riesgo y oportunidad la administración del riesgo como instrumento de desarrollo - informe sobre el...

8/13/2019 Riesgo y oportunidad La administracin del riesgo como instrumento de desarrollo - Informe sobre el Desarrollo M

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@eicrjo sclro oafoskrrcaac juef`ka

\òsgc y cpcrtue`fkfAk kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc

bcjc èstrujoetc fo foskrrcaac

Xkecrkjk goeorka


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@eicrjo sclro oafoskrrcaac juef`ka



Xkecrkjk goeorka


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B`tk fo ak iuoeto> Ak clrk folo b`tkrso fo ak s`guòeto jkeork> Lkebc Juef`ka. Lkebc Juef`ka. A`boeb`k>Brokt`vo Bcjjces \obcecb`jòetc BB LP 2.8.

Vrkfubb`ceos>Oe bksc fo trkfub`rso ak prosoeto clrk, ak b`tk fo ak uoeto folor `r kbcjpkkfk fo ak s`guòeto ectk fo oxoebè fo akrospcesklà`fkf> Ak prosoeto trkfubbè ec dk s`fc roka`zkfk pcr oa Lkebc Juef`ka y ec folor bces`forkrso uek trkfubbè cb`ka fo f`bdccrgke`sjc. Oa Lkebc Juef`ka ec rospcefor pcr oa bcetoe`fc e` acs orrcros quo guroe oe oaak.

Bukaquòr bcesuatk sclro forobdcs y a`boeb`ks folor f`r`g`rso k ak s`guòeto f`robbè> F`v`sè fo Xula`bkb`ceos y Bcecb`jòetc, Lkebc Juef`ka,;4;4 D Rtroot EW, Wksdègtce, FB +;


4/66

```

ef`bo

Xracgc v

Kgrkfob`j oetcs v``

Xkecrkjk goeorka\òsgc y cpcrtue`fkf> Ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc

bcjc èstrujoetc fo foskrrcaac 2Oa ròsgc os uek bkrgk, porc tkjlè uek cpcrtue`fkf 6

Ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc bcjc èstrujoetc fo foskrrcaac ?

[u `jpa`bk ak kfjè`strkbè o`bkz foa ròsgc3 ;8

Js kaa foa `foka> Acs clstbuacs pkrk ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc ;9

Oa bkjèc k sogu`r> Oecquo dcast`bc fo ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc ;4

Acs dcgkros


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6/66

v

Xracgc

Oe acs at`jcs kcs, oa juefc dk pkfob`fc eujorcsks br`s`s. Aks bcejcb`ceos ekebòrks y obcej`bks dke katorkfc ak

obcecjk juef`ka y dke prcvcbkfc prf`fk fo egroscs, ojpaocs y ostklà`fkf scb`ka. F`vorscs foskstros ekturkaos fo grke

ètoes`fkf dke fovkstkfc bcjue`fkfos oetorks fosfo Dk`t dkstk Nkpe, fonkefc k su pksc uek ostoak fo juortos y prf`fks

obcej`bks. Dk brob`fc ak procbupkbè pcr oa bkaoetkjòetc fo ak òrrk, ka `guka quo acs tojcros pcr ak prcpkgkbè fo

oeorjofkfos jcrtkaos bcetkg`csks.

Bukefc v`knc pcr oa juefc, osbubdc ak j`sjk èquòtuf> Bjc pcfojcs acgrkr jkycr bkpkb`fkf fo robuporkbè

roeto k oscs ròsgcs3 Oa @ecrjo sclro oa foskrrcaac juef`ka Ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc bcjcèstrujoetc fo foskrrcaackyufk k oebcetrkr rospuostks k ostk proguetk kbub`keto.

Ctrc jct`vc fo procbupkbè for`vk fo aks cpcrtue`fkfos fo foskrrcaac quo so pòrfoe bukefc ec so ksujoe acs ròsgcs

eoboskr`cs. Xkrk kprcvobdkr aks cpcrtue`fkfos os `jprosbèf`lao ksuj`r ròsgcs, porc jubdks porsceks, oe pkrt`buakr acs

pclros, k joeufc so ros`stoe k dkborac pcr tojcr k aks pcs`laos bcesobuoeb`ks eogkt`vks. Rè ojlkrgc, ak èkbbè puofo

bceekr k acs èf`v`fucs k ak pclrozk, fonefcacs oe uek s`tukbè vuaeorklao roeto k aks porturlkb`ceos eogkt`vks y bce

ke joecs bkpkb`fkf pkrk kprcvobdkr aks cpcrtue`fkfos quo pcfrke joncrkr su bka`fkf fo v`fk.

Ak èbkpkb`fkf pkrk kfjè`strkr oa ròsgc kfobukfkjoeto fk bcjc rosuatkfc br`s`s y cpcrtue`fkfos porf`fks. Ostcroprosoetk ue `jpcrtketo clstbuac pkrk ak bcebrobè fo acs fcs clnot`vcs prèb`pkaos foa Grupc foa Lkebc Juef`ka>

pceor e k ak pclrozk oxtrojk pkrk


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v` X \ A C G C

oxtrojk k ksuj`r ròsgcs eoboskr`cs pcr ak tcjk fo ròsgcs bce bcecb`jòetc fo bkusk. Oa @ecrjo sclro

oa foskrrcaac juef`kafo osto kc kfvòrto quo oa jkycr ròsgc qu`z sok oa fo ec ksuj`r eège ròsgc.

Ostcy bcjpaotkjoeto fo kbuorfc.

oegc ak osporkezk fo quo osto fcbujoetc bcefuzbk k ak kpa`bkbè fo pcat`bks fo kfjè`strkbè

foa ròsgc quo ecs porj`tke jè`j`zkr oa poa`grc fo br`s`s uturks y kprcvobdkr bkfk uek fo aks cpcrtu-

e`fkfos fo foskrrcaac. Oa x`tc quo acgrojcs oe ostk tkrok ecs kyufkr k bcestru`r oa juefc quo tcfcsquorojcs> ue juefc sè pclrozk, bce prcspor`fkf bcjpkrt`fk pkrk tcfcs.

N`j Pceg M`j

Xros`foeto

Grupc foa Lkebc Juef`ka


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v``

Kgrkfob`jòetcs

Oa prosoeto ècrjo uo oaklcrkfc pcr ue oqu`pc f`r`g`fc pcr Ecrjke Ackyzk, nuetc bce @.eb` tmor-\clo. @etogrkrce

tkjlè oa oqu`pc prèb`pka Bskr Bkafore, Rtpdkeo Dkaaogktto, \ksjus Doatlorg, Tulo` Auc, Jkrtè Joaobmy,Kek Jkrk Cvòfc y Myak Wotda`. Bcjpaotkrce oa oqu`pc acs keka`stks fo èvost`gkbè Rolkstòe Lcroux, MkekmcGcuafèg-Dcttk, \u` Dke, Dkrry Ofjuef Jcrcz, Kebk Jkr`k Xcfpòrk, Nue \oetsbdaor, Ik`ykz kaumfkr y cjcmcWkfk. Gàaos Bcas, Cagk Nceks, Iofor`bk \kegdòr` y Keek \ovk roka`zkrce bcetr`lub`ceos juy vka`csks.

Osto ècrjo uo pktrcbèkfc pcr ak Y`bopros`foeb`k fo Obcecjk foa Foskrrcaac. Mkusd`m Lksu, v`bopros`foetoy obcecj`stk noo, y Ksa` Foj`rg-Muet, f`robtcrk fo èvost`gkb`ceos, lrèfkrce aks cròetkb`ceos goeorkaos pkrkoaklcrkr osto ecrjo. Oa oqu`pc bcet bce ak bcestketo bcaklcrkbè fo Jkrtè `dm, [uy-cke Fc, Jkry Dkaawkrf-Fròjoòr, Kkrt Mrkky y Rorg`c Rbdjumaor.

_e pkeoa fo ksoscros ètogrkfc pcr Akurk Kakrc, \clort Lkrrc, Vcrstoe Lobm, Rtoke Forbce, @lrkd`j Oalkfkw`,\cdè` Xkefo, Makus Rbdj`ft-Dolloa, Dyue Rceg Rdè y Nke vonekr prcpcrb`ce vka`cscs bcesoncs y bcjoetkr`cs. Oaoqu`pc tkjlè bcet bce oa ksoscrkjòetc fo acs obcecj`stks prèb`pkaos foa Lkebc Juef`ka> Kugustc fo ak crro,Rdketkykeke Fovkrknke, Jkr`keeo Iky, Kròa I`szloè, Bkrcaèo Irouef, @eforj`t Gàa, Lort Dcjke, Noroy Aow`s yJkrte \kjk.

Oa oqu`pc fosok kgrkfobor oa goeorcsc kpcyc lrèfkfc pcr oa Crgke`sjc Bkekfòeso fo Foskrrcaac @etorekb`ceka, oaXrcgrkjk Bcecb`jòetcs pkrk oa Bkjl`c, oa Icefc Ospob`ka pkrk ak Icrjuakbè fo Xcat`bks y oa Xorobb`cekjòetc foacs \oburscs Dujkecs fo Nkpe y oa prosupuostc fo kpcyc k ak èvost`gkbè foa Lkebc Juef`ka. Kgrkfobo ks`j`sjc kaJè`stor`c Ioforka fo Bccporkbè Obcej`bk y Foskrrcaac fo Kaojke`k y k Foutsbdo Gosoaasbdki r @etorekt`cekaoûskjjoekrlo`t, quo crgke`zkrce y f`r`gòrce bcenuetkjoeto oa kaaor @etorekb`ceka sclro Xcat`bks boaolrkfc oeLorae oe ecvòjlro fo


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v``` K G \ K F O B @ J@ O E C R

Ak prcfubbè y ak acgst`bk foa ècrjo ostuvòrce k bkrgc fo Lrekgd Jurpdy, J`dkoak Rtkegu y Nksce Y`btcr, bcekpcrtos fo Akvoreo Bccm, Grkb`k Rcroesoe y curyk curcugu`. @vkr Bofordcaj, Oaoek Bd`-Aè Aoo y N`jjy Cakzcbccrfèkrce ak jcvà`zkbè fo roburscs. @rèk Rorgoovk y Rce`k Ncsopd so cbupkrce fo ak kfjè`strkbè fo roburscs.Gyt`s Mkebdks, Ekbor Jcdkjof Jogdorl` y Noke-Xòrro R. Fncjkaòu prcpcrb`cekrce kpcyc tobecag`bc.

Acs fcbujoetcs fo ketobofoetos uorce oaklcrkfcs pcr Ncsduk K`zoejke, Xdàa`p \. F. Keforsce, Jkx`jàa`ke

Ksdwàa, Ojjkeuoaao Kur`ca, Gdksske Lka`m`, Vcrstoe Lobm, Ekny Loedkssèo, E`bdcaks Laccj, Nua`k M. Lrcwe, JkrtèLrcwe, Fkeòa Lueb`b, Nua`c Bboros-Foap`kec, Rkrk Guorsbdke`m Bkavc, Ca`vòr Fo Ncegdo, Kaonkefrc fo ak Iuoeto,Xdà`ppo fo Yroyor, Jkrm K. Futz, Jkyk Ofoe, Xoeoacpo F. I`fks, \clortc Ick, \cfr`gc Iuoetos, Gkrkebo Goe`bct, GkryGorofl, Onkz Gdke`, Rufkrsdke Gccptu, J`mkoa Grèlkuj, Iofor`bc D. Gut`rroz, \cekaf @egaodkrt, Ruske . Nkbmsce,Cagk L. Nceks, Nke Moaaott, @ake Moajke, kr`q Mdcmdkr, Kugusto . Mcukjo, Kkrt Mrkky, Rkfk Akmdke`, Ryavò Akjlort,Osporkezk Akskgklkstor, Otdke A`gce, Rkjuoa Jk`jlc, Wàa`kj I. Jkaceoy, cj J`tbdoaa, Kdjof Jusdq Jclkrkm,Doree N. Jcsbcsc Lcofc, Kefrow Ecrtce, Ofukrfc Crt`z-Nuroz, Xktt` Xotosbd, Iacroebo X`bdce, Xktr`bm Xrojkef,Bkracs \cfrguoz Bkstoae, Ektka`k Rkakzkr, Au`s Rorve, Irkeb`s N. oka, Jkkrtoe vke Kkast, Guàaorjc Yuaotè, McmcWkreor, otykek Y. ôaoesmk y Eceg ^du. Ka eka foa ècrjo so èbauyo uek a`stk fotkaakfk fo sus bcetr`lub`ceos.

Oa oqu`pc kgrkfobo acs vka`cscs bcesoncs y kpcrtos fo Xklac Kròa Kbcstk, cey Kff`sce, Jcetom Kdauwka`k, KdjkfKdske, Fkv`f K`mjke, Dkrcaf Kaforjke, Irkemaè Kaaoe, Kquàos Kajkes`, Xdà`ppo Kjlrcs`, Gca` Kjor`, WkatorN. Kjjkee, Fke Kefrows, Xkcac Kveor, Ofjkr Lkbdk, Nkvòr Loz, Dojket Lk`nka, Bdr`stcpdor Lkrrott, Rbctt Lkrrott,

Mktdaooe Loogao, `j Losaoy, Gcrfce Lotbdorjke, Foopkm Ldkttkska`, @efu Ldusdke, Nre L`rmjkee, Bdr`st`keoLgojkee-Dkgofcre, _tk Laadc, Xktr`bm Lcatce, Akurk Oa`zklotd Lcufroku, Irkec`s Lcurgu`gece, Bkrtor Lrkefce,Nuke Ncs Lrkvc, àjke Lrbm, \clè Lurgoss, Guàaorjc Bkavc, Nkbm Bkjploaa, Nksce Bkrfcs`, J`bdkoa \. Bkrtor,J`guoa Bkstàak, J`bdkoa Bdk`tmè, Jkrbcs Bdkjce, Gukeg ^do Bdoe, Jkrk orosk Bd`jòet`, Irofr`bm Bdr`stcpdor,Brk`g Bdurbdàa, Au`s Klfe Bùoetos, Jkss`jc B`rksèc, Rt`ne Bakossoes, Fkeòa Bakrmo, `tc Bcrfoaak, RkrkdO. Bcreoaa, Gorkrfc Bcrrcbdkec, \clort Buaa, Nuaò Fkek, Ke`s Fke`, N`sdeu Fks, Nckbd`j Fo Woorft, T`joek Foa Bkrp`c,Noke-Nkbquos Fotdòr, Nkbquoaèo Fovèo, Xòrro Fulc`s, Xktr`bo Fujks, Xotor Oaaodcn, Lrccms Ovkes, Noss`bk Ovkes,Jkrboa Ikbdkjps, Xkcac Ikabc, Rdkdrcmd Ikrfcust, Vcjks Io`fòmor, Wcagkeg Ioegaor, Nkjos Ioesmo, Kek Jkrgkr`fkIorekefos, Kfrè Ioreefoz, Irkeb`sbc Iorro`rk, Foce Iàjor, Grog I`sbdor, Nkjos Icstor, Jkrboa Irktzsbdor, AèfkIroèor, \clortk Gktt`, Irkeb`s Gdosquòro, Rwkt` Gdcsd, Ketceèc Gùr`fk, Fkv`f Gao`bdor, Jkrmus Gcafstoè, GocrgoGrkdkj, Jkrgkrot Grcsd, Xktr`b`k Grcss`, Jkr`c Gukfkjàaks, Bcecr Dokay, Irkem Doojsmorm, Nckbd`j Do`folrobdt,Nosmc Doetsbdoa, \kkoa Doreefoz, Jktt Dclsce, Ncde Dcffèctt, Eòas Dcaj-Eòasoe, Ekcj` Dcsskè, Kefrow

Dugdos Dkaaott, Cd-Rocm Dyue, Oaoek @kebdcv`bdèk, \`fzuke @sjkà, kmktcsd` @tc, Kldks M. Ndk, Ojjkeuoa N`jeoz,Rtooe Nrgoesoe, E`fd` Mkark, Run`t Mkpkf`k, Jkskyum` Mkrkskwk, Bcreoàao Mkromoz`, Ruproot Mkur, Akuroe Moaay, @gcrMdoyots, Lotd Mèg, Ekcd`rc M`tkec, Aocrk Makppor, Kazlotk Maoè, Mkapkek Mcbddkr, M`ycsd` Mcfork, Iròfor`moMcodaor-Go`l, F`keo Mcostor, \clort Mcpobd, Ke`rufd Mr`sdek, Ncaketk Mryspè-Wktsce, Dcwkrf Mueroutdor, M`ycsd`Murcmkwk, Bdr`stcpd Murcwsm`, J`guoa Akr`b, Kaox`k Aktcrtuo, Rkrk Akzzkrce`, E`bm Aok, Fkeòa Aoforjke, JkrgkrotAo`gdtce, \clort Aojport, Rolkst`ke Aovèo, Puo A`, @rèk A`mdkbdovk Rcmcacwsm`, Nustè Pù Aè, Mktdy Aèfort,Gakfys Apoz, Kugustc Apoz Bakrcs, Aocekrfc Aubbdott`, Jkrk Kek Augc, Ca`vòr Jkdua, Vcjks Jkrmussoe, WàaJkrtè, Jkrk Rcaofkf Jkrteoz Xork, Or`b Jksmè, Akurk Jkzka, N. Kaa`stor JbGrogcr, Bak`ro JbGu`ro, \clè Jokres,Bkrac Joece, \omdk Joece, Orwkee J`bdoa-Mornke, `j J`fgaoy, Gkry Jàketo, Ruguru J`ykzkm`, Euec Jctk Xètc,Jkr`ka`sk Jcttk, Ncy Juaaor, Km`rk Jurktk, Ayf`k Ef`rkegu, Dk Eguyoe, Gùsoppo E`bcaott`, Pcsumo E`sd``, J`bdoa Ecoa,Ka`stk`r Ecake, Rdkrye CDkaacrke, Xdà`p CMooo, Cry Cmcaacd, J`bdoaao Cc`, J`guoa egoa Cstcs, Jkrbus B. Cxaoy,\clort Xkakb`cs, Xop` Xktre, Fcugaks Xokrbo, Lr`ke Xètc, \ussoaa X`ttjke, Noke-Xdà`ppo Xakttoku, Rkefrk Xcebot, Fkv`f

Xcpp, Ketceè Xcttòr, Xrksdket, Ncde Xr`jrcso, Deè Deè Xyeo, \`bkrfc \kèor`, Ketdcey \kefao, Jkrtè \kvkaa`ce,\clort \o`f, \`bkrfc \o`s, Crtwè \oee, Bdkegyceg \doo, Doaoek \`lo, J`bdoaao \`lcuf, Nkjoao \`gcaè`, Foek \ègcaf,Fkv`f \clkaèc, Ncrgo Au`s \cfrguoz Jozk, \kkoa \cjke, Ncektdke \ctdsbdàf, Fkvèfor Rkefdu, Kpurvk Rkegd`,Dkes-Cttc Rkec, Pksuyum` Rkwkfk, Rtokec Rbkrpottk, Ke`tk Rbdwkrz, Xkua Roklr`gdt, Nuemc Romèo, Kjkrtyk Roe,\cfr`gc Rorrkec-Lortdot, Rd`goc Rd`j`zu, Xkua L. Rògoa, Nckek Ràvk, Ojjkeuoa Rmcuks, Jkrb Rj`tz, @rèk Rcayke`m,Ncsopd Rt`ga`tz, Kfr`ke Rtceo, Rtpdkeo Rtrkul, Doeròtto Rtrctdjkee, Xklac Ruroz, Mkake`fd` Rullkrkc, Jkrm Rueflorg,Cauj`fo k`wc, kjkeek kaumfor, Mkzusd`go ke`gubd`, Ièe krp, Gk`v ktk, Jkr`k Dorje`k kvkros fo Kajo`fk,Rtcyke oeov, Jodrekz oyjcur`ke, Or`m Vcrlobmo, Makus àjos, Bkracs crtcak, @zkloak ctd, Bkrcaèk r`voaa` vàk,Pvceeo s`mktk, Jkrk Br`stèk _odkrk, ueb kdsè _yke`m, \oecs Ykm`s, Fcjè`quo Yke Fo Wkaao, Ksdutcsd Ykrsdeoy,Kfròe Ycgt-Rbdàl, O`n` Wkmkjktsu, Rcpdò Wkamor, R`jce Wkaaoy, Bdr`stèo Wkaa`bd, Fkv`f Wksmcw, Jksktc Wktkeklo,Kslncre D. Woo, Ncektdke L. Wòeor, Kays Wàajke, A`xè Bcaè Tu, Jcdkjof Jkdf` Pcusscu y Kstk ^vèòeo.Oa oqu`pc kgrkfobo tkjlè k aks eujorcsks porsceks, tketc foa Lkebc Juef`ka bcjc fo ctrcs jl`tcs, quo kborbkrce

sus bcjoetkr`cs.


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XKEC\KJK GOEO\KA




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oe Gdkek, uek jkfro prctogo

k su lol foa pkauf`sjc

ut`a`zkefc ue jcsqu`torc.

IXC

Kreo Dcoa/Lkebc Juef`ka


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foe quo acs èf`v`fucs y aks scbòfkfos

kfjè`stroe oa ròsgc bce obkb`k3 Bjc

so puofoe suporkr ostks f`buatkfos3 Oavkacr quo kpcrtk oa @ecrjo sclro oafoskrrcaac juef`ka


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6 @ E I C \ J O R C L \ O O A F O R K \ \ C A A C J _ E F @ K A < 8 ; 6

Oa ròsgc os uek bkrgk, porc tkjlèuek cpcrtue`fkf

Xcr qu procbupkrso pcr oa ròsgc3 Oe acs at`jcs kcs, akobcecjk juef`ka so dk v`stc katorkfk pcr eujorcsks br`-s`s quo dke goeorkfc `jpcrtketos bcesobuoeb`ks eogkt`vksoe oa foskrrcaac. K bkusk fo ak br`s`s ekebòrk juef`ka fo


14/66

\òsgc y cpcrtue`fkf ?

jà`ks oe ak lsquofk pcr joncrkr su fostèc. Fo dobdc,ksuj`r ròsgcs os uek pkrto ètresobk foa prcbosc fo fosk-rrcaac. Keka`bojcs kaguecs onojpacs. Fosfo ak fbkfk fo;008, ak jkycr pkrto fo acs pksos oe foskrrcaac dk klòrtcsus rcetorks oe prcburk fo ak ètogrkbè ètorekb`ceka yue jkycr brob`jòetc obcej`bc, porc oe osto prcbosc sodk ebrojoetkfc tkjlè su grkfc fo oxpcs`bè k portur-lkb`ceos ètorekb`cekaos. Jubdks ojprosks fo tcfc oajuefc dke dobdc èvors`ceos pkrk joncrkr ak tobecacgkquo uske o èbrojoetkr su roetklà`fkf, porc ak foufk quofolòrce bcetrkor pkrk oaac aks dk vuoatc js vuaeorklaos kacs bkjl`cs oe ak fojkefk y oe aks bcef`b`ceos foa eke-b`kjòetc. Fosfo Lrksà dkstk Rufr`bk, jàaceos fo kj`-a`ks so dke trksakfkfc k aks bùfkfos oe lusbk fo joncroscpcrtue`fkfos fo ojpaoc y sorv`b`cs fo skauf y ofubkbè,porc kaa tkjlè so voe js oxpuostks k tksks js katks fofoaèbuoeb`k y buoetke bce joecs kpcyc bcjue`tkr`c. Akjct`vkbè quo sulykbo k ostks kbb`ceos os ak lsquofk fouek joncr bka`fkf fo v`fk, porc surgoe ròsgcs pcrquo rkrkvoz ost gkrket`zkfc ue rosuatkfc kvcrklao.

Ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc bcjcèstrujoetc fo foskrrcaac

Pk so trkto fo ròsgcs s`stj`bcs c `f`csèbrt`bcs, `jpuos-tcs c ksuj`fcs vcauetkr`kjoeto, scac puofo goeorkrso fo-

skrrcaac bukefc so bcercetke bce x`tc acs ròsgcs y soprcburk kprcvobdkr aks cpcrtue`fkfos. Jubdks br`s`s y pr-f`fks oe oa foskrrcaac sce rosuatkfc fo ròsgcs jka kfj`-e`strkfcs. kjlè so fosporf`b`ke jubdks cpcrtue`fkfospcrquo ec so buoetk bce ak propkrkbè kfobukfk pkrk oe-roetkr acs ròsgcs c pcrquo ec so tcjke acs ròsgcs eobosk-r`cs (oa ròsgc fo ak èkbbè). Xcr ac tketc, oe voz fo ros-pcefor oe crjk ec pake`bkfk o `jprcv`skfk bukefc soprcfubo uek br`s`s, os osoeb`ka kfcptkr uek kfjè`strkbèprckbt`vk, s`stojt`bk o ètogrkfk foa ròsgc. Bcjc tka, akkfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc puofo crtkaobor ak bkpkb`fkfpkrk rofub`r aks prf`fks o èbrojoetkr acs loeob`cs quo

aks porsceks rob`loe jòetrks aaovke kfoaketo su v`fk y prc-burke kprcvobdkr aks cpcrtue`fkfos fo foskrrcaac (f`lunc ysojlakezk ;).

Ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc puofo skavkr v`fks. Keka`-bojcs oa bksc fo Lkegakfosd, fcefo uek propkrkbè jskfobukfk pkrk dkbor roeto k acs foskstros ekturkaos dk por-j`t`fc rofub`r frst`bkjoeto aks juortos prcvcbkfks pcrb`baceos. Oe acs at`jcs 68 kcs, Lkegakfosd dk pkfob`fctros b`baceos jpcrtketos fo jkge`tuf s`jàkr. Oa rog`strkfcoe ;078 so bclr js fo 288 888 v`fks, jòetrks quo oa fo;00; prcvcb ;68 888 juortos y oa fo


15/66


...k trkvs fo ak kbbè bcaobt`vky aks èst`tub`ceos

F @ L _ N C ; Ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc> \oprosoetkbè gri`bk fo acs bceboptcs bakvo

@austrkbè fo Nksce Y`btcr pkrk oa @eicrjo sclro oa foskrrcaac juef`ka


16/66

\òsgc y cpcrtue`fkf 7

R O J L A K E ^ K ; Ak ikjà`k Gjoz> _ek d`stcr`k jcforek fo ròsgcs y bkpkb`fkffo robuporkbè

Iuoeto>Oqu`pc k bkrgc fo ak oaklcrkbè foa @eicrjo sclro oa foskrrcaac juef`ka Oe oa s`t`c wol foa @eicrjo sclro oa foskrrcaac juef`ka //www.wcraflkem.crg/wfrak èkbè y oa fosojpaoc kscaklke oa pks, y akkjoekzk fo f`sturl`cs scb`kaos ork bcestketo.

Oe ak fbkfk fo ;008, ak jkbrcobcecjk soostklà`z y so pusc e k ak guorrk b`và. Bcjoe-zkrce k surg`r euovks cpcrtue`fkfos oe aks zceksurlkeks y rurkaos. Oe ue prèb`p`c, osks cpcrtue`-fkfos iuorce osqu`vks bce acs Gjoz. Ro dklkbcestru`fc uek roprosk borbk fo su puolac, porcpkrk uskr oa kguk fo ak roprosk folke roecvkr pr`-jorc acs bkekaos fo su grkenk. Rca`b`tkrce ue prs-tkjc k ue lkebc bcjorb`ka, porc ec so ac ctcrgk-rce. Ostc ec iuo eèguek scrprosk pkrk oaacs, puosork ak pr`jork voz quo pofke ekeb`kjòetc. Oasocr y ak socrk Gjoz bcjoezkrce k poeskrquo sus d`ncs ec toefrke iuturc oe oa puolac y

fob`fòrce jufkrso k ak bùfkf. Rè ojlkrgc, ostkvoz ec tuvòrce quo procbupkrso pcr ak pcs`là`-fkf fo porfor ak grkenk. Aos dklke fkfc oa ttuacfo prcpòfkf y pufòrce voefor su ostklaob`-jòetc k ue vobèc, quo toek oa bkp`tka eoboskr`cpkrk roecvkr acs bkekaos. Oa fèorc cltoe`fc bce akvoetk fo ak grkenk aos fkrk ue rospkafc pkrk oebk-rkr oa grke foskic fo ak j`grkbè.

A`jk, bce pcbc joecs fo ;8 jàaceos fo dkl`-tketos, pkrobk ue augkr oecrjo y pcbc dcsp`tk-akr`c. Xcr osc fob`fòrce jufkrso k ak pclakbèfcefo so dklke ostklaob`fc jubdcs ket`gucsvobècs fo su puolac. Kaa oebcetrkrke bcjpk-

or`sjc, `foet`fkf buaturka (so boaolrklke kfo-bukfkjoeto tcfcs acs iost`vkaos fo su ket`gucpuolac) y, pcr supuostc, kyufk pkrk oebcetrkrojpaoc. Oa socr Gjoz oebcetr trklknc oe uekclrk oe bcestrubbè, porc ork `rroguakr, bce fos-p`fcs irobuoetos. Ak socrk Gjoz fol` oetce-bos bcaklcrkr y tuvc ak suorto fo quo ak tcjkrkebcjc bcsturork oe uek ojprosk toxtà. Ak kluoakkyufklk bu`fkefc k acs e`cs bukefc rogrosklke

fo ak osbuoak. Voeor fcs ègroscs (y uek kluoak

lòe prof`spuostk) porj`t` k ak ikjà`k Gjozacgrkr jkycr bkpkb`fkf fo robuporkbè iroeto kac quo pufòrk subofor.

P vkyk s` subofòrce bcsks. Jkr`c, oa d`nc jkycr,rosuat dor`fc oe ue kbb`foeto fo tres`tc. Oakutcjvà ec toek sogurc, y ak ikjà`k fol` quodkborso bkrgc foa bcstc foa trktkjòetc jf`bc.Ec pcfrke dklorac dobdc scacs, y ec tuvòrcequo dkborac. \oburròrce k ue dcsp`tka pla`bc,f`r`g`fc y ekeb`kfc pcr oa Ostkfc. Ak bka`fkf foacs trktkjòetcs jf`bcs quo kaa so cirobke orkf`spkr, porc lrèfklk acs sorv`b`cs ls`bcs. Akikjà`k fol` gkstkr uek pkrto fo sus a`j`tkfcs

kdcrrcs pkrk bcjpaojoetkr acs sorv`b`cs foa dcs-p`tka y bcjprkr jof`bkjoetcs, porc vka` ak poekpcrquo Jkr`c so robupor.

Acs Gjoz tuvòrce quo obdkr jkec k sus lò-eos uek voz js, porc pcr ue jct`vc juy f`stètc.Oaoek, ak soguefk d`nk, k ak quo tcfcs bces`fork-lke ak ètoa`goeto fo ak ikjà`k, proguet ue fk ksus pkfros s` pcfk ostuf`kr ègas pcr aks ecbdos.Ork uek luoek `fok. Xor dklk rjkfc robòeto-joeto vkr`cs kbuorfcs fo a`lro bcjorb`c (uec fooaacs bce Ostkfcs _e`fcs), y aks ojprosks oxpcr-tkfcrks dklke bcjoezkfc k brobor y cirobor trk-lknc k nvoeos bka`bkfcs. Rklor ègas sork uek

grke voetknk.Rè ojlkrgc, uecs josos ketos, sus pkfros sodklrke cpuostc k ostk è`b`kt`vk fol`fc k quo ecork sogurc ska`r fo ecbdo. Ak prctobbè pca`b`kaork osbksk oe aks kiuorks fo ak bùfkf, y acs foaè-buoetos so kprcvobdklke fo ak s`tukbè. Bukefcak pclakbè fcefo v`vke acs Gjoz so v`c kiob-tkfk pcr uek cak foa`bt`vk, ak bcjue`fkf ostklao-b` pktruaaks vobèkaos (obkbos, kuequo k vobosoxbos`vkjoeto furks). Bukefc Oaoek p`f` ks`st`rk baksos fo ègas, yk so dklk rofub`fc oa ròsgck ak sogur`fkf, y pcfk ska`r pcr aks ecbdos pkrkostuf`kr. K jof`fk quo pkskrk oa tòjpc, oaak y su

ikjà`k ostkrke lòe propkrkfcs pkrk skbkr prcvo-bdc foa porcfc fo ostklà`fkf y brob`jòetc scs-toe`fc quo oxpor`joetklk Xor.

Xcr dklor dobdc iroeto k acs ròsgcs y kprc-vobdkfc aks cpcrtue`fkfos, ak ikjà`k Gjoz dkojproef`fc oa bkjèc pkrk ska`r fo ak pclrozk,qu`z pkrk sòjpro. Iuo su trklknc, su è`b`kt`vky su rospcesklà`fkf ac quo ac d`zc pcs`lao, porcoaacs ec dklrke pcf`fc acgrkrac scacs.


17/66


quofk fo jkycros roef`jòetcs (èbrojoetkefc ak èvor-sè oe ortà`zketos, sojàaks, pakgu`b`fks y ctrcs èsujcs)

pcrquo buoetke bce ue sogurc bcetrk ak katk fo aauv`k0. Kakgrogkrso, acs loeob`cs fo acs euovcs ojproef`jòetcspuofoe goeorkr oobtcs jubdc js kjpa`cs y bcetr`lu`r kjoncrkr ak prcfubt`v`fkf y oa brob`jòetc pkrk tcfc oa pks.

Aks br`s`s y aks prf`fks goeorkfks pcr ròsgcs jka kf-jè`strkfcs sce bcstcsks, porc aks jof`fks eoboskr`ks pkrkacgrkr uek joncr propkrkbè roeto ka ròsgc tkjlè acsce. Oetcebos vkao ak poek propkrkrso3 Acs kea`s`s fo bcs-tcs y loeob`cs roka`zkfcs oe f`vorsks roks sugòroe quo akpropkrkbè roeto k acs ròsgcs k joeufc porj`to ov`tkrbcstcs pcstor`cros, k vobos oe uek jkge`tuf klrujkfcrk(grbc


18/66


\ O B _ K F \ C < _e juefc ròsgcsc> Voefoeb`ks fo acs ròsgcs oe aks f`vorsks rog`ceos

Acs ròsgcs quo aks porsceks foloe oeiroetkr dke bkjl`kfc fojkeork bces`forklao k ac akrgc foa tòjpc, s` lòe ostk ovcaubè oe

cbks`ceos dk vkr`kfc fo uek rogè k ctrk. Kaguecs ròsgcs so dkerofub`fc, bcjc oe oa jl`tc fo ak skauf jktorek, oe oa quo ak tkskfo jcrtka`fkf dk lknkfc oe tcfks aks rog`ceos. Xcr oa bcetrkr`c, akèb`foeb`k foa foa`tc so dk èbrojoetkfc s`ge`bkt`vkjoeto oeKjr`bk Aktèk y oe ir`bk ka sur foa Rkdkrk. Ks`j`sjc, rosuatk aakjk-

Iuoeto> Oqu`pc k bkrgc fo ak oaklcrkbè foa @eicrjo sclro oa foskrrcaac juef`ka Aks bìrks juostrke oa prcjof`c s`jpao fo acs pksos fo bkfk rogè. Acs pksos fo ak CBFO èbau`fcs oe oa grbc sce pksos fo ègrosc katc quo icrjkepkrto fo osk crgke`zkbè fosfo dkbo ka joecs 68 kcs. Vcfcs acs fojs pksos so kgrupke oe rog`ceos gocgrbks. KCX : Ks`k cròetka y oa Xkbbc=OKB : Ourcpk y Ks`k boetrka= KAB : Kjr`bk Aktèk y oa Bkr`lo= CJEK : C ròeto Jof`c y Ecrto fo ir`bk= KJ : Ks`k jor`f`ceka= KRR : ir`bk ka sur foa Rkdkrk.

k. Acs foskstros ekturkaos ebauyoe soquks, torrojctcs, euefkb`ceos y tcrjoetks trcp `bkaos.l. Aks grkefos robos`ceos so `foet`bke s`guòefc acs br`tor`cs fo Lkrrc y _rsk,


19/66

;8 @ E I C \ J O R C L \ O O A F O R K \ \ C A A C J _ E F @ K A < 8 ; 6

Oa kea`s`s fo aks oaobb`ceos oe bcef`b`ceosfo èbort`fujlro oe oa ostuf`c fo ak obcecjky aks pcat`bks pla`bks

Xcr ac tketc, os ekturka quo oa kea`s`s fo aks oaobb`ceos oebcef`b`ceos fo èbort`fujlro y roburscs osbkscs dkyk s`fcue oaojoetc boetrka foa ostuf`c fo ak obcecjk y aks pcat`-bks pla`bks furketo s`gacs. Oa oecquo ls`bc sclro ak tcjkfo fob`s`ceos oe bcef`b`ceos fo èbort`fujlro (paketokfcpcr pr`jork voz pcr Fkeòa Lorecuaa` oe oa s`gac TY@@@ yjcfoakfc crjkajoeto pcr Ncde vce Eoujkee y CsmkrJcrgoestore oe ;066) so lksk oe ak ecbè fo quo acs ef`-v`fucs cpt`j`zke ak utà`fkf osporkfk (c ak porbopb esulnot`vk fo lòeostkr) fo acs pcs`laos rosuatkfcs;4. Ostooecquo fo ak utà`fkf osporkfk supceo quo acs èf`v`fucstcjke fob`s`ceos rkb`cekaos, lkskfks oe sus prooroeb`ksoe roakbè bce oa ròsgc y oe sus bcecb`jòetcs sclro acspcs`laos rosuatkfcs y sus rospobt`vks prclklà`fkfos.

K poskr fo sus vka`cscs kpcrtos, osto oecquo dk s`fc

buost`cekfc pcr fcs rkzceos `jpcrtketos. Ak pr`jork osquo acs èf`v`fucs ec pkroboe kbtukr fo jcfc bcjpaotk-joeto rkb`ceka, qu`z pcrquo ak èbort`fujlro vuoavotke bcjpa`bkfc oa prcbosc fo tcjk fo fob`s`ceos, quoprooroe kpcykrso oe ecrjks fo bcefubtk s`jpaos quoovcaub`ceke bce oa tòjpc porc ec sòjpro sce pt`jks.Acs trklkncs fo Jkur`bo Kaak`s oe ak fbkfk fo ;0?8 y foFkeòa Mkdeojke y Kjcs vorsmy oe ak fo ;078 boetrkrceak ktoebè oe aks a`j`tkb`ceos y aks toefoeb`ks èektksfo ak bcefubtk dujkek bukefc so tcjke fob`s`ceos oebcef`b`ceos fo ebort`fujlro;0.

Oa soguefc buost`cekjòetc ka oecquo ls`bc sclroutà`fkf osporkfk scstòeo quo acs èf`v`fucs ec tcjkefob`s`ceos fo jkeork k`sakfk, sèc oe grupcs, prèb`pka-joeto pcrquo oa jcfc oe quo aks porsceks kbtke oe bccr-fèkbè bce ctrks puofo èu`r oe grke jof`fk oe acspcs`laos rosuatkfcs. Oa trklknc fo Fuebke Lakbm oe ak f-bkfk fo ;068 y fo Nkjos Lubdkeke y Jkebur Casce oe akfo ;098 pusc fo roaòvo acs clstbuacs k ak kbbè bcaobt`vky sus fobòeb`ks


20/66

\òsgc y cpcrtue`fkf ;;

quo bkrkbtor`zke ue s`stojk scb`ka y obcej`bc (dcgkr, bc-jue`fkf c pks). Os `jpcrtketo sokakr quo oa oobtc foostks porturlkb`ceos oe acs rosuatkfcs quo cltoegke aksporsceks tkjlè ostkr jof`kfc pcr acs burscs fo kbbèquo ostks kfcptoe pkrk propkrkrso roeto k oscs ròsgcs ybcercetkracs.

Ostk ètorkbbè puofo roprosoetkrso jof`keto uek bk-foek fo ròsgc (f`kgrkjk ;), kpa`bklao k f`stètcs t`pcs foròsgcs y bcetoxtcs ostcos, propkrkrso pkrk acs kbcetob`jòetcs tketc kfvorscsbcjc pcs`t`vcs, robuporkrso y kprcvobdkracs (kbt`v`fk-fos quo so prosoetke js kfoaketo oe ak sobbè t`tuakfkAcs bcjpceoetos fo ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc).

Ovkaukr acs prèb`pkaos clstbuacs quo oeiroetke acs

èf`v`fucs y aks scbòfkfos pkrk kfjè`strkr oa ròsgc,èbau`fks aks a`j`tkb`ceos fo roburscs, ècrjkbè o è-boet`vcs (keka`zkfks oe ak sobbè Js kaa foa foka).

@ebcrpcrkr ak iuebè quo puofoe fosojpokr acs gru-pcs y ak kbbè bcaobt`vk oe f`stètcs e`voaos fo ak scbò-fkf pkrk suporkr acs clstbuacs quo oeroetke aks porsc-eks k ak dcrk fo kfjè`strkr oa ròsgc (prosoetkfk jskfoaketo, oe ak sobbè Oa bkjèc k sogu`r).

Bcjproefor oa oetcrec oe oa quo surgoe acsròsgcs y aks cpcrtue`fkfos> Ak bkfoek fo ròsgc

Oa juefc bkjl`k bcestketojoeto y goeork porturlkb`ceosquo kobtke k acs èf`v`fucs y k aks scbòfkfos. Ostks por-turlkb`ceospuofoe sor pcs`t`vks (pcr onojpac, aauv`k klue-fketo c trjècs fo ètorbkjl`c èosporkfkjoeto loeo-b`cscs) c eogkt`vks (oeorjofkfos c guorrk). Xuofoekobtkr k grupcs poquocs (uek kjà`k c uek bcjue`fkfrurka) c grkefos (uek rogè c ue pks). P puofoe prcfu-b`rso fo crjk ropoetèk (bcjc acs oejoecs ekturkaos caks br`s`s ekebòrks) c grkfuka (bcjc aks trkes`b`ceos fo-jcgrbks, aks toefoeb`ks tobecag`bks c acs bkjl`cs kj-lòetkaos). Acs rosuatkfcs fo ostks porturlkb`ceos sorepcs`t`vcs c eogkt`vcs, grkefos c poquocs, èf`v`fukaos cgoeorka`zkfcs soge ak ètorkbbè quo so prcfuzbk oetrof`bdks porturlkb`ceos y aks bcef`b`ceos etoreks y oxtoreks


21/66

; Xropkrkbè y robuporkbèy kprcvobdkjòetc

Acgrkr oso clnot`vc roquòro bcjlèkr ak bkpkb`fkf pkrkpropkrkrso pkrk acs ròsgcs bce ak dklà`fkf pkrk robuporkr-so y kprcvobdkr sus oobtcs, toeòefc oe buoetk ak roakbèoetro oa bcstc è`b`ka fo ak propkrkbè bce sus prclklaosloeob`cs. Rclro ak lkso foa trklknc uefkjoetka fo @skkbOdra`bd y Gkry Lobmor, sokakjcs quo akpropkrkbèfoloèbau`r uek bcjlèkbè fo tros kbb`ceos quo puofoe oj-

proeforso pcr ket`b`pkfc> kfqu`r`r bcecb`jòetcs, cltoeorprctobbè y dkborso fo sogurcs Oqu`pc k bkrgc fo ak oaklcrkbè foa @eicrjo sclro oa foskrrcaac juef`ka Oe oa f`kgrkjk fo ak bkfoek fo ròsgc, aks obdks fo roka`joetkbè roprosoetke ak pcs`là`fkf fo quo acs rosuatkfcs fo por-turlkb`ceos pkskfks èuyke tketc oe oa grkfc fo oxpcs`bè k porturlkb`ceos iuturks bcjc oe ak prcpoesè k quo ostks so prc-fuzbke. Fo jcfc s`jàkr, ak obkb`k quo so acgro oe ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc puofo èu`r s`ge`bkt`vkjoeto oe ak kpkr`bè fo

porturlkb`ceos iuturks.

Kjlòetooxtorec

Kfjè`strkbèfoa ròsgc

@etorekabcef`t`ces

Cutbcjos

Xorturlk-b`ceos

Bcef`b`ceosètoreks

\osuatkfcs

F @ K G \ K J K ; Ak bkfoek fo ròsgc> Aks bkrkbtorst`bks y oa kabkebo fo acs rosuatkfcsfopoefoe fo aks porturlkb`ceos, oa grkfc fo oxpcs`bè, aks bcef`b`ceos ètoreksy ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc


22/66

\òsgc y cpcrtue`fkf ;2

kborbk fo aks pcs`laos porturlkb`ceos y porj`toe kfcptkrrospuostks lòe uefkfks. Acs kgr`buatcros fo Gdkek y foctrcs ;? pksos kr`bkecs, pcr onojpac, rob`loe ècrjk-bè ospobbk sclro oa jorbkfc k trkvs fo sus toacecsjvàos, ac quo acs kyufk k joncrkr su rospuostk k acs bkj-l`cs oe acs prob`cs y ak fojkefk fo acs prcfubtcs kgrbc-aks Oqu`pc k bkrgc fo ak oaklcrkbè foa @eicrjo sclro oa foskrrcaac juef`ka


23/66


kutcjv`aos puofo porj`t`r k aks ksogurkfcrks vkr`kr akspr`jks quo bclrke oe ueb`e fo ak jkeork oe quo bcefu-boe sus ksogurkfcs


24/66

\òsgc y cpcrtue`fkf ;?

rks, acs pkquotos fo èboet`vcs sbkaos y acs prcacegkfcsporcfcs fo roaknkbè fo ak pcat`bk jceotkr`k) kyufkrce kbkajkr acs jorbkfcs oe oa bcrtc pakzc, ostks rospuostks puo-foe toeor oobtcs eogkt`vcs oe oa akrgc pakzc, tkaos bcjc uekujoetc s`ge`bkt`vc fo ak foufk pula`bk o èboet`vcs por-vorscs pkrk aks èst`tub`ceos ekeb orks k ak dcrk fo ksuj`rròsgcs.

fo dobdc quofkr ktrkpkfcs oe ak pclrozk, ac quo acs vuoavojs vuaeorklaos k porturlkb`ceos eogkt`vks uturks y jo-ecs bkpkbos fo oebkrkr euovcs ojproef`jòetcs pkrk jo-ncrkr su bka`fkf fo v fk28. Foa j`sjc jcfc, s` lòe aks ros-puostks fo robuporkbè kpa`bkfks pcr acs Gclòrecs fokaguecs pksos foa juefc oe paoek br`s`s ekebòrk fo Ick,


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buestkeb`ks, kue oe pksos kvkezkfcs. Oe Ostkfcs _e`fcs,pcr onojpac, uek oebuostk rovoa quo scac oa 2;% fo acs prc-pòtkr`cs fo v`vòefks oe zceks prcpoesks k èuefkb`ceosorke bcesbòetos foa ròsgc2;. Js kfoaketo so keka`zke aksbcesobuoeb`ks fo acs bkscs oxtrojcs fo katk fo ecrjkbèy bcecb`jòetcs (ak aakjkfk èbort`fujlro prcuefk).

Ikaaks oe ak bcefubtk. Kue bukefc toegke ècrjkbè, ospcs`lao quo quòeos tcjke fob`s`ceos ec soke bkpkbos fotrkescrjkr oa bcecb`jòetc oe kbb`ceos y bcefubtks quoaos porj`tke propkrkrso roeto ka ròsgc. Oe jubdcs bkscs,quòeos tcjke fob`s`ceos y quòeos oaklcrke pcat`bks pk-roboe toeor pcbk jojcr`k rospobtc foa cr`goe fo br`s`s fof`vorscs t`pcs. Aks br`s`s ekebòrks s`stj`bks, pcr onoj-pac, bks` sòjpro oste probof`fks pcr uek bceboetrkbè yoxpkesè èusuka foa brf`tc, prcbosc quo pkrobo bcj-proeforso kfobukfkjoeto2 bukefc ak prctobbè bcetrk ròsgcs porj`to ov`tkrprf`fks furketo ue porcfc prcacegkfc, so goeork uekkask soeskbè fo sogur`fkf quo bcefubo k ak f`sjèubèoe ak v`gàkeb`k y oe ak bcebòeb`k foa ròsgc, ac quo puofofkr augkr k prf`fks jkycros oe oa uturc22. Oe jubdcs bk-scs, ac quo qu`z so porb`lk bcjc uek bcefubtk `rrkb`cekapuofo sor oe roka`fkf bcesobuoeb`k fo eboet`vcs f`stcrs`c-ekfcs, fo bcecb`jòetcs orreocs c èsubòetos, c fo

bòrtks ecrjks scb`kaos y brooeb`ks buaturkaos.

Acs clstbuacs quo oxbofoe oa bcetrca foacs ef`v`fucs aos dkboe js f`buatcskak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc

Ikatk fo jorbkfcs y lòeos pla`bcs.Oe jubdcs pksos oefoskrrcaac, acs jorbkfcs osoeb`kaos pkrk uek kfjè`strk-bè obkz foa ròsgc (brf`tcs, sogurcs, ojpaocs) sce fo-bòetos c èbausc èox`stoetos. Ac j`sjc cburro bce acslòeos y sorv`b`cs pla`bcs uefkjoetkaos pkrk kfjè`s-trkr ròsgcs (ostklà`fkf pcat`bk, crfoe pla`bc o èrkos-trubturk ls`bk). Fo dobdc, os pcs`lao quo ak kusoeb`k fo

jorbkfcs kfobukfkjoeto foskrrcaakfcs so folk k quo acslòeos pla`bcs quo aos fke scste sce fobòetos. R`, pcronojpac, oa s`stojk fo nust`b`k ec acgrk dkbor bujpa`r acsbcetrktcs, ec tòeo soet`fc kfqu`r`r sogurcs fo skauf, fov`vòefk c fo kutcjctcros, y pcr ac tketc ec surg`r uejorbkfc crjka fo sogurcs26. Aks rkzceos fo ak kusoeb`k folòeos pla`bcs sce eujorcsks, porc kqu scac so toefreoe buoetk aks js portèoetos pkrk ak kfjè`strkbè foaròsgc. Ak pr`jork, yk keka`zkfk, os ak katk fo roburscs> aksbcstcsks clrks fo prctobbè bcetrk aks euefkb`ceos bces-tru`fks oe acs Xksos Lkncs, pcr onojpac, sce s`jpaojoetoèv`klaos oe jubdcs pksos oe foskrrcaac tkjlè kjoek-zkfcs pcr ostcs oejoecs, bcjc Lkegakfosd c Yòt Ekj.Ak soguefk rkze so vèbuak bce ak obcecjk pcat`bk fo ak

Js kaa foa `foka> Acs clstbuacs pkrkak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc

R` kfjè`strkr oa ròsgc porj`to skavkr v`fks, ov`tkr pornu`-b`cs obcej`bcs y klr`r euovks cpcrtue`fkfos y jske> s` ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc os obòeto oe uebèfo sus bcstcs y sus oaojoetcs uefkjoetkaos so bcjproe-foe lòe, pcr qu aks porsceks y aks scbòfkfos ec scejs obkbos oe ostk tkrok3 R` lòe ak rospuostk ospobbkvkrk oe bkfk bksc, s ojpro so roakb`cek bce acs clstbuacsy aks a`j`tkb`ceos quo foloe oeroetkr acs èf`v`fucs y aksscbòfkfos, oetro aks quo gurke ak katk fo roburscs y foècrjkbè, kaaks fo bcecb`jòetc y oe ak bcefubtk, ku-soeb`k fo jorbkfcs y fo lòeos pla`bcs, y oxtoreka`fkfosscb`kaos y obcej`bks. Ostk clsorvkbè bcefubo k uekbcebausè `jpcrtketo. Ec lkstk bce fotobtkr acs ròsgcs>tkjlè so foloe fotobtkr, pr`cr`zkr y klcrfkr jof`ketokbb`ceos pla`bks y pr`vkfks acs clstbuacs k ak kfjè`strk-bè foa ròsgc (robukfrc 6).

Keka`bojcs oa bksc fo Jujlk`. Ru s`stojk fo foskgofktk fo dkbo js fo ;88 kcs y kpoeks kabkezk pkrk dkborroeto k aks aauv`ks jceze`bks keukaos. Oe eujorcscs è-crjos y prcpuostks so dk sokakfc ropot`fkjoeto quo soeobos`tke evors`ceos (bcjc ak estkakbè fo ostkb`ceos folcjloc y ak rojcbè fo ros`fucs) pkrk kjpa`kr ak bkpkb`-fkf foa s`stojk fo foskgo pauv`ka. Rè ojlkrgc, skavc oeuecs pcbcs bkscs, ostks prcpuostks ec so aaovkrce k ak prb-t`bk. Oe


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\ O B _ K F \ C 6 Bjc roue`r oe oa f`soc fo aks pcat`bks acs oaojoetcs osoeb`kaos fo ak kfjè`strkbèfoa ròsgc y sus clstbuacs

Osto oeicquo prbt`bc porj`to oxtrkor fcs jpcrtketos robcjoefk-b`ceos pkrk oa f`soc fo pcat`bks fo kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc>

Ror roka`stk. Bukefc ak bkpkb`fkf os osbksk, so foloe proior`r acs ès-trujoetcs s`jpaos fo kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc. Acs iueb`cekr`csoebkrgkfcs fo icrjuakr pcat`bks foloe bceboetrkrso oe aks scaub`c-eos js kbbos`laos y oe aks quo ec toegke bcesobuoeb`ks kfvorsks.Os proior`lao kpa`bkr bcjc puetc fo pkrt`fk jof`fks pcbc frst`bksquo jcf`quoe acs èboet`vcs (pcr onojpac, joncrkr aks ecrjks fozce`bkbè fo aks roks bcstorks), oe augkr fo `jpaojoetkr è`b`kt`-vks fo ègoeòrk (bcjc ak bcestrubbè fo f`quos pkrk provoe`rèuefkb`ceos). Ks`j`sjc, rosuatk pkrt`buakrjoeto roetklao icrtkao-bor aks bkpkb`fkfos quo s`rvoe pkrk kfjè`strkr ròsgcs fo f`stètkefcao, bcjc ak fo roka`zkr ovkbukb`ceos fo grke osbkak (quo puoforosuatkr tà tketc oe bksc fo ue durkbe bcjc fo ue kbb`foetoeubaokr, pcr onojpac). Ka cptkr pcr pcat`bks roka`stks, so folo vor`-

bkr quo aks jof`fks fo kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc ov`toe bcesobuoe-b`ks ec fosokfks, goeoroe acs èboet`vcs kfobukfcs pkrk icrtkaoboraks bkpkb`fkfos js skaòetos fo acs bùfkfkecs y prctonke k acs jsvuaeorklaos, quo k joeufc sce quòeos joecs pcs`là`fkfos tòeoefo jpaojoetkr scaub`ceos fokaos porc bcstcsks.

Ostklaobor lksos sa`fks pkrk joncrkr ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc k ac

akrgc foa tòjpc. K joeufc os robcjoefklao brokr jobke`sjcs es-t`tub`cekaos bukefc ak eobos`fkf fo bcetkr bce oaacs os ov`foeto(pcr onojpac, fospus fo ue foskstro) y f`sokracs fo jcfc tka quoec puofke sor ibàjoeto fosjcetkfcs uek voz quo so dkyk fosvk-eob`fc oa robuorfc foa kbcetob`jòetc quo acs cr`gè. Ostk `rrovor-s`là`fkf èst`tub`ceka folo bcjlèkrso bce uek `jpaojoetkbèox`lao y ue kproef`zkno bcetèuc. Acs iueb`cekr`cs folorke prcbu-

Xkrk f`sokr pcat`bks pla`bks obkbos, os eoboskr`c `r js kaa fo

ak s`jpao `foet`bkbè fo acs pcs`laos ròsgcs y keka`zkr acs clst-buacs quo `jp`foe kfjè`strkracs. Oa f`kgrkjk k quo so èbauyo k

rkr kpa`bkr pcat`bks kfobukfks quo qu`z ec rosuatoe pt`jks oe oaiuturc js prclklao, porc foe augkr k rosuatkfcs kboptklaos oe uekkjpa`k gkjk fo s`tukb`ceos pcs`laos y soke ibàos fo jcf`bkrbukefc so f`spcegk fo euovk èicrjkbè. Ostklaobor uek lksosa`fk pkrk ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc supceo kfcptkr uek pors-pobt`vk fo akrgc pakzc. Ostc brok acs èboet`vcs kfobukfcs y jè`-j`zk oa ròsgc fo quo so prcfuzbke oiobtcs kfvorscs èfosokfcs.Vkjlè kyufk k gkrket`zkr quo aks pcat`bks soke ac subòeto-joeto ox`laos pkrk pcfor ètrcfub`r knustos uek voz quo so f`s-pcegk fo euovk èicrjkbè (vkso ue kea`s`s js fotkaakfc foostks fcs robcjoefkb`ceos oe ak bcebausè, t`tuakfk Bèbc prèb`-p`cs fo kbbè pla`bk pkrk uek joncr kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc, kaeka fo osto pkecrkjk goeorka).

Xoeskr tketc oe acs bcjpceoetos iuefkjoetkaos fo ak kfjè`s-trkbè foa ròsgc bcjc oe acs clstbuacs toeòefc oe buoetk ostksoesokezks puofo kyufkr k `foet`bkr aks pcat`bks js kfobukfkspkrk acs f`stètcs bcetoxtcs. Xcr onojpac, acs pksos bce roburscsa`j`tkfcs c osbksk bkpkb`fkf èst`tub`ceka folorke boetrkrso oepcat`bks fo lkso, jòetrks quo acs quo yk dke ostklaob`fc b`jòetcssa`fcs pkrk ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc puofoe prcburkr kpa`bkrpcat`bks js kvkezkfks (vkso oa f`kgrkjk l). Osto jkrbc so utà`zkoe tcfc oa @eicrjo sclro oa foskrrcaac juef`ka Oqu`pc k bkrgc fo ak oaklcrkbè foa @eicrjo sclro oa foskrrcaac juef`ka


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prcbosc fo ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc, vcavèfcak joecsprofob`lao y f`stcrs`cekefc acs èboet`vcs. Ak scaubè osak bccrfèkbè y ak kbbè bcaobt`vk, porc ostc puofo sorf`bà fo acgrkr bukefc dky grkefos fòroeb`ks oe aks pro-oroeb`ks, acs vkacros y acs grkfcs fo oxpcs`bè ka ròsgc.Xcr onojpac, os pcs`lao quo aks oxtoreka`fkfos y aks kaaks foak kbbè bcaobt`vk soke ak rkze fo quo rosuato tke f`bua-tcsc kabkezkr ue kbuorfc ètorekb`ceka vèbuaketo sclro akoj`sè fo gksos fo oobtc èvorekforc.

@ebort`fujlro prciuefk y scaub`ceos rclustksy kfkptklaos

Ak èbort`fujlro prcuefk os ue clstbuac k ak kfjè`s-trkbè foa ròsgc quo jorobo ospob`ka ktoebè. kjlèbcecb`fk bcjc èbort`fujlro me`gdt`kek oe acs brbuacsobcej`bcs27, oa trjèc dkbo rooroeb`k k ak s`tukbè oe akquo e` s`quòrk acs oxportcs so pceoe fo kbuorfc oe qujcfoacs sce kfobukfcs pkrk bcjproeforak, e` sclro acspcs`laos rosuatkfcs e` aks prclklà`fkfos fo quo so prcfuz-bk, e` sclro ak `jpcrtkeb`k quo so ao folo bcebofor. Fosfouek porspobt`vk kjpa`k, ak fòroeb`k oetro ak ebort`fujlroprcuefk y ak crfèkr`k os uek buostè fo grkfc, u`fk ybkjl`keto. Goeorkr bcecb`jòetcs kyufk k rofub`r oa grk-fc fo èbort`fujlro. Ak d`stcr`k fo ak bòeb`k ost pakgkfkfo bkscs oe acs quo ak èbort`fujlro prcuefk so bcev`rt`grkfukajoeto oe crfèkr`k, pks`lao fo sor kfjè`strkfk ybcetrcakfk. Xorc dkstk quo ostc subofk, qu so folo dkborketo ak prosoeb`k fo kbtcros jkycrjoeto fosbcecb`fcs3

Oe ue bcetoxtc fo èbort`fujlro prcuefk, os proor`-lao `jpaojoetkr jof`fks y pcat`bks rclustks y kfkptklaos,quo foe augkr k rosuatkfcs kboptklaos oe uek kjpa`k vkrò-

fkf fo s`tukb`ceos y quo puofke jcf`bkrso bukefc sof`spcegk fo euovk ècrjkbè c oa oetcrec bkjlò24. Oeoa jl`tc fo aks pcat`bks jceotkr`ks y ekebòrks, rosuatkprcjotofcrk ak kpa`bkbè fo pruolks fo toesè k lkebcsy ctrks èst`tub`ceos ekebòrks oe ue kjpa`c ospobtrc fos`tukb`ceos, èbau`fks br`s`s d`pctt`bks uturks20. Foloeov`tkrso ospob`kajoeto acs pakeos f`sokfcs pkrk dkborroeto k acs rosuatkfcs js prclklaos porc quo ebrojoetkeak vuaeorklà`fkf k acs kbcetob`jòetcs joecs prclklaos.Xcr onojpac, acs s`stojks fo roprosks bcestru`fcs scac pkrktcrjoetks y jkroks ecrjkaos puofoe fo dobdc kujoetkrak vuaeorklà`fkf ka brokr uek kask soeskbè fo sogur`fkf,èbrojoetkefc frst`bkjoeto acs fkcs bukefc so prc-fubo uek èuefkbè.

Oa bkjèc k sogu`r> Oeicquo dcast`bcfo ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc

Xuofoe acs èf`v`fucs pcr s scacs suporkr acs clstbuacsquo aos `jp`foe kfjè`strkr sus ròsgcs3 R` lòe acs osuor-zcs, aks è`b`kt`vks y ak rospcesklà`fkf fo acs prcp`cs èf`-v`fucs sce osoeb`kaos pkrk kfj e`strkr oa r osgc, s ostcs ecbuoetke bce ue oetcrec quo acs rospkafo, su x`tc sor a`j`-tkfc. Os pcs`lao quo soke bkpkbos fo a`f`kr pcr s scacs bceeujorcscs ròsgcs= ec clstketo, oste èdoroetojoeto jkapcs`b`cekfcs pkrk oeroetkr porturlkb`ceos fo grke oevor-gkfurk (pcr onojpac, ak oeorjofkf foa noo fo kjà`k),

kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc. Os pcs`lao quo acs Gclòrecssoke roeuoetos k gkstkr oe jof`fks fo propkrkbè roetoka ròsgc fol`fc k quo sus bcstcs sce èjof`ktcs y v`s`laos,jòetrks quo sus loeob`cs, kue bukefc rosuatoe s`ge`bk-t`vcs, sce fo akrgc pakzc y joecs v`s`laos.

Ikaaks foa Ostkfc. Ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc tkjlèpuofo vorso clstkbua`zkfk pcr aks kaaks fo acs Gclòrecsquo for`vke fo su bkpturk pcr pkrto fo grupcs fo ètors,fo ak bcrrupbè fo ueb`cekr`cs pla`bcs y fo pcat`bksf`stcrs`vks. Aks ojprosks y acs ef`v`fucs quo so voe pornu-f`bkfcs pcr bòrtks jof`fks fo kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgcekturkajoeto toefore k cpceorso y dkre oxpab`tcs susrobakjcs, jòetrks quo aks porsceks k aks quo f`bdks jof`-fks prctogoe k joeufc ec sce bcesbòetos fo oaac (y pcr actketc ec aks kpcyke), c bkroboe fo ue grkfc fo èuoeb`koqu`pkrklao ka fo acs grupcs fo prosè kbt`vcs. Acs pcfo-rcscs grupcs fo prosè foa sobtcr tklkbkaorc y foa kslostc,pcr onojpac, puofoe roekr ecrjks ske`tkr`ks vka`csks, kue

bukefc so f`spcegk fo pruolks bòetbks èbcetrkstklaosquo aks robcjòefoe. Oe ac quo rospobtk k aks pcat`bks f`s-tcrs`vks, oe cbks`ceos kue aks jof`fks lòe ètoeb`cekfkspuofoe f`buatkr ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc, jcf`bke-fc acs èboet`vcs fo acs èf`v`fucs pkrk kfjè`strkr susprcp`cs ròsgcs. Bcjc onojpac puofoe joeb`cekrso aksjof`fks jka f`sokfks fo kpcyc auogc fo ue foskstro, quogoeorke ròsgc jcrka y foskaòetke oe acs èf`v`fucs y aksojprosks ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc. Fo jkeork s`jàkr,aks rofos fo prctobbè scb`ka fojks`kfc goeorcsks c acsrosbktos ka sobtcr ekebòrc puofoe scbkvkr acs èboet`vcspkrk propkrkrso roeto ka ròsgc.

Oxtoreka`fkfos scb`kaos y obcej`bks.Aks jof`fks fo kf-jè`strkbè foa ròsgc quo kfcptke kagueks porsceks cpksos puofoe prcvcbkr prf`fks oe ctrcs. Xcr onojpac, oausc oxbos`vc fo ket`l`t`bcs ost goeorkefc lkbtor`ks kejs ros`stoetos k acs jof`bkjoetcs. Fo `guka jcfc, ak ox-pactkbè oxbos`vk fo roburscs ekturkaos bcjueos bcjcacs cbkecs, acs lcsquos y ak ktjsork (oejoec quo oeak l`la`cgrkk ospob`ka`zkfk so bcecbo bcjc ak trkgof`k foacs lòeos bcjueos) bcefubo k ak fogrkfkbè kjlòetka,ka bkjl`c ba`jt`bc y k ak uturk bkfk oe oa brob`jòetcobcej`bc2?. Oe ue jl`tc f`stètc, ak oxpkesè fo akcortk jceotkr`k pkrk ost`juakr ak obcecjk ètorek oe acsgrkefos pksos kvkezkfcs goeork uncs fo bkp`tka fosostk-là`zkfcros dkb`k acs pksos oe foskrrcaac, k ak voz quo orc-

s`cek ak r`quozk fo acs kdcrr`stks y bcetr`luyoetos ekb`cek-aos. Ks`j`sjc, ak estkurkbè fo lkrrorks bcjorb`kaos pkrkprctogor k acs prcfubtcros ekb`cekaos furketo uek foskbo-aorkbè obcej`bk `jpceo bcstcs js oaovkfcs pkrk susscb`cs bcjorb`kaos y puofo prcvcbkr roproska`ks, ac quopcs`laojoeto bcevòrtk uek foskboaorkbè oe uek robo-sè juef`ka prcacegkfk29. Ctrks jof`fks fo kfjè`strk-bè foa ròsgc puofoe goeorkr loeob`cs pkrk porsceksquo ec sclroaaovke sus bcstcs, ac quo goeork èboet`vcspkrk skbkr voetknks foa osuorzc fo ctrcs. ka os oa bksc, pcronojpac, fo acs pksos quo kfcptke bcstcsks jof`fks pkrkrofub`r aks oj`s`ceos fo gksos fo oobtc èvorekforc, quopuofoe loeob`kr ka rostc foa juefc. ketc aks oxtoreka`-fkfos eogkt`vks bcjc aks pcs`t`vks puofoe bcjpa`bkr oa


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tkfc puofoe bcjpaojoetkr y joncrkr aks dorrkjòetks fosogurc y prctobbè fo quo f`spceo ue dcgkr. Aks ojprosksfopoefoe fo ak ostklà`fkf jkbrcobcej`bk, acs sorv`b`cspla`bcs y acs prcfubtcs ekebòrcs pkrk jketoeor su fèk-j`sjc y bcetèukr lrèfkefc egroscs y ojpaoc k ak pclak-bè. Oa s`stojk ekebòrc scac puofo crobor dorrkjòetksfo sogurc, kdcrrc y brf`tc s` oe a pkrt`b`pk ue ejorc su-bòeto fo dcgkros y ojprosks, y s` ak obcecjk juostrk bòr-tc grkfc fo ostklà`fkf y prov`s`là`fkf. Acs jorbkfcs, oegoeorka, pcfre lrèfkr roburscs y dorrkjòetks fo kfj`-e`strkbè foa ròsgc oe uek osbkak bkfk voz jkycr s` oa Ostk-fc sujè`strk bce obkb`k acs sorv`b`cs pla`bcs eoboskr`cs,bcjc oa rospotc fo ak aoy y ue jkrbc roguaktcr`c kfobukfc.Ak bcjue`fkf ètorekb`ceka fopoefo oe pkrto fo Gclòr-ecs rospcesklaos quo oste f`spuostcs k bccporkr pkrk dkborroeto k ròsgcs juef`kaos= k su voz, puofo lrèfkr ks`stoeb`kk acs Gclòrecs y acs pksos quo bkroboe fo acs roburscs y akbkpkb`fkf pkrk kfjè`strkr ròsgcs.

Ak `jpcrtkeb`k roakt`vk fo ostcs s`stojks vkrk oe ue-bè foa e`voa fo foskrrcaac. Oe acs pksos joecs kfoaketk-fcs, y oe ospob`ka oe acs rgàos y kobtkfcs pcr bce`btcs,tòefoe k provkaobor acs jobke`sjcs ècrjkaos, y oa posc

s`stj`bks (bcjc ue foskstro ekturka c uek br`s`s ekebò-rk ètorekb`ceka) c porturlkb`ceos jat`paos quo so prc-fuzbke s`juateokjoeto c oe sobuoeb`k (pcr onojpac, ueksoquk sogu`fk pcr katorkb`ceos oe oa prob`c fo acs ka`joe-tcs o èsogur`fkf ka`joetkr`k).

Aks porsceks puofoe oeroetkr bce x`tc ròsgcs quooxbofoe sus jof`cs s` acs kfjè`strke bcenuetkjoeto bcectrcs èf`v`fucs. Xuofoe bcjpkrt`r acs ròsgcs bcaobt`vk-joeto k trkvs fo f`vorsks kgrupkb`ceos scb`kaos y obce-j`bks ètorbceobtkfks (s`stojks). Fo dobdc, ak eobos`fkffo kfjè`strkr oa ròsgc y kprcvobdkr cpcrtue`fkfos fojkeork bcaobt`vk suoao sor ue jct`vc bakvo pkrk ak crjk-bè fo ostcs grupcs c s`stojks68. Ostcs s`stojks prosoetkef`stètcs tkjkcs y grkfcs fo bcjpaon`fkf, fosfo oa dc-gkr dkstk ak bcjue`fkf ètorekb`ceka, y puofoe rospkafkrak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc fo acs èf`v`fucs fo jcfcsf`stètcs porc bcjpaojoetkr`cs (f`kgrkjk 2). Acs f`vorscskabkebos y tkjkcs fo bkfk uec fo ostcs s`stojks aos por-j`toe krcetkr porturlkb`ceos y grkfcs fo oxpcs`bè quo

so bcrrospcefoe bce su osbkak (robukfrc ?). Oa dcgkros ak pr`jork èstkeb`k fo kpcyc, puos porj`to

bcjpkrt`r acs ròsgcs, prctogo k sus jòjlrcs (oe pkr-t`buakr k acs vuaeorklaos) y aos porj`to èvort`r oe su u-turc.

Aks bcjue`fkfoscroboe rofos ècrjkaos fo prctobbèy ksogurkjòetc, puos kyufke k sus ètogrketos k a`f`krbce ròsgcs `f`csèbrt`bcs y k kuekr roburscs pkrk dkborroeto k kjoekzks bcjueos.

Aks ojproskspuofoe bcetr`lu`r k klscrlor aks porturlk-b`ceos y skbkr prcvobdc fo ak kbotk fo cpcrtue`fkf foaròsgc pkrk lrèfkr ojpaoc js ostklao, èbrojoetkr acs

ègroscs y goeorkr jkycr èecvkbè y prcfubt`v`fkf.

Oa s`stojk ekebòrcpuofo prcpcrb`cekr dorrkjòetkstàos fo kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc, tkaos bcjc èstru-joetcs fo kdcrrc, sogurcs y brf`tc, y kfjè`strkr k akvoz sus prcp`cs r osgcs bce rospcesklà`fkf.

Oa Ostkfc tòeo ak osbkak y aks dorrkjòetks eoboskr`kspkrk kfjè`strkr acs ròsgcs s`stj`bcs oe oa e`voa ek-b`ceka y rog`ceka, goeorkr ue oetcrec prcp`b`c pkrk quoacs ctrcs s`stojks ueb`ceoe kfobukfkjoeto y lrèfkrkpcyc f`robtc k acs sobtcros vuaeorklaos. Xuofo bujpa`rbce ostks ueb`ceos jof`keto ak prcv`sè fo sorv`b`csfo prctobbè scb`ka (ks`stoeb`k y sogurcs scb`kaos), lò-

eos pla`bcs (fooesk ekb`ceka, èrkostrubturk, crfoepla`bc) y pcat`bks pla`bks (ecrjks sa`fks, gostèjkbrcobcej`bk).

Ak bcjue`fkf etorekb`cekapuofo kpcrtkr bcecb`jòe-tcs tbe`bcs, kbà`tkr ak bccrfèkbè ètorekb`ceka foaks pcat`bks y kuekr roburscs bukefc acs ròsgcs oxbo-foe ak bkpkb`fkf foa pks c trkspkske aks rcetorks ek-b`cekaos c goeorkb`cekaos.

Ostcs s`stojks ètorkbtke uecs bce ctrcs, k joeufcbcjpaojoetefcso y oe cbks`ceos sust`tuyefcso oe aksueb`ceos fo kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc. Xcr onojpac, f`vor-scs jobke`sjcs fo prctobbè y sogurc crob`fcs pcr aksbcjue`fkfos, aks ojprosks, oa s`stojk ekebòrc y oa Os-

F @ K G \ K J K 2 Acs prèb`pkaos s`stojks scb`kaos yobcej`bcs puofoe bcetr`lu`r k ak kfjè`strkbèfoa ròsgc fo icrjks bcjpaojoetkr`ks

Oa Ostkfc

Xrctobbè scb`ka

Rogurcs fo skauf,fo fosojpaoc ynulàkbè

Ks`stoeb`k y ka`v`c

Lòeos pla`bcs

@eirkostrubturk

Crfoe pla`bc Foioesk ekb`ceka

Xcat`bks pla`bks

Gostèjkbrcobcej`bk

Jkrbc roguaktcr`c

Rcbòfkf b`và ysobtcr pr`vkfc

Dcgkr Akzcs ikjà`kros

Bcjue`fkfos Kbbè bcaobt`vk

Robtcr ojproskr`ka Ojpaocs o ègroscs

R`stojk ièkebòrc Rogurcs y brf`tcs

Bcjue`fkf etorekb`ceka \oburscs, bcecb`jòetcs tbe`bcs, ecrjks ètorekb`cekaos

y bccrfèkbè

Acs ef`v`fucs kfjè`strke oa ròsgc

Iuoeto> Oqu`pc k bkrgc fo ak oaklcrkbè foa @eicrjo sclro oa foskrrcaac juef`ka


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;. Oa prèb`p`c fo suls`f`kròfkfèf`bk quo acs ròsgcs foloe kfj`-e`strkrso oe oa e`voa js lknc pcs`lao, k e fo skbkr voetknk fo akprcx`j`fkf k acs kgoetos js kiobtkfcs pcr oso ròsgc y fo sujkycr grkfc fo bcecb`jòetc fo ak kjoekzk oe buostè, y kprc-vobdkr tkjlè ak bkpkb`fkf pkrk dkbor oa sogu`jòetc fo f`bdcskgoetos y fo acs ròsgcs quo oeiroetke.

Oqu`pc k bkrgc fo ak oaklcrkbè foa@eicrjo sclro oa foskrrcaac juef`ka


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\òsgc y cpcrtue`fkf acs nvoeos, acs keb`k-ecs y acs oeorjcs. Xkrk acgrkr ostk prctobbè, aks kjà`kspuofoe skbkr prcvobdc fo acs roburscs f`spce`laos oe akscbòfkf, jubdc js s` f`bdcs roburscs vke oe kujoetc ysu bka`fkf joncrk. Ks, pcr onojpac, oa èbrojoetc fo acsègroscs y ak kjpa`kbè foa kbbosc k acs sorv`b`cs fo skaufdke porj`t`fc kujoetkr aks tksks fo èjue`zkbè bcetrkoa skrkjpè k js foa 78% oe tcfks aks rog`ceos, s` lòe oer`bk ka sur foa Rkdkrk dky tcfkvk jubdc jkrgoe pkrkjoncrkr (grbc 2k).

Xcr ctrc akfc, foetrc foa dcgkr so bcjpkrtoe fo jkeorkekturka aks jkaks rkbdks (y aks luoeks). Fo dobdc, aks jo-f`fks pkrk bcjpkrt`r oa ròsgc oetro f`stètks goeorkb`ceos

fo ak kjà`k c foetrc fo uek j`sjk goeorkbè dke s`fcuek crjk ls`bk fo sogurc fosfo tòjpcs èjojcr`kaos.Ak kjà`k kjpa`kfk (js kaa foa ebaoc fo pkfros o d`-ncs) fosojpok ue pkpoa kbt`vc, oe ospob`ka oe acs pksosoe foskrrcaac. Xcr onojpac, f`vorscs fktcs robcg`fcs oeLkegakfosd, Ot`cpk, @ef`k, Jka y Jx`bc juostrke quoacs ètogrketos fo ak kjà`k kjpa`kfk ètorvòeoe pkrkkyufkr fob`f`fkjoeto bukefc kage kjà`kr so oeorjk66.Fo `guka jcfc, oe vkr`cs pksos so dk clsorvkfc quo acsètogrketos foa grupc kjà`kr quo oj`grke ks`stoe k sus pk-ròetos jof`keto oa oevc fo rojosks bukefc so prcfuboeporturlkb`ceos eogkt`vks oe su augkr fo cr`goe6?.

Xorj`toe k sus etogrketos, oe pkrt`buakr k acs nvoeos, evor-t`r pkrk oa uturc.Ak uebè fo acs dcgkros so oxtòefo ju-bdc js kaa fo ak fo prctogor k sus jòjlrcs y ksogurkracsbcetrk kbcetob`jòetcs kfvorscs. Acs dcgkros èvòrtoe oeoa bkp`tka dujkec y aks dklà`fkfos scb`kaos fo sus etogrke-tos, oe ospob`ka fo acs nvoeos, propkrkefc k aks uturks go-eorkb`ceos pkrk kfjè`strkr acs ròsgcs y aks cpcrtue`fkfosquo so aos prosoetkre. Ak osbcakr`fkf os ue onojpac ectk-lao fo acs kvkebos rog`strkfcs oe aks at`jks fbkfks. Oaejorc prcjof`c fo kcs fo osbcakr`fkf so èbrojoetfosfo ;098 oe tcfks aks rog`ceos, y oe jkycr grkfc oekquoaaks quo e`b`kajoeto prosoetklke acs e`voaos js lkncs(grbc 2l). Rè ojlkrgc, ak bka`fkf fo ak ofubkbè, jof`-fk k trkvs fo oxjoeos ètorekb`cekaos sclro bòeb`k, jk-

tojt`bks y aobturk, tcfkvk os èsubòeto oe jubdcs pk-sos fo ègrosc lknc y jof`kec, y ke ec juostrk s`gecs fokaèokbè bce oa rostc fo acs pksos69.

[u bkrkbtorst`bks porj`toe èbrojoetkrak bcetr`lubè fo acs dcgkros k akkfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc3

Acs dcgkros sce ue`fkfos poquoks porc bcjpaonks. Akjct`vkbè fo sus ètogrketos puofo klkrbkr fosfo oa ka-tru`sjc dkstk ak bcevoeòeb`k prcp`k= aks roakb`ceos foetrcfoa dcgkr puofoe lkskrso oe clnot`vcs bcjueos c oe oa pc-for roakt`vc fo eogcb`kbè, y sus vebuacs bce ak scbòfkf

Oa Ostkfc, ak scbòfkf b`và y oa sobtcr pr`vkfc>Bcaklcrkbè jutuk oe ak kfjè`strkbèfoa ròsgc

Eèguec fo acs s`stojks scb`kaos y obcej`bcs prosoetk-fcs oe oa kpkrtkfc ketor`cr ueb`cek k ak porobbè. Fodobdc, oe kaguecs bkscs oetcrpoboe ak kfjè`strkbè foaròsgc oe augkr fo kbà`tkrak. Rè ojlkrgc, bukefc so ro-suoavoe sus fobòeb`ks, puofoe bcevort`rso oe s`stojks fokpcyc obkbos. Oe bcesobuoeb`k, oa Ostkfc puofo bujpa`rue pkpoa `jpcrtketo ka bcjpaojoetkr y rospkafkr aks ue-b`ceos fo acs dcgkros, aks bcjue`fkfos, aks ojprosks y oas`stojk ekebòrc. Fosfo ostk porspobt`vk, ak uebè foaOstkfc vk js kaa foa prcps`tc ostrobdc fo bcrrog`r akskaaks foa jorbkfc, y so oxtòefo ka trktkjòetc fo ròsgcss`stj`bcs, ak brokbè fo èst`tub`ceos quo joncroe bkfkuec fo acs bcjpceoetos fo ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc yoa kpcyc f`robtc k aks pclakb`ceos vuaeorklaos.

Ec clstketo, sork ègoeuc `gecrkr quo oa Ostkfc k

joeufc ec bujpao ostks ueb`ceos pcs`laos. Akjoetklao-joeto, kluefke oe oa juefc y oe ak d`stcr`k acs onojpacsfo kaaks foa Ostkfc6;. Ostc bclrk uek ov`foeb`k jkeòstkoe oa bksc fo acs pksos rgàos y kobtkfcs pcr bce`btcs.[u so folo dkbor oetcebos3 Ak scbòfkf b`và, oa sobtcrpr`vkfc y ak bcjue`fkf ètorekb`ceka puofoe prcpcrb`c-ekr, kuequo fo jkeork `jporobtk, acs lòeos y sorv`b`cspla`bcs quo soke eoboskr`cs. Oe pkrt`buakr oe aks scbòfk-fos fojcbrt`bks (porc ec e`bkjoeto), tkjlè puofoekyufkr k joncrkr ak gostè èst`tub`ceka y acs sorv`b`cspla`bcs jof`keto ak goeorkbè fo jobke`sjcs quo uor-boe ka Ostkfc rospcefor k aks eobos`fkfos fo ak pclakbè yroef`r buoetks pcr sus kbb`ceos6


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\òsgc y cpcrtue`fkf ac quo Nk-jos Bcaojke y \clort Xutekj foecjèke oa bkp`tka sc-b`ka?7. Ks, aks bcjue`fkfos kyufke k sus jòjlrcs puosaos porj`toe bcjpkrt`r acs ròsgcs `f`csèbrt`bcs, krcetkracs ròsgcs bcjueos y kprcvobdkr aks cpcrtue`fkfos.

Jof fks quo porj`toe bcjpkrt r acs ròsgcs `f`csèbrt bcs.Oa sogurc ècrjka os ospob`kajoeto `jpcrtketo pkrk acsdcgkros fo ègrosc lknc y kagueks vobos os su e`bk rof rokafo prctobbè scb`ka. Xcr onojpac, oe ak kafok fo Eykmktcmo,oe kezkek, buyk pclakbè ksbòefo k tke scac ;


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\`osgc y cpcrtue`fkf


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aks prf`fks3 Ka scaub`cekr aks br`s`s, acs pksos folorkeètoetkr trksakfkr aks prf`fks fo acs lkebcs k acs kbb`ce`s-tks, k acs f`robt`vcs y, oe kaguecs bkscs, k acs kbroofcros ecksogurkfcs, bce oa clnotc fo jè`j`zkr acs bcstcs pkrk acsbcetr`luyoetos, aks kjoekzks k ak ostklà`fkf sbka y oa ròs-gc jcrka oe oa uturc. Xkrk kbà`tkr ak robuporkbè trks uekbr`s`s ekebòrk ètorekb`ceka, ak bcetr`lubè fo acs Gc-

lòrecs y ak bcjue`fkf ètorekb`ceka puofo bces`st`r oerofub`r ak èbort`fujlro ecrjkt`vk jof`keto ak kfcpbèfo fob`s`ceos oe oa jcjoetc cpcrtuec y ak bccrfèkbèobkz k e`voa juef`ka.

Bces`forkbè oxpab`tk fo aks f`sbcrfkeb`ks y aks sèorg`ksoetro ak èbausè ekebòrk, oa foskrrcaac foa s`stojk eke-bòrc y su ostklà`fkf. Acs fktcs èf`bke quo oe oa 08% foacs bkscs, oe aks ostrktog`ks ekb`cekaos oe jktor`k fo sobtcrekebòrc ec so klcrfke scaub`ceos fo bcjprcj`sc ospo-bbks oetro acs clnot`vcs roakt`vcs ka foskrrcaac foa s`stojkekebòrc y ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc s`stj`bc, kuequojs fo fcs torb`cs fo acs pksos so bcjprcjotoe k kabkezkrkjlcs clnot`vcs oe oa jkrbc fo su ostrktog`k4


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\òsgc y cpcrtue`fkf 2;

kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc. Ks`j`sjc, ak pcat`bk jkbrcobc-ej`bk puofo klcrfkr acs grkefos ròsgcs s`stj`bcs, quoacs dcgkros y ctrcs s`stojks scb`cobcej`bcs ec oste pro-pkrkfcs pkrk jkeonkr pcr su buoetk. Bcjc dk sokakfc\clort Lkrrc, oetro ctrcs, ak obcecjk juef`ka so dk bk-rkbtor`zkfc pcr br`s`s jkbrcobcej`bks bce grkefos bcs-tcs pkrk oa lòeostkr furketo jubdks fbkfks, y fo jkeorkpkapklao fosfo fosfo oa bcesujc dkstkoa kdcrrc oe acs dcgkros, fosfo ak èvorsè dkstk ak prc-fubbè oe aks ojprosks, y fosfo ak cltoebè dkstk oa ctcr-gkjòetc fo prstkjcs oe acs jorbkfcs ekebòrcs. _ekkbortkfk gostè jkbrcobcej`bk puofo brokr aks bcef`-b`ceos pkrk quo acs dcgkros, aks bcjue`fkfos y aks ojpro-sks puofke trkzkr pakeos k akrgc pakzc y oebkrkr su prcp`k

J K X K ; Br`s`s lkebkr`ks oe oa pakeotk, ;078- Oqu`pc k bkrgc fo ak oaklcrkbè foa @eicrjo sclro oa foskrrcaac juef`ka


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2 ak pcat`bk sbkaos èdoroetojoeto js bcjpaonk fkfc quo tòeo clnot`vcso estrujoetcs jat`paos y ost esortk oe oa prcbosc pcat`-bc. Bce rospobtc k ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc, ak pcat`bksbka fo acs pksos oe foskrrcaac dk sur`fc aks bcesobuoe-b`ks fo ue sosgc prcbba`bc quo toef` k kjpa`bkr aks ksos

ksboefoetos y kgrkvkr aks robos`ceos0 pcronojpac, ue


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lcecs pkrk ròsgcs fo bktstrcio bcjc ue sogurc bcetrk po-a`grcs ekturkaos. Xcr at`jc, folo bcest`tu`rso uek rosorvkfostèkfk k acs pks`vcs ros`fukaos quo oa Ostkfc puofk vorsocla`gkfc k kircetkr.

Ak bcjue`fkf ètorekb`cekaBuefc os eoboskr`k ak pkrt`b`pkbè fo akbcjue`fkf ètorekb`ceka pkrk prcjcvor akbkpkb`fkf fo robuporkbè y ak prcspor`fkf3

Acs ròsgcs ec kfjè`strkfcs ec rospotke rcetorks, y eè-ge pks c kgoeto puofo, pcr s scac, klcrfkr obkzjoetoue ròsgc quo trksbòefo aks rcetorks ekb`cekaos. _ek vozquo so dke fosoebkfoekfc, aks pkefoj`ks y aks br`s`s eke-bòrks c obcej`bks so prcpkgke rp`fkjoeto pcr uejuefc quo bkfk voz ost js ètorbceobtkfc. Acs bce`b-tcs krjkfcs puofoe toeor bcesobuoeb`ks fovkstkfcrkspkrk aks porsceks y roporbutoe oe acs pksos vobècs. Acs

prostkr ktoebè k acs pks`vcs bcetègoetos. Kaguecs fo oaacssce aogt`jcs, bcjc ak robcestrubbè y ak ks`stoeb`k fos-pus fo foskstros ekturkaos y aks jkycros orcgkb`ceos eobo-skr`ks pkrk bulr`r oa sogurc scb`ka y acs bcstcs fo trktkjòetcjf`bc cbks`cekfcs pcr oa oevonob`jòetc fo ak pclakbè.Ctrcs sce js bcetrcvort`fcs. Acs rosbktos ekebòrcs, pcr

onojpac, puofoe bcest`tu`r uek poskfk bkrgk pkrk oa Ostkfc>karofofcr foa ?8% foa X@L oe @efceos`k y Vkàkef`k fospusfo ak br`s`s fo Ks`k cròetka oe ;007, y js foa 68% foa X@Loe @sakef`k o @rakefk furketo ak br`s`s fo Oqu`pc k bkrgc fo ak oaklcrkbè foa @eicrjo sclro oa foskrrcaac juef`ka Oa jkpk juostrk ak ovcaubè fo ak pcs`bè bba`bk fo ak pcat`bk sbka fosfo oa porcfc fo ;098-00 dkstk oa porcfc fo


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js oxtrojcs pkrk kfjè`strkr oa ròsgc, bce kbbosc a`j`tk-fc k jorbkfcs, bcjue`fkfos o èst`tub`ceos pla`bks quoueb`ceoe kfobukfkjoeto. Kuequo acs dkl`tketos fo oscspksos bcest`tuke oa ;?% fo ak pclakbè juef`ka oe tòefoe k rog`strkr fb`ts prosupuostkr`cs y kbujuakr foufkoe acs porcfcs fo lcekezk y auogc bkroboe fo roburscs subòetosy ox`là`fkf (ospkb`c sbka) pkrk ostklà`zkr oa prcfubtc oe porc-fcs kfvorscs.

_ek scaubè prcpuostk. Ak brokbè fo ue bcesonc sbka èfopoe-fòeto puofo prcpcrb`cekr acs èboet`vcs kfobukfcs pkrk quo oaGclòrec kbujuao roburscs pkrk kircetkr aks iksos fosboefoetosbba`bks y aks bcetègoeb`ks fo akrgc pakzc. Oa bcesonc sbka kfjè`s-trkrk ue bcenuetc fo rogaks sbkaos ox`laos ostklaob`fks pcr aoy yso oebkrgkrk fo tcjkr fob`s`ceos rospobtc fo ak ks`gekbè fo acsfb`ts oe oa bursc foa tòjpc, èf`bkr buefc so nust`bk kfcptkrjof`fks bcetrkbba`bks, y roka`zkr ue sogu`jòetc fo ak scstoe`-là`fkf fo ak foufk pla`bk. Ak tctka foaogkbè fo ak ikbuatkf foicrjuakr pcat`bks oe ue bcesonc sbka èfopoefòeto ec os roka`stkfol`fc k ak ekturkaozk pcat`bk y rof`str`lut`vk fo ak pcat`bk sbka.

Oa Gclòrec, oe bcescekeb`k bce su jkefktc pcat`bc, rotoefrk oabcetrca fo ak f`str`lubè fo acs gkstcs y ak ostrubturk fo tr`lutkbè.Rè ojlkrgc, k`sakr foa prcbosc pcat`bc kaguecs kspobtcs fo ak kpa`-bkbè fo ak pcat`bk sbka y foaogkracs oe ue bcesonc efopoefòetoporj`t`rk kujoetkr ak brof`là`fkf sbka y ak roef`bè fo buoetksk.

Bjc puofo `jpaojoetkrso ostk scaubè3 Ka f`sokr acs bcesoncssbkaos so folorke èbau`r jof`fks pkrk ov`tkr ak bkpturk pcat`bk,oa kujoetc fo acs èboet`vcs foa Gclòrec pkrk `gecrkr su ksoscrk-jòetc, c ak pcs`là`fkf fo quo soke fosjketoakfcs bukefc surnkebce`btcs oe oa soec foa Gclòrec. Xkrk sor obkz, oa bcesonc folo



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\`osgc y cpcrtue`fkf 2?

karofofcr foa juefc oe joecs fo 29 dcrks;8


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èboet`vcs oste krjce`zkfcs y oa bursc fo kbbè os bakrc,ak kjpa`kbè fo ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc roquòro è-torvoeb`ceos fèj`bks y lòe bccrfèkfks pcr pkrto fo akbcjue`fkf etorekb`ceka. Bukefc so klcrfke ròsgcs tkaosbcjc pkefoj`ks c br`s`s ekebòrks oe ue juefc etorbc-eobtkfc, pkrk quo osks kbb`ceos soke obkbos os uefkjoe-tka rospkafkr ak bkpkb`fkf fo acs pksos èf`v`fukaos pkrksuporv`skr y bcetoeor acs ròsgcs oe su torr`tcr`c. Xcr onoj-pac, s` lòe 29 fceketos prcpcrb`cekrce kpcyc k js fo;88 pksos oe foskrrcaac pkrk kfcptkr jof`fks fo propkrk-bè keto ak pcs`là`fkf fo uek pkefoj`k fo gr`po kv`kr(v`rus D?E;) fosfo


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Brokbè fo ue bcesonc ekb`ceka fokfjè`strkbè fo ròsgcs pkrk kfjè`strkracs ròsgcs oe icrjk fèj`bk, s`stojt`bko ètogrkfk

Bua os oa prclaojk3Bce jubdk robuoeb`k, aks ostrkto-g`ks y ak `jpaojoetkbè fo ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgcsce èobkbos (c paketoke ctrcs ròsgcs) pcrquo ec sobccrfèke oetro tcfcs acs kbtcros ecrjkt`vcs portèoetos.Ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc oe crjk fèj`bk o ètogrk-fk prcpcrb`cek bakrks voetknks> porj`to foe`r aks pr`cr`-fkfos, borb`crkrso fo quo so dke toe`fc oe buoetk tcfks aksbcetègoeb`ks y ov`tkr ue gkstc oxbos`vc oe ak kfjè`strk-bè fo ue ròsgc oe crjk k`sakfk ka tòjpc quo so fos-ktòefoe ctrcs. Oe kaguecs pksos so roka`zke ovkaukb`ceosekb`cekaos foa ròsgc oe aks quo pkrt`b`pke oqu`pcs crjk-fcs pcr jat`paos pkrtos ètoroskfks fo vkr`cs jè`stor`csy, bce robuoeb`k, oa sobtcr pr`vkfc y ak scbòfkf b`và.Xksos Lkncs, \oèc _e`fc y Ostkfcs _e`fcs dke aaovkfc kbklc ostks ovkaukb`ceos, y ctrcs pksos, bcjc Jkrruobcs,dke puostc oe jkrbdk ue prcbosc bce oso e. Rè ojlkr-

ojporc, os quo ostks jof`fks so folorke jpaojoetkr oecrjk fèj`bk, s`stojt`bk o ètogrkfk pkrk cpt`j`zkrsu obkb`k. Bce oso e, oe su jkrbc so prcjuovo ak brok-bè fo ue bcesonc ekb`ceka fo kfjè`strkbè fo ròsgcsquo bcetr`luyk k ètogrkr ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc oeoa prcgrkjk fo foskrrcaac. Osto bcesonc pcfrk sor ue cr-gke`sjc euovc c oa prcfubtc fo ak rocrjk fo rgkecs

ox`stoetos> ac js `jpcrtketo os roka`zkr ue bkjl`c fooecquo quo aaovo k uek ovkaukbè bccrfèkfk y s`stoj-t`bk fo acs ròsgcs k e`voa kgrogkfc. Ak jpaojoetkbè foostk robcjoefkbè pcfrk roquor`r ue grke bkjl`c oebjc acs Gclòrecs ekb`cekaos oaklcrke y onobutke suspakeos goeorkaos, quo aos porj`tk fonkr fo pake`bkr oe uejkrbc fo bortozk y bcjoezkr k bces`forkr quo oa bkjl`cy ak èbort`fujlro sce bkrkbtorst`bks uefkjoetkaos foaks obcecjks jcforeks. _e bcesonc ekb`ceka fo kfj`-e`strkbè fo ròsgcs puofo kyufkr k acs Gclòrecs k su-porkr acs clstbuacs fo pcat`bk obcej`bk quo krcetkebukefc kfjè`strke acs ròsgcs k e`voa ekb`ceka c, èbau-s`vo, ètorekb`ceka.

\ O B _ K F \ C 4 Oe oa bksc fo kaguecs ròsgcs juef`kaos, bcjc oa bkjl`c ba`jt`bc, ak bcjue`fkfètorekb`ceka folo kpa`bkr oeicquos prcgros`vcs quo porj`tke acgrkr, grkfukajoeto, scaub`ceos juef`kaos

Bua os oa prclaojk3 Ak kfjè`strkbè fo acs ròsgcs juef`kaos

roquòro ak kbbè bcebortkfk y fèj`bk fo acs Ostkfcs sclorkecs.Rè ojlkrgc, acs osbkscs kvkebos oe kagueks osiorks dke sojlrkfcfufks rospobtc fo ak pcs`là`fkf fo prcjcvor uek kbbè bcaobt`vkoetro pksos bce ètorosos cpuostcs, a`j`tkb`ceos fo bkpkb`fkf oèboet`vcs pkrk kprcvobdkrso fo aks jof`fks kfcptkfks pcr ctrcs.Aks eogcb`kb`ceos juef`kaos pkrk bcebortkr kbuorfcs bce tctkapkrt`b`pkbè so dke ostkebkfc, y ac js akjoetklao os quo ostctkjlè dk subof`fc oe oa bksc foa bkjl`c ba`jt`bc, oe buyc ros-pobtc ak èkbbè pors`stoeto pcfrk toeor bcesobuoeb`ks bktkstr-bks o rrovors`laos. Kagueks kbb`ceos etorekb`cekaos quo pcfrke sortàos èbau`fk ak bccporkbè pkrk foskrrcaakr y fìuef`r tobecac-gks o èstrujoetcs ekebòrcs ox`stoetos so dke pcstorgkfc bceak oxpobtkt`vk fo quo icrjkre pkrto fo ue èjèoeto kbuorfcjuef`ka.

Ak scaubè prcpuostk. Oe oa bksc fo kaguecs ròsgcs juef`kaos, bcjcoa bkjl`c ba`jt`bc, ak bcjue`fkf ètorekb`ceka folo kpa`bkr oeic-quos prcgros`vcs quo porj`tke jpuaskr grkfukajoeto ak lsquofkfo scaub`ceos juef`kaos. Bukefc acs èboet`vcs ec oste krjce`zk-fcs, acs prèb`pkaos Ostkfcs sclorkecs ec pkrt`b`pke tctkajoeto y aksbcesobuoeb`ks fo ak èkbbè sce foskstrcsks, fo tcfcs jcfcs sopuofoe roka`zkr kvkebos kuequo ec ox`stk ue trktkfc juatàktorka.Acs kbuorfcs y aks kbb`ceos prcgros`vks fo ue grupc fo pkrt`b`pketosè`b`kajoeto poquoc puofoe utà`zkrso bcjc oaojoetcs ls`bcs foacs kbuorfcs juef`kaos. _ek voz quo ak kbbè goeork loeob`cs,bklo osporkr quo, bce oa tòjpc, oa grupc ebauyk grkfukajoeto k uejkycr ejorc fo pksos pkrt`b`pketos.



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Bjc so scaub`cek3Xkrk kbà`tkr uek kfjè`strkbè foaròsgc fèj`bk o ètogrkfk k e`voa ekb`ceka, puofo ostklao-borso ue bcesonc ekb`ceka fo kfjè`strkbè fo ròsgcs oecrjk fo ue bcj`t porjkeoeto. Osto bcesonc puofo keka`-zkr acs ròsgcs, èbau`fks aks scaub`ceos fo bcjprcj`sc oe-tro f`vorscs ròsgcs y f`vorsks pcat`bks fo kfjè`strkbèfoa ròsgc= keka`zkr y pula`bkr ovkaukb`ceos fo aks prbt`bksfo kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc utà`zkfks oe oa pks= foe`r akspr`cr`fkfos oe jktor`k fo kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc, y cr-juakr robcjoefkb`ceos rospobtc fo aks pcat`bks quo bc-rrospcefo `jpaojoetkr. Ak èst`tub`ceka`zkbè fo osto

gc, ak aklcr so suoao oebcjoefkr k ue grupc kf dcbtojpc-rka quo scac ox`sto jòetrks so aaovk k bklc ak ovkaukbè.Ctrcs pksos dke brokfc rgkecs ètogrkfcs pcr vkr`csjè`stor`cs quo tòeoe k su bkrgc oa ètorbkjl`c fo ècr-jkbè y ak bccrfèkbè pkrk ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròs-gc. Xorc ostcs rgkecs suoaoe cbupkrso fo ue scac ròsgcquo, oe ak jkycrk fo acs bkscs, ost roakb`cekfc bce fo-skstros ekturkaos, bcjc oe Xor, c bce ak sogur`fkf ekb`c-eka, bcjc oe @srkoa. Xcbcs pksos buoetke bce ue crgke`s-jc fo kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc porjkeoeto o ètogrkfcquo so cbupk fo jat`paos ròsgcs.

\ O B _ K F \ C 0 Kagueks robcjoefkb`ceos fo pcat`bks pla`bks èbau`fks oe oa @eicrjo sclro oa foskrrcaacjuef`ka

Rogurc pla`bc fo skauf, kfjè`strkfc oe kscb`kbè bce oa sobtcr

pr`vkfc, bce eiks`s oe ak ktoebè provoet`vk y oa trktkjòetc fooeiorjofkfos bcetkg`csks y kbb`foetos.

Ofubkbè pla bk, kfjè`strkfk oe kscb`kbè bce oa sobtcr pr`-vkfc, boetrkfk oe ak goeorkbè fo kpt`tufos ox`laos, quo puofkkfkptkrso k acs bkjl`cs oe acs jorbkfcs aklcrkaos.

\ofos icbka`zkfks fo prctobbè scb`ka pkrk acs pclros, pcr onoj-pac trkesioroeb`ks jceotkr`ks bcef`b`cekfks bce pkgcs f`robtk-

joeto k junoros. Aoyos ox`g`laos bcetrk ak v`caoeb`k ikjà`kr y ak f`sbr`jèkbè oe

rkze fo georc, nuetc bce bkjpkks ofubkt`vks.

Xkrk ak bcjue`fkf>

@eirkostrubturk pla`bk pkrk j`t`gkr acs ròsgcs fo foskstro, bces-tru`fk oe bcesuatk bce aks bcjue`fkfos b`rbuefketos.

@eirkostrubturk fo trkespcrto y bcjue`bkb`ceos, ospob`kajoeto

pkrk ètogrkr y bcesca`fkr k aks bcjue`fkfos k`sakfks. Xrctobbè pca`b`ka bcetrk acs foa`tcs bcjueos y oa br`joe crgke`-

zkfc, fostèkfk ospob`kajoeto k aks bcjue`fkfos oe s`tukbèfo ròsgc.

Aoyos ox`g`laos bcetrk ak f`sbr`jèkbè rkb ka c te`bk, nuetc bce

bkjpkks ofubkt`vks.

Xkrk oa sobtcr ojproskr`c> Rogur`fkf y rospotc oe jktor`k fo forobdcs fo prcpòfkf

pr`vkfk. \oguakb`ceos s`jpaos y prov`s`laos pkrk ak tr`lutkbè, acs jorbk-

fcs aklcrkaos y ak oetrkfk y ak ska`fk fo aks rjks. \oguakb`ceos ox`g`laos oe jktor`k fo sogur`fkf oe oa augkr fo

trklknc, prctobbè foa bcesuj`fcr y prosorvkbè foa jof`ckjlòeto.

Bces`forkbè fo ak pcs là`fkf fo fosvèbuakr oa sogurc scb`ka

(os fob`r, acs sogurcs fo skauf y aks poes`ceos fo nulàkbè) fo aks`tukbè aklcrka.


@eirkostrubturk ekebòrk sa`fk (s`stojks fo pkgc, èicrjkbè

brof`t`b`k) pkrk ikbà`tkr ak èbausè ekebòrk y oa foskrrcaac foas`stojk ekebòrc.

\oguakbè ox`g`lao quo prcjuovk ak prctobbè fo acs bcesuj`-fcros y ak bcjpotoeb k oetro aks est`tub`ceos ekebòrks.

\oguakbè jkbrcprufoeb`ka, pkrk oa s`stojk ekebòrc oe su

bcenuetc, pkrk rofub`r aks br`s`s ekebòrks y ov`tkr acs rosbktos. _ek ostrktog`k ekb`ceka oe jktor`k fo sobtcr ekebòrc quo

klcrfo aks scaub`ceos fo bcjprcj`sc oetro ak èbausè, ak prciue-f`fkf y ak ostklà`fkf foa s`stojk ekebòrc.

Xkrk ak jkbrcobcecjk>

_ek pcat`bk jceotkr`k trkespkroeto y brolao, cròetkfk k acgrkr

ak ostklà`fkf fo acs prob`cs y f`r`g`fk pcr ue lkebc boetrka

kutecjc. Xkrk ak jkycrk fo acs pksos, ue rg`joe bkjl`kr`c ox`lao, oe oajkrbc fo uek pcat`bk jceotkr`k trkespkroeto y brolao.

_ek pcat`bk sbka scstoe`lao y bcetrkbba`bk, bce ak ks`stoeb`k fo

ue bcesonc sbka èfopoefòeto. _ek rosorvk pkrk pks`vcs bcetègoetos, bcjc pcr onojpac fosks-

tros ekturkaos, br`s`s ekebòrks y poes`ceos pkrk uek pclakbèkeb`kek js eujorcsk.

Xkrk ak bcjue`fkf ètorekb`ceka>

Xkrt`b`pkbè oe kbuorfcs làktorkaos, rog`cekaos y juef`kaos quo

prcjuovke ètorvoeb`ceos fèj`bks y bccrfèkfks pkrk bcj-pkrt`r oa ròsgc oetro pksos, kujoetkr ak bkpkb`fkf ekb`ceka ykircetkr acs ròsgcs bcjueos.

Xkrk ròsgcs juef`kaos fìbàos fo klcrfkr, bcjc oa bkjl`c

ba`jt`bc, icrjkr uek bcka`bè fo vcauetkr`cs bce Gclòrecsfo pksos bce ètorosos keos y brokr èboet`vcs pkrk quo ctrcspksos so ebcrpcroe k ak bcka`bè.

Oe oa @eicrjo sclro oa foskrrcaac juef`ka


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Oa Jkrbc @etogrkfc fo Kfjè`strkbè fo \òsgcs pkrkak ctka`fkf foa Gclòrec uskfc oe Règkpur s`rvo bcjconojpac fo ue oecquo quo dk suporkfc acs bcjpkrt`joe-tcs ostkebcs foa Gclòrec;80. Oa jl`tc èst`tub`ceka foa

jkrbc os oa Bcj`t fo Ostrktog`k, quo ost etogrkfc pcr so-brotkr`cs porjkeoetos fo f`vorscs jè`stor`cs foa Gclòr-ec y ost pros`f`fc pcr oa noo fo ak kfjè`strkbè pla`bk.Kfojs, oa s`stojk fo gostè fo br`s`s oe oa roeto ètorecèbauyo ue bcj`t jè`stor`ka pros`f`fc pcr oa jè`strc foa@etor`cr quo buoetk bce oa rospkafc foa Grupc Onobut`vcfo Br`s`s oe oa Iroeto @etorec, buycs jòjlrcs sce katcsroprosoetketos fo jè`stor`cs y crgke`sjcs pla`bcs. Ostojkrbc fo jat`paos ròsgcs so bcjpaojoetk bce crgke`s-jcs cbka`zkfcs oe ròsgcs bcebrotcs, bcjc ak Robrotkrkfo Bccrfèkbè fo ak Rogur`fkf Ekb`ceka. Oe Règkpur, oajobke`sjc èst`tub`ceka pkrk ak kfjè`strkbè ètogrkfkfoa ròsgc oetrkk ue katc grkfc fo ospob`ka`zkbè y ue

bcjpaonc prcbosc fo bccrfèkbè quo dk ovcaub`cekfcbce oa tòjpc. Oe oa bksc fo acs pksos oe foskrrcaac, ue jo-bke`sjc js soebàac buyc f`soc èst`tub`ceka oetrko uejoecr grkfc fo ospob`b`fkf y ospob`ka`zkbè (y roquòrkjobke`sjcs fo bccrfèkbè joecs ox`goetos) pcfrk sorue luoe puetc fo pkrt`fk.

Xcr at`jc, os prob`sc klcrfkr fcs buost`ceos jpcrtke-tos. Xr`jorc, qu jct`vcs jpuaske k ue Gclòrec k est`-tu`r ue bcesonc ekb`ceka fo kfjè`strkbè fo ròsgcs3 Oseoboskr`c ue `jpuasc è`b`ka pkrk quo acs f`r`goetos supo-roe acs èboet`vcs bcetrkpuostcs y ostklaozbke uek èst`tu-bè porfurklao. Osto jpuasc puofo surg`r foetrc foa pks,k trkvs fo f`r`goetos y tobebrktks f`spuostcs k ètrcfub`r

bcesonc ekb`ceka folork kgrogkr vkacr puos porj`t`rk è-togrkr ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc oe tcfcs acs sobtcros,buost`cekr ak ekbbè lkskfk oe ètorosos pcat`bcs o ebcr-pcrkr bakrcs jobke`sjcs fo roef`bè fo buoetks bce ros-pobtc k aks jof`fks bcebortkfks fo kfjè`strkbè foaròsgc;87.

Bjc so jpaojoetk ostk scaubè3 Oa bcesonc ekb`ceka fokfjè`strkbè fo ròsgcs folork ostkr ètogrkfc pcr uekjpa`c ospobtrc fo pkrtos ètoroskfks. Xcfrk sor pkrto foaGclòrec c ue crgke`sjc kutecjc. Ru bcjpcs`bè è-bau`rk kutcr`fkfos ecrjkt`vks (pkrk roonkr aks pr`cr`fk-fos oe jktor`k fo pcat`bks) y oxportcs èfopoefòetos(pkrk èbcrpcrkr bcecb`jòetcs tbe`bcs y aks porspobt`vksfoa sobtcr pr`vkfc). oefrk ak kbuatkf fo crjuakr robc-joefkb`ceos quo cla`guoe k aks kutcr`fkfos portèoetosoebkrgkfks fo `jpaojoetkr aks pcat`bks k kbtukr c fkr ox-pa`bkb`ceos= oe ctrks pkaklrks, aks kutcr`fkfos folorke pc-eor oe prbt`bk aks robcjoefkb`ceos crjuakfks pcr oa

bcesonc c oxpa`bkr ak rkze pcr ak quo dke fob`f`fc robdk-zkraks. R` lòe oa f`soc èst`tub`ceka kprcp`kfc fopoeforfoa bcetoxtc pcat`bc o èst`tub`ceka fo bkfk pks, ka f`sokrak bcjpcs`bè y aks kbuatkfos foa bcesonc so folork pc-eor ojpoc oe acgrkr ue oquà`lr`c kfobukfc fo bcecb`-jòetcs ospob`ka`zkfcs, brof`là`fkf, portèoeb`k y aog`t`-j`fkf, c oe trjècs foa f`kgrkjk 6, quo so ul`quo oe akrogè fo oquà`lr`c.

Oa Xcfor Onobut`vc pcfrk fos`gekr k aks kutcr`fkfosecrjkt`vks foa bcesonc, y acs oxportcs èfopoefòetos pc-frke prcvoe`r fo acs brbuacs kbkfj`bcs, ak bcjue`fkfojproskr`ka y aks crgke`zkb`ceos fo ak scbòfkf b`và. Rusbcecb`jòetcs ospob`ka`zkfcs klkrbkrke acs ròsgcs roakt`-

vcs k cporkb ceos jà`tkros, sogur`fkf y torrcr`sjc= oa ròs-gc obcej`bc= oa ròsgc kjlòetka, ske`tkr`c y tobecag`bc,y oa ròsgc scb`ka. Xkrk ov`tkr quo oa bcesonc so bcevòrtk oeue rgkec vkbc fo pcfor, so folork fostkbkr kfobukfk-joeto su `jpcrtkeb`k keto ak cpèè pla`bk. Ks`j`sjc,oa bcesonc folork roef`r buoetks jof`keto ak pula`bkbèpor`f`bk fo sus robcjoefkb`ceos, nuetc bce kea`s`s yfobakrkb`ceos fo pr`cr`fkfos fo pcat`bks, y k trkvs fo ku-fòeb`ks keukaos keto ue bcj`t aog`sakt`vc.

_e bcesonc ekb`ceka fo ròsgcs quo sok kutecjc cro-bork kagueks voetknks, kuequo tkjlè pcfrk ueb`cekrkfobukfkjoeto s` os pkrto foa Gclòrec. Fo dobdc, pksostke fòroetos bcjc Nkjk`bk, Jka, Jx`bc, Jkrruobcs y\wkefk oste bces`forkefc ak pcs`là`fkf fo brokr uek

uebè ètogrkfk fo kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc foetrc foasobtcr pla`bc, sclro ak lkso, oe pkrto, fo uek prcpuostk fofos`gekr ue f`robtcr ekb`ceka fo kfjè`strkbè fo ròs-gcs, crjuakfk pcr oa Icrc Obcej`bc Juef`ka. Osto bkrgcos s`jàkr ka fo cb`ka prèb`pka fo ròsgcs quo so dk brok-fc oe jubdks bcjpkks juatèkb`cekaos;84. Osto f`socèst`tub`ceka rosuatkrk prbt`bc oe pksos bce ue sa`fcjkrbc pkrk prcjcvor ak obkb`k y ak èfopoefoeb`k fo akkfjè`strkbè pla`bk= oe oso bcetoxtc, acs jòjlrcs foabcesonc ekb`ceka fo kfjè`strkbè fo ròsgcs so fos`gek-rke oe bka`fkf fo tobebrktks ospob`ka`zkfcs bce gkrketkfo porjkeoeb`k oe oa bkrgc furketo ue porcfc supor`crka b`bac pcat`bc.

F @ K G \ K J K 6 Oquà`lr`c oetro aks scaub`ceos fobcjprcj`sc oe oa f`soc èst`tub`ceka fo ue bcesoncekb`ceka fo kfjè`strkbè fo ròsgcs



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Roguefc, oa Gclòrec puofo kvcrobor ka grupc quoac rospkafk pcat`bkjoeto, sok osto uek poquok a`to c ueoaobtcrkfc eujorcsc, oe fotr`joetc fo acs ètorosos ao-gt`jcs fo ctrcs dkl`tketos. Xcr onojpac, acs Ostkfcs quooxprcp`ke kbt`vcs ekebòrcs (pcr onojpac kdcrrcs y ce-fcs fo poesè) c èrkostrubturk pr`vkfk (pcr onojpacof`b`cs ros`foeb`kaos c lr`bks) portoeobòetos k kaguecsdcgkros qu`z cltoegke gkekeb`ks k bcrtc pakzc, porc oeat`jk èstkeb`k rofub`re ak bkpkb`fkf foa s`stojk eke-bòrc y foa sobtcr ojproskr`c pkrk brobor, foskrrcaakrso yprcpcrb`cekr k tcfk ak pclakbè acs roburscs eoboskr`cspkrk kfjè`strkr acs ròsgcs.

orborc, os pcs`lao quo ue Gclòrec rkgjoetkfc etor-ekjoeto quo bkrobo fo crgke`zkbè y bccrfèkbè torj`-eo crjuakefc pcat`bks kjl`vkaoetos c ec aks kpa`quo fojkeork obkz. Ostc pcfrk cburr`r, pcr onojpac, k rkz foue prcbosc fo fosboetrka`zkbè foobtucsc, oe oa quo acsGclòrecs acbkaos y rog`cekaos ec toegke acs roburscs y aksbkpkb`fkfos eoboskr`ks pkrk bujpa`r sus rospcesklà`fkfos,

ec bcjpkrtke aks pr`cr`fkfos y prooroeb`ks foa Gclòrecekb`ceka c ètoetoe tcjkr voetknk fo acs kpcrtos roka`zkfcspcr ctrcs Gclòrecs acbkaos y rog`cekaos.

Xcr at`jc, oa Gclòrec pcfrk lkskrso oe uek `focac-gk, uek àusè vkek c, soebàakjoeto, oe ak fososporkbèka oebkrkr prclaojks f`bàos y goeuècs, oe voz fo kpa`bkrjof`fks lkskfks oe fktcs y kea`s`s kfobukfcs. _e onojpacrobuoeto os oa fo aks roguakb`ceos foa jorbkfc aklcrka quoprotoefoe fooefor acs ètorosos fo acs trklknkfcros porctorjèke prctogòefc scac k uecs pcbcs y bcetr`luyoe kgoeorkr ue kjpa`c sobtcr ècrjka. Oa ekeb`kjòetc è-kb`cekr`c fo acs fb`ts prosupuostkr`cs c aks pcat`bksjkbrcobcej`bks vkr`klaos o ebcegruoetos oe s`tukb`ceosfo br`s`s lrèfke ctrcs onojpacs> js tojprkec quo tkrfo,kjlcs bkjècs aaovke k uek jkycr èbort`fujlro, èos-tklà`fkf jkbrcobcej`bk y, pcs`laojoeto, k robos`ceosprcacegkfks.

Bèbc prèb`p`cs fo kbbèpla`bk pkrk uek joncr kfjè`strkbèfoa ròsgc

Oa kea`s`s quo so aaov k bklc oe oa @ecrjo sclro oa foskrrc-aac juef`ka


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\òsgc y cpcrtue`fkf 6;

akfcs furketo ue porcfc prcacegkfc y oe f`vorsks s`tuk-b`ceos. Aks joncros prbt`bks èf`bke quo os bcevoeòetokpuetkr k ue oquà`lr`c prosupuostkr`c k akrgc pakzc, bcjcac oste dkbòefc, oetro ctrcs, Bdào, Bcacjl`k y Ecruogk.Acs jobke`sjcs èst`tub`cekaos quo trksbòefoe oa b`bacpcat`bc bcjc ue bcesonc ekb`ceka fo kfjè`strkbè foròsgcs y ue bcesonc sbka efopoefòeto puofoe kyufkrk jketoeor ue oecquo k akrgc pakzc fo ak kfjè`strkbèfoa ròsgc.

6. Xrcjcvor ak ox`là`fkf foetrc fo uejkrbc èst`tub`ceka bakrc y prov`s`lao

Ak ox`là`fkf pkrk kfkptkrso k b`rbuestkeb`ks euovks osuefkjoetka pkrk prcjcvor ak bkpkb`fkf fo robuporkbèy kprcvobdkr ka jx`jc aks cpcrtue`fkfos. Acs onojpacsjs bakrcs ka rospobtc èbauyoe ak j`grkbè kjà`kr oerospuostk k acs bkjl`cs oe aks toefoeb`ks obcej`bks, akkfkptkbè fo aks bcjue`fkfos rurkaos ka bkjl`c ba`jt`bcy ak roecvkbè fo aks ojprosks pkrk oebkrkr aks porturlk-b`ceos fo ak tobecacgk y ak fojkefk. Ak ox`là`fkf, sèojlkrgc, ec folork oetrkkr jof`fks krl`trkr`ks e` ros-puostks pcbc bu`fkfcsks. Oa Ostkfc oeroetk oa foskc foprcjcvor ak ox`là`fkf y prosorvkr ka j`sjc tòjpc uekostrubturk est`tub`ceka soesktk, trkespkroeto y prov`s`lao.

Oe oa bksc fo aks ojprosks, oa jcfoac fkes fo ox`gu-r`fkf prcpcrb`cek oso oquà`lr`c puos bcjlèk ak kbà`fkfpkrk bcetrktkr y fospof`r trklknkfcros bce uek sa`fk roffo prctobbè scb`ka y pcat`bks fo roèsorbè aklcrka. Oarosuatkfc os uek obcecjk fèj`bk bce uek oaovkfk rctk-bè aklcrka y lrovos porcfcs fo fosojpaoc. Oe buketc kak jkbrcobcecjk, acs rogjoeos jceotkr`cs fo jotks fo

èkbè y t`pcs fo bkjl`c ctketos sce ue luoe onojpacfo pcat`bk jceotkr`k ox`lao y k ak voz kbortkfk fosfo oapuetc fo v`stk est`tub`ceka. Xkrk


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6


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26. Ak Xcrtk y ctrcs, ;004.2?. Ykso, pcr onojpac, creoaa y Yoaksbc, ;00


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4?. Okstoray y Rorve,


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\`osgc y cpcrtue`fkf 6?

Lakbm, Fuebke. ;064. Ce tdo \kt`cekao c Grcup Fob`s`ce-Jkm`eg.Ncureka c Xca`t`bka Obcecjy ?9 (;)>


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Kalortc L`s`e, kef Jkttdow C. Nkbmsce, ;


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Ak Xcrtk, \kkoa, Iacroeb`c Acpoz fo Ràkeos, Kefro` Rdaoòr, kef\clort W. Y`sdey. ;004. Akw kef Ièkebo.Ncureka c Xca`t`bkaObcecjy ;89 (9)> ;;;2??.

Ak Xcrtk, \kkoa, kef Kefro` Rdaoòr.


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Rbdujpotor, Ncsopd K. ;06 Dkrpor kef Lrctdors.

Rpoor, Ncdkeek.


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Wcraf cur`sj Crgke`zkt`ce. Pokrlccm c cur`sj Rtkt`st`bs

(fktklkso). Wcraf cur`sj Crgke`zkt`ce, Jkfr`f, dttp>//

stkt`st`bs.uewtc.crg/oe/bcetoet/yokrlccm-tcur`sj-stkt`st`bs.

Tu, Mo, Fkv`f L. Ovkes, Mo` Mkwklktk, \`kfd ^orkjf`e`, Nke

Makvus, kef Bdr`stcpdor N. A. Jurrky. K Juat`bcuetry Kekays`s.Akebot 29< (0274)> ;;;;7.

Pkeg, Foke, kef DwkNueg Bdc`. Wcraf Lkem.

Wcraf Obcecj`b Icruj. Wcraf Obcecj`b Icruj.

.


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Bcetoe`fcs foa @eicrjo sclro oa foskrrcaacjuef`ka Ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgcbcjc estrujoetc fo foskrrcaac

Xkrto ; Kspobtcs iuefkjoetkaos fo ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc

Bkptuac ; Ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc bcjc èstrujoetc fo foskrrcaac

Oe ak j`rk> Bksc ; Xropkrkrso pkrk ac èosporkfc> Oecquo ètogrkfc fo akkfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc fo foskstros oe Ià`pèks y Bcacjl`k

Bkptuac < Js kaa foa `foka> Clstbuacs k ak kfjè`strkbè foa ròsgc y jcfcsfo suporkracs

Oe ak j`rk> Bksc < Xrctogor oa bcesujc fo ka`joetcs fo acs pclros> Ak uebè foaks rofos fo prctobbè scb`ka oe Ot`cpk y Oa Rkavkfcr

Xkrto < Ak iuebè fo acs s`stojks scb`kaos bakvo

Bkptuac 2 Acs dcgkros sce ak pr`jork aeok fo kpcyc ka jcjoetc fo dkbor iroetoka ròsgc y ak cpcrtue`fkf

Oe ak j`rk> Bksc 2 Dkb`k ak bclorturk ue`vorska foa sorv`b`c fo skauf oe urquky ak \opla`bk M`rgu`sk

Bkptuac 6 Aks bcjue`fkfos bcdos`vks y bceobtkfks goeorke bkpkb`fkffo robuporkbè

Oe ak j`rk> Bksc 6 Bukefc ak nust`b`k poeka ec os su`bòeto> Xrovoebè ètogrkfkfoa foa`tc y ak v`caoeb`k urlkek oe Lrksà y Rufr`bk

Bkptuac ? @jpuaskr ak bkpkb`fkf fo robuporkbè y ak prcspor`fkf k trkvs fo

ue sobtcr ojproskr`c fèj`bcOe ak j`rk> Bksc ? Dkb`k uek jkycr aox`là`fkf oe oa jorbkfc aklcrka>

@ef`k y su kvkebo f`spkr

Bkptuac 9 Ak i

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