struktur materi-freddy p zen

7/27/2019 Struktur Materi-freddy p Zen

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Freddy Permana Zen, M.Sc., D.Sc.

Theoretical High Energy Physics Laboratory,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,

Institute of Technology Bandung

STRUKTUR MATERI, UNIFIKASI

INTERAKSI DAN SIMETRI


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Democritus(late 5th Century B.C.)

Supposed that the cosmos consisted of

atoms and the void , i.e. very small

indivisible particle and empty space.


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Aristotle(384 322 B.C.)

Opposed atomism. Supposed the cosmos

consisted of a plenum of infinitely divisible

particles: Earth, Water, Air, Fire on Earth

and Aether in the heavens.


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Rene Descartes(1596 - 1650)

Followed Aristotle in believing the Cosmos

is full of invisible particles. Supposed

those particles whirling in vortices are

responsible for gravity of Earth and

planetary motion.


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Relativistic Quantum Mechanics + Field Theory = Quantum Field Theory

Classical

Mechanics

Special

RelativitySpeed of light, c

Quantum

MechanicsRelativistic

Quantum

Mechanics

Planck constant,

General Relativity, Gravitational Constant, G

Quantum Theory of Max Planck

Einsteins theory of relativity

String theory and superstring

Attractive by reason of the harmonious connection!

Max Planck


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The aesthetic unity and the harmony of the hole

But what is the meaning of Plancks , G and c? It turn up everywhere

where a natural phenomenon is probed to its depth. Is it a ground tone

of the universe? Simplicity in Complexity. The ground tone of all

Beethovens symphonies!

Quantum Gravity

(Planck Length)

(Planck Energy)

(Planck Time)

1/ 2

33

31.6 10

p

Gcm

cl

1/ 2

19

1.3 10p

cE GeV

G

1 / 2

43

50.5 10

p

G

t sc

There are no longer loose strains of music.

There is found to be a definite mutual connection.

They appear to be woven together in one grand symphony.

The symphony of the universe.


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The

Scientific

History of

the

Universe


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Planck Era (t < 1043 sec)

This era, the first instant, lasted for 1043

sec.

Because we are as yet unable to link quantum mechanics (our successful theory of the very small)

general relativity (our successful theory of the very large)

We are powerless to describe what happened in this era.

1043

sec after the Big Bang is as far back as our current science will

allow us to go. We suppose that all four natural forces were unified during this era.


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GUT Era (1043

< t < 1038

sec)

The Universe contained two natural forces: gravity

Grand Unified Theory (GUT) force

electromagnetic + strong (nuclear) + weak forces unified

This lasted until the Universe was 1038

sec old.

at this time, the Universe had cooled to 1029

K

the strong force froze out of the GUT force

the energy released by this caused a sudden and

dramatic inflation of the size of the Universe


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Electroweak Era (1038

< t < 1010

sec)

The Universe contained three natural forces:

gravity, strong, & electroweak This lasted until the Universe was 10

10sec old.

at this time, the Universe had cooled to 1015

K

the electromagnetic & weak forces separated

This was experimentally verified

in 1983:

discovery of W & Z bosons

electroweak particlespredicted to exist above 10

15

K


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Particle Era (1010

< t < 103

sec)

The four natural forces were now distinct.

Particles were as numerous as photons.

When the Universe was 104

sec old

quarks combined to form protons, neutrons, & their anti-

particles

At 103

sec old, the Universe cooled to 1012

K.

protons, antiprotons, neutrons, & antineutrons could no

longer be created from two photons (radiation)

the remaining particles & antiparticles annihilated each otherinto radiation

slight imbalance in number of protons & neutrons allowed

matter to remain

But electrons & positrons were still being created from photons.


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Era of Nucleosynthesis (103

sec < t < 3 min)

During this era, protons & neutrons started fusing

but new nuclei were also torn apart by the high temperatures

When the Universe was 3 min old, it had cooled to 109

K.

at this point, the fusion stopped

Afterwards, the baryonic matter leftover in the

Universe was: 75% Hydrogen nuclei (i.e. individual protons)

25% Helium nuclei

trace amounts of Deuterium (H isotope) & Lithium nuclei


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Era of Nuclei (3 min < t < 3.8 x 105

yr)

The Universe was a hot plasma of H & He nuclei and

electrons.

photons bounced from electron to electron, not traveling very

far

the Universe was opaque

When the Universe was 380,000 yrs old

it had cooled to a temperature of 3,000 K electrons combined with nuclei to form stable atoms of H &

He

the photons were free to stream across the Universe

the Universe became transparent


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Era of Atoms (3.8 x 105

< t < 109 yr)

The Universe was filled with atomic gas.

sometimes referred to as the Cosmic Dark Ages

Density enhancements in the gas and gravitationalattraction by dark matter

eventually form protogalactic clouds

the first star formation lights up the Universe

this provokes the formation of galaxies

and reionizes the intergalactic and interstellar gas


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Era of Galaxies ( t > 109 yr) The first galaxies formed ca. 1 billion years

after the Big Bang. This is the current era of the Universe.


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Empat Interaksi di Alam


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Family 1

Particle Mass (GeV) Electric charge Weak charge Strong charge

Electron .00054 -1 -1/2 0

Electron-Neutrino < 10-8 0 1/2 0

Up Quark .0047 2/3 1/2 red, green, blue

Down Quark .0074 -1/3 -1/2 red, green, blue

Particle Mass (GeV) Electric charge Weak charge Strong charge

Muon .11 -1 -1/2 0

Muon-Neutrino


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What is string theory?

All particles are

vibrations on an

infinitely long, thin

string

Strings may be open

or closed

Strings movingthrough time form a

world-sheet


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Space-time diagram

space space

time timeWorldline worldsheet

Point particle Open String

==0

space

time worldsheet

Closed String

=2=0


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Requires more than the conventional four

dimensions (length, width, height, time)

Ranges from 10 to 26 dimensions, depending

on the theory

Where are these dimensions and why cantwe see them?

Many different types of string theories

Open and closed string theories Numbers of dimensions and how they interact


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5 Types of String Theories

Type I

Type II A

Type II B Heterotic E8 x E8

Heterotic SO(32)


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Duality between theories

M-theory is described at low energy by 11 dim supergravity. This

theory has membrane and five branes as solitons but no strings.


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Is there a fundamental theory?

Called M theory, this theory issaid to unify the different stringtheories into one eleganttheory

Where M stands for: The MOTHER of all theories

Magic theory

Matrix theory

Membrane theory M is really an up-side-down

W forWitten, after itsdiscoverer in 1995.

M theory


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Unifying modern physics

Grand unified theories

Attempts to combine the weak, strong,

and electromagnetic forces

Does not include gravity, however

Supergravity Incorporates uncertainty principle into

general relativity

String theory

Particles are actually a thin, vibratingstring


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D-braneOpen string endpoints can stick to D-brane

Dp-brane

(p+1) dimensional plane

open string

Extra Dimensions


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Extra dimensions

Like the quantum mechanics

revolution of the 1920s, it is

the result of many new ideas

(from many people) comingtogether to give a radically

new picture of physics and of

the universe.


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Why do physicists think that there

are extra dimensions of space? Reason #1: string theory

Particle physicists developed string theory tounderstand quantum gravity to explain extremephysics such as goes on inside black hole.

In string theory, all the elementary particles aremerely different vibrating of a single substancecalled strings.

Physicists have shown that quantum theory onlyallows one unique theory of quantum string. butthere is a catch: quantum string need 9 spatialdimensions to wiggle in!

Reason #2: mysteries of particle physics All ordinary matter is composed of just three kinds

of elementary particles, but in particle accelerators

it produced many more. Reason #3: the Big Bang

The three spatial dimensions that we see arechanging accelerating of our universe.


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Dark Energy and Dark Matter Einstein introduced the cosmological

constant to balance out the attractive force ofgravity.

Hubble observed that the universe wasexpanding.

People began looking for dark energy anddark matter. Calculations based on their

findings suggest that dark energy and darkmatter are pervasive and accounts for 68 to81 percent of the cosmos.

If dark energy and dark matter are constantor increasing, the universe will go onexpanding forever. If they are decreasing, the

implication is that this energy was muchstronger in the past.

Candidate for Dark Energy : Casimir Vacuum Energy.

Candidate for Dark Matter : Axion and Superparticles

(Neutralino, Higgsino, Photino, Sneutrino, Gravitino)


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Compactification

Roll up the extra dimensions into somevery tiny but nonetheless interesting spaceof their own. This is called Kaluza Kleincompactification.

Make the extra dimensions really big, but

constrain all the matter and gravity topropagate in a three dimensional subspacecalled the three brane. These types oftheories are called braneworlds.

Calabi-Yau threefold representscompactified space of 6 dimensions of 11D

(microscopic ball). Orbifold compactification.


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Symmetry Principles

in the Universe

So turn thy vision again : Seest thou any flaw


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Symmetry in the Real World

Plants and animals exhibitmany forms of symmetry

Fish and Boats

One of the unsolved riddles:

Characteristics of living organism:

Different between living and non

livingThe Symmetry in Wings


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Symmetries


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Objects that are invariant undertransformationsare said to possess symmetry.

A sphere has continuous

rotational symmetry aboutany axis.

A cylinder has continuousrotational symmetry about

one axis.

Symmetries


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A snowflake hasdiscrete rotational

symmetry about

one axis.

Symmetries


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Four types of symmetry in a plane


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Simplex very sigullum!

For us to formulate powerful but simple equation is

the beginning of triumph. The structure in life matter

is not simple.

Modern cosmology: String theory, Superstring theory.

The problem of symmetry is not simple.

We enter into complexity. How to reconcile this.

Try to break through into Harmonious Unity

The Complexity of the Cell


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Symmetries and conservation laws

SymmetrySpace

translation

Time

translationRotation

Conserved

quantity

Linear

momentumEnergy

Angular

momentum

Noethers Theorem: For every

continuous symmetry of the laws of

physics there exists a conservation

law and vice versa.

- Emmy Noether (1915)


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Newtonian Mechanics is

unchanged (invariant) under

Translation in space

Rotation in space

Translation in time

Velocity boost

Reflection of space

Reversal of time

symmetry of left and right


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In Quantum Mechanics the conservation

laws follow automatically from symmetries

symmetry under time translation conservation of energy

symmetry under space translation conservation of linear momentum

symmetry under space rotation conservation of angular momentum

global gauge symmetry conservation of charge


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What about Supersymmetry?


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These two sets of physics

the small scale world of particle physics

the large scale world of massive

objects and cosmology

are completely incompatible with each other

The most important problem

in physics today

We need a quantum theory of gravity!

They cant both be right

History of the universe


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Time (second) Energy (GeV)

10-43 1019 Initial condition is assumed that all particles in thermal

equilibrium

10-36 1015 Breaking SU(5) GUT

10-10 102 Breaking SU(2L) x U(1)

10-6 1 Nucleon annihilation

10-4 10-1 Muon annihilation

10

-2

10

-2

2 x 10-3Muon neutrino decouple

< > < H

Electron neutrino decouple < > < H

4 0.5 x 10-3 Electron-positron pair annihilation entropy conservation

100 10-4 Helium nucleon synthesis

p + n d+

d+ dHe3 + n H3 +p

H3 + dHe4 + n

Free electrons are coupled

1012 10-9mh2

0.3 x 10-10

Energy = balance energy,m=r 1.68

Energy = recombination energy

p + e H

Photon coupled

History of the universe


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Could such a Symphony unfold

itself without a conductor?Even a blind one??


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The Conjunction of Science and Religion

It seem: Modern word is born of

an anti religious movement.

1) Man become self sufficient, and

2) reason supplant itself

We only heard about conflicts!

Science taking the place of

Religion?


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As tension prolonged:

The solution must be found on a different platform!

A platform of Equilibrium!

Not in elimination! Nor Duality!

But Synthesis!

The Rhythm Of The Atoms


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Neither of the two can be without the other!

The same life animates both

Science can not go to its limits withoutbecoming tinged with mysticism and faith

Faith: the universe has a direction!

Irreversible Perfection??

Edwin Hubble


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