tecnologías de energía solar aplicada a la arquitectura ecologica

8/16/2019 Tecnologías de Energía Solar Aplicada a La Arquitectura Ecologica

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2011 The 6th International Forum on Strategic Technology

Research On Solar Energy TechnologiesF or The Ecological Architecture

Wu ZhaoCollege of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering

Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai'an, Shandong, China

[email protected]

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Keywords ecological architecture; solar energy; technology

With the improvement of living standard, people have higher requ rements for the energy consumption; the base number becomes increasingly big. But the world s conventionalenergy reso ces (such as oil, coal, nat al gas, etc.) are nea lyex austed. According to the statistics, the world s conventionalenergy resources only can be used for 200-300 years inaccordance with the c rrent development speed. In the pastcentur , social development, productivit development, population growth and the higher living standards raise the building energy consumption amatically. At present, the world s reserves of the conventional energy so ces are rapidlydeclining. Energy crisis has become a big problem of the world.Meanwhile, the sustainable development of societ requ res people to balance the development of energy and the protectionof enviro ment. Therefore, s nce the oil crisis in the MiddleEast in 1970s, energy conservation and the development ofclean, renewable and new energy have at acted more at entionin the developed countries. [1] As an inex austible easur of the clean energy, the solar energy obtains more conce insome European countries. A er yea s of resea ch and practice, the application of solar tec ology in the cons uction has become mature in these co tries; the application of solarenergy saves a lot of conventional energy and reduces

enviro mental pollution for these countries.

I. THE AB NDANT SOLAR ENERGY ESOURCESOF CHINA

China has rich solar energy resources. The sunshine time ismore than 2200h in two th rds of the land a ea. The a nualamount of sunshine is about 3350 8400W/m ; it is equivalent to 11 0-250kg standard coal/m . In the period of "Eighth FiveYears , Chinese solar energy reso ces can be divided into ve parts. Even in the poor a eas of solar energy resources, thea nual amount of radiation is close to Tok o and higher than

978-1-4577-0399-7/11/$26.00 ©2011 EEE 452

YanMaCollege of Forestry

Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai'an, Shandong, China

[email protected]

London, Hamburg (the cit with the better sol energ ).[2,3]So we can see that the use of solar energy in buildings haslarge potential in our coun .

T BLE . IVE EGIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY IN CHINA

S lig t R di ti perType rs per ye r (ml/m2) stly regi s ye rFirst

3200 3300 6680 8400North Ningxia, Gansu,

regions Xinji g, ,Qinghai, etc.

Second North Shanxi, Ningxia,

regions 3000 3200 5850 6680 Gansu, South-east Tibet,etc.

Third Shandong, Henan, Hebei,

eg ons 2200 3000 5000 5850 south-east Sh xi, Jilin,iaoning, Yunn , etc.

Forth Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi,

regions 1400 2200 4200 5000 Ji gxi, Zheji g, Fuji ,etc.

Fifh 1000 1400 3350 4200 Sichuan, Guizhouregions

T BLE II. OLAR ENERGY RADIATIONS IN PART ITIES

R di ti per R di ti perPl ce me ye r Pl ce me ye r(ml/m2)ml/m 2)

Lisbon 6900 Paris 4000Athens 58\0 Vienna 3890Washington 5220 London 3600Tokyo 4220

II. THE COMBIN NG WAYS OF SOLAR ENERGY AND BUILDING

The combination of solar energy and building has a bright prospect. It predicts that the ture cit is the eco-cit and the

ture of the building is eco-building. The distinctive feature in the eco-cit and eco-a chitecture is the lly application ofsolar tec nology. With the rapid progress of science and technology, solar architect e tends to be the active solar buildings. From the development of the single small building to the large multi-building, the application of solar energy in

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buildings can be divided into t ree t pes: the rst is the p� ssiveaccept tec nology. [4] t usually utilizes the s uct al desIgn touse of the sun's heat to regulate indoor a r temperature; thesecond is the solar collective tec nology. t usually uses thecollector to heat water or other storage medium and to meet theenergy consumption in build ngs when necessar ; the th rd isthe sola energy conversion tec nology, which converts solaenergy d rectly into the electrical energy and provides light ng

for the buildings. The rst approach can be achieved by theconventional tec niques.

A. The Passive Solar Architecture (Figure 1,2)1) The application of the principle of passive solar

buildingn general, solar

buildings refer to thearchitectures whichtake certain measuresto use solar energyfor winter heating orsummer cooling.

"Solar HeatingRoom is called forthe building whichuses solar energy for Figure 1. Morse's solar energy deviceswinter heating;"Solar CoolingRoom is called forthe building which Iuses solar energy forsummer cooling.According to the useof mechanical powerin the ru ning ofsolar system, solaarchitectures are

indoor

divided into the Figure 2 Principle drawing of T M wall"active and the"passive . Among them, the ansmission of the sol r ene. rg inthe room without the aid of mechanical power (VIa radIatIOn,conduction and convection) is called as the "passive house . [5]According to the basic structure t pes, the "passive house canbe divided into many t pes: the d rect heating gaining t pe; thecollective wall t pe; the additional sun room t pe; the waterwall type and so on. To the cu ent residences in China, theformer t ree t pes of the solar houses have positive referencevalues. (Figure 3, 4)

Figure Solar hole in the architecture

45

section rawn

plai g ass.c om=:tl

;

eter_ Co lect oop

� " ' M - Heat ng loop

Figure 4 Solar house system of Massachuse s nstitute of Techno

a The directly peThis is a type of sun room which has been adopted for a

long time. There are the single layer glass windows or multiplelayers glass windows in the south elevation, which use the

oor and the side wall to storage heating. Speci cally, in thesunshine stage, the sunshine launches into the room t ough theglass oor (wall); the oor (wall) absorbs heat; the . surfacetemperature rises and passes part of the heat by convectIOn; theother part exchanges in the ner s face; the th rd pa t omthe oor (wall) is saved. When there is no sunshine, the heatwhich is saved gradually re s to the room and the rest aredelivered to the outdoors. This t pe of sun room, with thestr cture, is easy to use, but when the day lighting is too s ong,the room temperat e uctuates. [6]

b The pe of collective walln 1956, scholars such as Trobe put forward a collective

program which has become popular now. This f rm of solarhouse heating mechanism is different om the dIrect bene t

t pe. The sun shines cover the wall t rough the ansparentcollector; the wall surface is coated with the higher heat-absorbing coating; the top and bottom have open vents andthere a e con ollable open doors. n these passive houses, thesunlight covers the hea y wall t rough the collector in theouter surface; solar heat absorbed, one par losses to the outsidet rough the ansparent co er; another par heat the interlayerair and make the di erent densities in the indoor air; t roughthe opening of the upper and lower vents, the nat ralconvection brings the hot a r nto the interior; the th rd par ofthe heat transmits into the interior t rough the collector. This"Collector Wall Solar House uses the passive heating mostwidely. [7]

For the building materials wall, the main difference ofstr cture is the vent. According to the availabilit anddis ibution of vents, it can be divided into four categories: novents, the top vents, the bottom vents and the wall ventsuniform. Currently, the former two kinds of engineering wallsare called the "Trobe Wall ; the lat er is known as the "latticewall .

c The Type ofAttached Sun RoomThe feature of this kind of s room is that it has a glass

room in the south side of the building. The sun room and thebe oom space are separated by a wall or window. The the al


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building applications as an important part of the build ngenergy conservation in the 2010 plan, and hope that thedevelopment of "Chinese Domestic Sunshine can promote thesolar energy application in residential buildings.

From the cu ent situation, the application of solar energyin building has shown the bright prospects. Take the solarbat er as an exa ple, although the cu ent cost of solar cells isstill relatively high and the fashion is dif cult to be a largescale, it is still ver optimistic in the solar energy eld. Withthe continuing progress of the tec nology, the ef cientconversion of the solar cells will be rther enhanced. With thecontinuous expansion of the production, the bat er costs willdrop substantially. t is estimated by 2010, the cost of the alpower will be close to the general cost. t is ver promising.[II]

The solar thermal tec nology is one of the fastest growingenergy tec nologies. The solar water heaters a e a ready widelyused all over the countr . [12] By the end of 1998, Ch naalready has more than 1,000 sola water heater manufact ers;the a nual production capacity is more than 3,000,000,000square meters; sola water heaters installed across the countris more than 15,000,000,000 square meters; the developmentspeed of the sola thermal technology is fast in China.Although the application of solar energy and the integrationtec nology of the sola energy are still in the exploration period,the combination of the solar tec nology will be able to promotethe sola energy products' market and the sol energytec nology's i novation. t will improve the product qualitand meet the growing market requ rement.

B. The ProblemsAt present, Chinese solar building' applications have the

following problems:

1) Lacking the understanding to the importance of solar

ener developmentCountries do not pay much attention to the development

and utilization of solar energy tec nology as the conventionalenergy. We lack the strong and right publicity and guidance.Communit awareness and understanding of the sol energy isalso low. Most architects and engineers do not realize, althoughinvestments in short terms will increase, in the long run, thesolar building will create more economic bene ts.

2 Investment in the solar ener construction is notenough

At present, investors consider more about shor -terminterests and the r own interests and neglect the long-teinterests and the public interest. The development of solararchitecture requ res investors to input more capital,tec nology and perso nel and compared to the general scale ofthe buildings, the amount of nvestment will increase; this willmake some investors away.

3 The use of solar technolo is hardAlthough solar energy is a large amount, because of the low

energy densit , the solar energy reaches the ground per squaremeter are about only 1000W. [13] Because the intensity ofsolar radiation in the ground all year around a e different anddaily weather conditions will change, these instabilit factors

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ma e di culty to the la ge-scale use of solar energy. Thisrequ res that the use of the solar energy should be focused onthe improvement of conversion and reduces the product costs.

novation is still the ndamental factor. Only with theeffective utilization of the solar energy tec nologies can reallyenhance the combining capacit of the solar energy andbuilding.

EFERENCES[I ] Xinhui Hu, 'The dea of Ecological Design nto Residential Design,"

on i University Press, Shanghai, 1999. [ n Chinese][2] Wei Dong, A Little About Ecological rchitecture," World

rchitecture,China, 1998,0 1,pp.85-88. [ n Chinese][3] Ji min Lu, Ecological Residence of Appropriate echnology," on i

University Press, Shanghai, 2002. [ n Chinese][4] Ji guo W g, Sustainable Development of Urb d rchitectural

Design," Southeast University Press, Nanjing, 2002,12. [ n Chinese][5] Zhengnan Zhou, Solar echnology in the German Construction,"

World rchitecture, China, 2002,12, pp.77-81. [ n Chinese][6] Ying Yuan, Lin Hu, Solar echnology in the arget Application,"

World rchitecture, China, 2000,04, pp.95-98. [ n Chinese][7] iw i, G N, Solar Energy echnology Advances," nternational

Jou al of Energy Environment and Economics, 2007,vo . 4,3/4,225-

228.[8] Mustafa Balat, Solar echnological Progress and Use of Solar Energyin the World," Energy Sources - Part A Recovery Utilization andEnvironmental E ects, 2006,vo .28, 0, pp.979.

[9] Harriss-White, Barbara; Rohra, Sunali d Singh, Nigel, SPEC AL R CLES - Political rchitecture of ndia s echnology System forSolar Energy," Economic and Political Weekly, 2009, vo .44, 47, pp.49.

[10] Florides, G.A.; assou, S.A.; Kalogirou, S.A. d Wrobel, L. .,Review of solar and low energy cooling technologies for buildings,"

Renewable& Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2002, vol.6, 6, pp.557-573.[11] Gonchar, Jo n d Gonchar, Joann, rchitectural echnology - Case

Study: rup s Zero-Energy Building " rchitectural Record 2006 vo . 94, 12, pp.170.

[12] Gonchar, Joann, rchitectural echnology Zeroing n on Net-ZeroEnergy A ultra-green of ce building provides a commercially viablemodel," chitectural Record, 2010,120-139.

[13] Huijuan Li,Ruixia Gao, Solar residential building structure design ofsystemization in north part in Ji gsu," unpublished.

tecnologías de energía solar aplicada a la arquitectura ecologica

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