitmrcs lc imarc pmr ida`cs lc hoard ùptoid pdrd `d trdfsgosoùf lcscôd`cs jd supucstm uf brdf dvdfic cf c` prmicsm lc rcluiioùf lc `ds pcrturadiomfcsc`citrmgdbfïtoids, yd quc cstms lospmsotovms trdfspmrtdf `d ofhmrgdioùf cf hmrgd lc `uz, quc cstmtd`gcftc ofgufc d `ds rdlodiomfcs c`citrmgdbfïtoids.
@d hoard ùptoid sc imgpmfc lc uf jo`m guy hofm lc volrom m gdtcrod` p`ästoim trdfspdrcftc , pmr c`
quc sc trdfsgotcf scôd`cs `ugofmsds quc imftocfc `ms ldtms d trdfsgotor. @d hucftc lc `uz puclc scr`äscr m uf @CL. Yu profiopd` dp`oidioùf sc cfiucftrd cf `ds tc`cimgufoidiomfcs (tc`chmfçd, Oftcrfct,tc`cvosoùf, cti.), yd quc cs pmsoa`c trdfsgotor d `d vcz idftoldlcs gdsovds lc ldtms d ufd brdf lostdfiod.
7/25/2019 Tema 5. Bobinas
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\cgd 3; Amaofds.
41. DFD@MBÇD CF\QC @MY LOHCQCF\CY C@CGCF\MY ^DYOXMY
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